1.
From Here to Eternity (novel)
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From Here to Eternity is the debut novel of American author James Jones, published by Scribners in 1951. Set in 1941, the focuses on several members of a U. S. Army infantry company stationed in Hawaii in the months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It is loosely based on Jones experiences in the pre-World War II Hawaiian Divisions 27th Infantry, from Here to Eternity won the National Book Award and was named one of the 100 Best Novels of the 20th century by the Modern Library Board. In February 1941, Private Robert E. Lee Prewitt, nicknamed Prew, reports to his new posting at G Company, Prew is a career soldier with six years service, an excellent bugler, and a former boxer. G Companys commanding officer is Captain Dana Dynamite Holmes, the boxing coach. Holmes thinks that winning a boxing championship will greatly help his chances for promotion and concentrates on building a strong team, however, Prew swore off boxing after accidentally blinding his sparring partner and even transferred out of a past regiment to get away from boxing. Prew refuses to box for Holmes team, resulting in his being given The Treatment by his platoon guide Sergeant Galovitch, despite the abuse, Prew stubbornly refuses to change his mind about boxing. Warden is both efficient at his job and understanding with the men under him and he comes to respect Prew, and at one point even stays out late getting drunk with him and then makes sure he gets home safely without being disciplined. Warden has also heard that Holmes beautiful wife, Karen, has slept with a number of men in his unit. Warden finds out that Karens promiscuous behavior is due to her husbands cheating and giving her gonorrhea a few years after their marriage, forcing her to have a hysterectomy as part of the cure. Karen and Warden fall passionately in love, and Warden continues to see her in secret despite the risk to his career, Holmes realizes that his wife is having an affair but does not suspect that it is with Warden. Over time, the strain of keeping the relationship also begins to put a damper on their feelings. Prew befriends a new recruit, Private Angelo Maggio, whose temper. Returning from a night on the town, Prew and Maggio encounter military policemen. As a result, Maggio is sentenced to a term in the stockade, at a local brothel catering to servicemen, Prew meets a beautiful prostitute, Lorene, whose real name turns out to be Alma Schmidt. Over time, she and Prew fall in love, but she refuses to him because she does not think he is respectable enough. Just before the companys big boxing match, Prew gets into a fight with Private First Class Isaac Bloom, one of the boxers, however, Bloom boxes and wins his match with a quick knockout. Later, Sergeant Galovitch attacks Prew with a knife while Prew is unarmed, Prew knocks out Sergeant Galovitch but refuses to testify that Galovitch had a knife, as a result, Prew is sentenced to three months in the Stockade
2.
From Here to Eternity the Musical
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From Here to Eternity the Musical is a musical with music and lyrics by Stuart Brayson and Tim Rice and a book by Bill Oakes. Based on the novel of the name, written by James Jones. Joness novel From Here to Eternity was a best-seller and well known for its movie adaptation. Joness manuscript was heavily censored by his publisher to remove profanity and references to gay prostitution, once it was, composer Stuart Brayson thought it might be adapted as a musical, and proposed the project to Tim Rice, who acquired the stage rights and wrote the lyrics. The musical was announced in May 2011 and opened on 23 October 2013, the West End production stars Darius Campbell as Warden, Robert Lonsdale as Private Prewitt, and Ryan Sampson as Maggio. The work received mixed reviews, though Brayson was praised for an imaginative score, the production closed on 29 March 2014, after a run of six and a half months. The musical is set in 1941, at the Schofield Barracks in Hawaii, the basis of the musical is the 1951 novel From Here to Eternity by James Jones. In 1941, Jones was serving with the US Army in Hawaii, at the time of Pearl Harbor, jamess story was censored by its publisher, Scribner as it would not allow profanity and gay prostitution. Jones fought the censorship but had to back down, despite this it won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1952 and is recognised as one of the centurys best American novels. The title of From Here to Eternity is inspired by Rudyard Kiplings poem Gentlemen-Rankers, two years later in 1953, it was adapted into a film starring Burt Lancaster and Deborah Kerr, which achieved success at the box office and won eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The movie was initially deemed controversial because of the source texts critical views on the Army. The uncensored version of the novel was released in May 2011, initially as an e-book. The idea for the musical came from Stuart Brayson, who had been sending cassette tapes with music ideas to Tim Rice since they had first met in the 1980s, when Brayson was a member of the band Pop. In 2002, Brayson sent Rice a tape of music and lyrics to form the basis of a version of From Here to Eternity. Rice agreed to write six new songs, but ultimately ended up writing around 90% of the shows lyrics inspired by Braysons original lyrics. On the subject Rice said, Stuarts were very good, but they werent theatrical, I often wish I could write great rock lyrics, but I cant, however, I can do reasonable lyrics within the context of a show. There are people who can write good tunes, but few who can do theatrical lyrics, in May 2011, Tim Rice and Lee Menzie announced that an adaption was being planned. Rice acquired the rights at an initial cost of around US$40,000
3.
Fred Zinnemann
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Alfred Fred Zinnemann was an Austrian-born American film director. He won four Academy Awards for directing films in genres, including thrillers, westerns, film noir. He made 25 feature films during his 50-year career and he was among the first directors to insist on using authentic locations and for mixing stars with civilians to give his films more realism. According to one historian, Zinnemanns style demonstrated his sense of psychological realism, some of his most notable films were The Men, High Noon, From Here to Eternity, Oklahoma. The Nuns Story, A Man For All Seasons, The Day of the Jackal and his films have received 65 Oscar nominations, winning 24. Zinnemann was born in Rzeszów, the son of Anna and Oskar Zinnemann and his family was Jewish, and he had one younger brother. While growing up in Austria, he wanted to become a musician, while studying law, he became drawn to films and convinced his parents to let him study film production in Paris. After studying for a year at the Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie in Paris, he became a cameraman and found work on a number of films in Berlin, both of his parents were killed during the Holocaust. Zinnemann worked in Germany with several other beginners after he studied filmmaking in France, earlier in the decade, in fact, Zinnemann had worked with documentarian Robert Flaherty, probably the greatest single influence on my work as a filmmaker, he said. Although he was fascinated by the culture in Germany, with its theater, music and films. He became disenchanted with Berlin after continually seeing decadent ostentation and luxury existing alongside desperate unemployment, the wealthy classes were moving more to the political right and the poor to the left. Emotion had long since begun to displace reason, he said, Zinnemann, then only 21, got his parents permission to go to America where he hoped filmmaking opportunities would be greater. He arrived in New York at the end of October,1929 and it was as though I had just left a continent of zombies and entered a place humming with incredible energy and power. He took a Greyhound bus to Hollywood a few months following the completion of his first directorial effort for the Mexican cultural protest film, The Wave, in Alvarado. He established residence in North Hollywood with Henwar Rodakiewicz, Gunther von Fritsch and Ned Scott, One of Zinnemanns first jobs in Hollywood was as an extra in All Quiet on the Western Front. He says that many of the extras were former Russian aristocrats. He was twenty-two but he said he felt older than the forty-year-olds in Hollywood, but he was jubilant because he was then certain that this was the place one could breathe free and belong. But after a few years he became disillusioned with the talents of Hollywoods elites
4.
