1.
Leisure
–
Leisure has been defined as a quality of experience or as free time. Free time is time spent away from business, work, job hunting, domestic chores and it also excludes time spent on necessary activities such as eating and sleeping. From a research perspective, this approach has the advantages of being quantifiable and comparable over time, Leisure as experience usually emphasizes dimensions of perceived freedom and choice. It is done for its own sake, for the quality of experience, other classic definitions include Thorsten Veblens of nonproductive consumption of time. Different disciplines have definitions reflecting their common issues, for example, sociology on social forces and contexts and psychology as mental and emotional states, Leisure studies and sociology of leisure are the academic disciplines concerned with the study and analysis of leisure. Recreation differs from leisure in that it is an activity that includes the experience of leisure in activity contexts. The distinction between leisure and unavoidable activities is not a rigidly defined one, e. g. people sometimes do work-oriented tasks for pleasure as well as for long-term utility, a distinction may also be drawn between free time and leisure. A related concept is that of leisure, which involves leisurely activities in social settings, such as extracurricular activities, e. g. sports. Another related concept is that of family leisure, relationships with others is usually a major factor in both satisfaction and choice. Leisure has historically been the privilege of the upper-class and it spread as well to the United States, although that country had a reputation in Europe for providing much less leisure despite its wealth. Immigrants to the United States discovered they had to work harder than they did in Europe, economists continue to investigate why Americans work longer hours. In a recent book, Laurent Turcot argue that leisure was not created in the 19th century but is imbricated in the world since the beginning of history. In Canada, leisure in the country is related to the decline in work hours and is shaped by moral values, and the ethnic-religious and gender communities. In a cold country with long nights, and summers extended daylight, favorite leisure activities include horse racing, team sports such as hockey, singalongs, Rollerskating. The churches tried to steer leisure activities, by preaching against drinking and scheduling annual revivals, rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage. Leisure by the mid 19th century was no longer an individualistic activity, in the French industrial city of Lille, with a population of 80,000 in 1858, the cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1300, or one for every three houses. Lille counted 63 drinking and singing clubs,37 clubs for players,23 for bowling,13 for skittles. The churches likewise have their social organizations, each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions
Leisure
–
Public parks were initially set aside for
recreation and leisure and sport
Leisure
–
People enjoying some leisure time
Leisure
–
GI Card Game, Watercolor by James Pollock, U. S. Army
Vietnam Combat Artists Team IV (CAT IV 1967). During the Vietnam War soldiers waiting to go on patrol would sometimes spend their leisure time playing cards. Courtesy
National Museum of the United States Army.
2.
Recreation
–
Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The need to do something for recreation is an element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be fun. The term recreation appears to have used in English first in the late 14th century, first in the sense of refreshment or curing of a sick person. Other factors that account for a role of recreation are affluence, population trends. This direction of thought has even extended to the view that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in itself. Leisure is considered a right under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Recreation is difficult to separate from the concept of play. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life, a traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful to recharge the battery so that work performance is improved. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another, or, at a level, over time recreational activity may become work. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, similarly, it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of recreational mathematics. Recreation is an part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, a significant section of recreational activities are designated as hobbies which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. Some recreational activities - such as gambling, recreational use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal norms. Public space such as parks and beaches are venues for many recreational activities. Tourism has recognized that many visitors are attracted by recreational offerings. In support of recreational activities government has taken an important role in their creation, maintenance, and organization, many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises. Examples of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwanis, Recreation has many health benefits, and, accordingly, Therapeutic Recreation has been developed to take advantage of this effect
Recreation
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Surfing, a form of recreation
Recreation
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Different kinds of recreation
Recreation
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Writing
Wikipedia articles as recreation
Recreation
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University of Auckland Recreation Centre
3.
