1.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
2.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
3.
Technoparade
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A technoparade is a parade of vehicles equipped with strong loudspeakers and amplifiers playing Electronic dance music. It resembles a carnival parade in some respects, but the vehicles are less elaborately decorated. Also, a technoparade doesnt share the carnival parade tradition of bombarding the spectators with sweets, however, the revellers do occasionally throw confetti and spray foam from the vehicles onto the crowd. Nearly all of the vehicles are converted trucks, in order to power the amplifiers, the trucks are frequently equipped with an additional electrical generator. For safety reasons, horse-drawn floats are never used in technoparades, there would be a danger of horses panicking from the noise, however, there are occasional human-drawn floats equipped with generators, record players, amplifiers and loudspeakers. Some of the vehicles allow people to ride along, for a fee, for those on the sidelines, or travelling alongside on foot or bicycles, attendance is free. The official program of a technoparade is generally not as important as what happens informally, in contrast to a carnival parade, the vehicles are little more than flatbed trucks with sound equipment, rather than elaborately decorated floats. There are usually no fireworks or other elements of large celebrations. Technoparades are rarely linked to anniversaries of events, they usually simply take place in the summer to take advantage of the good weather. However, in Germany technoparades are usually registered as a political demonstration. Technoparades generally have an atmosphere, where social rules are at least loosened. The music coming from two sound trucks overlaps with approximately equal intensity, and people can dance to either of two competing rhythms, in the technoparade subculture they call this the Verwirrungsgebiet by analogy to a concept in radio frequency engineering. Some in the crowd generally climb up to any point that can possibly be scaled. The spirit is continued at after-parties in the local nightclubs. Technoparades are not without problems, They are regarded by some participants as a license to consume illegal drugs, a few technoparades have been exploited by makers of pornographic films. There is an inherent danger of accidents as people climb on, some well-constructed toilets do exist, but not enough to serve the entire technoparade. Street Parade, Zurich around 900,000 participants annually as of 2011 Love Parade, in contrast to technoparades which are characterized by free participation on the street, in this case only the passengers on the vessels or inside the trams are part of the event. An example for a boatparade is the Berlin Beats & Boats event which takes place annually since 2009, a regular Housetram event has been organized by Monika Kruse in Munich since 1995
4.
Demonstration (protest)
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Actions such as blockades and sit-ins may also be referred to as demonstrations. Demonstrations can be nonviolent or violent, or can begin as nonviolent, sometimes riot police or other forms of law enforcement become involved. In some cases this may be in order to try to prevent the protest from taking place at all, in other cases it may be to prevent clashes between rival groups, or to prevent a demonstration from spreading and turning into a riot. Demonstrations are a form of activism, usually taking the form of a gathering of people in a rally or walking in a march. Thus, the opinion is demonstrated to be significant by gathering in a associated with that opinion. Demonstrations can be used to show a viewpoint regarding a public issue, a demonstration is usually considered more successful if more people participate. There are many types of demonstrations, including a variety of elements and these may include, Marches, in which a parade demonstrate while moving along a set route. Rallies, in which people gather to listen to speakers or musicians, picketing, in which people surround an area. Nudity, in which they protest naked - here the antagonist may give in before the demonstration happens to avoid embarrassment, Demonstrations are sometimes spontaneous gatherings, but are also utilized as a tactical choice by movements. They often form part of a campaign of nonviolent resistance. Demonstrations are usually physical gatherings, but virtual or online demonstrations are certainly possible, topics of demonstrations often deal with political, economic, and social issues. Clashes between demonstrators and counter-demonstrators may turn violent, government-organized demonstrations are demonstrations which are organized by a government. The Islamic Republic of Iran, the Peoples Republic of China, Republic of Cuba, sometimes the date or location chosen for the demonstration is of historical or cultural significance, such as the anniversary of some event that is relevant to the topic of the demonstration. Locations are also chosen because of some relevance to the issue at hand. Protest marches and demonstrations are a nonviolent tactic. They are thus one tactic available to proponents of strategic nonviolence, some demonstrations and protests can turn, at least partially, into riots or mob violence against objects such as automobiles and businesses, bystanders and the police. Police and military authorities often use force or less-lethal weapons, such as tasers, rubber bullets, pepper spray. Sometimes violent situations are caused by the preemptive or offensive use of weapons which can provoke, destabilize
5.