James Jones (author)
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James Jones was an American novelist known for his explorations of World War II and its aftermath. He won the 1952 National Book Award for his first published novel, From Here to Eternity, James Ramon Jones was born and raised in Robinson, Illinois, the son of Ramon and Ada M. Jones. He returned to the US and was discharged in July 1944 and he also worked as a journalist covering the Vietnam War. His wartime experiences inspired some of his most famous works, the war trilogy. He witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to his first published novel, From Here to Eternity. The Thin Red Line reflected his experiences on Guadalcanal and Whistle was based on his hospital stay in Memphis, Tennessee. Jones was the father of two children including Kaylie Jones, an author best known for A Soldiers Daughter Never Cries, Kaylie Jones novel was made into a film starring Kris Kristofferson, Barbara Hershey and Leelee Sobieski in 1998. In 2011, Ms. Jones was instrumental in publishing an edition of James Jones From Here to Eternity. Jones assisted in the 1950 formation of the Handy Writers Colony in Marshall, Illinois, by his then-lover Lowney Handy and it was funded partly by Harry and, after the financial success of From Here To Eternity, partly by Jones. Jones died in Southampton, New York, of heart failure and is buried in Poxabogue-Evergreen Cemetery, Bridgehampton. His papers are now held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin and his widow, Gloria, died on June 9,2006. Many of James Joness books are available in digital format including excerpts from They Shall Inherit the Laughter. Jones called his first novel They Shall Inherit the Laughter and it was a thinly disguised autobiographical novel of his experiences in Robinson immediately after World War II. After several rejections—with various complaints and claims about the work being too shrill and lacking perspective—he abandoned it, charles Scribners Sons published Eternity in 1951, and it won the annual U. S. National Book Award for Fiction. The Modern Library Board later named it one of the 100 best novels of the 20th century and his second published novel, Some Came Running, had its roots in the abandoned first effort. In contrast to Eternity, it was savaged by critics, Some Came Running was immediately adapted as a film starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Shirley MacLaine, which was critically acclaimed and nominated for several Oscars. His novella The Pistol was drawn from his experience, not unlike From Here to Eternity. Jones did not live enough to finish his last novel, Whistle
5.
Burt Lancaster
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Burton Stephen Burt Lancaster was an American film actor. Initially known for playing tough guys, Lancaster went on to success with more complex. He was nominated four times for Academy Awards and won once for his work in Elmer Gantry in 1960 and he also won a Golden Globe for that performance and BAFTA Awards for The Birdman of Alcatraz and Atlantic City. During the 1950s his production company Hecht-Hill-Lancaster was highly successful, making such as Marty, Trapeze, Sweet Smell of Success, Run Silent, Run Deep. The American Film Institute ranks Lancaster as #19 of the greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema, Lancaster was born in Manhattan, New York City, at his parents home at 209 East 106th Street, between Second and Third Avenues, today the site of Benjamin Franklin Plaza. Lancaster was the son of Elizabeth and James Henry Lancaster, who was a mailman, both of his parents were Protestants of working class origin. All of Lancasters grandparents were Ulster immigrants to the United States, the family believed themselves to be related to Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts. Before he graduated from DeWitt Clinton, his mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage, Lancaster was accepted by New York University with an athletic scholarship, but subsequently dropped out. At the age of 19, Lancaster met Nick Cravat, with whom he developed a lifelong partnership, together they learned to act in local theatre productions and circus arts at Union Settlement, one of the citys oldest settlement houses. They formed the acrobat duo Lang and Cravat in the 1930s, however, in 1939, an injury forced Lancaster to give up the profession, with great regret. He then found work, first as a salesman for Marshall Fields. He served with General Mark Clarks Fifth Army in Italy from 1943–45, although initially unenthusiastic about acting, after returning to New York from his Army service, Lancaster auditioned for a Broadway play and was offered a role. Wallis, who signed him to an eight-movie contract, Lancasters first filmed movie was Desert Fury. Fortunately for Lancaster, producer Mark Hellinger approached him to star in The Killers, in 1946, the tall, muscular actor won significant acclaim and appeared in two more films the following year. Subsequently, he played in a variety of films, especially in dramas, thrillers, and military and adventure films. In two, The Flame and the Arrow and The Crimson Pirate, a friend from his circus years, Nick Cravat, played a key supporting role, in 1953, Lancaster played one of his best-remembered roles with Deborah Kerr in From Here to Eternity. The American Film Institute acknowledged the iconic status of the scene from film in which Deborah Kerr. The organization named it one of AFIs top 100 Most Romantic Films of all time, Lancaster won the 1960 Academy Award for Best Actor, a Golden Globe Award, and the New York Film Critics Award for his performance in Elmer Gantry
6.
Montgomery Clift
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Edward Montgomery Monty Clift was an American film and stage actor. The New York Times’ obituary of Clift noted his portrayal of moody and he received four Academy Award nominations during his career, three for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor. Clift was born on October 17,1920, in Omaha and his father, William Brooks Clift, was a vice-president of Omaha National Trust Company. His mother was the former Ethel Fogg Anderson, mostly called Sunny, Clift had English, as well as Dutch and Scottish ancestry. Sunny Clift was an adopted child, at eighteen shed been told that her real father and mother were members of prominent Yankee families, forced to part by the tyrannical will of the girls mother. She spent the rest of her trying to gain the recognition of her alleged relations. Part of her effort was her determination that her children should be brought up in the style of true aristocrats, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s ruined Bill Clift financially. Montgomery, however, could not adjust to school and never went to college, instead, he took to stage acting, beginning in a summer production which led, by 1935, to his debut on Broadway. He appeared in plays written by Moss Hart, Robert Sherwood, Lillian Hellman, Tennessee Williams and Thornton Wilder, creating the part of Henry in the original production of The Skin of Our Teeth. In 1939, as a member of the cast of the 1939 Broadway production of Noël Cowards Hay Fever, a performance of Hay Fever was aired during the New York Worlds Fair as part of the introduction of television. It is not likely that any recording of the broadcast exists and he resided in Jackson Heights, Queens, until he got his break on Broadway. He first acted on Broadway when, at just 15-years-of-age, he appeared as Prince Peter in the Cole Porter musical Jubilee on Broadway, at 20, he played the son in the Broadway production of There Shall Be No Night, which won the 1941 Pulitzer Prize. At the age of 25, he moved to Hollywood and his first movie role was opposite John Wayne in Red River, which was shot in 1946 and released in 1948. His second movie was The Search, Clift was unhappy with the quality of the script, and edited it himself. The movie was awarded a screenwriting Academy Award for the credited writers, Clifts performance saw him nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. His naturalistic performance led to director Fred Zinnemanns being asked, Where did you find a soldier who can act so well, Clifts next movie was The Heiress. He signed on for the movie in order to avoid being typecast, again unhappy with the script, Clift told friends that he wanted to change his co-star Olivia de Havillands lines because she isnt giving me enough to respond. Clift also was unable to get along with most of the cast, he criticized de Havilland, the studio marketed Clift as a sex symbol prior to the movies release in 1949
7.