Play (activity)
–
In psychology and ethology, play is a range of voluntary, intrinsically motivated activities normally associated with recreational pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but play occurs at any life stage, Play is often interpreted as frivolous, yet the player can be intently focused on their objective, particularly when play is structured and goal-oriented, as in a game. Accordingly, play can range from relaxed, free-spirited and spontaneous through frivolous to planned or even compulsive. Play is not just an activity, it has the potential to serve as an important tool in numerous aspects of daily life for adolescents, adults. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it and it proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to themselves with secrecy. This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of activity is sometimes referred to as the magic circle notion of play. Jean Piaget stated, the theories of play expounded in the past are clear proof that the phenomenon is difficult to understand. Play can take the form of improvisation or pretence, interactive, performance, mimicry, games, sports, and thrill-seeking, such as extreme or dangerous sports. Philosopher Roger Caillois wrote about play in his 1961 book Man, Play and Games and Stephen Nachmanovitch expanded on concepts in his 1990 book Free Play, Improvisation in Life. Without play, learning and evolution are impossible, Play is the taproot from which original art springs, it is the raw stuff that the artist channels and organizes with all his learning and technique. Structured play has clearly defined goals and rules and such play is called a game, other play is unstructured or open-ended. Both types of play promote adaptive behaviors and mental states of happiness, while appropriate within the sports play space, these same behaviors might be inappropriate or even illegal outside the playfield. Other designed play spaces can be playgrounds with dedicated equipment and structures to promote active, some play spaces go even farther in specialization to bring the play indoors and will often charge admission as seen at Childrens Museums, Science Centers, or Family Entertainment Centers. The California-based National Institute for Play describes seven play patterns, Attunement play, body play, in which an infant explores the ways in which his or her body works and interacts with the world, such as making funny sounds or discovering what happens in a fall. Object play, such as playing with toys, banging pots and pans, social play, play which involves others in activities such as tumbling, making faces, and building connections with another child or group of children. Imaginative or pretend play, in which a child invents scenarios from his or her imagination and acts within them as a form of play, such as princess or pirate play. Storytelling play, the play of learning and language that develops intellect, such as a parent reading aloud to a child, Creative play, by which one plays with imagination to transcend what is known in the current state, to create a higher state
Play (activity)
–
Child playing with
bubbles
Play (activity)
–
People having fun
Play (activity)
–
Playing in the surf is among the favorite activities of children at the beach
Play (activity)
–
Dolphins playing in the surf
4.
Opinions
–
In general, an opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive. It may deal with matters in which there is no conclusive finding. What distinguishes fact from opinion is that facts are more likely to be verifiable, an example is, United States of America was involved in the Vietnam War versus United States of America was right to get involved in the Vietnam War. An opinion may be supported by facts and principles, in case it becomes an argument. Different people may draw opposing conclusions even if they agree on the set of facts. Opinions rarely change without new arguments being presented and it can be reasoned that one opinion is better supported by the facts than another by analyzing the supporting arguments. In casual use, the opinion may be the result of a persons perspective, understanding, particular feelings, beliefs. It may refer to unsubstantiated information, in contrast to knowledge, collective or professional opinions are defined as meeting a higher standard to substantiate the opinion. Historically, the distinction of demonstrated knowledge and opinion was articulated by Ancient Greek philosophers, today, Platos analogy of the divided line is a well-known illustration of the distinction between knowledge and opinion, or knowledge and belief, in customary terminology of contemporary philosophy. Opinions can be persuasive, but only the assertions they are based on can be said to be true or false, typically, because the process of gathering opinions from all individuals are difficult, expensive, or impossible to obtain, public opinion is estimated using survey sampling. In these situations, researchers are interested in questions related to social choice, conformity. Science may often, however, be partial, temporally contingent, conflicting, in other circumstances, a particular scientific opinion may be at odds with consensus. Scientific literacy, also called public understanding of science, is an educational goal concerned with providing the public with the tools to benefit from scientific opinion. A legal opinion or closing opinion is a type of professional opinion, usually contained in a formal legal-opinion letter, most legal opinions are given in connection with business transactions. The opinion expresses the attorneys professional judgment regarding the legal matters addressed, the opinion can be clean or reasoned. A legal opinion is not a guarantee that a court will reach any particular result, judicial opinions are discussed further in the articles on common law and precedent. An editorial opinion is the evaluation of a topic by a newspaper as conveyed on its editorial page, doxa Editorial Epistemology Justified true belief Opinion poll Perspective Soapbox Speakers Corner Truthiness
Opinions
–
"
Soapboxing " in
Chinatown, San Francisco
5.
