1.
Fulton Ferry (ferry)
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The Fulton Ferry was the first steamship ferry route connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York City, United States, joining Fulton Street and Fulton Street across the East River. It revolutionized travel between the then City of New York on Manhattan Island and the Village of Brooklyn and the rest of Long Island, Robert Fultons steam Fulton Ferry Company in 1814 established his name on the ferry service. After the Brooklyn Bridge was built, ridership declined, and the ferry ceased operation on January 19,1924, New York Waterway now serves a very similar route. ). The first grant for a ferry was given by Dutch governor Willem Kieft to Cornelis Dircksen in 1642, however. A ferry connecting Broad Street in what was then New Amsterdam with Joralemon Street in what was then Breukelen was started in the 1630s by lone ferryman Cornelis Dircksen and it was later moved to Maiden Lane and Ferry Road, soon to be called Fulton Street. The ferry played a role in cementing the Manhattan-Brooklyn rivalry. Two charters – the first in 1686, the second in 1708 – gave to Manhattan ownership of the lines and essentially all of the Brooklyn waterfront. The city appealed to the crown, but Americas declaration of independence threw the case into legal limbo, the site was known as Brookland Ferry when George Washington escaped with his troops after the Battle of Long Island. After the Revolutionary War, ferrymaster Adolph Waldron gained sole control of the ferry by virtue of being the only Whig with a claim to it and he experimented with barges with little success, although his hold on the ferry was very profitable for him. The City refused to renew his lease in 1789, opting instead for a major charter in 1795, establishing the Catherine Ferry. Robert Fulton, at the behest of Brooklyn magnate Hezekiah Pierrepont, the first trip of the steamboat Nassau was made on May 10,1814, and brought with it the first predictable passage between Brooklyn and Manhattan. Trips took no longer than twelve minutes, and there was no chance of the ship being swept upstream or downstream, Brooklyn Heights became known as Americas First Suburb as residents could commute to Manhattan with ease. The shareholders of this line, now called Union Ferry, were based in Manhattan. Fares started at four cents, which led to services at Red Hook. Union Ferry reduced its fare to one cent in stages between 1842 and 1850, bankrupting the competing lines and allowing Union Ferry to purchase their rights and raise rates once again. On January 24,1814, the Fulton Ferry Company, founded by Robert Fulton and William Cutting, the company introduced steamboat service to the route with the Nassau on May 8,1814, and moved the Manhattan landing to Fulton Street that year. The Fulton Ferry Company and the South Ferry Company merged in 1839 to form the New York, the ferry continued to be successful until the 1883 opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. It stayed in service for another 41 years, ceasing operations in 1924, demand was still sufficient to require the building of an elevated track to the hub, in use from 1888 to 1940
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
7.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
8.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
9.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
10.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
11.
Ferry slip
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A ferry slip is a specialized docking facility that receives a ferryboat or train ferry. A similar structure called a barge slip receives a barge or car float that is used to carry wheeled vehicles across a body of water, in other cases, the ramp is installed at the ferry slip and is called a linkspan or apron. Such a ramp is adjustable to accommodate varying water heights and ferry loadings and to move it out of the way during approach, if railcars are carried by the ferry the apron will have tracks for them. In some parts of the world, the structures are known as linkspans. Similar structures are used to receive barges, particularly if the barge is for the carriage of railcars, in the example shown below, a tugboat was positioned on the left side of the barge, pulling it with a stout rope called a springline. Nearly identical structures were used around San Francisco Bay, here, three tracks are provided for loading the barge. On the barge the three tracks are spread to allow clearance for the freight cars, the slip consists of pilings and guide boards to accurately position the barge relative to the apron. Once the barge is located properly, links are lowered from the apron to engage hooks on the barge, locking the linkspan, if a locomotive was to be moved, it would be moved by another locomotive using the same method. The auxiliary track to the left of the headworks was for storage of the flatcar string and this example, located in San Francisco, California, south of China Basin was a principal crew change point for maritime operations of the Santa Fe Railroad. Transport to and from the docks was mostly by rail, rather than make a long trip down the San Francisco Peninsula, railcars were barged about the bay, both by the Santa Fe and by the Southern Pacific. Southern Pacific eventually replaced their multiple tug and barge system with a single specialized ferryboat, two ferry slips were used by Santa Fe in San Francisco, here near China Basin, and at the north edge of town near the Maritime Museum. San Francisco is no longer a significant port for freight as the mode of transport is now in containers, the containers are loaded on and off ships at the Port of Oakland across the bay, conveniently close to the land modes of container transport - railroad and specialized trucking. They are run by New York New Jersey Rail, LLC
12.
Brooklyn Community Board 2
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It is delimited by East River on the west and the north, by Kent and Classon Avenues on the east, and by Atlantic Avenue, Pacific Street, Fourth Avenue, Warren and Court Streets on the south. As of the United States Census,2000, the Community Board had a population of 98,620, in 2004,17. 4% of the population benefited from public assistance, down from 22. 5% in 2000. The land area is 1,910.1 acres and its current chair is Shirley McRae, and its district manager is Robert Perris. The total population of district 2 is now 102,814, 46% are White, 27% are African American, 14% are Hispanic, 8% are Asian, and 4% are other. The majority of the population is young, 44% are 25–44 years old, 20% are 45–64, 15% are 0–17, 10% are 18–24, and 11% are over 65. Overall, this district had a population of 94,534 residents in 1990,98,620 in 2000, the White population within this time frame was 16,231, which represents 43. 3% of the total number of people living in this area. The Hispanic population represented 23%, as there were about 8,609 people of this category between 2009-2013 in this neighborhood, African American is the next racial category represented in this zone in the same time frame mentioned above. There were 8,141 African Americans in District 2 which represents 21. 7% of this population, the race least represented in this area is Asian. There were 3,298 Asians in this neighborhood between 2009 and 2013, the next age group in this neighborhood was 45-54 present in a proportion of 13. 4%. Residents 84 years and older were present in a proportion of only 1. 8%, in 2000 the total population of District 2 was 98,620, in 1990 the population was 94,534, and in 1990 it was 92,732. There has been increase in the number of people living in this neighborhood. The greatest number of the population in area between 1990 and 2000 was represented by African Americans, followed by Whites, and Asians. There were 44,670 African Americans in District 2 in 1990 and 39,916 of them in 2000, the next represented race in District 2 in between 1990 and 2000 is White. There were 30,144 Whites in 1990,33,931 in 2000, there were 2,787 Asians in 1990 and 4,629 in 2000 present in District 2. The rest of the races were represented in a number in this period in District 2. In 1990 the population density of Census Tract 23 that included Farragut Houses residents was 73,063.4, of note, Census 23 was delimited by York Street, Prospect Street, Nassau Street, and Navy Street. The total population in 1990 for Tract 23 was 5, 106), in 1980 the density of the population in Census Tract 23 that included Farragut Houses residents was 69,627.3 with a total of 4,950. Back in 1970 Census Tract 23 which also included Farragut Houses residents had a density of 73,594.4 with a total of 5,232
13.