Deborah Kerr
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Deborah Kerr CBE was a Scottish film, theatre and television actress. She was also a winner of the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. Kerr was nominated six times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and she spent the first three years of her life in the nearby town of Helensburgh, where her parents lived with Deborahs grandparents in a house on West King Street. Kerr had a brother, Edmund, who became a journalist. He was killed in a road incident in 2004. Kerr was educated at the independent Northumberland House School, Henleaze in Bristol, Kerr originally trained as a ballet dancer, first appearing on stage at Sadlers Wells in 1938. After changing careers, she found success as an actress. Her first acting teacher was her aunt, Phyllis Smale, who ran the Hicks-Smale Drama School in Bristol and she adopted the name Deborah Kerr on becoming a film actress. Kerrs first stage appearance was at Weston-super-Mare in 1937, as Harlequin in the mime play Harlequin and she then went to the Sadlers Wells ballet school and in 1938 made her début in the corps de ballet in Prometheus. In 1943, aged 21, Kerr made her West End début as Ellie Dunn in a revival of Heartbreak House at the Cambridge Theatre, stealing attention from such as Edith Evans. She has the gift, wrote critic Beverley Baxter, of thinking her lines. The process of development from a romantic, silly girl to a hard, after her first London success in 1943, she toured England and Scotland in Heartbreak House. Near the end of the Second World War, she also toured Holland, France, and Belgium for ENSA as Mrs Manningham in Angel Street, and Britain in Gaslight. Having established herself as an actress in the meantime, she made her Broadway debut in 1953, appearing in Robert Andersons Tea and Sympathy. Kerr repeated her role along with her stage partner John Kerr in Vincente Minnellis film adaptation of the drama, in 1955, Kerr won the Sarah Siddons Award for her performance in Chicago during a national tour of the play. After her Broadway début in 1953, she toured the United States with Tea, in 1975, she returned to Broadway, creating the role of Nancy in Edward Albees Pulitzer Prize-winning play Seascape. In 1977, she came back to the West End, playing the role in a production of George Bernard Shaws Candida. I dont mean to belittle acting but Im like a child when Im out there performing—shocking the grownups, enchanting them and its an unbelievable terror, a kind of masochistic madness
8.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
9.
Donna Reed
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Donna Reed was an American film and television actress and producer. Her career spanned more than 40 years, with performances in more than 40 films and she is well known for her role as Mary Hatch Bailey in Frank Capras 1946 film Its a Wonderful Life. In 1953, she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lorene Burke in the war drama From Here to Eternity and she received numerous Emmy Award nominations for this role and the Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star in 1963. She was born Donna Belle Mullenger on a farm near Denison, Iowa, the eldest of five children, she was raised as a Methodist. After graduating from Denison High School, Reed planned to become a teacher and she decided to move to California to attend Los Angeles City College on the advice of her aunt. While attending college, she performed in stage productions but had no plans to become an actress. After receiving several offers to screen test for studios, Reed eventually signed with MGM, in 1941 after signing with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Reed made her film debut in The Get-Away opposite Robert Sterling, she was billed as Donna Adams. MGM soon changed her name to Donna Reed, as there was feeling during World War II. She starred in The Courtship of Andy Hardy and had a role with Edward Arnold in Eyes in the Night. In 1943, she appeared in The Human Comedy with Mickey Rooney and her girl-next-door good looks and warm onstage personality made her a popular pin-up for many GIs during World War II. She personally answered letters from many GIs serving overseas, in 1945, Reed struggled with an English accent and with a passive, underwritten role as Gladys Hallward in the first cinema adaptation of the Oscar Wilde novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. In 1946, she was lent to RKO Pictures for the role of Mary Bailey in Frank Capras Its a Wonderful Life. The film has since named as one of the 100 best American films ever made by the American Film Institute and is regularly aired on television during the Christmas season. Following the release of Its a Wonderful Life, Reed appeared in Green Dolphin Street with Lana Turner, in 1949 she expressed a desire for better roles. Several years later, she performed in Scandal Sheet, in 1953, Reed played the role of Alma Lorene Burke, girlfriend of Montgomery Clifts character, in the World War II drama From Here to Eternity. The role earned Reed an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for 1953, from 1958 to 1966, Reed starred in The Donna Reed Show, a television series produced by her then-husband, Tony Owen. The show featured her as Donna Stone, the wife of pediatrician Alex Stone and mother of Jeff, the show ran for eight seasons on ABC. Reed won a Golden Globe Award and earned four Emmy Award nominations for her work on the series, Reed described her show as a realistic picture of small town life with an often humorous twist
10.
Burnett Guffey
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Burnett Guffey, A. S. C. was an American cinematographer. He won two Academy Awards, From Here to Eternity and Bonnie and Clyde, while still a teenager, the future Academy Award-winning cinematographer began as a camera assistant in 1923 on John Fords 1924 western saga The Iron Horse. He was then hired by the Famous Players-Lasky Studios in 1927, became an operator in 1928. Guffey was hired as a Director of Photography by Columbia Pictures in 1944, in 1957–58 he served as president of the American Society of Cinematographers for a year, and had been a long-standing member. According to film critic Spencer Selby, Guffey was a film noir cinematographer, shooting 20 of them. Wins Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for From Here to Eternity,1954, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for Bonnie and Clyde,1968. Nominations Golden Globes, Golden Globe, Best Cinematography, Black and White, for All the Kings Men, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for Birdman of Alcatraz,1963. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for King Rat,1966
11.
Columbia Pictures
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The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra
12.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
13.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
14.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
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The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U. S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. S. -held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, the attack commenced at 7,48 a. m. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service, the Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed,2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the station, shipyard, maintenance. Japanese losses were light,29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, one Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a shock to the American people. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, the U. S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt to proclaim December 7,1941, a date which will live in infamy. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion, the United States, the United Kingdom, in 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, an invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40 and this was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented. By 1941, U. S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet
15.
Ernest Borgnine
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Ernest Borgnine was an American film, television, character and voice actor whose career spanned more than six decades. He was noted for his gruff, yet calm voice, Machiavellian eyebrows, a popular performer, he had also appeared as a guest on numerous talk shows and as a panelist on several game shows. He also played the lead in many films, winning the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1955 for Marty. Borgnine earned an Emmy Award nomination at age 92, for his work on the series ER and he was also known for being the original voice of Mermaid Man on SpongeBob SquarePants, a role he played from 1999 until his death in 2012. Ermes Effron Borgnino was born on January 24,1917, in Hamden and he was the son of Anna, who emigrated from Carpi to the United States, and Camillo Borgnino, who emigrated from Ottiglio. Borgnines parents separated when he was two old, and his mother and he lived in Italy for about 4 1⁄2 years. By 1923, his parents had reconciled, the name was changed from Borgnino to Borgnine. Ernest had a sister, Evelyn Borgnine Velardi, the family settled in New Haven, Connecticut, where he graduated from James Hillhouse High School. Borgnine took to sports while growing up, but showed no interest in acting, Borgnine joined the United States Navy in October 1935, after graduation from high school. He served aboard the destroyer/destroyer minesweeper USS Lamberton and was discharged from the Navy in October 1941. In January 1942, he reenlisted in the Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor, during World War II, he patrolled the Atlantic Coast on an antisubmarine warfare ship, the USS Sylph. In September 1945, he was discharged from the Navy. He served a total of almost ten years in the Navy and his military awards include the Navy Good Conduct Medal, American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp, American Campaign Medal with 3⁄16 bronze star, and the World War II Victory Medal. In 1997, Borgnine received the United States Navy Memorial, Lone Sailor Award, on December 7,2000, Borgnine was named the Veterans Foundations Veteran of the Year. In October 2004, Borgnine received the title of chief petty officer from Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Terry D. Scott. The ceremony for Borgnines naval advancement was held at the U. S. Navy Memorial in Washington and he received the special honor for his naval service and support of the Navy and navy families worldwide. On February 5,2007, he received the California Commendation Medal, Borgnine returned to his parents house in Connecticut after his Navy discharge without a job to go back to and no direction. In a British Film Institute interview about his life and career, he said, After World War II, I didnt even want to be a Boy Scout
16.
