1.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
2.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
3.
Technoparade
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A technoparade is a parade of vehicles equipped with strong loudspeakers and amplifiers playing Electronic dance music. It resembles a carnival parade in some respects, but the vehicles are less elaborately decorated. Also, a technoparade doesnt share the carnival parade tradition of bombarding the spectators with sweets, however, the revellers do occasionally throw confetti and spray foam from the vehicles onto the crowd. Nearly all of the vehicles are converted trucks, in order to power the amplifiers, the trucks are frequently equipped with an additional electrical generator. For safety reasons, horse-drawn floats are never used in technoparades, there would be a danger of horses panicking from the noise, however, there are occasional human-drawn floats equipped with generators, record players, amplifiers and loudspeakers. Some of the vehicles allow people to ride along, for a fee, for those on the sidelines, or travelling alongside on foot or bicycles, attendance is free. The official program of a technoparade is generally not as important as what happens informally, in contrast to a carnival parade, the vehicles are little more than flatbed trucks with sound equipment, rather than elaborately decorated floats. There are usually no fireworks or other elements of large celebrations. Technoparades are rarely linked to anniversaries of events, they usually simply take place in the summer to take advantage of the good weather. However, in Germany technoparades are usually registered as a political demonstration. Technoparades generally have an atmosphere, where social rules are at least loosened. The music coming from two sound trucks overlaps with approximately equal intensity, and people can dance to either of two competing rhythms, in the technoparade subculture they call this the Verwirrungsgebiet by analogy to a concept in radio frequency engineering. Some in the crowd generally climb up to any point that can possibly be scaled. The spirit is continued at after-parties in the local nightclubs. Technoparades are not without problems, They are regarded by some participants as a license to consume illegal drugs, a few technoparades have been exploited by makers of pornographic films. There is an inherent danger of accidents as people climb on, some well-constructed toilets do exist, but not enough to serve the entire technoparade. Street Parade, Zurich around 900,000 participants annually as of 2011 Love Parade, in contrast to technoparades which are characterized by free participation on the street, in this case only the passengers on the vessels or inside the trams are part of the event. An example for a boatparade is the Berlin Beats & Boats event which takes place annually since 2009, a regular Housetram event has been organized by Monika Kruse in Munich since 1995
4.
Demonstration (protest)
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Actions such as blockades and sit-ins may also be referred to as demonstrations. Demonstrations can be nonviolent or violent, or can begin as nonviolent, sometimes riot police or other forms of law enforcement become involved. In some cases this may be in order to try to prevent the protest from taking place at all, in other cases it may be to prevent clashes between rival groups, or to prevent a demonstration from spreading and turning into a riot. Demonstrations are a form of activism, usually taking the form of a gathering of people in a rally or walking in a march. Thus, the opinion is demonstrated to be significant by gathering in a associated with that opinion. Demonstrations can be used to show a viewpoint regarding a public issue, a demonstration is usually considered more successful if more people participate. There are many types of demonstrations, including a variety of elements and these may include, Marches, in which a parade demonstrate while moving along a set route. Rallies, in which people gather to listen to speakers or musicians, picketing, in which people surround an area. Nudity, in which they protest naked - here the antagonist may give in before the demonstration happens to avoid embarrassment, Demonstrations are sometimes spontaneous gatherings, but are also utilized as a tactical choice by movements. They often form part of a campaign of nonviolent resistance. Demonstrations are usually physical gatherings, but virtual or online demonstrations are certainly possible, topics of demonstrations often deal with political, economic, and social issues. Clashes between demonstrators and counter-demonstrators may turn violent, government-organized demonstrations are demonstrations which are organized by a government. The Islamic Republic of Iran, the Peoples Republic of China, Republic of Cuba, sometimes the date or location chosen for the demonstration is of historical or cultural significance, such as the anniversary of some event that is relevant to the topic of the demonstration. Locations are also chosen because of some relevance to the issue at hand. Protest marches and demonstrations are a nonviolent tactic. They are thus one tactic available to proponents of strategic nonviolence, some demonstrations and protests can turn, at least partially, into riots or mob violence against objects such as automobiles and businesses, bystanders and the police. Police and military authorities often use force or less-lethal weapons, such as tasers, rubber bullets, pepper spray. Sometimes violent situations are caused by the preemptive or offensive use of weapons which can provoke, destabilize
5.
