1.
Six Flags Magic Mountain
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Six Flags Magic Mountain is a 262-acre theme park located in the Valencia neighborhood of Santa Clarita, California, north of Los Angeles. It opened on May 30,1971, as Magic Mountain, in 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the parks title. With 19 roller coasters, Six Flags Magic Mountain holds the record for most roller coasters in an amusement park. In 2015, the park had an estimated 3.1 million visitors ranking it eighteenth in attendance in North America, the admission price in 1971 was $5 for adults, and $3.50 for children between the ages of 3 and 12. The Showcase Theater, was part of the park and featured Barbra Streisand as the first of many headline performers who would appear at Magic Mountain over the years. In the 1971 season, Magic Mountain obtained permission from Warner Bros. to use the Looney Tunes characters, however, they did not continue using the characters after their first year. In 1972, they began using trolls as the park mascots, the trolls King Blop, also known as King Troll, Bleep, Bloop, and the Wizard became recognizable symbols of Magic Mountain. All King Productions, a contractor, provided the entertainers wearing the costumes until December 31,1972, the characters were used until 1985. Also in 1972, a flume ride named Jet Stream was added. In 1973 the park added its second roller coaster, the Mountain Express, in 1974 the park also installed a new complex of spinning rides in what would later be known as Back Street. The new additions consisted of the Himalaya, Electric Rainbow, in 1975, the Grand Centennial Railway opened in the Back Street. It took riders on a journey to Spillikin Corners and back. With the opening of Great American Revolution in 1976, Magic Mountain became the first park in the world to have a modern, when it was built, there was very little in the way of surrounding brush. Now, the tracks are surrounded by trees and bushes, which prevents the riders from knowing the track layout beforehand, universal then filmed a major movie at Magic Mountain with the Revolution as its centerpiece called Rollercoaster in 1977. In 1978, Colossus, at the time the fastest, largest dual-tracked wooden coaster, following its first season, it was closed and extensively redone. When it reopened, it was a smoother ride. In 1991, the camel hump before the last, or third, though it decreased the speed of the ride after this particular brake, it did allow three trains to run per side at a time, greatly increasing capacity. One of the trains sometimes ran backwards for a few years in the mid-80s, however, until the late 1990s this kind of ride was no longer possible due to the newer ride system in place, as well as different trains
2.
Steel roller coaster
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A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel. Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world, arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train in 1966. As of 2006, the oldest operating roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn. The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo and it has been operating since 1928. Steel coasters have a smoother ride than their wooden counterparts and due to their strength rides can have more complex and faster turns. Although some coaster enthusiasts prefer wooden coasters because the ride tosses you around more making the ride feel more dangerous, almost all world records for tallest, fastest, and longest coasters are currently held by steel roller coasters. The fact that fewer supports are needed means steel roller coasters have made a variety of features possible, such as loops, barrel rolls, corkscrews, zero-G rolls. There are different types of coasters, such as flying, inverted, floorless. Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure – worlds tallest and second fastest roller coaster Leviathan at Canadas Wonderland – the tallest and fastest coaster in Canada. Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland – first tubular steel roller coaster Millennium Force at Cedar Point – first full circuit roller coaster to top 300 ft, the Smiler at Alton Towers - worlds first Infinity coaster and with 14 inversions has the world record for most track inversions. Opened in 2011 Taron at Phantasialand - fastest Launched roller coaster in Europe, wicked Twister at Cedar Point - worlds tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster
3.