Philip Ober
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Philip Ober was an American actor, prominently in stage and television, who became a diplomat. Ober often appeared in roles as a man in farcical circumstances. He made his debut on stage, playing Tom Faulkner in Technique in 1931 and he appeared in Lawrence Rileys Broadway show Personal Appearance opposite Gladys George. From 1954 to 1967, he appeared in television series. He played a general determined to find the truth of an alleged desertion, Ober was twice cast on I Love Lucy, first playing Arnold in The Quiz Show, and later portraying the Hollywood producer Dore Schary when Schary decided not to play himself in the episode. He also appeared in one episode of The Twilight Zone, co-starring Diana Hyland and he had a recurring role as Gen. Ober continued to work as an actor in films. He played the UN ambassador in Alfred Hitchcocks North by Northwest whom Roger Thornhill meets and he also played Capt. Dana Dynamite Holmes, the neglectful, unsympathetic husband of Karen Holmes, in the film version of From Here to Eternity. He retired from acting and went into the U. S. diplomatic service, in 1941, Ober married actress Vivian Vance, who portrayed Ethel Mertz in the CBS comedy series I Love Lucy. Ober died of an attack in 1982. Chicken - Nicholas Simmons 1968, Assignment to Kill - Bohlen Philip Ober at the Internet Movie Database
17.
Jack Warden
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Jack Warden was an American character actor of film and television. He was twice nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for Shampoo and he received a BAFTA nomination for the former movie and won an Emmy for his performance in Brians Song. Warden was born John Warden Lebzelter Jr. in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Laura M. and John Warden Lebzelter and he was of Pennsylvania Dutch and Irish ancestry. Raised in Louisville, Kentucky, he was expelled from school for fighting. He fought in 13 bouts as a welterweight, but earned little money, Warden worked as a nightclub bouncer, tugboat deckhand and lifeguard before joining the United States Navy in 1938. He was stationed for three years in China with the Yangtze River Patrol, in 1944, on the eve of the D-Day invasion, Warden, now a Staff Sergeant, shattered his leg when he landed in a tree during a night-time practice jump in England. He spent almost eight months in the hospital recuperating, during which time he read a Clifford Odets play, ironically, Warden would later portray a paratrooper from the 101sts rivals – the 82nd Airborne Division – in That Kind of Woman. After leaving the military, he moved to New York City and he joined the company of the Dallas Alley Theatre and performed on stage for five years. In 1948 he made his debut on the anthology series, The Philco Television Playhouse. His first film role, uncredited, was in the 1951 film Youre in the Navy Now, Warden appeared in his first credited film role in the 1951 in The Man with My Face. From 1952 to 1955, Warden appeared in the television series Mister Peepers with Wally Cox, in 1953, Warden was cast as a sympathetic corporal in From Here to Eternity. Wardens breakthrough film role was his performance as Juror No,7, a salesman who wants a quick decision in a murder case, in 12 Angry Men. Warden was nominated for Academy Awards as Best Supporting Actor for his performances in Shampoo and his final film was The Replacements in 2000, opposite Gene Hackman and Keanu Reeves. Warden married French actress Vanda Dupre in 1958 and had one son, although they separated in the 1970s, the couple never divorced. Warden suffered from declining health in his last years which resulted in his retirement from acting in 2000 and he died of heart and kidney failure in a New York hospital on July 19,2006, at the age of 85. Jack Warden at the Internet Movie Database Jack Warden at the Internet Broadway Database Jack Warden at Find a Grave Cinema2000 obituary
18.
Claude Akins
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Claude Marion Akins was an American actor with a long career on stage, screen, and television. Powerful in appearance and voice, Akins could be counted on to play the tough guy, on the side of good or bad, in movies. He is remembered as Sheriff Lobo in the 1970s television series B. J. and the Bear, and later The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo, Akins was born in Nelson, Georgia, but he grew up in Bedford, Indiana. He served with the U. S. Army Signal Corps in World War II in Burma, after the war, he graduated in 1949 from Northwestern University, where he had majored in Theatre and became a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. As a film actor, Akins first appeared in 1953s From Here to Eternity and he appeared as a seaman and shipmate of Lee Marvin in the 1954 The Caine Mutiny. He portrayed prisoner Joe Burdette in Rio Bravo, Naval Lt. Commander Farber in Dont Give Up the Ship, Sgt Kolowicz in Merrills Marauders and he had a tiny part in the movie The Sea Chase with John Wayne. He appeared with Yul Brynner and Robert Fuller in the film Return of the Seven, Akins was cast in a large number of television series, including The Adventures of Superman, in which he plays a villainous conspirator, Crusader, and I Love Lucy. He appeared once on Richard Diamond, Private Detective, Empire, Laredo, the series, Pony Express. He was cast as Jarret Sutton in Escape to Memphis and as Beaudry Rawlins in Duel on the River in Darren McGavins NBC series, the episode was later broadcast on the regular series as Rodeo Rough House. Beverly Garland also appeared in the episode as Nellie Austin, a sharpshooter, Akins and Garland much later appeared together in the 1963 episode The Chooser of the Slain on the ABC/Warner Bros. western series, The Dakotas. Dark had foiled a robbery by the Reeves brothers, one of whom was killed, but his hand was severely injured. June avoided her husband for his own protection when the outlaw brothers pursued them, clem Reeves was portrayed by Tony Young, later cast as Cord in the short-lived Gunslinger series on CBS. Ultimately, the gang was captured, and the Darks were reconciled, Akins was featured in two episodes of the original CBS series The Twilight Zone. He guest-starred in three each of Combat. and The Untouchables. He appeared on Rod Camerons early syndicated series, City Detective, Meet McGraw with Frank Lovejoy, the ABC/WB drama, The Roaring 20s, Akins other early appearances included a role as a policeman on Alfred Hitchcock Presents in Place of Shadows and Reward to Finder. Akins played another television cop, good-natured Sheriffs Detective Phillip Dix and he was in a first-season episode of Maverick titled Burial Ground of the Gods that starred Jack Kelly. In 1965 Akins played El Supremo in The Man from U. N. C. L. E, episode, The Very Important Zombie Affair. In 1967 Akins played Lt. Finch in The Lucy Show episode, Lucy Meets the Law, Lucy is eventually cleared of the crime when the actual redhead confesses to it
19.