Eagle Warehouse & Storage Company
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The Eagle Warehouse & Storage Company, commonly referred to as the Eagle Warehouse, is a notable building located in Brooklyn, New York. Designed by Brooklyn architect Frank Freeman and completed in 1894, it had a number of uses before being converted into apartments in 1980, described as a masterpiece, the building was designated a New York City landmark in 1977. It is a building in the Fulton Ferry District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The site on which the Eagle Warehouse is located belonged to the Brooklyn Eagle. From 1846 to 1848, the editor was Walt Whitman. In the late 19th century the Brooklyn Eagle moved its offices to a different location, the site was subsequently purchased by the Eagle Warehouse & Storage Company, whose name was probably derived from that of the Brooklyn Eagle. Prominent Brooklyn architect Frank Freeman was commissioned to build a new warehouse on the site. The warehouse, which was constructed around the old Brooklyn Eagle pressroom, was completed in 1894 at a cost of $300,000 including furnishings. The Eagle Warehouse & Storage Company used the warehouse primarily to store furniture and silverware, in 1906, Freeman added a six-story extension to the east side, which is entirely in character with the original building. Between 1904 and 1928, part of the warehouse was used as the headquarters of the Brooklyn Law School, mcClellan, Jr. and newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, who accused his victorious opponent of fraud. The case was to drag on for years, with Hearst posting guards to protect the ballot boxes, the building was subsequently used for a variety of purposes. In 1977, it was designated a landmark structure by New Yorks Landmarks Preservation Commission, in 1980, the building was expertly renovated into condominiums by Brooklyn architect Bernard Rothzeid for the sum of $3,000,000, including the $530,000 purchase price. In 2002, one of the buildings 85 apartments was sold for $601,500, the Eagle Warehouse has been described as an exceptionally handsome brick warehouse and as a Freeman masterpiece. The building is divided vertically into three sections, the ground floor is dominated by the main entrance, a bold Roman arch emblazoned with the company name in large bronze lettering, which leads into a magnificent barrel vault. On either side of the entrance are small windows protected by handsome iron grilles. A simple belt course separates the ground floor from the four floors. The top section of the consists of a row of small attic windows. Along the face of the parapet the name of the company appears in bold lettering
14.
Romanesque Revival architecture
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Romanesque Revival is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, however, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches, an early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s. By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson, in the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque, of which not all are Romanesque Revival. In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl’s castle at Inverary, started in 1744, and castles by Robert Adam at Culzean, Oxenfoord, Dalquharran and it was at this point that the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817 Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation and it was now realised that ‘round-arch architecture’ was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. The start of an archaeologically correct Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of Thomas Hopper and his first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837, however, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. It was Thomas Penson, a Welsh architect, who would have been familiar with Hopper’s work at Penrhyn, Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic. At St David’s Newtown, 1843–47 and St Agatha’s Llanymynech,1845, he copies the tower of St. Salvators Cathedral, other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are Christ Church, Welshpool, 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of Terracotta to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, during the 19th century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Some of the examples of this Romanesque architecture is seen in Non-conformist or Dissenting churches. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects Drury and Mortimer, after about 1870 this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by Byzantine Revival architecture. Two of Canadas provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, University College, one of seven colleges at the University of Toronto, is a chief example of the Romanesque Revival style. The building, designed by Frederic Cumberland and William G. Storm, was intended to be Gothic in style but was rejected by the governor general. Construction of the design began on 4 October 1856. The facade of University College has thick walls, incorporating layers of both stone and brick. The building possesses a number of round arches characteristic of the Roman Revival style, the arches are configured in arcades, most notably on the south side of the building. There is a deal of ornamentation on both the interior and exterior of University College
15.
Brooklyn Eagle
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At one point it was the most popular afternoon paper in the United States. Walt Whitman, the 19th Century poet, was its editor for two years, other notable editors of the Eagle included Thomas Kinsella, St. Clair McKelway, Cleveland Rogers, Frank D. Schroth, and Charles Montgomery Skinner. The paper, renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1,1846, was renamed, on May 14,1849. On September 5,1938, the name was further shortened, a new version of the Brooklyn Eagle as a revival of the old newspapers traditions began publishing in 1996. The archive was purchased by Ancestry. com for their newspapers. com website, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle was first published on October 26,1841. Its address at this time, and for years afterwards, was at 28 Old Fulton Street. From 1846 to 1848, the editor was the poet Walt Whitman. In August 1938, Frank D. Schroth bought the newspaper from M. Preston Goodfellow, the newspaper received the 1951 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its crime reporting during the year. Investigative journalist Ed Reid in an eight-part series exposed the activities of bookmaker Harry Gross and this exposé led to an investigation by the Brooklyn District Attorney, and resulted in the eventual resignation of Mayor of New York City William ODwyer. On June 22,1953, a boy, collecting for the Brooklyn Eagle. When he dropped it on the ground, it popped open, the microfilm contained a series of numbers. He told the New York City Police Department, who in two days told a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent about the strange nickel. Thomas N. C. which covered the activities and actions of the United States Congress in the Quarterly, and national capital political events in the Journal which endure into the 21st Century. In 1960, former book publisher Robert W. Farrell acquired the Eagles assets in bankruptcy court. In 1962–1963, under the corporate name Newspaper Consolidated Corporation, Farrell, during the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike, the paper saw circulation grow from 50,000 to 390,000 until the strike ended. The final edition appeared on June 25,1963, a smaller newspaper also focused on the borough, The Brooklyn Daily Bulletin began publishing when the original Eagle folded in 1955. In 1996, it merged with a newly revived Brooklyn Daily Eagle, as of 2014, it is one of three English-language daily newspapers published in the borough of Brooklyn. As an homage to the original Eagle it publishes a daily feature called On This Day in History and it is published by J. Dozier Hasty under the auspices of Everything Brooklyn Media
16.
Brooklyn Bridge
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The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River and it has a main span of 1,595.5 feet and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed. Since its opening, it has become an icon of New York City and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, although the Brooklyn Bridge is technically a suspension bridge, it uses a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge design. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, the limestone was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County, New York. The granite blocks were quarried and shaped on Vinalhaven Island, Maine, under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company, the bridge was built with numerous passageways and compartments in its anchorages. New York City rented out the large vaults under the bridges Manhattan anchorage in order to fund the bridge, opened in 1876, the vaults were used to store wine, as they were always at 60 °F. This was called the Blue Grotto because of a shrine to the Virgin Mary next to an opening at the entrance, construction of the bridge began in 1869. Roebling Suspension Bridge between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, while conducting surveys for the bridge project, Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling. Compressed air was pumped into the caissons, and workers entered the space to dig the sediment, the whole weight of the bridge still sits upon a 15-foot thickness of southern yellow pine wood under the sediment. Many workers became sick with the bends in this work and this condition was unknown at the time, and was first called caisson disease by the project physician Andrew Smith. Washington Roebling also suffered an injury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after ground was broken for the Brooklyn tower foundation on January 3,1870. Roeblings debilitating condition left him unable to supervise the construction firsthand. As Chief Engineer, Roebling supervised the project from his apartment with a view of the work, designing and redesigning caissons. He was aided by his wife Emily Warren Roebling who provided the critical link between her husband and the engineers on site. Under her husbands guidance, Emily studied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and she spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling, helping to supervise the bridges construction. When iron probes underneath the caisson for the Manhattan tower found the bedrock to be deeper than expected. He later deemed the aggregate overlying the bedrock 30 feet below it to be enough to support the tower base. The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and Brooklyn Bridge, Burns drew heavily on McCulloughs book for the film and used him as narrator
17.