Henry Fielding
–
Henry Fielding was an English novelist and dramatist best known for his rich, earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the author of the novel Tom Jones. His younger sister, Sarah, also became a successful writer, Fielding was born at Sharpham, Somerset, and educated at Eton College, where he established a lifelong friendship with William Pitt the Elder. After a romantic episode with a woman that ended in his getting into trouble with the law, he went to London. In 1728, he travelled to Leiden to study classics and law at the university, however, lack of money obliged him to return to London and he began writing for the theatre. Some of his work was critical of the government of Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole. The Theatrical Licensing Act of 1737 is alleged to be a response to his activities. The particular play that triggered the Licensing Act was the unproduced, anonymously authored, The Golden Rump, once the act was passed, political satire on the stage became virtually impossible, and playwrights whose works were staged were viewed as suspect. Fielding therefore retired from the theatre and resumed his career in law in order to support his wife Charlotte Craddock, Allen went on to provide for the education and support of Fieldings children after the writers death. Fielding never stopped writing political satire and satires of current arts, the Tragedy of Tragedies was, for example, quite successful as a printed play. He also contributed a number of works to journals of the day and he wrote for Tory periodicals, usually under the name Captain Hercules Vinegar. Fielding continued to air his liberal and anti-Jacobite views in articles and newspapers in the late 1730s. Almost by accident he took to writing novels in 1741, angered by Samuel Richardsons success with Pamela and his first big success was an anonymous parody of that, Shamela. This satire follows the model of the famous Tory satirists of the generation, Jonathan Swift and John Gay. Fielding followed this with Joseph Andrews, an original work supposedly dealing with Pamelas brother, although begun as a parody, it developed into an accomplished novel in its own right and is considered to mark Fieldings debut as a serious novelist. It is a satire of Walpole that draws a parallel between him and Jonathan Wild, the gang leader and highwayman. Though a minor item in Fieldings œuvre, the subject is consistent with his preoccupation with fraud, shamming. His greatest work was Tom Jones, a meticulously constructed picaresque novel telling the convoluted, Fielding married his first wife, Charlotte Craddock, in 1734 at the Church of St Mary in Charlcombe, Somerset. Charlotte, on whom he modelled the heroines of both Tom Jones and Amelia, died in 1744
Henry Fielding
–
Henry Fielding, about 1743, etching by Jonathan Wild
Henry Fielding
–
Henry Fielding
Henry Fielding
–
Henry Fielding's grave in the cemetery of the
Church of England St. George's Church, Lisbon
6.
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
–
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. The novel is both a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel, totaling 346,747 words, it is divided into 18 smaller books, each preceded by a discursive chapter, often on topics unrelated to the book itself. It is dedicated to George Lyttleton, though lengthy, the novel is highly organised, S. T. Coleridge argued that it has one of the three most perfect plots ever planned. Although critic Samuel Johnson took exception to Fieldings robust distinctions between right and wrong, it became a best seller, with four editions being published in its first year alone, Tom Jones is generally regarded as Fieldings greatest book, and as a very influential English novel. The novels events occupy eighteen books, the kindly and wealthy Squire Allworthy and his sister Bridget are introduced in their wealthy estate in Somerset. Allworthy returns from London after a business trip and finds an abandoned baby sleeping in his bed. He summons his housekeeper, Mrs Deborah Wilkins, to care of the child. After searching the village, Mrs Wilkins is told about a young woman called Jenny Jones, servant of a schoolmaster and his wife. Jenny is brought before them and admits being the babys mother, mr Allworthy mercifully removes Jenny to a place where her reputation will be unknown. Furthermore, he promises his sister to raise the boy, whom he names Thomas, two brothers, Dr Blifil and Captain Blifil, regularly visit the Allworthy estate. The doctor introduces the captain to Bridget in hopes of marrying into Allworthys wealth, after the marriage, Captain Blifil begins to show a coldness to his brother, who eventually feels obliged to leave the house for London where he soon dies of a broken heart. Captain Blifil and his start to grow cool towards one another. By then he has fathered a boy, who grows up with the bastard Tom, Tom grows into a vigorous and lusty, yet honest and kind-hearted, youth. His first love is Molly, gamekeeper Black Georges second daughter and she throws herself at Tom, he gets her pregnant and then feels obliged to offer her his protection. After some time, however, Tom finds out that Molly is somewhat promiscuous and he then falls in love with a neighbouring squires lovely daughter, Sophia Western. Toms status as a bastard causes Sophias father and Allworthy to oppose their love, the inclusion of prostitution and sexual promiscuity in the plot was also original for its time, and the foundation for criticism of the books lowness. Sophias father, Squire Western, is intent on making Sophia marry the hypocritical Master Blifil, but she refuses, Tom, on the other hand, is expelled from Allworthys estate for his many misdemeanours, and starts his adventures across Britain, eventually ending up in London. Eventually the secret of Toms birth is revealed, after a scare that Mrs Waters is his birth mother
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
7.