Linear motor
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A linear motor is an electric motor that has had its stator and rotor unrolled so that instead of producing a torque it produces a linear force along its length. However, linear motors are not necessarily straight, characteristically, a linear motors active section has ends, whereas more conventional motors are arranged as a continuous loop. The most common mode of operation is as a Lorentz-type actuator, in which the force is linearly proportional to the current. Many designs have been put forward for linear motors, falling into two categories, low-acceleration and high-acceleration linear motors. Low-acceleration linear motors are suitable for trains and other ground-based transportation applications. High-acceleration linear motors are normally rather short, and are designed to accelerate an object to a high speed. High-acceleration linear motors are used in studies of hypervelocity collisions, as weapons. They are usually of the AC linear induction motor design with an active three-phase winding on one side of the air-gap, however, the direct current homopolar linear motor railgun is another high acceleration linear motor design. These magnets can be permanent magnets or energized magnets, the Shanghai Transrapid motor is an LSM. In this design the rate of movement of the field is controlled, usually electronically. For cost reasons synchronous linear motors rarely use commutators, so the rotor often contains permanent magnets, examples include coilguns and the motors used on some maglev systems, as well as many other linear motors. In this design, the force is produced by a moving magnetic field acting on conductors in the field. The two opposing fields will repel each other, thus creating motion as the magnetic field sweeps through the metal, in this design a large current is passed through a metal sabot across sliding contacts that are fed from two rails. The magnetic field this generates causes the metal to be projected along the rails, piezoelectric drive is often used to drive small linear motors. A feasible linear induction motor is described in the U. S, patent 782,312, for driving trains or lifts. The German engineer Hermann Kemper built a model in 1935. In the late 1940s, Dr. Eric Laithwaite of Manchester University, in a single sided version the magnetic repulsion forces the conductor away from the stator, levitating it, and carrying it along in the direction of the moving magnetic field. He called the later versions of it magnetic river, because of these properties, linear motors are often used in maglev propulsion, as in the Japanese Linimo magnetic levitation train line near Nagoya
4.
Roller coaster inversion
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A roller coaster inversion is a roller coaster element in which the track turns riders upside-down and then returns them to an upright position. Early forms of inversions, dating as far back as 1848 on the Centrifugal Railway in Paris, were vertical loops that were circular in nature, in 1975, designers from Arrow Development created the corkscrew, reviving interest in the inversion during the modern age of steel roller coasters. Since then, the element have evolved from simple corkscrews and vertical loops to more complex inversions such Immelmann loops, featuring fourteen inversions, The Smiler at Alton Towers holds the world record for the number of inversions on a roller coaster. The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris, France and it consisted of a 43-foot sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet in diameter. During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world and these early loops had a major design flaw, the circular structure produced intense g-forces. Loop the Loop, another looping coaster, was later in Coney Island as well. This time the loops were slightly oval-shaped rather than circular, though not clothoid in shape like modern loops, although the ride was safe, it had a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes, and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway. As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing Great Depression, the concept of inverting riders was not revisited until the 1970s. In 1968, Karl Bacon of Arrow Dynamics created a prototype steel roller coaster with a corkscrew, the prototype proved that a tubular steel track, first pioneered by Arrow to create Disneylands Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959, could execute inversions both safely and reliably. The full model of the prototype, aptly named Corkscrew, was installed in Knotts Berry Farm in Buena Park, United States. Another roller coaster named Corkscrew, built in Cedar Point of Ohio in the same year, the next few years brought innovations that are still popular in modern coasters. The shuttle roller coaster was invented by Schwarzkopf in 1977 and realized at Kings Island with the Screamin Demon coaster and these early incarnations used the weight-drop mechanism to launch the trains. Built in 1978, the Loch Ness Monster in Busch Gardens Williamsburg became the first coaster with interlocking loops, the first Schwarzkopf shuttle loops with a flywheel launch also first appeared in 1978. Arrows Revolution, Europes first looping coaster, was built in 1979 at Blackpool Pleasure Beach of England, in 1980, Carolina Cyclone opened at Carowinds as the first roller coaster with four inversions. The Orient Express opened at Worlds of Fun of Kansas City, United States, in 1980, with the newly invented boomerang, in 1981, Vekoma invented the Boomerang coaster model, which became the most duplicated roller coaster ever. The first Boomerang was built at Reino Aventura of Mexico City, the Boomerang has had over 50 clones built worldwide from Doha, Qatar, to Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 1982 also brought the first five-inversion coaster, Arrows Viper at Darien Lake in Darien, the record for number of inversions was broken quickly in the following years. Arrows Vortex at Kings Island, built in 1987, was the first to have six, the next year, Shockwave at Six Flags Great America broke that record with seven inversions
5.