Love Parade
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The Love Parade was a popular electronic dance music festival and technoparade that originated in 1989 in West Berlin, Germany. It was held annually in Berlin from 1989 to 2003 and in 2006, events scheduled for 2004 and 2005 in Berlin and for 2009 in Bochum were cancelled. On 24 July 2010, a rush at the Love Parade caused the death of 21 people. As a consequence, the organizer of the announced that no further Love Parades would be held. The parade first occurred in July 1989, when 150 people took to the streets in Berlin and it was started by the Berlin underground at the initiative of Matthias Roeingh and his then girlfriend Danielle de Picciotto. It was conceived as a demonstration for peace and international understanding through love. It was supposed to be a birthday party for Roeingh, and the motto Friede, Freude, Eierkuchen stood for disarmament, music. Roeingh dissociated himself from the parade in 2006 because of the commercialization of the event, the parade was held on the Berlin Kurfürstendamm until 1996. Because of overcrowding on the Kurfürstendamm, the moved to the Straße des 17. Juni in the Großer Tiergarten park in the center of Berlin, the festival became centered around the Siegessäule in the middle of the park, and the golden angel atop the column became the parades emblem. Many people from Germany and abroad traveled to Berlin to take part in the Parade — over a million attended in the years 1997 through 2000 and 800,000 in 2001. Attendance at the 2001 festival was significantly lower because the date of the parade was changed with little advance notice,2002 and 2003 also saw lower figures, and in 2004 and 2005 the parade was cancelled because of funding difficulties. The parade had inspired opposition because of the damage to the Tiergarten by participants, opponents allegedly complicated matters for organisers by booking their own events in Berlin and so to exclude the parade from being able to register with city police. In 2004, however, a scaled-down version took place which served more as a mini-protest and was promoted with the title Love Weekend, dozens of clubs promoted the weekend-long event all over the city, with various clubs staying open for three days straight without closing. In 2006, the made a comeback with the help of German exercise studio McFit. The Love Parade 2007 was planned for 7 July 2007 in Berlin, however, the Berlin event was cancelled in February because the Senate of Berlin did not issue the necessary permits at that time. After negotiations with several German cities, on 21 July, it was announced that the parade would move to the Ruhr Area for the five years. The first event took place in Essen on 25 August, the parade in Essen saw 1.2 million visitors in comparison to the 500,000 who attended the 2006 parade in Berlin
6.
Rave
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A rave is a large dance party featuring performances by DJs and occasionally live performers playing electronic music. The music is amplified with a large, powerful sound reinforcement system, the music is accompanied by laser light shows, projected images, visual effects and fog machines. The word rave was first used in the late 1980s to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement. While some raves may be small parties held at nightclubs or private residences, some raves have grown to immense size, some electronic dance music festivals have features of raves, but on a large, often commercial scale. Raves may last for a time, with some events continuing for twenty-four hours. In the late 1950s in London the term rave was used to describe the wild bohemian parties of the Soho beatnik set, in 1958, Buddy Holly recorded the hit Rave On, citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end. The word rave was used in the burgeoning mod youth culture of the early 1960s as the way to describe any wild party in general. People who were gregarious party animals were described as ravers, pop musicians such as Steve Marriott of The Small Faces and Keith Moon of The Who were self-described ravers. Presaging the words subsequent 1980s association with music, the word rave was a common term used regarding the music of mid-1960s garage rock. It was later part of the title of a music performance event held on 28 January 1967 at Londons Roundhouse titled the Million Volt Light. The event featured the only public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by Paul McCartney of The Beatles – the legendary Carnival of Light recording. With the rapid change of British pop culture from the mod era of 1963–1966 to the era of 1967 and beyond. Its use during that era would have perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang. Also during the 1970s the Chicago house movement continued to expand along with a new club - Studio 54, Studio 54 was a world-famous New York nightclub and discothèque. Founded and created by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager in 1977, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. In the late 1970s, the club was arguably the best-known nightclub in the world, the perception of the word changed again in the late 1980s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture, possibly inspired by the use of the term in Jamaica. In the late 1980s, the word rave was adopted to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement
7.