George Reeves
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George Reeves was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Superman in the 1950s television program Adventures of Superman and his death at age 45 from a gunshot remains a polarizing topic, the official finding was suicide, but some believe that he was murdered or the victim of an accidental shooting. Reeves was born George Keefer Brewer on January 5,1914, in Woolstock, Iowa, Reeves was born five months into their marriage and the couple separated soon after Reeves birth. At this time, Reeves and his mother moved from Iowa to her home of Galesburg, later, Reeves mother, who was of German descent, moved to California to stay with her sister. There she met and married Frank Joseph Bessolo while Reeves father married Helen Schultz in 1925, Reeves reportedly never saw his father again. In 1927, Frank Bessolo adopted George as his own son, the Bessolo marriage lasted 15 years, ending in divorce, with the couple separating while Reeves was away visiting relatives. When he returned, his mother told him his stepfather had committed suicide, according to biographer Jim Beaver, Reeves did not know for several years that Bessolo was still alive. Reeves began acting and singing in school and continued performing on stage as a student at Pasadena Junior College. While studying acting at the Pasadena Playhouse, Reeves met his future wife and they married on September 22,1940, in San Gabriel, California, at the Church of Our Savior. They had no children and divorced 10 years later, Reeves film career began in 1939 when he was cast as Stuart Tarleton, one of Scarlett OHaras suitors in Gone with the Wind. It was a role, but he and Fred Crane were in the films opening scene. Reeves was contracted to Warner Brothers soon after being cast, Warner changed his professional name to George Reeves. His Gone with the Wind screen credit reflects the change and he starred in a number of two-reel short subjects and appeared in several B-pictures, including two with Ronald Reagan and three with James Cagney. Warner loaned him to producer Alexander Korda to co-star with Merle Oberon in Lydia, released from his Warner contract, he signed a contract at Twentieth Century-Fox, but was released after only a handful of films, one of which was the Charlie Chan movie Dead Men Tell. He freelanced, appearing in five Hopalong Cassidy westerns before director Mark Sandrich cast Reeves as Lieutenant John Summers opposite Claudette Colbert in So Proudly We Hail, a war drama for Paramount Pictures. Reeves was drafted into the U. S. Army in early 1943 and he was assigned to the U. S. Army Air Forces and performed in the USAAFs Broadway show Winged Victory. The long Broadway run was followed by a tour and a movie version. Reeves was then transferred to the Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit, discharged at the wars end, Reeves returned to Hollywood
20.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
21.
Academy Award for Best Director
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
22.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
23.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
24.
Rudyard Kipling
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Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Kiplings works of fiction include The Jungle Book, Kim, and many short stories and his poems include Mandalay, Gunga Din, The Gods of the Copybook Headings, The White Mans Burden, and If—. Kipling was one of the most popular writers in the United Kingdom, Henry James said, Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known. In 1907, at the age of 42, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize and its youngest recipient to date. He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on occasions for a knighthood. Kiplings subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age, George Orwell called him a prophet of British imperialism. Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote, is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary, but as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and a recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts. Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865, in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Alice Kipling, Alice was a vivacious woman about whom Lord Dufferin would say, Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal, John Lockwood and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire, England. They married and moved to India in 1865 and they had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that when their first child was born they referenced it when naming him. Alices sister Georgiana was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones, and her sister Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter, Kiplings most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kiplings birth home on the campus of the J J School of Art in Bombay for many years was used as the Deans residence. Although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage may have torn down decades ago. Some historians and conservationists are also of the view that the bungalow merely marks a site close to the home of his birth, as the bungalow was built in 1882, Kipling seems to have also said so to the dean when he visited J J School in the 1930s. Kipling was to write of Bombay, According to Bernice M. Murphy, Kipling’s parents considered themselves Anglo-Indians and so too would their son, complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction. So one spoke English, haltingly translated out of the idiom that one thought. Kiplings days of light and darkness in Bombay ended when he was five years old
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British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
26.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
27.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
28.
Schofield Barracks
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Schofield Barracks is a United States Army installation and census-designated place located in the City and County of Honolulu and in the Wahiawa District of the American island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Schofield Barracks lies adjacent to the town of Wahiawā, separated from most of it by Lake Wilson, Schofield Barracks is named after Lieutenant General John McAllister Schofield, Commanding General United States Army August 1888 to September 1895. He had been sent to Hawaiʻi in 1872 and had recommended the establishment of a base at Pearl Harbor. Schofield Barracks has an area of 17,725 acres on Central Oʻahu, the post was established in 1908 to provide mobile defense of Pearl Harbor and the entire island. It has been the home of the 25th Infantry Division, known as the Tropic Lightning Division, the population was 16,370 at the 2010 census. Schofield Barracks is located at 21°29′52″N 158°3′48″W, the Main Gate used to be off Wilikina Drive, however, now only the Foote and Lyman gates located along Kunia Road are used for controlled access. Proceeding north on Wilikina Road leads to intersections with Kaukonahua Road to Waialua, east on Wilikina leads to Interstate H-2 and Kamehameha Highway to Wahiawā and Mililani Town. Proceeding south on Kunia Road past Schofield leads to the Kunia Gate on Wheeler, Kunia, according to the United States Census Bureau, the post has a total area of 2.8 square miles, all of it land. Schofield Barracks has a savanna climate. This climate type is shared with Honolulu but is in slightly cooler year round owing to the elevation. Precipitation patterns closely resemble those of mediterranean climates being found in mainland California, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,428 people,2,965 households, and 2,902 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,251.5 people per square mile, there were 3,733 housing units at an average density of 1,358.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 56. 4% White,21. 9% African American,1. 1% Native American,3. 9% Asian,1. 7% Pacific Islander,8. 6% from other races, and 6. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 2% of the population,2. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.55 and the family size was 3.58. In the CDP the population was out with 32. 1% under the age of 18,29. 8% from 18 to 24,36. 6% from 25 to 44,1. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years, for every 100 females there were 152.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 183.6 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $33,788, and the median income for a family was $32,970
29.
Oahu
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Oʻahu or Oahu /oʊˈɑːhu/, known as The Gathering Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to about two-thirds of the population of the U. S. state of Hawaii, the state capital, Honolulu, is on Oʻahus southeast coast. Along with the rest of the Hawaiian Islands, Oahu is one of the largest and northernmost islands of Polynesia, in the greatest dimension, this volcanic island is 44 miles long and 30 miles across. The length of the shoreline is 227 miles, the island is the result of two separate shield volcanoes, the Waiʻanae and Koʻolau Ranges, with a broad valley or saddle between them. The highest point is Kaʻala in the Waiʻanae Range, rising to 4,003 feet above sea level, the island was home to the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center from 1941 to 2012, it is now home to the National Security Agencys Hawaii Cryptologic Center. The island is home to 953,207 people in 2010, Oʻahu has for a long time been known as the Gathering Place. The term Oʻahu has no confirmed meaning in Hawaiian, other than that of the place itself, ancient Hawaiian tradition attributes the names origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a son, residents of Oʻahu refer to themselves as locals, no matter their ancestry. The city of Honolulu—largest city, state capital, and main deepwater marine port for the State of Hawaiʻi—is located here. As a jurisdictional unit, the island of Oʻahu is in the Honolulu County, although as a place name. Well-known features found on Oʻahu include Waikīkī, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kāneʻohe Bay, Kailua Bay, being roughly diamond-shaped, surrounded by ocean and divided by mountain ranges, directions on Oʻahu are not generally described with the compass directions found throughout the world. Locals instead use directions originally using Honolulu as the central point, to go ewa means traveling toward the western tip of the island, Diamond Head is toward the eastern tip, mauka is inland and makai toward the sea. Oʻahu is also known for having the longest rain shower in history, kaneohe Ranch, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi reported 247 straight days with rain from August 27,1993 to April 30,1994. The island has many one of them being rainbow state. This is because rainbows are a sight in Hawaiʻi due to the frequent rain showers. The average temperature in Oʻahu is around 70 to 85 degrees, the weather during the winter is cooler, but still warm with the average temperature of 68-78 degrees. The windward side is known for some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, lanikai Beach on the windward coast of Oʻahu has been consistently ranked among the best beaches in the world. The 300-year-old Kingdom of Oʻahu was once ruled by the most ancient aliʻi in all of the Hawaiian Islands, the first great king of Oʻahu was Mailikukahi, the lawmaker, who was followed by many generation of monarchs
30.