Love Parade
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The Love Parade was a popular electronic dance music festival and technoparade that originated in 1989 in West Berlin, Germany. It was held annually in Berlin from 1989 to 2003 and in 2006, events scheduled for 2004 and 2005 in Berlin and for 2009 in Bochum were cancelled. On 24 July 2010, a rush at the Love Parade caused the death of 21 people. As a consequence, the organizer of the announced that no further Love Parades would be held. The parade first occurred in July 1989, when 150 people took to the streets in Berlin and it was started by the Berlin underground at the initiative of Matthias Roeingh and his then girlfriend Danielle de Picciotto. It was conceived as a demonstration for peace and international understanding through love. It was supposed to be a birthday party for Roeingh, and the motto Friede, Freude, Eierkuchen stood for disarmament, music. Roeingh dissociated himself from the parade in 2006 because of the commercialization of the event, the parade was held on the Berlin Kurfürstendamm until 1996. Because of overcrowding on the Kurfürstendamm, the moved to the Straße des 17. Juni in the Großer Tiergarten park in the center of Berlin, the festival became centered around the Siegessäule in the middle of the park, and the golden angel atop the column became the parades emblem. Many people from Germany and abroad traveled to Berlin to take part in the Parade — over a million attended in the years 1997 through 2000 and 800,000 in 2001. Attendance at the 2001 festival was significantly lower because the date of the parade was changed with little advance notice,2002 and 2003 also saw lower figures, and in 2004 and 2005 the parade was cancelled because of funding difficulties. The parade had inspired opposition because of the damage to the Tiergarten by participants, opponents allegedly complicated matters for organisers by booking their own events in Berlin and so to exclude the parade from being able to register with city police. In 2004, however, a scaled-down version took place which served more as a mini-protest and was promoted with the title Love Weekend, dozens of clubs promoted the weekend-long event all over the city, with various clubs staying open for three days straight without closing. In 2006, the made a comeback with the help of German exercise studio McFit. The Love Parade 2007 was planned for 7 July 2007 in Berlin, however, the Berlin event was cancelled in February because the Senate of Berlin did not issue the necessary permits at that time. After negotiations with several German cities, on 21 July, it was announced that the parade would move to the Ruhr Area for the five years. The first event took place in Essen on 25 August, the parade in Essen saw 1.2 million visitors in comparison to the 500,000 who attended the 2006 parade in Berlin
6.
Federal Administrative Court (Germany)
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The Federal Administrative Court is one of the five federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the court of the last resort for all cases of administrative law. It hears appeals from the Oberverwaltungsgerichte, or Superior Administrative Courts, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht has its seat at the former Reichsgericht building in Leipzig. Everhardt Franßen, 1991-2002 Media related to Reichsgericht Leipzig - Seat of the Federal Administrative Court of Germany at Wikimedia Commons Official homepage
7.
Techno Viking
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Techno Viking is an internet phenomenon or meme based on a video from the 2000 Fuckparade in Berlin, Germany. The 4-minute video shot by experimental video artist Matthias Fritsch at the Fuckparade on 8 July 2000 begins with the title Kneecam No.1 and shows a bare-chested man wearing a Thors hammer pendant. He grabs the arms of man and starts pointing his finger at him after the man jumps from a truck. He is offered a bottle of water by another man. Fritsch intended it to questions of whether the action was real or staged. Fritsch uploaded the video to the internet in 2001, in 2006 he uploaded it to YouTube, and it went viral in 2007. According to Fritsch, its popularity began on a Central American pornography site, after being posted on Break. com, it peaked on 28 September at more than 1 million views per day and was watched by over 10 million people over 6 months. More than 700 responses and edited versions were posted and it was the #1 clip on Rude Tubes series-three episode Drink and Drugs. Mathew Cullen and Weezer wanted to include Techno Viking in their compilation of Internet memes for the Pork, Techno Viking was also rendered in oils as part of a series on internet memes. By mid-2010, the video had generated over 20 million hits on YouTube alone, as of January 2013 and his Music from the Masses project was suggested by the Techno Viking experience, it explores web collaboration by providing silent films for artists to provide soundtracks. In response to action by the man featured in the video, access to the Techno Viking video itself has been restricted. Fritsch did not know the name at the time of filming. There was speculation about his identity, for example on Encyclopedia Dramatica, a man who appeared in the 2009 Bodybuilding broadcast of the German television show segment Raab in Gefahr was taken to be Techno Viking in a YouTube upload. In 2008, fans claimed MMA fighter Keith Jardine was Techno Viking, the unnamed mans court case against Fritsch concerning infringement of personality rights opened in Berlin on 17 January 2013. The legal decision put Fritsch into debt and he raised money with a crowdfunding campaign to make a documentary film about the case, The Story of Technoviking, which was released in 2015. The Church of the TECHNOVIKING on Myspace Mikkael Kinanen, Matthias Fritsch, shinya Yamaoka making a statuette of Techno Viking Technoviking. tv collection of fan responses and links The Story of Technoviking at the Internet Movie Database
8.