Brooklyn Bridge Park
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Brooklyn Bridge Park is an 85-acre park on the Brooklyn side of the East River in New York City. The site includes Brooklyn Piers 1–6, the historic Fulton Ferry Landing, two Civil War-era structures, Empire Stores and the Tobacco Warehouse, will also be integrated into the park. The Corporations mission is to create and maintain a world class park that is a recreational, environmental and cultural destination enjoyed by residents of, in 1642 the first ferry landing opened on the land that is now Brooklyn Bridge Parks Empire Fulton Ferry section. Soon after a trading economy developed into a small town called het Veer. As het Veer grew throughout the 17th century, it known as the Road to the Ferry. On August 29,1776, het Veer served as a strategic location for George Washington. In the middle of the night, George Washington and his men evaded the British Army, the community continued to grow into the 19th century as Brooklyn Heights developed into a residential neighborhood. By the 1850s, Brooklyn City Railroad rail lines were installed at the Fulton Ferry Landing, during this boom period, brick warehouse development proliferated along the waterfront. In fact, the area became known as the walled city. In addition to the warehouses, the Empire Stores were constructed between 1870 and 1885, in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was opened after being constructed for 13 years. While the Brooklyn Bridge formed a link between Manhattan and Brooklyn, it also disrupted ferry traffic. The Manhattan Bridge, developed in 1909, further disrupted trade to this section of the East River, the addition of these two crucial bridges resulted in the demise of this waterfront and the closing of the Fulton Ferry Landing in 1924. Further disrupting the waterfront economy was the construction of the Brooklyn Heights Promenade and Brooklyn-Queens Expressway in 1950 and 1954 and these two developments effectively separated Brooklyn Heights from the waterfront. Throughout the 1950s, over 130 warehouses and 25 finger piers were demolished along Brooklyns waterfront, Pier 2 was not developed until 1958. However, as technology advanced, so did trade routes. By the 1970 much of the Brooklyn waterfront developments were largely barren and decrepit, many of these warehouses were demolished by the end of the 20th century. However, the warehouses on the piers comprising Brooklyn Bridge Park were not demolished until the park began its construction in 2008, in 2011 Brooklyn Bridge Park won the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal. In 1984, shortly after closing cargo ship operations on this stretch of waterfront, in response to these plans, the not-for-profit organization Friends of Fulton Ferry Landing was established in 1985, conceiving the idea of Brooklyn Bridge Park
18.
Grimaldi's Pizzeria
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Grimaldis Pizzeria is an American pizzeria chain from the New York City area with several restaurants throughout the United States. Its most famous restaurant is under the Brooklyn Bridge in Brooklyn at 1 Front Street and it does not sell slices, only whole pies. The pizzas are renowned for being cooked by coal-fired brick oven, Patsy Grimaldi, the founder of Grimaldis Pizzeria, learned to make pizza at age ten at Patsys Pizzeria, his uncle Patsy Lancieris restaurant in Italian Harlem in 1941. Decades later, Grimaldi decided to go into business for himself, however, Grimaldi believed coal-fired brick ovens produced the best pizza and new coal ovens were illegal in Manhattan. As a result, Grimaldi opened Grimaldis Pizzeria in Brooklyn, New York in 1990, in the late 1990s, Patsy Grimaldi retired, selling the Grimaldis name and franchise to restaurateur Frank Ciolli. In 2011, the owner declined to renew Ciollis lease, so he renovated an abandoned bank next door. The next year, Patsy Grimaldi came out of retirement and opened a new pizzeria called Julianas Pizza in the building, resulting in considerable enmity between himself and Ciolli. Grimaldis Pizzeria is one of the most popular pizzerias in New York City, in recent years, Zagat Survey rated Grimaldis No.1 Pizzeria in New York. It was named one of the top 10 restaurants in New York by Lets do New York City, as Grimaldis does not take reservations, lines for tables are often long in summertime and extend far up Old Fulton Street. Grimaldis Pizzeria was chosen as one of the five best pizzerias in United States by the Food Network and its pizza was featured on the television show The Best of. Two more locations, operated by former Patsy Grimaldi partner Sean McHugh, are located in Hoboken, Official website for the New York locations Official website for the New Jersey locations Official website for locations in the rest of the United States Review in Dallas
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Brooklyn Ice Cream Factory
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The ice cream shop was opened by owner Mark Thompson in 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks. It sits near the Brooklyn Bridge in a landmark fireboat house on a ferry landing, in the past, firefighters from the nearby marine fireboat station used the building for firefighting practice sessions. All of its ice cream, and its hot fudge, is freshly made, the ice cream is old-fashioned, with less butterfat than some competitors, and made without eggs. The ice cream is made in batches of eight flavors. An article in The New York Times described the ice creams as creamy, ethereally light and they practically float into your mouth and leave no heavy film on your palate. The restaurant serves large portions, and also offers banana splits, sundaes, the Clinton St. Baking Company & Restaurant on the Lower East Side used ice cream from the Brooklyn Ice Cream Factory in some of its desserts. New York City for Dummies called its ice cream the best ice cream in New York, as did The Sunday Times, former Bronx borough president Fernando Ferrer is partial to the restaurants French vanilla ice cream
20.
Robert Fulton
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Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont. That steamboat went with passengers from New York City to Albany and back again, in 1800, he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the Nautilus, which was the first practical submarine in history. He is also credited with inventing some of the worlds earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy, Robert Fulton was born on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, on November 14,1765. He had three sisters – Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary, and a brother, Abraham. He then married Harriet Livingston and had four children, Julia, Mary, Cornelia and his father, Robert, had been a close friend to the father of painter Benjamin West. Fulton later met West in England and they became friends, Fulton stayed in Philadelphia for six years, where he painted portraits and landscapes, drew houses and machinery, and was able to send money home to help support his mother. In 1785 he bought a farm at Hopewell Township in Washington County for £80 Sterling and moved his mother, while in Philadelphia, he met Benjamin Franklin, then known not only for his political and writing abilities but his scientific and inventing knowledge, and other prominent figures. At age 23 he decided to visit Europe, Fulton came to England in 1786, carrying several letters of introduction to Americans abroad from the individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had already corresponded with Benjamin West, and West took Fulton into his home, Fulton gained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself, but he continually experimented with mechanical inventions. He became caught up in the enthusiasm of the Canal Mania and he obtained a patent for this idea in 1794 and also began working on ideas for the steam power of boats. He published a pamphlet about canals and patented a dredging machine, in 1794 he moved to Manchester to gain practical knowledge of English canal engineering. Whilst there he became friendly with Robert Owen, the cotton manufacturer, however, this practical experience was not a success and he gave up the contract after a short time. In 1797 he went to Paris where his fame as an inventor was well known, in Paris, then along with London, the scientific centers of the 18th Century world, Fulton studied languages French, and German, along with mathematics and chemistry. He began to design torpedoes and submarines, in Paris, Fulton met James Rumsey, who sat for a portrait in Wests studio, where Fulton was an apprentice. Rumsey was an inventor from Virginia who ran his own first steamboat up the Potomac River near Shepherdstown, Fulton became very enthusiastic about the canals and in 1796 wrote a treatise on canal construction, suggesting improvements to locks and other features. Working for the Duke of Bridgewater between 1796 and 1799, he had a constructed in the Dukes timber yard, under the supervision of Benjamin Powell. After installation of the machinery supplied by the engineers Bateman and Sherratt of Salford, after expensive trials, because of the configuration of the design, it was feared the paddles may damage the clay lining of the canal and the experiment was eventually abandoned. In 1801 the Duke, impressed by the Charlotte Dundas constructed by William Symington, decided to order eight of such vessels for his canal, but when he died in 1803, the order was cancelled
21.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
22.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
23.