First sergeant
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First Sergeant is typically a senior non-commissioned officer rank, used in many countries. In NATO armed forces the rank is on OR8 level, First Sergeant is a specialist in the Singapore Armed Forces. First sergeants are the most senior of the specialists, ranking above second sergeants. The rank insignia for a First Sergeant features the three chevrons pointing down shared by all specialists, and two chevrons pointing up, in combat units, First Sergeants are very often platoon sergeants, or given the responsibility for independently operating detachments of support weapons. They are often given instructional billets as well in training schools, First sergeants normally answer to the company sergeant major, assisting the latter in the mentorship, guidance and command of the more junior specialists who are section commanders. In the United States, a First Sergeant generally serves as the enlisted advisor of a unit, such as a company, battery, troop. Historically, the rank of “First Sergeant” has existed in the American Army since 1781, previously, under the tables of organization approved by the Continental Congress in 1776 and 1779, there were four and three sergeants, respectively, authorized in each company. The sergeants were numbered in order of seniority and the “First Sergeant” was simply the senior sergeant in the company, in 1833, First Sergeant, along with orderly sergeant, became separate pay grades, ranking below Sergeants Major and quartermaster sergeants but above sergeants. In the United States Army, the rank of first sergeant is an E-8 paygrade rank above the rank of sergeant first class and it is equal in grade to master sergeant, although the two ranks have different responsibilities. Both ranks are identical with three chevrons up and three curved stripes underneath down known as three up and three down, though the first sergeant has the diamond in the middle. A first sergeant is generally senior to a sergeant in leadership matters. The rank is abbreviated as 1SG in the Army, a promotable sergeant first class or a master sergeant may be selected for promotion to or appointment as a first sergeant and may assume the duty. Upon reassignment to a non first sergeant billet, the soldier reverts to their rank of master sergeant. CSMs have expanded administrative duties, and less direct leadership duty requirements with enlisted, in the Bundeswehr, the German Army, the first sergeant is called father of the unit, a concept also in place in the US Army. They are sometimes referred to as second hat because the Company Commander may entrust them with important responsibilities, even one of the companys lieutenants. First sergeants handle the leadership and professional development of their soldiers, especially the non-commissioned officer development, First sergeants are the first step in disciplinary actions such as an Article 15 proceeding. A first sergeant may place a soldier under arrest and on restriction to quarters in certain cases, logistics are a specific first sergeants end issue. It is often said that a commanding officer commands a company-level unit, many units are directly impacted by the strength of the first sergeant
31.
Non-commissioned officer
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A non-commissioned officer or noncommissioned officer is a military officer who has not earned a commission. Such is also called sub-officer in some countries, Non-commissioned officers, in the English-speaking world, usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks. In contrast, commissioned officers hold higher ranks than NCOs, have more legal responsibilities, are paid more, commissioned officers usually earn their commissions without having risen through the enlisted ranks. Mustang is a term in the United States Armed Forces used to refer to a commissioned officer who began his or her career as an enlisted service member. The NCO corps usually includes all grades of corporal and sergeant, in some countries, the naval equivalent includes some or all grades of petty officer, although not all navies class their petty officers as NCOs. There are different classes of non-commissioned officer, including junior non-commissioned officers, the non-commissioned officer corps is often referred to as the backbone of the armed services, as they are the primary and most visible leaders for most military personnel. Additionally, they are the leaders responsible for executing a military organizations mission. NCO training and education typically includes leadership and management as well as service-specific, senior NCOs are considered the primary link between enlisted personnel and the commissioned officers in a military organization. Their advice and guidance is important for junior officers, who begin their careers in a position of authority. In the Australian Army, Lance corporals and corporals are classified as junior NCOs, while sergeants, in the New South Wales Police Force, NCOs perform supervisory and coordination roles. The ranks of probationary constable through to leading senior constable are referred to as constables, all NCOs within the NSW Police are given a warrant of appointment under the Commissioners hand and seal. All officers within the Australian Defence Force Cadets are non-commissioned, ADFC officers are appointed by the Director-General of their respective branch. In the Canadian Forces, the Queens Regulations and Orders formally defined a non-commissioned officer as A Canadian Forces member holding the rank of Sergeant or Corporal. In the 1990s, the term non-commissioned member was introduced to all ranks in the Canadian Forces from recruit to chief warrant officer. In the Royal Canadian Navy, however, the definition of NCO reflects the international use of the term. Junior Non-commissioned officers mess and billet with privates and seamen, their mess is usually referred to as the junior ranks mess, as a group, NCOs rank above privates and below warrant officers. The term non-commissioned members includes these ranks, in the Finnish Defence Force, NCOs includes all ranks from corporal to sergeant major. Ranks of lance corporal and leading seaman are considered not to be NCO ranks and this ruling applies to all branches of service and also to the troops of the Border Guard
32.
Fort Bliss
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Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in the U. S. states of New Mexico and Texas, with its headquarters located in El Paso, Texas. It is FORSCOMs largest installation, and has the Armys largest Maneuver Area ahead of the National Training Center, part of the post in El Paso County, Texas, is a census-designated place, it had a population of 8,591 at the 2010 census. Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract of restricted airspace in the Continental United States, the airspace is used for missile and artillery training and testing. Fort Bliss is home to the 1st Armored Division, which returned to US soil in 2011, the division is supported by the 15th Sustainment Brigade. The installation is also home to the 32nd Army Air & Missile Defense Command, the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, the 212th Fires Brigade, the headquarters for the El Paso Intelligence Center, a federal tactical operational intelligence center, is hosted at Fort Bliss. Its DoD counterpart, Joint Task Force North, is at Biggs Army Airfield, Biggs Field, a military airport located at Fort Bliss, is designated a military power projection platform. Fort Bliss National Cemetery is located on the post, in 1846, Colonel Alexander Doniphan led 1st Regiment of Missouri mounted volunteers through El Paso del Norte, with victories at the Battle of El Brazito and the Battle of the Sacramento. Then on 7 November 1848, War Department General Order no.58 ordered the establishment of a post across from El Paso del Norte. Van Horne also had command of the Post at San Elizario. With constant Indian raids, garrisons had to be moved frequently to meet the shifting threats, in September 1851, the Post Opposite El Paso and the Post at San Elizario were closed, the soldiers moved 40 miles north to Fort Fillmore. On 11 January 1854, Companies B, E, I and K of the 8th Infantry, Alexander, established Post of El Paso at Magoffinsville under orders from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. The post became Fort Bliss on 8 March 1854, there it remained for the next 14 years, serving as a base for troops guarding the area against Apache attacks. Until 1861 most of troops were units of the 8th Infantry Brigade. Initially the Confederate Army had success in their attempts to control of New Mexico. The Confederate garrison abandoned Fort Bliss without a fight the next year when a Federal column of 2,350 men under the command of Colonel James H. Carleton advanced from California. After May 1867 Rio Grande flooding seriously damaged the Magoffinsville post, Camp Concordias location was immediately south of what is now Interstate 10, across from Concordia Cemetery in El Paso. The Rio Grande was about a mile south of the camp at that time, on 11 March 1869 the old name of Fort Bliss was resumed. The Concordia post was abandoned in January 1877, and after troops left in January, by that time, the town and its environs on the north side of the river had swelled to a population of almost 800
33.