The Observer
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The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981
9.
Der Spiegel
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Der Spiegel is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg. It is one of Europes largest publications of its kind, with a circulation of 840,000. Spiegel Online, the sibling of Der Spiegel, was launched in 1994 with an independent editorial staff. Typically, the magazine has a content to advertising ratio of 2,1, Der Spiegel is known in German-speaking countries mostly for its investigative journalism. It has played a key role in uncovering many political scandals such as the Spiegel scandal in 1962, according to The Economist, Der Spiegel is one of continental Europes most influential magazines. The first edition of Der Spiegel was published in Hanover on Saturday,4 January 1947 and its release was initiated and sponsored by the British occupational administration and preceded by a magazine titled Diese Woche, which had first been published in November 1946. After disagreements with the British, the magazine was handed over to Rudolf Augstein as chief editor, from the first edition in January 1947, Augstein held the position of editor-in-chief, which he retained until his death on 7 November 2002. After 1950, the magazine was owned by Rudolf Augstein and John Jahr, in 1969, Augstein bought out Gruner + Jahr for DM42 million and became the sole owner of Der Spiegel. In 1971, Gruner + Jahr bought back a 25% share in the magazine, in 1974, Augstein restructured the company to make the employees shareholders. All employees with more than three years seniority were offered the opportunity to become an associate and participate in the management of the company, since 1952, Der Spiegel has been headquartered in its own building in the old town part of Hamburg. From 15,000 copies in 1947, it grew to 65,000 in 1948 and 437,000 in 1961 and it was nearly 500,000 copies in 1962. By the 1970s, it had reached a plateau at about 900,000 copies, when the German re-unification in 1990 made it available to a new readership in former East Germany, the circulation exceeded one million. Since 1988, it has produced the TV programme Spiegel TV, during the second quarter of 1992 the circulation of Der Spiegel was 1.1 million copies. In 1994, Spiegel Online was launched and it has separate and independent editorial staff from Der Spiegel. In 1999 the circulation of Der Spiegel was 1,061,000 copies, Der Spiegel had an average circulation of 1,076,000 copies in 2003. In 2007 the magazine started a new regional supplement in Switzerland and it was the first regional supplement of the magazine which covers 50-page review of Switzerland. In 2010 Der Spiegel was employing the equivalent of 80 full-time fact checkers, the same year it was the third best-selling general interest magazine in Europe with a circulation of 1,016,373 copies. When Stefan Aust took over in 1994, the magazines readers realised that his personality was different from his predecessor, in 2005, a documentary by Stephan Lamby quoted him as follows, We stand at a very big cannon
10.