Fulton Street (Manhattan)
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Fulton Street is a busy street located in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The easternmost block is a pedestrian street, after the World Trade Center construction is completed, it will extend to West Street. The street has a Beaux-Arts architectural feel with many dating back to the Gilded Age or shortly thereafter. The early 19th-century buildings on the side of the easternmost block are called Schermerhorn Row and are collectively designated as a Registered Historic Place. Regular cricket matches were held near the present Fulton Market in 1780 when the British Army-based itself in Manhattan during the American Revolution, the street itself was originally broken up into two parts, divided at Broadway. The eastern half was Fair Street and the half was Partition Street. In 1816, both streets were named Fulton, in honor of Robert Fulton, an engineer who became famous for his invention of the steamship in 1809. The Fulton Fish Market was located nearby at the South Street Seaport until 2005, Fulton Street is served by the 2345 A C J Z trains at the Fulton Street subway station. The Fulton Center renovation project for the station was completed in November,2014, media related to Fulton Street at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Fulton Street (Brooklyn)
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Fulton Street, named after Robert Fulton, is a long east–west street in northern Brooklyn, New York City. A street of the name in Manhattan was linked to this street by Fulton with his steam ferries. This street begins at the intersection of Adams Street and Joralemon Street in Brooklyn Heights, for a hundred years before the Fulton Ferry monopoly, Fulton Street was the Ferry Road through Jamaica Pass and, in the centuries before any ferry service, Indian path to the Hempstead Plains. It began at the Fulton Ferry Landing and climbed south through Brooklyn Heights past City Hall to where it now begins at Adams Street, part of the original Fulton Street survives as Old Fulton Street in Brooklyn Heights/DUMBO and Cadman Plaza West. The segment of Fulton Street that traveled past Borough Hall has been turned into a pedestrian esplanade, the initial segment of Fulton Street as it exists today is the Fulton Mall between Adams Street and Flatbush Avenue. The mall is a commercial center that primarily caters to African American clientele. East of Flatbush Avenue, Fulton Street becomes a major artery of Downtown Brooklyn, Fort Greene, at Franklin Avenue, Fulton Street then becomes the signature street of Bedford–Stuyvesant. There it becomes 91st Avenue, which continues until 84th Street in Queens, the elevated BMT Fulton Street Line used to run over Fulton Street. The New York City Subways IND Fulton Street subway line has replaced it east of Washington Avenue, the BMT Jamaica Line runs above Fulton Street between Broadway Junction and Crescent Street. Fulton Mall is a street and transit mall in Downtown Brooklyn that runs on Fulton Street between Flatbush Avenue and Adams Street. The Fulton Mall Improvement Association is the business improvement district. Fulton Mall contains dedicated bus lanes, for the length, only buses, commercial vehicles, local truck deliveries. The graphics program, which he designed for the project, consists of informational, directional. The Mall had been in operation since the 1970s, but Pomeroys renovation was completed in 1984, numerous subway services and bus lines service the Fulton Mall area. The Fulton Mall area is New York Citys third largest commercial center and is one of New York Citys densest transit hubs, the mall has attracted major investments from prominent Brooklyn retail real estate developers such as Stanley Chera, Albert Laboz, Joseph Jemal, and Eli Gindi. The Fulton Street Mall is mentioned in the song An Open Letter to NYC by the Beastie Boys
25.
Fulton Street Line (elevated)
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The Fulton Street Line, also called the Fulton Street Elevated or Kings County Line, was an elevated rail line mostly in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. The structure was the line of the Kings County Elevated Railway. The Kings County Elevated Railway opened the line, from western terminals at Fulton Ferry and Brooklyn Bridge east to Nostrand Avenue. Construction on this started in the fall of 1885, when ground was broken at the corner of Fulton Street. The line was extended to Ralph Avenue on September 20,1888. The former was not built, but construction began on the latter. The first piece, over Fulton Street and Williams Place, opened on July 4,1889, construction above Pitkin Avenue progressed to Linwood Street on February 22,1892 and Montauk Avenue on March 21,1892. The line was completed to Grant Avenue at City Line on July 16,1894, with the opening of a structure above Pitkin Avenue, Euclid Avenue, the Kings County Elevated leased the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad on February 5,1896. The final extension, from Grant Avenue east to Lefferts Avenue, was built under the Dual Contracts, in 1917 the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce started fighting for the removal of the Fulton Street El. The Dual Contracts also triple-tracked the line, which led to the reconstruction, replacement. Trains last ran on the line west of Rockaway Avenue on May 31,1940, the total cost of demolition of the Fulton Street Elevated was $2,000,000. The line west of Hudson Street was closed on April 26,1956, most Fulton Street trains left the line at Sands Street and ended at Park Row rather than Fulton Ferry
26.
BMT Lexington Avenue Line
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The structure above Broadway and Fulton Street is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. East of Alabama Avenue in East New York, the structure still exists. The Brooklyn Elevated Railroad opened the line to passengers at 16,00 on May 13,1885, the original line ran from York and Washington Streets along York Street, Hudson Avenue, Park Avenue, Grand Avenue, Lexington Avenue, and Broadway to Gates Avenue. The three stations on Park Avenue had island platforms, while all the stations had two side platforms. The first extension, east to Manhattan Beach Crossing in East New York, named for the crossing of the Manhattan Beach Division of the Long Island Rail Road, opened at 09,00 on June 14,1885. Other connections at East New York included the Long Island Rail Road towards the east, the Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad, shops, car houses, and other facilities were located at East New York, where the New York City Subways East New York Yard still stands. On September 5,1885, the line was extended one station to Alabama Avenue near the Howard House. Another east terminal at Van Siclen Avenue was opened on December 3,1885, after a half day of infrequent service, trains began serving the new station on a regular schedule the next morning. Several weeks before the line was completed to Van Siclen Avenue and that same day, a covered walkway above Washington Street from the inbound platform of the York and Washington Streets station to the Brooklyn Bridge was opened. The Brooklyn Elevated leased the newer Union Elevated Railroad, which had yet to run a train, the company operated through to the end of the Brooklyn Elevated at Van Siclen Avenue. Another branch operated by the Union Elevated, the Broadway Elevated from Gates Avenue northwest to Driggs Avenue in Williamsburg and this was extended to Broadway Ferry on July 14,1888. Another piece of the Myrtle Avenue Elevated, from the crossing of the Brooklyn Elevated at Grand Avenue east to Broadway, trains on this route did not cross the line on Grand Avenue, but turned onto Grand Avenue and used the Brooklyn Elevated to Fulton Ferry. Thus passengers transferring between the two lines could get out at Navy Street and simply enter the train on the other route. The company continued to operate one train, closed to passengers, over Park Avenue, to satisfy, it is thought, legal requirements. The structure above Park Avenue, closed to passengers since late 1889, was removed in late 1891. This was the part of the New York City elevated system to be permanently closed without ever having been electrified. By August 9,1900, the rest of the line was electrified with third rail and this extension incorporated portions of the old structure over Park Avenue. The original Brooklyn Elevated over Hudson Avenue and York Street to Fulton Ferry, the last Lexington Avenue train ran at 21,00 on October 13,1950, with a small celebration,65 years after the line opened
27.