Teknival
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Teknivals are large free parties which take place worldwide. They take place most often in Europe and are illegal under various national or regional laws. They vary in size from dozens to thousands of people, depending on such as accessibility, reputation, weather. The parties often take place in far away from residential areas such as squatted warehouses, empty military bases, beaches. The teknival phenomenon is a movement which has grown out of the rave, UK traveller and Burning Man scenes. Summer is the season for teknivals. Section 63 of the Act gave the new powers to close down illegal parties. Sound systems then started travelling to countries in Europe where laws were less restrictive, one of the most famous of these sound systems was Spiral Tribe, which was at the forefront of the free party movement in Europe. Other systems were called Bedlam, Circus Normal, Circus Warp, desert Storm sound system organised teknivals in France and Spain and brought raves to war-torn Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1996. At one party the front-line was 10 kilometres away and they were asked to turn off their lights in case they attracted enemy fire. While some teknivals are one-off events, most take place every year on or around the same date, northTek was held on Crown Land in Ontario. Since a teknival can last a week or longer, many styles will be represented. The music which grew in tandem with teknivals was free tekno, the DJs and party goers are unconcerned by musical boundaries, so a lot of different, mostly electronic, music is played and performed. Most sound systems play styles such as techno, spiral tekno, electro, techno, jungle music, raggacore, skullstep, neurofunk, breakcore, schranz. The music is played by DJs playing vinyl records and Mp3 files on a computer, livesets are also frequently played using a variety of equipment, keyboards, drum machines, guitar effects pedals, MIDI controller and computers. At early teknivals, sound systems would play until either no-one was left dancing or the diesel ran out in the generator, however this has not stopped various groups from claiming the teknival and rave culture in general as the implementation of the TAZ. Anyone is welcome to enter the site, there is no ticket or fee, normally any artist who turns up is encouraged to participate. Over the course of a few days the site can grow into a village of sound systems, cafes, tents
8.
Doof
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Doofs generally have healing workshops, speakers, art, live artists and DJs playing a range of electronic music, commonly goa, dub techno, Techno, acid heavy sounds and psychedelic trance. Doof doof is an Australian term for electronic music centred on a heavy bass drum kick. The very first commercial doof party to be hosted within Australia, the original term doof was created in Newtown Sydney in Spring 1992, when a neighbour knocking on the door said what is this doof doof doof I hear. The term did not become a popular designation for outdoor dance parties until after the mid-1990s, in 2013 the Australian Macquarie Dictionary officially and publicly added the word bush doof to their index. The name is onomatopoeic, and is derived from the sound of the drum used in the electronic music frequently played at these events. J. Coman, Quadrant Magazine, January 2005 – Volume XLIX Number 1–2 Doof Metronome/Chronometer, S. A. Roberts, June 1996 – http, //au. syd. labs. coop/briefs/about-our-business/time-services-rss/6,1. html
9.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
10.
Club drug
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Club drugs range from entactogens such as MDMA and inhalants to stimulants and psychedelics. Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s Mod subculture in U. K. whose members took amphetamines. In the 1970s disco scene, the stimulant of choice shifted to cocaine, in the 1990s and 2000s, methamphetamines are sold and used in many clubs. Club drugs vary by country and region, in regions, even opiates such as heroin have been sold at clubs. Examples of drugs categorized as club drugs include MDMA, various amphetamines and the depressant GHB. Poppers is the name for a group of simple alkyl nitrites. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, the drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. The club drugs vary by country and region, in Delaware, heroin are sold at clubs and at raves. Though far less common than other drugs like MDMA, ketamine, or LSD. For example, alcohol is not included under the category of club drugs. Ketamine has long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular used in the New York Club Kid scene. Ketamine produces a state, characterized by a sense of detachment from ones physical body. Effects include hallucinations, changes in the perception of distances, relative scale, color and durations/time, in the 2000s, synthetic phenethylamines such as 2C-I, 2C-B and DOB have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature. By late 2012, derivates of the psychedelic 2C-X drugs, the NBOMes, although each club drug has some variation, their use in clubs reflects their generally similar effects. Successful club drugs popularity stems from their ability to induce euphoria and give the dancer hyperactivity, many also report a feeling of heightened physical sensation, and increased libido and sexual pleasure. Some club drugs, such as LSD, enhance the experience of being in a nightclub with pulsating lights and flashing lasers and throbbing dance music. Although research continues into the scope of the effects of illegal drugs, regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging side effects. Increased heart rate, a increase in body temperature, increase in blood pressure, spasms and dehydration are all common side effects of MDMA
11.
