1.
Anger
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Anger or wrath is an intense emotional response. It is an emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation, Anger can occur when a person feels their personal boundaries are being or going to be violated. Some have a tendency to react to anger through retaliation as a way of coping. William DeFoore, an anger-management writer, described anger as a pressure cooker, Anger is an emotional reaction that impacts the body. A person experiencing anger will also experience physical conditions, such as increased rate, elevated blood pressure. Some view anger as an emotion which triggers part of the fight or flight brain response, Anger is used as a protective mechanism to cover up fear, hurt or sadness. The English term originally comes from the anger of Old Norse language. Anger can have physical and mental consequences. The external expression of anger can be found in facial expressions, body language, physiological responses, animals, for example, make loud sounds, attempt to look physically larger, bare their teeth, and stare. The behaviors associated with anger are designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior, rarely does a physical altercation occur without the prior expression of anger by at least one of the participants. Modern psychologists view anger as a primary, natural, and mature emotion experienced by all humans at times. Anger is seen as a mechanism to show a person that something is wrong. Anger can mobilize psychological resources for corrective action, uncontrolled anger can, however, negatively affect personal or social well-being and impact negatively on those around them. It is equally challenging to be around a person and the impact can also cause psychological/emotional trauma if not dealt with. While many philosophers and writers have warned against the spontaneous and uncontrolled fits of anger, displays of anger can be used as a manipulation strategy for social influence. Three types of anger are recognized by psychologists, Hasty and sudden anger is connected to the impulse for self-preservation and it is shared by human and other animals, and it occurs when the animal is tormented or trapped. This form of anger is episodic, settled and deliberate anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment by others. This form of anger is episodic, dispositional anger is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions
2.
Boredom
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It is also understood by scholars as a modern phenomenon which has a cultural dimension. There is no accepted definition of boredom. But whatever it is, researchers argue, it is not simply another name for depression or apathy, in both conceptions, boredom has to do fundamentally with an experience of time and problems of meaning. The expression boredom means state of being bored,1852, from bore + -dom and it also has been employed in a sense bores as a class and practice of being a bore. The word bore as a noun meaning a thing which causes ennui or annoyance is attested to since 1778, the noun bore comes from the verb bore, which had the meaning be tiresome or dull first attested 1768, a vogue word c. 1780-81 according to Grose, possibly an extension of to move forward slowly and persistently. The French term for boredom, ennui, is used in English as well. The term ennui was first used as a French word in English, in the 1660s, the term ennui comes from French ennui, from Old French enui annoyance, back-formation from enoiier, anuier. Different scholars use different definitions of boredom, which complicates research, Boredom has been defined by Cynthia D. Mark Leary et al. describe boredom as an affective experience associated with cognitive attentional processes. In positive psychology, boredom is described as a response to a challenge for which the subject has more than enough skill. There are three types of boredom, all of which problems of engagement of attention. Boredom proneness is a tendency to experience boredom of all types and this is typically assessed by the Boredom Proneness Scale. Recent research has found that boredom proneness is clearly and consistently associated with failures of attention, Boredom and its proneness are both theoretically and empirically linked to depression and similar symptoms. Nonetheless, boredom proneness has been found to be as strongly correlated with attentional lapses as with depression. Although boredom is often viewed as a trivial and mild irritant, proneness to boredom has been linked to a diverse range of possible psychological, physical, educational. Absent-mindedness is where a person shows inattentive or forgetful behaviour, absent-mindedness is a mental condition in which the subject experiences low levels of attention and frequent distraction. Absent-mindedness is not a condition but rather a symptom of boredom. When suffering from absent-mindedness, people tend to show signs of memory lapse and this can usually be a result of a variety of other conditions often diagnosed by clinicians such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression
3.