Roller coaster
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A roller coaster is an amusement ride developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained a patent regarding roller coasters on January 20,1885, which were out of wood. In essence a specialized railroad system, a roller coaster consists of a track that rises in designed patterns, the track does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit, as shuttle roller coasters demonstrate. Most roller coasters have multiple cars in which passengers sit and are restrained, two or more cars hooked together are called a train. Some roller coasters, notably wild mouse coasters, run with single cars. Built in the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 21 and 24 m, consisted of a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Some historians say the first roller coaster was built under the orders of Russias Catherine the Great in the Gardens of Oranienbaum in St. Petersburg in the year 1784, other historians believe that the first modern roller coaster was built by the French. The name Russian Mountains to designate a roller coaster is preserved in many Romance languages, however, the Russian term for roller coasters is американские горки, which means American mountains in Russian. In 1827, a company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the Mauch Chunk gravity railroad. By the 1850s, the Gravity Road was providing rides to thrill-seekers for 50 cents a ride, Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low. Using this idea as a basis, LaMarcus Adna Thompson began work on a gravity Switchback Railway that opened at Coney Island in Brooklyn and this track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit. In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first full-circuit coaster with a hill, the Gravity Pleasure Road. Not to be outdone, in 1886 Thompson patented his design of roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. Scenic Railways were to be found in amusement parks across the county, by 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller. Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world, perhaps the best known historical roller coaster, Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in 1927. The Great Depression marked the end of the first golden age of roller coasters and this lasted until 1972, when the Racer was built at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Designed by John Allen, the instant success of the Racer began a golden age. In 1959, Disneyland introduced a breakthrough with Matterhorn Bobsleds
6.
Amusement park
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An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. Theme parks, a type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. Amusement parks evolved from European fairs and pleasure gardens, which were created for peoples recreation, Worlds fairs and expositions were another influence on the development of the amusement park industry. In common language, the theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions, the oldest being the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, the worlds oldest amusement park appeared in the Continent. Bakken at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 1583, a wave of innovation in the 1860s and 1870s created mechanical rides, such as the steam-powered carousel, and its derivatives. This inaugurated the era of the modern funfair ride, as the classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment. The second influence was the pleasure garden, one of the earliest gardens was the Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London. By the late 18th century, the site had a fee for its many attractions. It regularly drew crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations, tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts. Although the gardens were designed for the elites, they soon became places of great social diversity. Public firework displays were put on at Marylebone Gardens, and Cremorne Gardens offered music, dancing, prater in Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1766. The concept of a park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the worlds fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, the purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. American cities and business saw the worlds fair as a way of demonstrating economic. The Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, Illinois was an precursor to the modern amusement park
7.