Live electronic music
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Live electronic music is a form of experimental improvised music. Instruments can include traditional electronic sound-generating devices, modified electric musical instruments, hacked sound generating technologies, initially the practice developed in reaction to sound-based composition for fixed media such as musique concrète, electronic music and early computer music. Musical improvisation often plays a role in the performance of this music. The timbres of various sounds may be transformed extensively using such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators. Real-time generation and manipulation of audio using live coding is now commonplace, many early compositions included these electronic instruments, though the instruments were typically used as fill-ins for standard classical instruments. An example includes composer Joseph Schillinger, who in 1929 composed First Airphonic Suite for Theremin and Orchestra, which premièred with the Cleveland Orchestra with Leon Theremin as soloist. Percy Grainger, used ensembles of four or six theremins for his two earliest experimental Free Music compositions because of the instruments complete gliding freedom of pitch (Gillies, lewis 1991, chapter 4, Program Notes. In Europe, Pierre Schaeffer had attempted live generation of the stages of his works at the first public concert of musique concrète in 1951 with limited success. However, it was in Europe at the end of the 1950s, by the 1970s, live electronics had become the primary area of innovation in electronic music. The 1970s and 1980s were notable for contributions by electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre, the success of Oxygene and his large scale concerts which he performed attracted millions of people, breaking his own record for largest audience four times. In fact Jarre continued to break his own records up to the end of the century, laptronica is a form of live electronic music or computer music in which laptops are used as musical instruments. The term is a portmanteau of laptop computer and electronica, a combination of many laptops can be used to form a laptop orchestra. Live coding is a programming practice centred upon the use of improvised interactive programming, Live coding is often used to create sound and image based digital media, and is particularly prevalent in computer music, combining algorithmic composition with improvisation. Typically, the process of writing is visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience space. There are also approaches to human live coding in improvised dance, Live coding techniques are also employed outside of performance, such as in producing sound for film or audio/visual work for interactive art installations. Electroacoustic improvisation is a form of improvisation that was originally referred to as live electronics. It has been part of the art world since the 1930s with the early works of John Cage. Source magazine published articles by a number of leading electronic and avant-garde composers in the 1960s and it was further influenced by electronic and electroacoustic music, the music of American experimental composers such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and David Tudor
11.
Circuit party
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A circuit party is a large dance event. It extends through the night and into the day, almost always with a number of affiliated events in the days leading up to. Proto-circuit parties in the late 1970s, the precursors of what later became circuit parties, were called disco parties and they lasted only one evening and were held in various large venues in metropolitan areas with large gay populations. The start of the circuit has been attributed to different parties that sprang up during the time-frame of the late 1970s. These proto-circuit parties in the late 1970s, the precursors of what later became circuit parties, were called disco parties and they lasted one evening only, and were held in various large venues in metropolitan areas with large gay populations. Although Flamingo and 12 West were New York clubs that had theme-centered gay parties and this members-only male club was very technologically advanced. Some say its like has not been recreated since, while open every weekend beginning in September, The Saints once monthly parties became marathon events that drew gay men from around the world. These parties created the concept of a party being the focal point for a weekend get-away in the gay community. What was to another circuit party was founded during the same time period by Corbett Reynolds. Initially, Reynolds envisioned a one-night party-to-end-all-parties, designed around the theme of the color Red, Reynolds was a true artist, creating complete party-scapes all in red. On the 25th year anniversary of the Red Party, the theme of which was to have been Rome, Mr. Reynolds died. Those in charge of his thought about how, if at all, to continue the event and, in the end, decided to retire the concept of the Red Party. The early 1980s saw the start of the AIDS crisis, many were named after colors, such as White Party, Black Party, Blue Ball, and Black and Blue Festival. And many center around other events, such as Southern Decadence, because of their economic impact, Circuit parties have actually been welcomed into some of the more liberal cities where they are held. Promoters sometimes turned events from one party into a series of parties at various venues. For example, a party might go from noon to 5PM, a t-dance from 5PM to 9PM, a main event from 9PM to 4AM. Having reached its peak around 1999–2000, the Circuit found itself a part of a much larger whole. In 2004, The New York Times travel section featured a look at The White Party in Palm Springs in conjunction with staff members of Noizemag
12.
Rave
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A rave is a large dance party featuring performances by DJs and occasionally live performers playing electronic music. The music is amplified with a large, powerful sound reinforcement system, the music is accompanied by laser light shows, projected images, visual effects and fog machines. The word rave was first used in the late 1980s to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement. While some raves may be small parties held at nightclubs or private residences, some raves have grown to immense size, some electronic dance music festivals have features of raves, but on a large, often commercial scale. Raves may last for a time, with some events continuing for twenty-four hours. In the late 1950s in London the term rave was used to describe the wild bohemian parties of the Soho beatnik set, in 1958, Buddy Holly recorded the hit Rave On, citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end. The word rave was used in the burgeoning mod youth culture of the early 1960s as the way to describe any wild party in general. People who were gregarious party animals were described as ravers, pop musicians such as Steve Marriott of The Small Faces and Keith Moon of The Who were self-described ravers. Presaging the words subsequent 1980s association with music, the word rave was a common term used regarding the music of mid-1960s garage rock. It was later part of the title of a music performance event held on 28 January 1967 at Londons Roundhouse titled the Million Volt Light. The event featured the only public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by Paul McCartney of The Beatles – the legendary Carnival of Light recording. With the rapid change of British pop culture from the mod era of 1963–1966 to the era of 1967 and beyond. Its use during that era would have perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang. Also during the 1970s the Chicago house movement continued to expand along with a new club - Studio 54, Studio 54 was a world-famous New York nightclub and discothèque. Founded and created by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager in 1977, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. In the late 1970s, the club was arguably the best-known nightclub in the world, the perception of the word changed again in the late 1980s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture, possibly inspired by the use of the term in Jamaica. In the late 1980s, the word rave was adopted to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement
13.