Curiosity
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Curiosity is a quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in humans and other animals. Curiosity is heavily associated with all aspects of development, in which derives the process of learning and desire to acquire knowledge. The term curiosity can also be used to denote the behavior or emotion of being curious, curiosity as a behavior and emotion is attributed over millennia as the driving force behind not only human development, but developments in science, language, and industry. Curiosity can be seen as a quality of many different species. It is common to human beings at all ages from infancy through adulthood, and is easy to observe in other animal species, these include apes, cats. Early definitions cite curiosity as a desire for information. This motivational desire has been said to stem from a passion or an appetite for knowledge, information, like other desires and need states that take on an appetitive quality, curiosity is linked with exploratory behavior and experiences of reward. Curiosity can be described as positive emotions and acquiring knowledge, when one’s curiosity has been aroused it is considered inherently rewarding, discovering new information may also be rewarding because it can help reduce undesirable states of uncertainty rather than stimulating interest. Theories have arisen in attempts to understand this need to rectify states of uncertainty. Curiosity-drive theory relates to the experiences of uncertainty. The reduction of these unpleasant feelings, in turn, is rewarding and this theory suggests that people desire coherence and understanding in their thought processes. Once understanding of unfamiliar has been achieved and coherence has been restored, causes can range from basic needs that need to be satisfied to needs in fear induced situations. Each of these theories state, that whether the need is primary or secondary curiosity is developed from experiences that create a sensation of uncertainty or perceived unpleasantness. Curiosity then acts as a means in which to dispel this uncertainty, by exhibiting curious and exploratory behavior, one is able to gain knowledge of the unfamiliar and thus reduce the state of uncertainty or unpleasantness. This theory, however, does not address the idea that curiosity can often be displayed even in the absence of new or unfamiliar situations and this type of exploratory behavior is common in many species. Take the example of a toddler who, if bored in his current situation devoid of arousing stimuli. The observation of curiosity even in the absence of novel stimuli pinpoints one of the shortcomings in the curiosity-drive model. Optimal-arousal theory developed out of the need to explain the desire for some to seek out opportunities to engage in exploratory behaviors without the presence of uncertain or ambiguous situations
4.
Envy
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Envy is an emotion which occurs when a person lacks anothers superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it. Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness, Not only is the envious person rendered unhappy by his or her envy, Russell explained, but that person also wishes to inflict misfortune on others. One theory that helps to explain envy and its effects on behavior is the Socioevolutionary theory. Thus, this provides a framework for understanding social behavior and experiences, such as the experience and expression of envy, as rooted in biological drives for survival. Recent studies have demonstrated that inciting envy actually changes cognitive function, boosting mental persistence, schadenfreude means taking pleasure in the misfortune of others and can be understood as an outgrowth of envy in certain situations. Often, envy involves a motive to outdo or undo the rivals advantages, in part, this type of envy may be based on materialistic possessions rather than psychological states. Basically, people find themselves experiencing an overwhelming emotion due to someone else owning or possessing desirable items that they do not, for example, your next door neighbor just bought a brand new ocarina—a musical instrument youve been infatuated with for months now but cant afford. Feelings of envy in this situation would occur in the forms of pain, a lack of self-worth. It is that, which is why it flourishes in market societies, democracies of desire, they might be called, with money for ballots, but envy is more or less than desire. It begins with the almost frantic sense of emptiness inside oneself, one has to be blind to perceive the emptiness, of course, but thats what envy is, a selective blindness. Invidia, Latin for envy, translates as nonsight, and Dante had the envious plodding along under cloaks of lead, what they are blind to is what they have, God-given and humanly nurtured, in themselves. Envy may negatively affect the closeness and satisfaction of relationships, overcoming envy might be similar to dealing with other negative emotions. Individuals experiencing anger often seek professional treatment to help understand why they feel the way they do, subjects experiencing envy often have a skewed perception on how to achieve true happiness. By helping people to change perceptions, they will be more able to understand the real meaning of fortune. According to Lazarus, coping is a feature of the emotion process. There are very few theories that emphasize the coping process for emotions as compared to the information concerning the emotion itself. There are numerous styles of coping, of which there has been a significant amount of research done, for example, coping with envy can be similar to coping with anger. The issue must be addressed cognitively in order to work through the emotion, according to the research done by Salovey and Rodin, more effective strategies for reducing initial envy appear to be stimulus focused rather than self-focused
5.
Happiness
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Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. Happy mental states may also reflect judgements by a person about their overall well-being, a variety of biological, psychological, economic, religious and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including psychology and happiness economics are employing the scientific method to research questions about what happiness is. The United Nations declared 20 March the International Day of Happiness to recognise the relevance of happiness, philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek eudaimonia, there has been a transition over time from emphasis on the happiness of virtue to the virtue of happiness. A widely discussed political value expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776 and this seems to suggest a subjective interpretation but one that nonetheless goes beyond emotions alone. In fact, this discussion is based on the naive assumption that the word happiness meant the same thing in 1776 as it does today. In fact, happiness meant prosperity, thriving, wellbeing in the 18th century, nowadays, happiness is a fuzzy concept and can mean many different things to many people. Part of the challenge of a science of happiness is to identify different concepts of happiness, related concepts are well-being, quality of life and flourishing. At least one author defines happiness as contentment, the 2012 World Happiness Report stated that in subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports. Happiness is used in both life evaluation, as in “How happy are you with your life as a whole. ”, using these measures, the World Happiness Report identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. Since the 1960s, happiness research has been conducted in a variety of scientific disciplines, including gerontology, social psychology, clinical and medical research. Numerous short-term self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve well-being, Happiness in its broad sense is the label for a family of pleasant emotional states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification, euphoria, and triumph. For example, happiness comes from encountering unexpected positive events, seeing a significant other, more narrowly, it refers to experiential and evaluative well-being. Experiential well-being, or objective happiness, is measured in the moment via questions such as How good or bad is your experience now. In contrast, evaluative well-being asks questions such as How good was your vacation, and measures ones subjective thoughts and feelings about happiness in the past. Experiential well-being is less prone to errors in memory. The two measures of happiness can be related by such as the peak-end rule
6.