Gentlemen's club
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Today, some clubs are more accommodating about the gender and social status of their members. The original clubs were established in the West End of London, today, the area of St Jamess is still sometimes called clubland. Clubs took over parts of the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London. The first clubs, such as Whites, Brookss and Boodles, were aristocratic in flavour, and provided an environment for gambling, the 19th century brought an explosion in the popularity of clubs, particularly around the 1880s. At their height, London had over 400 such establishments and this expansion can be explained in part by the large extensions of the franchise in the Reform Acts of 1832,1867, and 1885. Each time, hundreds of more men were qualified to vote. Each of the three great Reform Acts corresponded with an expansion of clubs, as did a further extension of the franchise in 1918. Many of these new, more inclusive clubs proved just as reluctant as their forebears to admit new members when the franchise was further extended. Club Life in London, an 1866 book, begins, The Club in the general acceptation of the term, may be regarded as one of the earliest offshoots of mans habitual gregariousness and social inclination. An increasing number of clubs were characterised by their members interest in politics, literature, sport, art, automobiles, travel, particular countries, or some other pursuit. In other cases, the connection between the members was membership of the branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a part of the Establishment at the time. This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, most gentlemen had only one club, which closely corresponded with the trade or social / political identity he felt most defined him, but a few people belonged to several. Members of the aristocracy and politicians were likely to have several clubs, the record number of memberships is believed to have been with Earl Mountbatten, who had nineteen in the 1960s. Public entertainments, such as performances and the like, were not a feature of this sort of club. The clubs were, in effect, second homes in the centre of London where men could relax, mix with their friends, play games, get a meal. Expatriates, when staying in England, could use their clubs, as the East India Club or the Oriental Club and they allowed upper- and upper-middle-class men with modest incomes to spend their time in grand surroundings. The richer clubs were built by the architects as the finest country houses of the time
34.
Inspector general
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An inspector general is an investigative official in a civil or military organization. The plural of the term is inspectors general, the chief of police of Bangladesh is known as the inspector general of police. He is from the Bangladesh Civil Service police cadre, the current inspector general of police is A K M Shahidul Hoque, and his predecessor was Hassan Mahmud Khondokar. There is another temporary post of general of police, known as Pulish Shômônnoyôk or police coordinator. Before 1867 the position of Inspector General of Canada existed as the responsible for finances. After 1867 the position was assumed as the Minister of Finance, alexander Galt served at the last Inspector General from 1858 to 1867 and the first Minister of Finance in 1867. Colombias inspector general is a unique post with broad powers to investigate government malfeasance, the inspection générale des Finances is particularly prestigious as a job appointment after studies at the École Nationale dAdministration. In recent decades, many of its members have occupied various positions in lieu of their traditional mission of inspection. The corps has come under increased criticism for this, during World War II, Colonel General Heinz Guderian was appointed inspector general of armoured troops on 1 March 1943, reporting directly to Adolf Hitler. Head of the Command Staff of the Armed Forces, his position is equivalent to that of the American chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the German federal police, the police officer is called inspector of the federal police as well. For all state police services there also exists an inspector. All of the sixteen German state police departements has an inspector, the state police presidents are normally not police officers, they are administration officials. The competence for police services in Germany is assigned to the states of Germany. The federal police is a coordinating police département with only a few competences, e. g. in border control or airport, in the scope of responsibility of the state police departments the federal police can only act with permission or request of the local state police. During the British rule in India, in 1861, the British Government introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1861, the act created a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police. The highest rank in the service was the Inspector General, in modern India, the inspector general of police or joint commissioner of police is a two-star rank officer and one of the most senior officers in the state police forces. All inspectors general and joint commissioners in state police forces are Indian Police Service officers and they are in some states the commissioner of police for the city, that is they head a police force for a particular city
35.
Latrine
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The word latrine can refer to a toilet or a simpler facility which is used as a toilet within a sanitation system. It can be a trench in the earth in a camp. Latrines are still used in emergency situations, as well as in army camps. The use of latrines was an advance in sanitation over more basic practices such as open defecation. Until about 1920, when better sanitation practices were adopted, many soldiers died of disease than from wounds. The word latrine is derived from the Latin lavatrina, meaning bath and it is nowadays still commonly used in the term pit latrine. For most people, it has the connotation of something being less advanced and it is typically used to describe communal facilities, such as the shallow-trench latrines used in emergency situations, e. g. after an earthquake, flood or other natural disaster. Latrines are known as aphedrons in Greek, the word occurs three times in the Bible and was unknown in classical texts. Many forms of technology have been used, from very simple to more complex. The more sophisticated the system, the more likely that the toilet is used instead of latrine. A pit latrine is a simple and inexpensive toilet, minimally defined as a hole in the ground, more sophisticated pit latrines may include a floor plate, or ventilation to reduce odor and fly and mosquito breeding. Many military units, if intended for extended use, place basic shelters, a pit is typically sited well away from any water sources to minimize possible contamination. After prolonged use, a pit is typically buried, other types of pit latrines may include the Reed Odourless Earth Closet, the arborloo or treebog, or the twin pit pour-flush pit latrine, popularized by Sulabh International. The shelter that covers such a pit latrine is known in some varieties of English as an outhouse, in a location without longer term sanitation infrastructure, a trench toilet is a workable solution. It typically consists of a pit or a trench in the ground,4 feet to 5 feet deep and 4 feet to 20 feet long, a slit-trench latrine consists of a relatively shallow trench which is narrow enough to stand with one leg on either side. This type is used either by squatting, with the users legs straddling the pit, such support may be simply a log, plank, branch or similar arrangement placed at right angles to the long axis of the pit. This type of latrine is not commonly found in developing countries, the shallow-trench latrine is similar to the slit-trench latrine but is wider than the latter. It is also shallow, with a depth of about 150 mm and this type of latrine is often used in the initial phases of emergencies and is a simple improvement on open defecation fields
36.
Taps
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Taps is a bugle call played at dusk, during flag ceremonies, and at military funerals by the United States armed forces. The official military version is played by a bugle or trumpet. It is also performed often at Boy Scout, Girl Scout, the tune is also sometimes known as Butterfields Lullaby, or by the first line of the lyric, Day Is Done. The duration may vary to some extent, the typical recording below is 59 seconds long, Taps is derived from the same source as Tattoo. Taps originates from the Dutch taptoe, meaning close the taps, an alternative explanation, however, is that it carried over from a term already in use before the American Civil War. Three single, slow drum beats were struck after the sounding of the Tattoo or Extinguish Lights and this signal was known as the Drum Taps, The Taps, or simply as Taps in soldiers slang. Within months Taps was used by both Union and Confederate forces and it was officially recognized by the United States Army in 1874. Taps concludes many military funerals conducted with honors at Arlington National Cemetery, the tune is also sounded at many memorial services in Arlingtons Memorial Amphitheater and at grave sites throughout the cemetery. Captain John Francis Tidball, West Point Class of 1848, started the custom of playing Taps at military funerals, in early July 1862 at Harrisons Landing, a corporal of Tidballs Battery A, 2nd U. S. Artillery, died. He was, Tidball recalled later, a most excellent man, Tidball wished to bury him with full military honors, but, for military reasons, he was refused permission to fire three guns over the grave. Tidball later wrote, The thought suggested itself to me to sound taps instead, the idea was taken up by others, until in a short time it was adopted by the entire army and is now looked upon as the most appropriate and touching part of a military funeral. As Tidball proudly proclaimed, Battery A has the honor of having introduced this custom into the service and it became a standard component to U. S. military funerals in 1891. Taps is sounded during each of the military wreath ceremonies conducted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every year, the ceremonies are viewed by many people, including veterans, school groups, and foreign officials. The melody of Taps is composed entirely from the notes of the C major triad. This is because the bugle, for which it is written, can play only the notes in the series of the instruments fundamental tone, a B-flat bugle thus plays the notes B-flat, D. Taps uses the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth partials, there is one original set of lyrics meant to accompany the music, written by Horace Lorenzo Trim, Several later lyrical adaptations have been created. There are several legends concerning the origin of Taps and that Daniel Butterfield composed Taps has been sworn to by numerous reputable witnesses including his bugler Norton, who first performed the tune. While scholars continue to debate whether or not the tune was original or based on an earlier melody, another, perhaps more historically verifiable, account of Taps first being used in the context of a military funeral involves John C
37.