Johan Huizinga
–
Johan Huizinga was a Dutch historian and one of the founders of modern cultural history. He then studied linguistics, gaining a good command of Sanskrit. He wrote his thesis on the role of the jester in Indian drama in 1897. It was not until 1902 that his interest turned towards medieval and he continued teaching as an Orientalist until he became a Professor of General and Dutch History at Groningen University in 1905. In 1915, he was made Professor of General History at Leiden University, in 1916 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1942, he spoke critically of his countrys German occupiers, from then until his death in 1945, he was held in detention by the Nazis. He died in De Steeg in Gelderland, near Arnhem, just a few weeks before Nazi rule ended, Huizinga had an aesthetic approach to history, where art and spectacle played an important part. His most famous work is The Autumn of the Middle Ages and he here reinterpreted the Late Middle Ages as a period of pessimism and decadence rather than rebirth. Worthy of mentioning are also Erasmus and Homo Ludens, in the latter book he discussed the possibility that play is the primary formative element in human culture. Huizinga also published books on American history and Dutch history in the 17th century, alarmed by the rise of National Socialism in Germany, Huizinga wrote several works of cultural criticism. Many similarities can be noted between his analysis and that of critics such as Ortega y Gasset and Oswald Spengler. Huizinga argued that the spirit of technical and mechanical organisation had replaced spontaneous, the Huizinga Lecture is a prestigious annual lecture in the Netherlands about a subject in the domains of cultural history or philosophy in honour of Johan Huizinga. Huizingas son Leonhard Huizinga became a writer in the Netherlands, especially renowned for his series of tongue-in-cheek fiction novels on the Dutch aristocratic twins Adrian. Proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur, translated as Homo Ludens, translated by Arnold Pomerans as Dutch civilisation in the seventeenth century “Patriotism and Nationalism in European History”. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, transl. by James S. Holmes and Hans van Marle. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, translations by James S. Holmes and Hans van Marle of parts of Huizingas Collected Works Courtly love C. S. Lewis and his The Allegory of Love D. W. Robertson, Jr. Willem Otterspeer, Reading Huizinga. Historical inquiry from Herder to Huizinga, new Haven, Yale University Press,2003. Papers delivered to the Johan Huizinga Conference Groningen 11-15 december 1972, online version Exhibition Johan Huizinga in University Library Leiden,1998 Portraits of Huizinga in database of Netherlands institute for art history
Johan Huizinga
–
Johan Huizinga.
Johan Huizinga
–
Huizinga plaque at
Leiden University
8.