Algorave
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An Algorave is an event where people dance to music generated from algorithms, often using live coding techniques, and short for algorithmic rave. Alex McLean of Slub and Nick Collins coined the word algorave and it has since become a movement, with algoraves taking place around the world. An algorave is an event where people dance to music generated from algorithms, algoraves can include a range of styles, including a complex form of minimal techno, and has been described as a meeting point of hacker philosophy, geek culture, and clubbing. Although algorave musicians have been compared with DJs, they are in fact live musicians or improvisers, creating music live, usually by writing or modifying code, Algorithmic approaches have long been applied in electronic dance music, including by Farmers Manual, Autechre, and Aphex Twin. Traditional use of algorithms include Maypole dancing, where they are applied to the dance itself as a form of Algorithmic Choreography, the first self-proclaimed algorave was held in London as a warmup concert for the SuperCollider Symposium 2012. However the name was first coined in 2011, after live coders Nick Collins, since then, Algorave has been growing into an international movement, with algoraves having been held mainly in Europe and Asia, and few events in Australia and North America. Algorave can also be considered a music movement with a community of electronic musicians, visual artists. Media related to Algorave at Wikimedia Commons Algorave. com
14.
Free party
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See free festivals for the large events focusing on rock and pop in the 1960s. A free party is a party free from the restrictions of the club scene. It typically involves a sound system playing electronic music from late at night until the time when the organisers decide to go home. A free party can be composed of just one system or of many and if the party becomes a festival, the parties can be thought of as autonomous zones where all the people present create and enforce the rules. This typically means that drugs are available and noise levels are usually illegally high. The word free in this context is used both to describe the entry fee and the lack of restrictions and law enforcement, motivations for organisers range from political protest to simply wanting to have fun. An example of free parties as political protest was their prominence during the M11 link road protest, at most parties no money is asked for entrance since the aim is not to make profit. However at some events it is requested at the door to make a donation to cover costs, typically organisers make little profit or make a loss setting them up. The term free party is used widely in Europe than in the USA. In Canada and some parts of Europe they are referred to as Freetekno parties. A free party might have once described as a rave. Since the birth of nightclubs in town centres in Europe the use of the word rave had fallen out of fashion. The term squat party defines the free parties with secret indoor locations, the address is obtained on the day of the event personally from organizers as the buildings are squatted. The parties often last over 24 hours, after the emergence of the Acid House parties in the late 1980s up to 4,000 people were known to attend a rave. These events happened almost every weekend, the noise and disturbance of thousands of people appearing at parties in rural locations, such as Genesis 88, caused outrage in the national media. The British government made the fine for holding an illegal party £20,000, Police crackdowns on these often-illegal parties drove the scene into the countryside. The word rave somehow caught on to describe these semi-spontaneous weekend parties occurring at various locations outside the M25 Orbital motorway that now attracted up to 25000, sound systems from this time include Spiral Tribe and DiY. In the 1990s raves began to expand into a global phenomenon, around 1989-1992 people who had travelled to attend the first raves began setting up promotion companies in each region to organize their own parties
15.