Imperial Japanese Navy
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The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japans defeat and surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force was formed after the dissolution of the IJN, the Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920, behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy. It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and it was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War. This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration, accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization. Following the attempts at Mongol invasions of Japan by Kubilai Khan in 1274 and 1281, Japan undertook major naval building efforts in the 16th century, during the Warring States period, when feudal rulers vying for supremacy built vast coastal navies of several hundred ships. Around that time Japan may have developed one of the first ironclad warships when Oda Nobunaga, in 1588 Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued a ban on Wakō piracy, the pirates then became vassals of Hideyoshi, and comprised the naval force used in the Japanese invasion of Korea. Japan built her first large ocean-going warships in the beginning of the 17th century, from 1604 the Bakufu also commissioned about 350 Red seal ships, usually armed and incorporating some Western technologies, mainly for Southeast Asian trade. For more than 200 years, beginning in the 1640s, the Japanese policy of seclusion forbade contacts with the outside world and prohibited the construction of ocean-going ships on pain of death. Contacts were maintained, however, with the Dutch through the port of Nagasaki, the Chinese also through Nagasaki and the Ryukyus and Korea through intermediaries with Tsushima. Apart from Dutch trade ships no other Western vessels were allowed to enter Japanese ports, an exception was during the Napoleonic wars. However frictions with foreign ships started from the beginning of the 19th century, the Nagasaki Harbour Incident involving the HMS Phaeton in 1808 and other subsequent incidents in the following decades led to the Shogunate to enact an edict to repel foreign vessels. Western ships which were increasing their presence around Japan due to whaling, the shogunate also began to strengthen the nations coastal defenses. Numerous attempts to open Japan ended in failure in part to Japanese resistance, during 1853 and 1854, American warships under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry entered Edo Bay and made demonstrations of force requesting trade negotiations. After two hundred years of seclusion the 1854 Convention of Kanagawa led to the opening of Japan to international trade and this was soon followed by the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce and treaties with other powers. In 1855, with Dutch assistance, the Shogunate acquired its first steam warship, Kankō Maru, samurai such as the future Admiral Enomoto Takeaki were sent by the Shogunate to study in the Netherlands for several years. In 1859 the Naval Training Center relocated to Tsukiji in Tokyo, in 1857 the Shogunate acquired its first screw-driven steam warship Kanrin Maru and used it as an escort for the 1860 Japanese delegation to the United States. In 1865 the French naval engineer Léonce Verny was hired to build Japans first modern naval arsenals, at Yokosuka, in 1867–1868 a British Naval mission headed by Commander Richard Tracey went to Japan to assist the development of the Japanese Navy and to organize the naval school of Tsukiji. The Shogunate also allowed and then ordered various domains to purchase warships and to develop naval fleets, Satsuma, a naval center had been set up by the Satsuma domain in Kagoshima, students were sent abroad for training and a number of ships were acquired
38.
Naval Station Pearl Harbor
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Naval Station Pearl Harbor is a U. S. naval base adjacent to Honolulu, in the U. S. state of Hawaii. In 2010, along with the United States Air Forces Hickam Air Force Base, Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday,7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II, Naval Station Pearl Harbor provides berthing and shore side support to surface ships and submarines, as well as maintenance and training. Pearl Harbor can accommodate the largest ships in the fleet, to dry dock services. Housing, personnel, and family support are provided and are an integral part of the shore side activities. Because Pearl Harbor is the only intermediate maintenance facility for submarines in the Middle Pacific, the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station, Pacific, Wahiawa, Hawaii is the worlds largest communication station. The headquarters site of this command is located in the central section of the island of Oahu. Following the annexation of Hawaii, Pearl Harbor was refitted to allow for more navy ships, in May 1899, Commander John F. Merry was made naval representative with authority to business for the Navy Department. He immediately assumed control of the Coal Depot and its equipment, to supplement his facilities, he was assigned the Navy tug Iroquois and two coal barges. Inquiries that commenced in June culminated in the establishment of the Naval Station, on 2 February 1900, this title was changed to Naval Station, Hawaii. The creation of the Naval Station allowed the Navy Department to explore territorial outposts, in October 1899, Nero and Iroquois made extensive surveys and sounding of the waterways to Midway and Guam. One of the reasons for these explorations was to select a possible route to Luzon. A coal famine and an outbreak of the plague were the only two incidents that hindered the Commandant from fulfilling his duties. Because of the coal shortage in September 1899, the Commandant sold coal to the Oahu Railway and Land Company. Approximately 61 deaths were recorded in Honolulu for this period, work was consequently delayed on nascent Navy projects in Honolulu Harbor. From 1900 to 1908, the Navy devoted its time to improving the facilities of the 85 acres that constituted the naval reservation in Honolulu, under the Appropriation Act of 3 March 1901, this tract of land was improved with the erection of additional sheds and housing. Improvements included a shop, smithery and foundry, Commandants house and stables, cottage for the watchman, fencing, 10-ton wharf crane
39.
Harry Bellaver
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Harry Bellaver was an American stage, film and television actor who appeared in many roles from the 1930s through the 1980s. Bellaver was born in Hillsboro, Illinois, the son of Matteo Bellaver and his father worked in the Hillsboro coal mines. He left school at an age and worked various jobs but eventually was awarded a scholarship to Brookwood Labor College in Katonah. Bellaver was a member of the Hedgerow Players of Rose Valley, Pennsylvania, early in Bellavers career he appeared in numerous Broadway plays. He made his Broadway debut in the 1931 Group Theatre in the play 1931 and he also appeared in the Elmer Rice play We, the People in 1933, and in the Broadway debut that year of The Threepenny Opera. Bellavers greatest Broadway success was in 1946, when he appeared in the production of Annie Get Your Gun. He appeared in the role in the 1966 revival. Bellaver was also a film character actor, mainly in working class roles. He appeared in the adaptation of From Here to Eternity. He played the role of ex-convict Creeps in 1939s Another Thin Man with William Powell and he appeared in The House on 92nd Street as a taxi driver spying for the Nazis, and again played a cab driver, this time victimized by a gangster, in Side Street. He also appeared in Love Me or Leave Me with James Cagney and Doris Day in 1955 and The Old Man and his last film role was as an old miner in the horror film The Stuff. Bellaver is probably best known for his role as Sgt. Frank Arcaro in the television series Naked City appearing in 136 of the series combined 138 episodes and he played an older, mellow detective who was a counterpoint to the dedicated young detectives played by James Franciscus and Paul Burke. He also was on Another World as Ernie Downs, Bellaver served in the Special Services Unit of the U. S. Army during World War II. Bellaver was married to Dudley Vaugn, Bellaver lived in Tappan, New York when he died of pneumonia on Sunday, August 8,1993, at Nyack Hospital in Nyack, New York. He donated his body to science