Perception of time
–
The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another persons perception of time cannot be experienced or understood. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances and these temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception. Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer, experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time. William J. Friedman also contrasted two theories for a sense of time, The strength model of time memory and this posits a memory trace that persists over time, by which one might judge the age of a memory from the strength of the trace. This conflicts with the fact that memories of recent events may fade more quickly than more distant memories, the inference model suggests the time of an event is inferred from information about relations between the event in question and other events whose date or time is known. Another theory involves the brains subconscious tallying of pulses during a specific interval and this theory alleges that the brain can run multiple biological stopwatches at one time depending on the type of task one is involved in. The location of these pulses and what these pulses actually consist of is unclear and this model is only a metaphor and does not stand up in terms of brain physiology or anatomy. The specious present is the time wherein a state of consciousness is experienced as being in the present. The term was first introduced by the philosopher E. R. Clay in 1882, James defined the specious present to be the prototype of all conceived times. The short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible, broad further elaborated on the concept of the specious present, and considered that the specious present may be considered as the temporal equivalent of a sensory datum. A version of the concept was used by Edmund Husserl in his works and discussed further by Francisco Varela based on the writings of Husserl, Heidegger, Time perception is handled by a highly distributed system involving the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. One particular component, the nucleus, is responsible for the circadian rhythm. There is some evidence that very short durations are processed by dedicated neurons in early parts of the brain. Professor Warren Meck devised a model for measuring the passage of time. He found the representation of time to be generated by the activity of cells in the upper cortex. The frequency of these cells activity is detected by cells in the dorsal striatum at the base of the forebrain and his model separated explicit timing and implicit timing. Explicit timing is used in estimating the duration of a stimulus, implicit timing is used to gauge the amount of time separating one from an impending event that is expected to occur in the near future
Perception of time
–
A contemporary
quartz watch
Perception of time
–
Key concepts
9.
Raph Koster
–
Raphael Raph Koster is an American entrepreneur, game designer, and author of A Theory of Fun for Game Design. Koster is widely recognized for his work as the designer of Ultima Online. From 2006 until 2013 he worked as the founder and president of Metaplace producing a Facebook game platform, Koster attended Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, receiving a Bachelors degree in English and Spanish in 1992. The same year he became involved with MUDs as a developer of Worlds of Carnage, then in 1994 moved on to become implementor of LegendMUD and he also played MUME for a time. On May 10,1992, he married Kristen who would work alongside him at Origin Systems as a game designer. In 1995, he received a Master of Fine Arts in Poetry from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, promoted to chief creative officer in 2003, he relocated to Sony Online Entertainment in San Diego where he spent three years primarily responsible for business development. In March 2006, Koster left the company to work on Metaplace which, since 2013 he is an independent designer and consultant. Koster is a member of the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences, and a member of the IGDA, ASCAP. He is also a frequent speaker at industry conferences such as the GDC, DICE, State of Play. He presently lives in San Diego, California with his wife, daughter, geek Fun Isnt Frivolous, Alien Swarms of Thundering, Flashing Games Hit Town This Week. Theyre Here to Make Us Smarter, los Angeles Times May 15,2005, sec. As Seen In Modern Lair Hot 100100 Greatest Developers Raph Kosters Website Areae, a Theory of Fun for Game Design official website MobyGames Biography Raph Koster Leaves Sony Online Entertainment Pham, Alex. Game Design, Building a Community—Even a Virtual One—Takes Work, los Angeles Times Sep 6,2001, sec
Raph Koster
–
Raph Koster at the Web 2.0 Conference in 2005
10.