Teknival
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Teknivals are large free parties which take place worldwide. They take place most often in Europe and are illegal under various national or regional laws. They vary in size from dozens to thousands of people, depending on such as accessibility, reputation, weather. The parties often take place in far away from residential areas such as squatted warehouses, empty military bases, beaches. The teknival phenomenon is a movement which has grown out of the rave, UK traveller and Burning Man scenes. Summer is the season for teknivals. Section 63 of the Act gave the new powers to close down illegal parties. Sound systems then started travelling to countries in Europe where laws were less restrictive, one of the most famous of these sound systems was Spiral Tribe, which was at the forefront of the free party movement in Europe. Other systems were called Bedlam, Circus Normal, Circus Warp, desert Storm sound system organised teknivals in France and Spain and brought raves to war-torn Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1996. At one party the front-line was 10 kilometres away and they were asked to turn off their lights in case they attracted enemy fire. While some teknivals are one-off events, most take place every year on or around the same date, northTek was held on Crown Land in Ontario. Since a teknival can last a week or longer, many styles will be represented. The music which grew in tandem with teknivals was free tekno, the DJs and party goers are unconcerned by musical boundaries, so a lot of different, mostly electronic, music is played and performed. Most sound systems play styles such as techno, spiral tekno, electro, techno, jungle music, raggacore, skullstep, neurofunk, breakcore, schranz. The music is played by DJs playing vinyl records and Mp3 files on a computer, livesets are also frequently played using a variety of equipment, keyboards, drum machines, guitar effects pedals, MIDI controller and computers. At early teknivals, sound systems would play until either no-one was left dancing or the diesel ran out in the generator, however this has not stopped various groups from claiming the teknival and rave culture in general as the implementation of the TAZ. Anyone is welcome to enter the site, there is no ticket or fee, normally any artist who turns up is encouraged to participate. Over the course of a few days the site can grow into a village of sound systems, cafes, tents
16.
Doof
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Doofs generally have healing workshops, speakers, art, live artists and DJs playing a range of electronic music, commonly goa, dub techno, Techno, acid heavy sounds and psychedelic trance. Doof doof is an Australian term for electronic music centred on a heavy bass drum kick. The very first commercial doof party to be hosted within Australia, the original term doof was created in Newtown Sydney in Spring 1992, when a neighbour knocking on the door said what is this doof doof doof I hear. The term did not become a popular designation for outdoor dance parties until after the mid-1990s, in 2013 the Australian Macquarie Dictionary officially and publicly added the word bush doof to their index. The name is onomatopoeic, and is derived from the sound of the drum used in the electronic music frequently played at these events. J. Coman, Quadrant Magazine, January 2005 – Volume XLIX Number 1–2 Doof Metronome/Chronometer, S. A. Roberts, June 1996 – http, //au. syd. labs. coop/briefs/about-our-business/time-services-rss/6,1. html
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Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
18.
Freetekno
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Freetekno is the name of a cultural movement that is present in Europe, Australia and North America. Freetekno sound systems or tribes form in loose collectives, frequently with anarchist philosophies and these sound systems join together to hold parties wherever a viable space can be found – typical locations include warehouses, fields, abandoned buildings or forests. London in the United Kingdom plays host to free parties thrown by an array of sound systems every week, a regular theme is techno, although drum & bass, breakbeat, hardcore and psytrance can be common. Parties will occur all over London from derelict/deserted buildings in the borough of Hackney to empty office blocks in the City of London. However, the South West of England is generally considered to have the best free party vibe due to beautiful locations of the raves, in contrast to London, the music played in the south west in generally reggae, fidget, breakbeat and hardtek. Tekno or hardtek is also a style of music which takes elements from both techno and hardcore and tends to be very fast and loaded with energy, speedbass, speedcore and other forms of underground music can be heard at freetekno parties. There is no organizing body for freetekno sound systems or parties. It is not a group of people, but rather a way of living and partying that ties together diverse individuals. Sound systems start up between friends, trust and respect are key elements of the scene. Free tekno parties are likely to attract many sorts of people, ravers, punks, squatters, in summer, parties are planned which go on for up to one week. All artists are invited to contribute and sometimes up to eighty sound systems attend, the atmosphere is friendly and the party goers police themselves. Racism, sexism and aggression are not tolerated, the freetekno party is a good example of a Temporary Autonomous Zone. Massive parties called teknivals are held across Europe and in Ontario/Quebec every year, many of which thousands of people. Some feel that teknivals echo prehistoric rituals, and provide a greater than the sum of its parts. In the year 2005, the 12th annual teknival in the Czech Republic, known as Czechtek, was broken up by Czech police, leaving 50 citizens, the organisers of the festival are going to appeal to the Czech courts and protests were held in the aftermath in Prague. It was reported by various press that Czech Police were refusing entry at their borders to people suspected of going to the Teknival and this refusal of entry was based upon looks, clothing and what car was being driven, amounting to a breach of some European laws. Freetekno parties are known for their community and positive attitude. The people who throw these parties are usually putting themselves at great financial and legal risk, the majority of freetekno attendees understand this, and attempt to make the party as safe, comfortable and enjoyable as they can
19.