Vertical loop
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The generic roller coaster vertical loop, where a section of track causes the riders to complete a 360 degree turn, is the most basic of roller coaster inversions. At the top of the loop, riders are completely inverted, the vertical loop is not a recent roller coaster innovation. Its origins can be traced back to the 1850s when centrifugal railways were built in France, the rides relied on centripetal forces to hold the car in the loop. One early looping coaster was shut down after an accident, later attempts to build a looping roller coaster were carried out during the late 19th century with the Flip Flap Railway at Sea Lion Park. The ride was designed with a circular loop, and caused neck injuries due to the intense G-forces pulled with the tight radius of the loop. The next attempt at building a roller coaster was in 1901 when Edwin Prescott built the Loop the Loop at Coney Island. This ride used the modern teardrop-shaped loop and a structure, however more people wanted to watch the attraction. No more roller coasters with vertical loops were built until 1976 when The New Revolution opened at Six Flags Magic Mountain and its success depended largely on its clothoid-based loop. The loop became a phenomenon, and many parks hastened to build roller coasters featuring them, in 2000, a modern looping wooden roller coaster was built, the Son of Beast at Kings Island. Although the ride itself was made of wood, the loop was supported with steel structure, due to maintenance issues however, the loop was removed at the end of the 2006 season. The loop was not the cause of the issues, but was removed as a precautionary measure. It is the successful installation of a loop on a wooden roller coaster. Due to an issue in 2009, Son of Beast was standing but not operating until 2012. On June 22,2013, Six Flags Magic Mountain opened Full Throttle, in 1980 a loop was built into a covered water slide at Action Park in Vernon, New Jersey. Riders were warned to descend with their legs crossed and arms across the chest to traverse the loop safely, many ignored this instruction and either got stuck atop the loop, or injured themselves, or both. It was closed after a month, and would open at random intervals until around 1995. Action Park closed in 1996, and the slide was dismantled soon afterward, as of 2012, no other vertical looping water slides have opened at any parks. However, a water slide will open in the same park in 2016
8.
Log flume (ride)
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Log flumes are amusement rides consisting of a water flume and artificial hollow logs or boats. Passengers sit in the logs, which are propelled along the flume by the flow of water, the ride usually culminates with a rapid descent and splashdown into a body of water, which may happen more than once. It provides people with a way to get wet and cool off on a hot summer day, with certain seating sections usually being splashed with more water for a more exciting. Most log flume rides have a height restriction, Log flumes are a variant of the chute rides and old mill rides that were popular in the United States in the early 20th century. Shoot the Chute rides continue to be built today, both of these types of rides took rather simple approaches to handling water flow. It was not until Karl Bacon of Arrow Development got involved and studied hydrodynamics that the use of flow in an amusement ride was fully exploited. The first modern day log flume amusement ride constructed by Arrow was El Aserradero at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas, the Mill Race, Arrow Log Flume number two, opened just a few weeks later at Cedar Point. Log flumes proved to be popular and quickly became staples at amusement. The ride was so popular that some parks started adding second flume rides to help reduce the long lines, Cedar Point added Shoot the Rapids in 1967, and Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags Over Georgia both added second flumes in 1968. When Six Flags Over Mid America opened in 1971, it featured twin flumes, in the 1960s and early 1970s Arrow had a monopoly on the log flume business, producing over 50 flumes by 1979. In 1976, the French company Reverchon Industries started building flumes, other manufacturers eventually followed with Intamin building its first log flume in 1986 and Mack Rides in 1987. Log flumes are generally out in the open, though some may contain enclosed or tunneled sections, the flume is usually made of fiberglass, concrete or galvanized steel. In a typical course, the boatful of riders floats through a section of channel upon leaving the station. A second lifthill then culminates with a drop and a splashdown finale. The amount of splash can be controlled by using rubber belting of differing widths, to increase the chance of being soaked, the flume can be designed to be turbulent, or to run underneath waterfalls. Water cannons aimed along the path are sometimes installed alongside the flume, additionally, the exit path from the ride may cross over or go near to the flume, such that departing riders are drenched by the boat currently en route. One of the first elaborately-themed flumes was Timber Mountain Log Ride at Knotts Berry Farm, originally built as a concession run by Hurlbut Amusement Company, most of the ride is inside a manmade mountain. Bud Hurlbut and his right-hand man Harry Suker did all of the theming for the ride, upon his retirement, Hurlbut sold the ride to Knotts Berry Farm where it is still in operation
9.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
10.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
11.