Neverland
–
Neverland is a fictional location featured in the works of J. M. Barrie and those based on them. It is an imaginary place, where Peter Pan, Tinker Bell. Although not all people who come to Neverland cease to age, its best known resident famously refused to grow up, and it is used as a metaphor for eternal childhood, immortality. It was first introduced as the Never Never Land in the theatre play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldnt Grow Up by Scottish writer J. M. Barrie, first staged in 1904. In his 1911 novelisation Peter and Wendy, Barrie referred to the Neverland, in the earliest drafts of Barries play, the island was called Peters Never Never Never Land, a name possibly influenced by the Never Never, a contemporary term for outback Australia. In the 1928 published version of the script, it was shortened to the Never Land, Neverland has been featured prominently in subsequent works, either adapting Barries works or expanding upon them. These Neverlands sometimes vary in nature from the original, for example, John Darlings had a lagoon with flamingos flying over it while his little brother Michaels had a flamingo with lagoons flying over it. The novel further explains that the Neverlands are compact enough that adventures are never far between and it says that a map of a childs mind would resemble a map of Neverland, with no boundaries at all. The exact situation of Neverland is ambiguous and vague, in Barries original tale, the name for the real world is the Mainland, which suggests Neverland is a small island, reached by flight. Peter tells Wendy the way to Neverland is second to the right, in the novel, it is stated they found the island only because it was out looking for them. Barrie also writes that it is near the stars of the milky way, the 2003 film version echoes this representation, as the Darling children are flown through the solar system to reach Neverland. The passage of time in Neverland is also ambiguous, the novel Peter and Wendy mentions that there are many more suns and moons there than on the mainland, making time difficult to track. One way to tell the time is to find the crocodile, although widely thought of as a place where children dont grow up, Barrie wrote that the Lost Boys eventually grew up and have to leave, and fairies there lived typically short lifespans. In Peter Pan in Scarlet, the children get to Neverland by flying on a called the High Way. Time freezes as soon as the children arrived in Neverland, in J. M. Barries play and novel, most of the adventures in the stories take place in the Neverwood, where the Lost Boys hunt and fight the pirates and redskins. Peter and the Lost Boys live in the Home Under The Ground and it consisted of one large room. With a floor in which you could dig if you wanted to go fishing, and in this floor grew stout mushrooms of a charming colour, which were used as stools. A Never tree tried hard to grow in the centre of the room, the Home Under the Ground also contains Tinker Bells private apartment
Neverland
–
Illustration of
Peter Pan playing the
pipes, with Neverland in the background by F. D. Bedford, from the novel Peter and Wendy published in 1911.
Neverland
–
Map of Neverland created by
Walt Disney Productions as a promotion for its 1953 film
Peter Pan. Users of
Colgate-Palmolive 's "Peter Pan Beauty Bar with Chlorophyll" could obtain the map by mailing in three soap wrappers and fifteen cents.
11.
Dopamine
–
Dopamine is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA, dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most multicellular animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons to send signals to nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior. Most types of rewards increase the level of dopamine in the brain, other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a system which is neuromodulatory. Outside the central system, dopamine functions primarily as a local chemical messenger. With the exception of the vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally. Several important diseases of the system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system. Parkinsons disease, a condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured, and in its pure form marketed as Levodopa is the most widely used treatment for the condition. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents. Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are associated with decreased dopamine activity, dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD. A dopamine molecule consists of a structure with one amine group attached via an ethyl chain. As such, dopamine is the simplest possible catecholamine, a family that includes the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine. The presence of a ring with this amine attachment makes it a substituted phenethylamine. Like most amines, dopamine is an organic base, as a base, it is generally protonated in acidic environments. The protonated form is highly water-soluble and relatively stable, but can become oxidized if exposed to oxygen or other oxidants, in basic environments, dopamine is not protonated
Dopamine
–
Primary pathways for dopamine metabolism MAO:
Monoamine oxidase COMT:
catechol-O-methyltransferase HVA:
Homovanillic acid
Dopamine
–
Dopamine
Dopamine
–
Dopamine HCl preparation, single dose vial for intravenous administration
Dopamine
–
Metamphetamine hydrochloride also known as crystal meth
12.