Elevated railway
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An elevated railway is a rapid transit railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other elevated structure. The railway may be standard gauge, narrow gauge, light rail, monorail, Elevated railways are usually used in urban areas where there would otherwise be a large number of level crossings. Most of the time, the tracks of elevated railways that run on steel viaducts can be seen from street level, the earliest elevated railway was the London and Greenwich Railway on a brick viaduct of 878 arches, built between 1836 and 1838. The first 2.5 miles of the London and Blackwall Railway was also on a viaduct, during the 1840s there were other schemes for elevated railways in London which did not come to fruition. From the late 1860s elevated railways became popular in US cities, the New York West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway operated with cable cars from 1868 to 1870, thereafter locomotive-hauled. This was followed by the Manhattan Railway in 1875, the South Side Elevated Railroad, Chicago, the Chicago transit system itself is known as L, short for elevated. The Berlin Stadtbahn is also mainly elevated, the first electric elevated railway was the Liverpool Overhead Railway, which operated through Liverpool docks from 1893 until 1956. In London, the Docklands Light Railway is an elevated railway that opened in 1987 and. The trains are driverless and automatic, another modern elevated railway is Tokyos driverless Yurikamome line, opened in 1995. Most monorails are elevated railways, such as the Disneyland Monorail System, the Tokyo Monorail, the Sydney Monorail, the KL Monorail, the Las Vegas Monorail, many maglev railways are also elevated. During the 1890s there was some interest in railways, particularly in Germany, with the Schwebebahn Dresden. H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Dortmund and Düsseldorf airport,1975, the Memphis Suspension Railway opened in 1982. Shonan Monorail and Chiba Urban Monorail in Japan, despite their names, are suspension railways too, People mover or automated people mover is a type of driverless grade-separated, mass-transit system. The term is used only to describe systems that serve as loops or feeder systems. Similar to monorails, Bombardier Innovia APM technology uses only one rail to guide the vehicle along the guideway, aPMs are common at airports and effective at helping passengers quickly reach their gates. Elevator Grade separation Monorail Railway Rapid transit People mover Trackless
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New York Water Taxi
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New York Water Taxi is a water taxi service based in New York City, offering sightseeing, charter and commuter services mainly to points along the East River and Hudson River. It is one of private operators of ferries, sightseeing boats. NYWT was a company of The Durst Organization Inc. A partnership venture between Douglas Durst and Tom Fox, NYWT has been in existence since 2002, beginning with a fleet of six vessels with black. Today, the fleet consists of 12 vessels, in January 2017, Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises purchased New York Water Taxi. New York Water Taxi operates a fleet of 12 vessels of four classes with most of them being named for what the company refers to as the heros of the New York Harbor. The 67. 1-foot Ed Rogowsky, Gene Flatow, Marian S Heiskell, Sam Holmes, and Seymour B. Durst vessels were designed by Incat Crowther of Sydney, Australia and built from 2005 to 2008 by Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding, and are capable of carrying up to 149 passengers at a speed of 28 knots. The New York Water Taxi offers a variety of services, including a day pass that travels around Lower Manhattan and Dumbo, another service, the Statue by Night cruise, travels along the East River and around New York Harbor. Seasonal cruises include Fall Foliage, Audubon Winter and Summer EcoCruises, and New Year’s Eve Family Cruises
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NY Waterway
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NY Waterway, or New York Waterway, is a private transportation company running ferry and bus service in the Port of New York and New Jersey and in the Hudson Valley. Commuter peak service is provided on the Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry, Newburgh–Beacon Ferry. Excursions and sightseeing trips include those to Yankee Stadium, Gateway National Recreation Area, in 1986 he established New York Waterway, with a route across the river between Weehawken Port Imperial and Pier 78 on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan. Three years later, it began operation between Hoboken Terminal and Battery Park City, during the course of the next decade numerous routes across the Hudson were added. In February 2011 it was contracted to operate a route calling at slips in Brooklyn, subsidized by the City of New York, the service was originally intended for commuters, but after a few months became popular with weekend users and tourists. The September 11,2001 attacks on the World Trade Center destroyed the PATH terminal located there, the company was well-positioned to take advantage of government investment in ferry service, receiving subsidies and generous agreements to docking at public facilities. NY Waterway service quickly expanded by adding new routes and increasing the frequency of crossings and it borrowed heavily to fund the acquisition of additional vessels. After PATH service was restored ridership significantly declined, the loss of passengers bringing the company, unable to reduce its fixed costs, to brink of bankruptcy. By December 2004, there was concern that there would be a total shutdown of ferry service. The Port Authority, as well as city and state agencies had already contracted the construction of new terminals to be leased to private operators. The shutdown was averted when the new BillyBey Ferry Company LLC which had never before operated ferry services, wachtel, agreed to take over almost half of NY Waterways equipment and routes. Other ferry and sightseeing boat operators were displeased that the Port Authority approved the transfer without a transparent bidding process, in 2009, the fleet included 33 boats,15 of which are operated by the company for its associate Billybey Ferry. NY Waterway has played a role in a number of rescue, the ferry service also brought people across the river during Northeast Blackout of 2003 when service on New Jersey Transit and Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains could not operate. During the 2005 New York City transit strike it provided alternative transportation, in 2009, the company was instrumental in the rescue of passengers of US Airways Flight 1549, which made an emergency landing on the Hudson River. The firm gained attention both for its efforts to rescue passengers from airplane and for its hiring of 20-year-old Brittany Catanzaro as captain. Thanks in a part to the successful efforts of Captains Vincent Lombardi and Catanzaro, together with their crews. On April 6,2012, a NY Waterway ferry rescued the crew of the Katherine G, the ferrys captain, Mohamed Gouda, had also commanded one of the ferries that participated in the flight 1549 rescue. Passengers who purchase a 10-trip or a Monthly Joint Bus-Ferry pass take the bus to the Port Authority Bus Terminal during mornings, in December 2014 it was announced that NJT will buy ten buses for NY Waterways use on its Manhattan bus routes
30.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
31.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
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Admiral's Row
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Some of the homes dated back to the American Civil War. Although the U. S. Navy closed the original Navy Yard in the mid-1960s, the property was set to undergo a Section 106 review by the National Guard. In April 2008, it launched a website in order to invite public involvement in the proceedings, an open meeting was held in July 2008, where the public was asked to weigh in on the preservation of the structures. The results of that meeting are published on the National Guard website, in 2010, the administration of former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed to revitalize the row. Two developers attempted to revitalize the row, but one was accused of bribery, in November 2011, the New York City Council approved a plan to rehabilitate the more stable buildings for retail space, and demolish the unstable ones. Most of the houses are set to be demolished eventually, leaving Quarters B, in January 2012, the property was demilitarized and transferred to the Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation. In 2016, Admirals Row was demolished to make room for buildings, a grocery store. The property on which the Row stands encompasses approximately 8 acres, some of the residences are divided into two or three units. The designations of the buildings, along Flushing Avenue from west to east, are, Also on the grounds are, Quarters A, of the structures on the Row, Quarters B is the most intricately styled and is in the best condition of any of the residences. Quarters B was the home of Admiral Matthew C. Perry while he was the commandant of the New York Navy Yard, list of American houses Barry Popik aggregated information about Admirals Row US Army Corps of Engineers government information on Admirals Row
34.