Train (roller coaster)
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A roller coaster train is a vehicle made up of two or more cars connected by specialized joints which transports passengers around a roller coasters circuit. It is called a train because the cars follow one another around the track, individual cars vary in design and can carry from one to eight or more passengers each. Many roller coasters operate more than one train, sometimes several, typically they operate two trains at a time, with one train loading and unloading while the other train runs the course. On the Rock n Roller Coaster at Walt Disney World, there are five trains, but only four operate at a time. Roller coaster trains have wheels that run on the sides and underneath the track as well as on top of it, the side wheels can be mounted on the outside or inside of the train, depending on the manufacturer. The wheels are located between the cars, as well as at the front and rear of the entire train. Roller coaster trains also have restraints that keep the passengers in their seats, there are two major types of restraints, lapbar and over-the-shoulder. Restraints always use two locking mechanisms, one on side, for redundancy. If one fails, the restraint will remain locked, most roller coasters also have seat belts that may act as secondary safety devices. On over-the-shoulder restraints, this seatbelt is mostly cosmetic as the restraint locks on its own, lapbar restraints consist of a padded bar mounted to the floor or side of the train that swings backwards into the riders lap. These restraints are usually found on roller coasters that lack inversions, some inverting roller coasters, notably ones created by Anton Schwarzkopf safely operate without the need for shoulder restraints. However, with advances in engineering, more roller coasters with complicated inversions are able to run without over-the-shoulder restraints. For example, most of Premier Rides LIM-launched roller coasters operate with only lapbars, lapbar restraints, like buzz bars give the rider much greater freedom of movement than over-the-shoulder restraints, enhancing the feeling of danger. However, lapbar restraints are not quite as safe as over-the-shoulder restraints, some roller coasters have had their lapbar restraints replaced with over-the-shoulder restraints. Others have had shoulder restaints replaced with lap bar restraints, allowing for a comfortable ride. Over-the-shoulder restraints, the most common type, consist of a roughly U-shaped padded bar mounted to the top of each seat that swings downward, Roller coasters that have inversions usually have this type of restraint. Additionally, almost all Inverted roller coasters and Floorless roller coasters have this type of restraint, one disadvantage of over-the-shoulder restraints is that they can provide discomfort to the rider, especially on rougher roller coasters. It is recommended that earrings should be removed before riding roller coasters with Over the Shoulder restraints, some rides, such as Maverick at Cedar Point, require that guests must remove earrings before riding
12.
Monorail
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A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail. The term is used to describe the beam of the system. Colloquially, the monorail is often used to describe any form of elevated rail or people mover. More accurately, the term refers to the style of track, not its elevation, with Mono meaning one, monorails have found applications in airport transfer and medium capacity metros. To differentiate monorails from other modes, the Monorail Society says “Monorail n. A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles, in most cases rail is elevated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels. Vehicles either are suspended from or straddle a narrow guide way. Monorail vehicles are wider than the way that supports them. ”Monorails are often elevated, sometimes leading to confusion with other elevated systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, Vancouver SkyTrain and the AirTrain JFK. Monorail vehicles often appear similar to light vehicles, and can be staffed or unstaffed. They can be individual rigid vehicles, articulated single units, or multiple units coupled into trains, unlike some trams and light rail systems, modern monorails are always separated from other traffic and pedestrians. From the passengers perspective, monorails can have advantages over trains, buses. As with other grade-separated transit systems, monorails avoid red lights, intersection turns, as with other elevated transit systems, monorail passengers enjoy sunlight and views and by watching for familiar landmarks, they can know better when to get off to reach their destinations. As with other systems, expensive and noisy ventilation systems are not necessary if the cars have traditional windows that can be opened by passengers, monorails can be quieter than diesel buses and trains. They obtain electricity from the structure, eliminating costly and unsightly overhead power lines and poles. Compared to the train systems of New York, Chicago and elsewhere. See Chicago L Under the Monorail Society beam width criterion, some but not all systems are considered monorails, such as the Transrapid. Maglevs differ from other monorails in that they do not physically contact the beam, the first monorail prototype was made in Russia in 1820 by Ivan Elmanov. Attempts at creating monorail alternatives to conventional railways have been made since the part of the 19th century
Flash Pass available
Must transfer from wheelchair