Hope
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Hope is an optimistic attitude of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes related to events and circumstances in ones life or the world at large. As a verb, its definitions include, expect with confidence, among its opposites are dejection, hopelessness and despair. Dr. Barbara L. Fredrickson argues that hope comes into its own when crisis looms, Hopeful people are like the little engine that could, they keep telling themselves I think I can, I think I can. Such positive thinking bears fruit when based on a sense of optimism. Object relations theory sees the analytic transference as motivated in part by an unconscious hope that past conflicts. As specialist in positive psychology, Charles Richard Snyder studied how hope and forgiveness can impact several aspects of such as health, work, education. Snyder postulated that there are three things that make up hopeful thinking, Goals – Approaching life in a goal-oriented way. Pathways – Finding different ways to achieve your goals, agency – Believing that you can instigate change and achieve these goals. In other words, hope was defined as the capability to derive pathways to desired goals. Snyder proposed a Hope Scale which considered that a determination to achieve their goal is their measured hope. Snyder differentiates between adult-measured hope and child-measured hope, the Adult Hope Scale by Snyder contains 12 questions,4 measuring ‘pathways thinking’,4 measuring ‘agency thinking’, and 4 that are simply fillers. Each subject responds to each question using an 8-point scale, fibel and Hale measure hope by combining Snyders Hope Scale with their own Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale to empirically measure hope. Snyder regarded that psychotherapy can help focus attention on ones goals, Hope has the ability to help people heal faster and easier. Individuals who maintain hope, especially when battling illness, significantly enhance their chances of recovery and this is important because numerous people with chronic, physical, or mental illness believe that their condition is stable and that they have little chance of recovery. Shaping people’s beliefs and expectations to be hopeful and optimistic is an essential component of positive psychology. In general, people who possess hope and think optimistically have a sense of well being in addition to the improved health outcomes outlined above. Positive psychologists teach strategies to help boost people’s hope and optimism, of the countless models that examine the importance of hope in an individual’s life, there are two major theories that have gained a significant amount of recognition in the field of psychology. This model reasons that an ability to be hopeful depends on two types of thinking, agency thinking and pathway thinking
7.
Humiliation
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Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It is an emotion felt by a person whose social status has just decreased and it can be brought about through intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act. Whereas humility can be alone as a means to de-emphasize the ego, humiliation must involve other person. A person who suffers from severe humiliation could cause major depressions, suicidal states, the loss of status, like losing a job or being labeled as a sexual predator, could cause people inability to behave normally in their communities. Humiliated individuals could be provoked and crave for revenge, and some people could feel worthless, hopeless and helpless, losing sense of reality, Klein explains, When it is outwardly directed, humiliated fury unfortunately creates additional victims, often including innocent bystanders. When it is directed, the resulting self-hate renders victims incapable of meeting their own needs, let alone having energy available to love. He goes on to say, In either case, those who are consumed by humiliated fury are absorbed in themselves or their cause, wrapped in wounded pride. ”In other words, some practices, such as tarring and feathering, became tools of unofficial mob justice. In folk customs such as the English skimmington rides and rough music, dramatic public demonstrations of moral disapproval were enacted to humiliate transgressors, some U. S. states have experimented with humiliating or shaming lawbreakers by publishing their names and indicating their offense. In 2010, there was public outcry about reports showing police in Dongguan, the national Ministry of Public Security reprimanded the local police and affirmed that such punishments are not allowed. Donald Klein described humiliation as a factor in human affairs that has, for a variety of reasons, been overlooked by students of individual. It is a pervasive and all too destructive influence in the behavior of individuals, groups, organizations, and nations. Though it is an emotion, humiliation has a universal aspect which applies to all human beings, it is the feeling of being put down. A society that suffers from humiliation is an unstable one, according to Jonathan Sacks, By turning the question What did we do wrong. Restores some measure of self-respect and provides a course of action, in psychiatry, the clinical terms for this process are splitting and projection, it allows people to define themselves as victims. Gender, humiliation, and global security, dignifying relationships from love, sex, Humiliation and other essays on honor, social discomfort, and violence. Healing Humiliation and the Need for Revenge
8.