Demoscene
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A compo is a contest relating to programming, computer graphics and music that takes place within the demoscene and related subcultures. The term compo is a shortening of competition, compos are typically held at demoparties. The usual format is to show the competing entries sequentially with a video projector, in addition to party-based contests, there have also been online compos on websites and bulletin board systems. The main competition on most demoparties is the demo compo, a typical party also includes an intro compo, a music compo and a graphics compo. Other common contests include wild compo and game development compo, compos are often split into subcategories by technical and stylistic restrictions. Compos at a demoparty are usually held during the afternoon and lasting after midnight, each compo has its designated deadline, to which the competitors must deliver their entries, either via traditional physical media or through the party LAN. The crew also performs preselection on the entries to be able to fit in a given timeframe with the competition, and also to maintain a quality level for a given competition. Compos show the production in an order, some parties prefer to reorder competition entries in an ascending order quality-wise. At some parties, individual competitions omit the display of the name at this point. After the compo, visitors are given the opportunity to vote, to avoid mass-votes by individuals, a votesheet or votekey is usually only handed out to a visitor in exchange of a mark on the ticket, such as tickmark or the removal of the wristband. Votes, usually done via either preferential voting or range voting, are calculated after the voting deadline, fastcompos are a common form of entertainment at demoparties. Unlike regular compos, fastcompos are announced at the party, usually only a few hours to a day before the deadline, fastcompos may be held for music, graphics, demos and anything else regular compos are
12.
Live electronic music
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Live electronic music is a form of experimental improvised music. Instruments can include traditional electronic sound-generating devices, modified electric musical instruments, hacked sound generating technologies, initially the practice developed in reaction to sound-based composition for fixed media such as musique concrète, electronic music and early computer music. Musical improvisation often plays a role in the performance of this music. The timbres of various sounds may be transformed extensively using such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators. Real-time generation and manipulation of audio using live coding is now commonplace, many early compositions included these electronic instruments, though the instruments were typically used as fill-ins for standard classical instruments. An example includes composer Joseph Schillinger, who in 1929 composed First Airphonic Suite for Theremin and Orchestra, which premièred with the Cleveland Orchestra with Leon Theremin as soloist. Percy Grainger, used ensembles of four or six theremins for his two earliest experimental Free Music compositions because of the instruments complete gliding freedom of pitch (Gillies, lewis 1991, chapter 4, Program Notes. In Europe, Pierre Schaeffer had attempted live generation of the stages of his works at the first public concert of musique concrète in 1951 with limited success. However, it was in Europe at the end of the 1950s, by the 1970s, live electronics had become the primary area of innovation in electronic music. The 1970s and 1980s were notable for contributions by electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre, the success of Oxygene and his large scale concerts which he performed attracted millions of people, breaking his own record for largest audience four times. In fact Jarre continued to break his own records up to the end of the century, laptronica is a form of live electronic music or computer music in which laptops are used as musical instruments. The term is a portmanteau of laptop computer and electronica, a combination of many laptops can be used to form a laptop orchestra. Live coding is a programming practice centred upon the use of improvised interactive programming, Live coding is often used to create sound and image based digital media, and is particularly prevalent in computer music, combining algorithmic composition with improvisation. Typically, the process of writing is visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience space. There are also approaches to human live coding in improvised dance, Live coding techniques are also employed outside of performance, such as in producing sound for film or audio/visual work for interactive art installations. Electroacoustic improvisation is a form of improvisation that was originally referred to as live electronics. It has been part of the art world since the 1930s with the early works of John Cage. Source magazine published articles by a number of leading electronic and avant-garde composers in the 1960s and it was further influenced by electronic and electroacoustic music, the music of American experimental composers such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and David Tudor