Barren Island, Brooklyn
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Barren Island was an island off the southeast shore of Brooklyn, in Jamaica Bay. Land filling was used to unite the island with mainland Brooklyn in 1926 for what became Floyd Bennett Field, the area is separated from the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens by the Rockaway Inlet. All of what was once Barren Island is now part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area and it once maintained a somewhat diverse community for its time, supported mainly by a fish rendering plant and other industries related to offal products. The island housed a plant that rendered horse bones into glue and this activity inspired the name Dead Horse Bay for the still extant water body on the western shore
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Bath Beach, Brooklyn
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Bath Beach is a neighborhood in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn in the United States. It is located at the edge of the borough on Gravesend Bay. The neighborhood borders Bensonhurst and New Utrecht across 86th Street, Dyker Beach Park and Golf Course across 14th Avenue, streets of the neighborhood have a unique nomenclature. Four two-way thoroughfares traverse the neighborhood, running southeast/northwest, parallel to Shore Parkway, these are Cropsey Avenue, Bath Avenue, Benson Avenue, another, Harway Avenue, runs from Stillwell only as far as Twenty-Fourth Avenue. The one-way northeast/southwest cross-streets are numbered, with the word Bay attached, every third Bay numbered street is replaced with a two-way numbered avenue, from Fourteenth Avenue in the northwest to Twenty-Eighth Avenue in the southeast. These avenues are part of the grid of avenues and streets encompassing other neighborhoods to the north and west, in the former Towns of Gravesend, New Utrecht. Parks in Bath Beach include Bath Playground, Dreier-Offerman Park, Calvert Vaux Park, Scarangella Playground, Bath Beach is served by the D service of the New York City Subway system, along the BMT West End Line. Stations along the line serving the community are 18th Avenue, 20th Avenue, Bay Parkway, 25th Avenue, and Bay 50th Street. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Bath Beach was 29,931, covering an area of 480.37 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 62.3 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 54. 8% White,0. 9% African American,0. 1% Native American,29. 9% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 2% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 0% of the population, Bath Beach held one of Brooklyns earliest African-American settlements. Freed slaves were given a parcel of land to settle in the mid-nineteenth century, the church that was once located in the heart of that community, Mount Zion Baptist, has moved to Bedford-Stuyvesant. The term Bath Beach once described the beach resort specifically as part of the community of Bath, Bath and Bath Beach are now more or less synonymous. Bath Beach, named for the English spa, Bath, Somerset, was developed as a seaside retreat for affluent families. It was part of the original Brooklyn town of New Utrecht, although Coney Island was nearby, Bath Beach had its own amusement park. Despite its name, the no longer has an actual beach. The beach was paved over during the century to create the Shore Parkway. On the northwestern half, a promenade was constructed to allow access to a sea wall
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Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
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Bay Ridge is a neighborhood in the southwest corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The first Dutch settlers began farming here in the 17th century, the latter began to develop in the 1830s as a resort destination to lodge visitors to the army base. The former began to develop after 1850, when a group of artists moved to the area and founded a colony called Ovington Village, before that, in the 1850s, Historic Marker name to avoid association with yellow fever. Bay Ridge was suggested by local horticulturist James Weir after the area’s most prominent geographic features, the natural beauty attracted the wealthy, who built country homes along Shore Road, overlooking the water. By World War II, almost all of large houses had been replaced with apartment buildings. Construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, which connects Bay Ridge to Staten Island, was completed in 1964, though now an iconic structure, it was opposed by residents because it would require the demolition of many homes and businesses. Eight hundred buildings were destroyed, displacing 7,000 people, to room for the bridge. Also destroyed was Fort Lafayette, part of New York Citys defense system along with Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island, the Senator Street Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Houses at 216-264 Ovington Ave. was listed in 2007, the 2007 Brooklyn tornado hit this area, specifically 68th Street and Bay Ridge Avenue between Third and Fourth Avenues. Eleven houses had to be vacated after they suffered significant damage, the 4th Avenue Presbyterian Church had its very large stained glass window blown out. As the tornado lifted, it peeled the roof of a nearby Nissan dealership, the tornado has been rated an EF-2 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, with winds between 111 and 135 MPH. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Bay Ridge was 79,371, covering an area of 1,571.96 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 50.5 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 66. 4% White,1. 8% African American,0. 1% Native American,13. 3% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 2. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15. 9% of the population, Bay Ridge is a largely middle-class neighborhood. With its strong presence, it is not uncommon to see third or fourth generation families living in the region. Until the early 1990s Bay Ridge was a primarily Irish, Italian and this area used to be highly Norwegian. Its Nordic heritage is still apparent in the neighborhood, for instance, there is an annual Norwegian Constitution Day Parade, also known as the Syttende Mai Parade, featuring hundreds of people in folk dress who parade down Third Avenue. It ends in Leif Ericson Park, named for the Viking explorer, the statue was donated by Crown Prince Olav, Prince of Norway, on behalf of the nation of Norway in 1939
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Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
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Bensonhurst is a large, multiethnic neighborhood in the southwestern part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, in the United States. It is well known as a Little Italy of Brooklyn due to its large Italian-American population, Bensonhurst has the largest population of residents born in China of any neighborhood in New York City and is now home to Brooklyns second Chinatown. The neighborhood accounts for 9. 5% of the 330,000 Chinese-born residents of the city, Bensonhurst derives its name from Egbert Benson, whose lands were sold by his children and grandchildren to James D. Lynch, a New York Real Estate developer. Lynch bought the old farmlands of the Benson family in mid 1880s, the first sale of lands in The New Seaside Resort area was advertised in July 24,1888 issue of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Bensonhurst has a population of over 151,000 inhabitants as of the 2010 United States Census, in the early 20th century, many Italians and Jews moved into the neighborhood, and prior to World War II the neighborhood was about equally Jewish and Italian. With a large Italian-American population, Bensonhurst is usually considered the main Little Italy of Brooklyn, the Italian-speaking community remains over 20,000 strong, according to the census of 2000. But, the Italian-speaking community is becoming increasingly elderly and isolated, with the small, 86th Street is another popular local thoroughfare, lined by the arches of the BMT West End Line. Around 1989, an influx of immigrants from China and the former USSR began to arrive, mainly from Southern China, Russia, Ukraine, in the 1990s Bensonhurst rapidly grew in cultural diversity. In 2000, the New York City Department of City Planning determined that just over half of the residents were born in another country, Bensonhurst has long been well-known as a Little Italy of Brooklyn, containing a large Italian-American and Italian immigrant population. The annual Festa di Santa Rosalia, is held on 18th Avenue from Bay Ridge Parkway to 66th Street in late August or early September, the Feast is presented by Bensonhurst resident and marketer Franco Corrado, as well as by the Santa Rosalia Society, on 18th Avenue. Born in Rome in 1955, Corrado has been a social member of the Italian-American community for the past 20 years. St. Rosalia is the saint of the city of Palermo and is sometimes venerated as the patron for the entire island of Sicily. The annual end-of-summer celebration attracts thousands, bensonhurt also hosts a Columbus Day parade. Like Lower Manhattans Little Italy, Bensonhursts Little Italy is declining with its Italian American population, with Bensonhursts Chinatown, below the West End Line, served by the D train along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue, now emerging another Brooklyn Chinatown. Overall, the Chinatown section of Bensonhurst remains heavily mixed with Italian, Jewish, within recent years, most new businesses opening within this portion of Bensonhursts 86th Street, especially between 20th Avenue and 25th Avenue, have been Chinese. Chinese grocery stores, salons, bakeries, and other types of Chinese businesses are also expanding swiftly on this street, the N W trains stations are also located in these sections as well. This means Bensonhurst has much higher proportion of Chinese than the Homecrest/Sheepshead Bay area, however, there are small numbers of Fuzhou and Mandarin speakers. According to the Daily News, Brooklyns Asian population, mainly Chinese, has grown not only in the Sunset Park area, but also in Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights
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Bergen Beach, Brooklyn
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Bergen Beach is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18, Bergen Beach is served by the B3, B41, BM1 MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes. The neighborhood is named for Hans Hansen Bergen, an early Norwegian settler of New Netherland, what is now Bergen Beach was an island off the coast of Canarsie that was connected to the mainland in the early 1900s using landfill. Part of the neighborhood, called Georgetowne, was undeveloped until the 1960s, around the same time, Mayor John Lindsay sought to build a 904-unit middle-class project called Harbour Village in the same area. Harbour Village would be a Mitchell-Lama development, the uncertainty of whether it would be approved brought new construction on Georgetowne Greens to a halt, by that point, interest in Georgetowne Greens had waned, and the project was terminated. The first houses built for the development still remain, the area is also the site of a new combined sewer overflow facility for Paerdegat Basin. The CSO facility was completed in August 2011, media related to Bergen Beach, Brooklyn at Wikimedia Commons Forgotten New York, Bergen Beach and Georgetown
39.