Love
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Love is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection to pleasure. It can refer to an emotion of an attraction and personal attachment. Love can also be a virtue representing human kindness, compassion and it may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, ones self or animals. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love, kinship or familiarity, friendship, sexual and/or romantic desire, modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love. Non-Western traditions have also distinguished variants or symbioses of these states, Love has additional religious or spiritual meaning—notably in Abrahamic religions. This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states. Love in its various forms acts as a facilitator of interpersonal relationships and. Love may be understood as a function to human beings together against menaces. The word love can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts, cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition. Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, abstractly discussed love usually refers to an experience one person feels for another. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing, including oneself, in addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages. The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating cliché, several common proverbs regard love, from Virgils Love conquers all to The Beatles All You Need Is Love. St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as to will the good of another, bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of absolute value, as opposed to relative value. Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is to be delighted by the happiness of another, meher Baba stated that in love there is a feeling of unity and an active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love. Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as unconditional selflessness, a person can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. People can also love material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things, if sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia. Interpersonal love refers to love human beings
9.
Lust
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Lust is an emotion or feeling of intense desire in the body. The lust can take any form such as the lust for sex and it can take such mundane forms as the lust for food as distinct from the need for food. Lust is a psychological force producing intense wanting for an object, Lust holds a critical position in the philosophical underpinnings of Buddhist reality. It is named in the second of the Four Noble Truths, there is a natural way to eliminate all suffering from ones life. The Noble Eightfold Path is that way, Lust is thus the ultimate cause of general imperfection and the most immediate root cause of a certain suffering. The passionate desire for either non-existence or for freedom from lust is a common misunderstanding, beholding an endless knot puts one, symbolically, in the position of the one with the right worldview, representing that person who attains freedom from lust. In existence are four kinds of things that engender the clinging, rituals, worldviews, pleasures, in English-speaking countries, the term lust is often associated with sexual desire, probably because of this verse. But just as the English word was originally a term for desire. The LSJ lexicon suggests set ones heart upon a thing, long for, covet, desire as glosses for ἐπιθυμέω, while coveting your neighbors wife may involve sexual desire, its unlikely that coveting a neighbors house or field is sexual in nature. And in most New Testament uses, the same Greek word, ἐπιθυμέω, does not have a clear sexual connotation. Luke 22, 15-16, And he said them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer, for I say unto you, I shall not eat it. Acts 20,33, I coveted no mans silver, or gold, ye yourselves know that these hands ministered unto my necessities, and to them that were with me. Luke 15, 14-16, And when had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that country, and he went and joined himself to one of the citizens of that country, and he sent him into his fields to feed swine. And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat, Pope John Paul II said that lust devalues the eternal attraction of male and female, reducing personal riches of the opposite sex to an object for gratification of sexuality. Lust is considered by Catholicism to be a desire for sexual pleasure. In Catholicism, sexual desire in itself is good, and is considered part of Gods plan for humanity, however, when sexual desire is separated from Gods love, it becomes disordered and self-seeking. The Latin for extravagance – was used by St Jerome to translate a variety of sins, including drunkenness. Gregory the Great placed Luxuria as one of the seven sins, narrowing its scope to disordered desire
10.
Pride
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Pride is an inwardly directed emotion that carries two antithetical meanings. With a negative connotation pride refers to a foolishly and irrationally corrupt sense of personal value, status or accomplishments. Some social psychologists identify the expression of pride as a means of sending a functional. In contrast, pride could also be defined as a disagreement with the truth. One definition of pride in the former comes from St. Augustine. A similar definition comes from Meher Baba, Pride is the specific feeling through which egoism manifests, Pride is sometimes viewed as corrupt or as a vice, sometimes as proper or as a virtue. While some philosophers such as Aristotle consider pride a profound virtue, some world religions consider prides fraudulent form a sin, in Christianity, pride is one of the Seven Capital Sins. The sense of having an opinion of oneself, not in French. The proud man, then, is the man we have described and he concludes then that Pride, then, seems to be a sort of crown of the virtues, for it makes them more powerful, and it is not found without them. Therefore it is hard to be proud, for it is impossible without nobility. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries, this is revenge, as for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this, naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater. Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle, in psychological terms, positive pride is a pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation. It was added by Tracy et al. to the University of California, Davis, Set of Emotion Expressions in 2009, the term fiero was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity. Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies show that the expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a persons high social status in a group. Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and this postural display is innate as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others. Moreover, Oveis et al. conceptualize pride as a display of the self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as an emotion, as its experience