Marxism-Leninism
–
Marxism–Leninism is a political philosophy or world view founded on ideas of Classical Marxism and Leninism, and seeks to establish socialist states and develop them further. Marxism–Leninism first became a philosophical movement in the Soviet Union during the 1920s. It rejected the notions, common among Marxists at the time, of revolution as a prerequisite for building socialism in Russia. The internationalism of Marxism–Leninism was expressed in supporting revolutions in foreign countries, trotskyists claim that Marxism–Leninism led to the establishment of a degenerated workers state. Criticism like this has itself been criticised for philosophical determinism—i. e. that the events in the movements history were predetermined by their convictions. In complete contrast, E. Van Ree argues that Stalin continued to be in agreement with the classical works of Marxism until his death. Within five years of Vladimir Lenins death in 1924, Stalin completed his rise to power in the Soviet Union, according to G. Lisichkin, Stalin compiled Marxism–Leninism as a separate ideology in his book Concerning Questions of Leninism. During the period of Stalins rule in the Soviet Union, Marxism–Leninism was proclaimed the ideology of the state. There is no agreement amongst historians regarding whether or not Stalin actually followed the principles established by Karl Marx. After the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s, the communist parties of the Soviet Union, after the death of Mao on 1976, Peruvian Maoists associated with the Communist Party of Peru coined the term Marxism–Leninism–Maoism, arguing that Maoism was a more advanced stage of Marxism. In North Korea, Marxism–Leninism was officially superseded in 1977 by Juche, in concepts of class and class struggle, in other words Marxism itself. However, the government is sometimes referred to as Marxist–Leninist, or more commonly as Stalinist, due to its political. Originally and for a time the concept of a socialist society was regarded as equal to that of a communist society. However, it was Lenin who defined the difference between socialism and communism, explaining that they are similar to what Marx described with the lower and upper stages of communist society. For Marxism–Leninism, the USSR was a state and thus any property under this State was a type of socialist property. This is part of Marxist–Leninists advocacy of promoting and reinforcing the operation of a planned socialist economy and it advocates universal education with a focus on developing the proletariat with knowledge, class consciousness, and understanding the historical development of communism. Marxism–Leninism supports the emancipation of women and ending the exploitation of women, Marxist–Leninist cultural policy focuses upon modernisation and distancing society from, the past, the bourgeoisie, and the old intelligentsia. Agitprop and various associations and institutions are used by the Marxist–Leninist state to educate society with the values of communism, the state serves as a safeguard for the ownership and as the coordinator of production through a universal economic plan
Marxism-Leninism
–
The Russian Orthodox Cathedral, once the most dominant landmark in
Baku, was demolished in the 1930s in accordance with
Marxist–Leninist atheism.
Marxism-Leninism
–
Vladimir Lenin, leader of both the
RSFSR and the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1924, was one of the most influential figures of the 20th Century.
Marxism-Leninism
–
Bolshevik forces marching in
Moscow in 1917, shortly after the
October Revolution
13.
Bill Griffith
–
William Henry Jackson Bill Griffith is an American cartoonist who signs his work Bill Griffith and Griffy. He is best known for his comic strip Zippy. The popular catchphrase Are we having fun yet, is credited to Griffith in Bartletts Familiar Quotations. Griffith began his comics career in New York City in 1969 and he was a prominent cartoonist in the underground comics movement based out of San Francisco in the late 1960s, and co-founded the comics anthology Arcade, the Comics Revue with Art Spiegelman. His first comic strips in the East Village Other and Screw featured an angry amphibian named Mr and he ventured to San Francisco in 1970 to join the burgeoning underground comix movement. His first major comic book titles included Tales of Toad and Young Lust and he contributed comics and illustrations to a variety of publications, including National Lampoon, High Times, The New Yorker, The Village Voice and The New York Times. In 1998, Griffith moved from San Francisco to Connecticut and his studio is in East Haddam, Connecticut, where he lives with his second wife, cartoonist Diane Noomin. The first Zippy strip appeared in the underground Real Pulp #1 in 1971, the strip went weekly in 1976, first in the Berkeley Barb and then syndicated nationally through Rip Off Press. The one-row format Zippy strip debuted in the Berkeley Barb in 1976, in 1979, he added his alter ego character, Griffy, to the strip. He describes Griffy as neurotic, self-righteous and opinionated, someone with whom Zippy would certainly contrast, I brought the two characters together around 1979, perhaps symbolically bringing together the two halves of my personality. In 1982, the Zippy Theme Song was composed and performed, with lyrics by The B-52s Fred Schneider, also on the cut are singers Phoebe Snow and Jon Hendricks. The daily Zippy strip started in 1986, playing with language is what delights Zippy the most. Years ago, as continuity strips gave way to humor strips, in a nod toward the classic daily strips of yesteryear, Griffith keeps the tradition alive by always centering a hand-lettered subtitle above each Zippy strip. In 2007, Griffith began to focus his daily strip on Zippys birthplace, Griffith said, Over the years, I began to expand Zippys circle of friends beyond my usual cast of characters to a wider world of people like Zippy—other pinheads. I kept this up for a few months, happily adding more and more men and women until one day the whole thing just reached critical mass. The thought then occurred, Where do all these friends of Zippy live, do they live in the real world which Zippy has been seen escaping for years—or do they live apart, in a pinhead world of their own. Thus Dingburg, The City Inhabited Entirely by Pinheads was born and it even had a motto, Going too far is half the pleasure of not getting anywhere. Zippy had, at last, found his home town, in 2008, Griffith presented a talk on Zippy at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
Bill Griffith
–
Bill Griffith, 25 March 2012
14.