Beverley Squares
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Beverley Square East and Beverley Square West, also spelled Beverly Square, are a pair of neighborhoods in the Flatbush section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The two neighborhoods extend from Beverley Road in the north to Cortelyou Road in the south, four of the five north-south streets in the development were renamed for a British high tone. The Beverley Squares, like most of Victorian Flatbush, were built on rural land, Ackerson organized his development company in order to develop Beverley Square East, beginning work in 1898 with a line of large houses along East 19th Street. Beverley Square West was built on Catherine Lotts farm, which Ackerson acquired in 1901, the line was also placed in the cut in response to developer pressure, it was originally at grade level. Pounds and Delbert H. Decker, and modified his plan for Beverley Square West, building somewhat smaller, Beverley Square West also includes the honeymoon cottage built as a wedding present for a daughter of the Guggenheim family, at 305 Rugby Road. Together with Ditmas Park West, the Beverley Squares are now thought of as part of Ditmas Park. The mini-school annex opened in 1989
40.
BoCoCa
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BoCoCa is a portmanteau word combining the names of three adjacent neighborhoods in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, Boerum Hill, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens. BoCoCa is not a neighborhood, but an umbrella term for the small region of Brooklyn directly south. The relatively new name is not widely used, but is gaining greater currency, among the publications using BoCoCa to classify neighborhoods are the Not for Tourists guide and New York magazine, both of which list BoCoCa together with neighboring Red Hook. NYC & Company, New York Citys official marketing, tourism, however, it is a word that is almost never used by actual residents of the three neighborhoods in question. TriBeCa SoHo NoHo NoMad Map of BoCoCa at BrooklynNow. com
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Boerum Hill
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Boerum Hill is a small neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bounded by Schermerhorn Street to the north and Fourth Avenue to the east. The western border is variously given as either Smith or Court Streets, Smith Street and Atlantic Avenue are the neighborhoods main commercial districts. The Brooklyn High School of the Arts is located in the neighborhood on Dean Street, the neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 2 and is served by the NYPDs 84th Precinct. Boerum Hill is named for the farm of the Boerum family. Most of the consists of three-story row houses built between 1840 and 1870. Despite the hill in the name, the neighborhood is flat, in the 1950s, all the neighborhoods south of Atlantic Avenue and west of Prospect Park were known generically as South Brooklyn. Boerum Hill in particular was sometimes called North Gowanus, the name Boerum Hill was coined in early 1964 by Boerum Hill Association founder Helen Buckler, referencing name of the colonial farmers. From the early 1970s till about 2003, Boerum Hill was populated mostly by working class and middle-class families, crime was fairly common and it had one of the higher crime rates in the city because of its small size. In recent decades, since about the late 1990s, gentrification has restored the neighborhood to one of mostly upper-class families, in the early twentieth century, many of the buildings were run as boarding houses. Nearby was the hall for ironworkers, who came to the city to work on bridges. The north end of Smith Street was the center of New York Citys Mohawk community, many of the Mohawk men were ironworkers, while their wives worked at a variety of jobs and created the community for their families. For 50 years, the Mohawk families called their neighborhood Little Caughnawaga, many families would travel back to Kahnawake in the summer. The Boerum Hill Historic District was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, many of its buildings are land marked. In 2012 Boerum hill was ranked #6 in NYC and #1 outside Manhattan in highest neighborhood median home prices among all NYC neighborhoods, Boerum Hill is known for its independent boutiques, restaurants and rows of brownstones. Boerum Hill is home of artists who own art galleries in the neighborhood. Boerum Hill is home to young families, and biking is popular in the neighborhood. The abundant cultural offerings, the thriving Smith Street restaurant row, the neighborhood has been featured in several contemporary creative works. It is the setting of Spike Lees movie, Clockers, which was filmed in the Gowanus Houses, WBAI99.5 FM, a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station part of the Pacifica Network has studios and offices at 388 Atlantic Avenue
42.
Borough Park, Brooklyn
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Borough Park is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City in the United States. As the average number of children in Hasidic and Hareidi families is 6.72 and it is an economically diverse neighborhood. Originally, the area was called Blythebourne, a hamlet composed of cottages built and developed in 1887 by Electus Litchfield. It was served by the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island, a railroad that is todays elevated BMT West End Line. This line was put on a structure in 1917. The Sea Beach Railroad was another steam railroad and this railroad was named after the Sea Beach Palace Hotel, its southern terminal in 1879. In 1913, it was electrified and placed in an open cut, in 1902, State Senator William H. Reynolds bought the land northeast of Blythebourne. The new area was then named Borough Park, Blythebourne was absorbed into Borough Park by the 1920s. Jewish immigrants began populating Borough Park at the turn of the 20th century, through the 1930s, 13th Avenue was lined with pushcart vendors and pickle sellers. In the late 1930s the city opened a market on 42nd Street to force an end to the pushcart trade. Thirteenth Avenue gentrified into an avenue of specialty shops interspersed with regular merchandise stores, in the 1980s, the neighborhood changed demographically from one of Italian, Irish, and Modern Orthodox Jewish to Hasidic Jewish families. By 1983, an estimated 85 percent of the residents of Borough Park were Jewish, New shops and restaurants opened on 13th Avenue to serve the expanding Haredi community. In 1987, two of the most popular stores debuted, Eichlers Judaica bookstore and Kosher Castle Dairy Cafeteria, New stores also opened selling imported goods and computer technology. At the end of the 1990s, businesses began selling electronics and Jewish books, music, the area continued developing into a very large Jewish enclave around that time period. In a 2000 Census study, it was reported that an estimated 76,600 Jews lived in Borough Park, since that time, Borough Park has grown significantly, and has earned the title of baby boom capital of New York City because of its high birth rate. The population in 2011 was 140,000, the neighborhood recorded 4,523 births in 2004, the highest in the city. The closest Brooklyn neighborhood in terms of growth was Williamsburg, home to many Satmar Hasidim. Borough Parks birth rate,24.4 per 1,000 residents, has translated into major growth in the neighborhood, many of these births occur at Maimonides Medical Center, a hospital in the Borough Park area
43.
Bridge Plaza, Brooklyn
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Bridge Plaza is the northeastern corner of the downtown area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Its borders are Flatbush Avenue Extension and Manhattan Bridge on the west, Tillary Street on the south, the neighborhood was connected to Vinegar Hill until the 1950s, when construction of the BQE effectively isolated it from surrounding areas. Following this change, the area shifted more towards auto shops, garages and warehouses, Brooklyn real estate blog Brownstoner describes the area as a time warp, a Brigadoon-like enclave of early to mid-19th century buildings surrounded by the boom of the 21st century. One of the most notable homes in Bridge Plaza is 167 Concord Street, the miniature house features a candy apple red Citicar parked in the front yard. The cottage was built in 1762 and was surrounded by a wall dating to about 1820
44.
