Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi was a German philosopher, writer and socialite. He is best known for popularizing the concept of nihilism, denigrating it as the necessary result of Enlightenment thought and
Portrait of Jacobi, sometimes erroneously identified as portrait of Immanuel Kant
Jacobi painting by Johann Friedrich Eich, 1780
Baruch Spinoza
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Baruch Spinoza, also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who was born and lived in the Dutch Republic. A forerunner of the Enlighten
The Moses and Aaron Church now stands at the site of Spinoza's childhood home.
Samuel Hirszenberg's imagined scene of Uriel da Costa instructing Spinoza (1901)
Excommunicated Spinoza by Samuel Hirszenberg (1907), the second of his two modern paintings imagining scenes of Spinoza's life