Club drug
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Club drugs range from entactogens such as MDMA and inhalants to stimulants and psychedelics. Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s Mod subculture in U. K. whose members took amphetamines. In the 1970s disco scene, the stimulant of choice shifted to cocaine, in the 1990s and 2000s, methamphetamines are sold and used in many clubs. Club drugs vary by country and region, in regions, even opiates such as heroin have been sold at clubs. Examples of drugs categorized as club drugs include MDMA, various amphetamines and the depressant GHB. Poppers is the name for a group of simple alkyl nitrites. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, the drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. The club drugs vary by country and region, in Delaware, heroin are sold at clubs and at raves. Though far less common than other drugs like MDMA, ketamine, or LSD. For example, alcohol is not included under the category of club drugs. Ketamine has long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular used in the New York Club Kid scene. Ketamine produces a state, characterized by a sense of detachment from ones physical body. Effects include hallucinations, changes in the perception of distances, relative scale, color and durations/time, in the 2000s, synthetic phenethylamines such as 2C-I, 2C-B and DOB have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature. By late 2012, derivates of the psychedelic 2C-X drugs, the NBOMes, although each club drug has some variation, their use in clubs reflects their generally similar effects. Successful club drugs popularity stems from their ability to induce euphoria and give the dancer hyperactivity, many also report a feeling of heightened physical sensation, and increased libido and sexual pleasure. Some club drugs, such as LSD, enhance the experience of being in a nightclub with pulsating lights and flashing lasers and throbbing dance music. Although research continues into the scope of the effects of illegal drugs, regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging side effects. Increased heart rate, a increase in body temperature, increase in blood pressure, spasms and dehydration are all common side effects of MDMA
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Music festival
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A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending, performance art. Many festivals are annual, or repeat at some other interval, some, including many rock festivals, are held only once. Some festivals are organized as for-profit concerts and others are benefits for a specific cause, another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement. The Pythian Games at Delphi included musical performances, and may be one of the earliest festivals known, during the Middle Ages, festivals were often held as competitions. Entrants perform prepared pieces in front of an audience which includes competitors and they also usually receive a certificate, classified according to merit, and some may win trophies. The competitive element is played down, however, as the important aspect is that participants can learn from one another. Such festivals aim to provide a friendly and supportive platform for musicians to share in the excitement of making music, for many, they provide a bridge from lessons and examinations to performing confidently in public. Milwaukee, Wisconsins 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as The Worlds Largest Music Festival, operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts. The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, the largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year. Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, for a more complete listing of active and defunct festivals by region, see Category, Music festivals by country. Some sections may also have links to related lists of music festivals by country, L. my.1 Festival, Biddinghuizen Dekmantel, Amsterdam Festival Mundial, Tilburg Incubate, Tilburg Le Guess Who. Born 1985 Salas Principales Auditorio Alfredo Kraus, Las Palmas y Auditorio Adán Martin, Tenerife. com – The most extensive music festival listings
21.
Demoscene
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A compo is a contest relating to programming, computer graphics and music that takes place within the demoscene and related subcultures. The term compo is a shortening of competition, compos are typically held at demoparties. The usual format is to show the competing entries sequentially with a video projector, in addition to party-based contests, there have also been online compos on websites and bulletin board systems. The main competition on most demoparties is the demo compo, a typical party also includes an intro compo, a music compo and a graphics compo. Other common contests include wild compo and game development compo, compos are often split into subcategories by technical and stylistic restrictions. Compos at a demoparty are usually held during the afternoon and lasting after midnight, each compo has its designated deadline, to which the competitors must deliver their entries, either via traditional physical media or through the party LAN. The crew also performs preselection on the entries to be able to fit in a given timeframe with the competition, and also to maintain a quality level for a given competition. Compos show the production in an order, some parties prefer to reorder competition entries in an ascending order quality-wise. At some parties, individual competitions omit the display of the name at this point. After the compo, visitors are given the opportunity to vote, to avoid mass-votes by individuals, a votesheet or votekey is usually only handed out to a visitor in exchange of a mark on the ticket, such as tickmark or the removal of the wristband. Votes, usually done via either preferential voting or range voting, are calculated after the voting deadline, fastcompos are a common form of entertainment at demoparties. Unlike regular compos, fastcompos are announced at the party, usually only a few hours to a day before the deadline, fastcompos may be held for music, graphics, demos and anything else regular compos are