Brighton Beach
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Brighton Beach is an oceanside neighborhood in the southern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, along the Coney Island peninsula. According to the 2010 United States Census report, the Brighton Beach and Coney Island area, Brighton Beach is included in an area from Sheepshead Bay to Sea Gate that was purchased from the Indians in 1645 for a gun, a blanket and a kettle. Brighton Beach was located on sandy terrain, and before development in the 1860s, had mostly farms, the area was part of the Middle Division of the town of Gravesend, which was the sole English settlement out of the original six towns in Kings County. By the mid-18th century, thirty-nine lots in the division had been distributed to the descendants of English colonists, in 1868, William A. Engeman built a resort in the area. The resort was given the name Brighton Beach in 1878 by Henry C. Murphy and a group of businessmen, with the help of Gravesend’s surveyor William Stillwell, Engeman acquired all 39 lots for $20,000, a bargain price. The 400-foot, double-decker Brighton Beach Pavilion was also built nearby, Hotel Brighton was situated on the beach at what is now the foot of Coney Island Avenue, and was accessed by the Brooklyn, Flatbush, and Coney Island Railway, which opened on July 2,1878. Adjacent to the hotel, Engeman built the Brighton Beach Race Course for thoroughbred horse racing, in December 1887, an extremely high tide washed over the area, creating a new, temporary connection between Sheepshead Bay and the ocean. Wrote the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Unless is very lucky the next races on the Brighton Beach track will be conducted by the white crested horses of Neptune. After that extremely high tide, and a decade of beach erosion, a plan termed highly ingenious and novel was initiated by the superintendent of the Railway, J. L. Morrow, and its Secretary, E. L. Langford, to elevate and move the building as a whole,495 feet further inland and this careful engineering made the move successful, it began on April 2,1888, and continued for the next nine days, and was the largest building move of the 19th century. Visitors for tea at Reisenweber’s Brighton Beach Casino would be served by Japanese waitresses in full costume, at an enormous private club, the Brighton Beach Baths, members could swim, access a private beach, and play handball, mah-jongg, and cards. The village, along with the rest of Gravesend, was annexed into the 31st Ward of the City of Brooklyn in 1894, in 1905, Brighton Beach Park opened its own area of amusements, calling it Brighton Pike. Brighton Pike offered a boardwalk, games, live entertainment (including the Miller Brothers’ wild-west show, the park was shuttered in 1919 after it burned down. The actual beach remained popular, though. The subway system in the neighborhood is above ground on an elevated structure and this led to the closure of the Brighton Beach Hotel in 1924. Of the estimated 55,000 Holocaust survivors living in New York City as of 2011, to meet the bursting cultural demands, the New Brighton Theater converted itself to the States first Yiddish theater in 1919. After World War II, the quality of life in Brighton Beach decreased significantly as the poverty rate, Brighton Beach suffered from arson as much as it did from constant drug trades. During the summer, however, people all around the city went to Brighton Beachs beach next to the Atlantic Ocean. Many of the Soviet immigrants of the late 1980s and the 1990s, so many ex-Soviets immigrated to Brighton Beach that the area became known as Little Odessa
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Brooklyn Heights
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Brooklyn Heights is an affluent residential neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Originally referred to as Brooklyn Village, it has been a prominent area of Brooklyn since 1834, the neighborhood is noted for its low-rise architecture and its many brownstone rowhouses, most of them built prior to the Civil War. It also has an abundance of churches and other religious institutions. Brooklyns first art gallery, the Brooklyn Arts Gallery, was opened in Brooklyn Heights in 1958, in 1965, a large part of Brooklyn Heights was protected from unchecked development by the creation of the Brooklyn Heights Historic District, the first such district in New York City. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, directly across the East River from Manhattan and connected to it by subways and regular ferry service, Brooklyn Heights is also easily accessible from Downtown Brooklyn. The neighborhood stretches from Old Fulton Street near the Brooklyn Bridge south to Atlantic Avenue and from the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway to Court Street, adjacent neighborhoods are Dumbo, Downtown Brooklyn, Cobble Hill, and Boerum Hill. Columbia Heights, an upscale six-block-long street next to the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, is considered to be its own neighborhood. As of 2000, Brooklyn Heights had a population of 22,594 people, the neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 2, and is served by the 84th Precinct of the New York City Police Department at 301 Gold Street in nearby Downtown Brooklyn. Brooklyn Heights occupies a palisade that rises sharply from the rivers edge, before the Dutch settled on Long Island in the middle of the seventeenth century, this promontory was called Ihpetonga by the native Lenape American Indians. Ferries across the East River were running as early as 1642, the most significant of the ferries went between the current Fulton Street and Peck Slip in Manhattan, and was run by Cornelius Dirksen. The ferry service helped the area to thrive, with both farms and some factories along the water, but the higher ground was sparsely used. They later sold part of their land to John Jackson, who created the Vinegar Hill community, Pierrepont had accumulated 60 acres of land, including 800 feet which directly overlooked the harbor, all of which he planned to sub-divide. Since his intention was to sell to merchants and bankers who lived in Manhattan, he needed easy access between Brooklyn Heights and New York City, which Fultons company provided. A resident of the Heights could leave the office at three oclock, have dinner at home at four oclock, and still have time for a drive to the outskirts of town. A select neighborhood and circle of society, where there had been only seven houses in the Heights in 1807, by 1860 there were over six hundred of them, and by 1890 the area was almost completely developed. Throughout the 19th century, Brooklyn Heights remained an elegant neighborhood and its development gave rise to offshoots such as Cobble Hill and, later, Carroll Gardens. Beecher was a nationally-known figure famous on the circuit for his novel oratorical style, in which he employed humor, dialect. To dramatize the plight of those held in captivity, Beecher once brought a female slave to the church and held an auction, with the highest bidder purchasing not the slave, but her freedom
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Brownsville, Brooklyn
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Brownsville is a residential neighborhood located in eastern Brooklyn in New York City. The 1. 163-square-mile area that comprises Brownsville has 58,300 residents as of the 2010 United States Census, part of Brooklyn Community Board 16, Brownsville is generally considered part of greater East New York, though it is not actually a part of East New York itself. Founded in its current incarnation in 1858, it has been characterized as a slum through most of its existence, initially a settlement composed of Jewish factory workers, Brownsville underwent a major demographic change in the 1950s that saw an influx of African-American and Latino residents. Since then, it has held one of the highest poverty. The area that would become Brownsville was first used by the Dutch for farming, as well as manufacturing stone slabs, in 1823–1824, the Dutch founded the New Lots Reformed Church in nearby New Lots because the corresponding church in Flatbush was too far away. The church, which has its own cemetery that was built in 1841, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, in 1858, William Suydam parceled the land into 262 lots, providing simple two- to four-room accommodations for workers who were living there. However, Suydam vastly underestimated how undesirable the area was, there were 250 houses in Browns Village by 1883, most of them occupied by factory workers who commuted to Manhattan. In the 1880s, the area was a floodplain that was used as a dumping ground. Fumes from the factories along Jamaica Bay would usually blow upwind into Brownsville. This place was far enough from Manhattan that the affluent refused to move to Brownsville. Brownsville was predominantly Jewish from the 1880s until the 1950s, kaplan built a factory and accommodations for his workers, then placed a synagogue, named Ohev Sholom, in his own factory. Other manufacturers that created low-tech products like food, furniture, and metals followed suit throughout the next decade and this led to much more housing being built there. The area bounded by present-day Dumont, Rockaway, and Liberty Avenues, and Junius Street, quickly became populated, with factories, workshops. By 1900, an estimated 25,000 people lived in Brownsville, many of these buildings were grossly overcrowded, with up to eight families living in some of these two-family houses. Many of these houses lacked amenities like running water, and their wood construction made these houses susceptible to fires, New brick-and-stone houses erected in the early 1900s were built with indoor plumbing and less prone to fire. The quality of life was decreased by the fact that the unpaved roads were used as open sewers. Within twenty years of the development, the area acquired a reputation as a vicious slum. Indeed, as of 1904,22 out of 25 housing units in Brownsville were tenement housing, rising to 24 out of 25 units by 1907 and it became as dense as the very densely packed Lower East Side, according to one account