Zippy the Pinhead
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Zippy the Pinhead is a fictional character who is the protagonist of Zippy, an American comic strip created by Bill Griffith. Zippys most famous quotation, Are we having fun yet, appears in Bartletts Familiar Quotations and became a catchphrase. He almost always wears a yellow suit with large red polka dots. His wholehearted devotion to random artifacts satirizes the excesses of consumerism, the character of Zippy the Pinhead initially appeared in underground publications during the 1970s. The Zippy comic is distributed by King Features Syndicate to more than 100 newspapers, Zippy made his first appearance in Real Pulp Comics #1 in March 1971, published by Print Mint. I was fascinated by the pinheads in the scene and asked the projectionist if he could slow down the film so I could hear what they were saying better. He did and I loved the poetic, random dialog, little did I know that Zippy was being planted in my fevered brain. Later, in San Francisco in 1970, I was asked to contribute a few pages to Real Pulp Comics #1 and his only guideline was to say Maybe do some kind of love story, but with really weird people. I never imagined Id still be putting words into Zippys fast-moving mouth some 38 years later, the strip began in The Berkeley Barb in 1976 and was syndicated nationally soon after, originally as a weekly strip. When William Randolph Hearst III took over the San Francisco Examiner in 1985, several months later it was picked up for worldwide daily distribution by King Features Syndicate in 1986. The Sunday Zippy debuted in 1990, the Chronicle quickly restored the strip but dropped it again in 2004, leading to more protests as well as grateful letters from non-fans. The strip has developed a following and continues to be syndicated in many newspapers. Zippys favorite foods are taco sauce and Ding Dongs, Zippys unpredictable behavior sometimes causes severe difficulty for others, but never for himself. He is married to a nearly identical pinhead named Zerbina, has two children, Fuelrod and Meltdown, both apparently in their teens, and owns a cat named Dingy. His parents, Ebb and Flo, live in Florida, Zippys angst-ridden twin brother Lippy also frequently appears. He is portrayed as Zippys total opposite, often dressed in a suit, thinking sequentially. In a daily strip dated 8 March 2005, he is depicted as being moved by the poetry of Leonard Cohen, the landscape paintings of Maxfield Parrish. Correcting the behavior of insensitive louts, another occasionally occurring character is God, appearing either as a disembodied head or a head superimposed on various peoples bodies
Zippy the Pinhead
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The actual sign for the San Francisco Doggie Diner, commonly portrayed in the comic strip as one of Zippy's conversational foils
15.
Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
16.
Amusement
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Current studies have not yet reached consensus on the exact purpose of amusement, though theories have been advanced in the fields of psychology, psychiatry and sociology. In addition, the mechanism that causes a given element to be perceived as more or less amusing than another. Questionable Amusements and Worthy Substitutes by J. M. Judy Brockton Art Center, american Pastimes, Brockton Art Center, Fuller Memorial, Brockton, Massachusetts, Jan. Curator catalogue, research assistant, Richard Campbell, Brockton Art Center, Fuller Memorial, Bedford, Mass. Printed by W. E. Andrews Co.1976
Amusement
–
Amusement,
Viktor Vasnetsov
17.
Epicurus
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Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicuruss 300 written works remain, much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators. As a boy, he studied philosophy for four years under the Platonist teacher Pamphilus, at the age of eighteen, he went to Athens for his two-year term of military service. The playwright Menander served in the same age-class of the ephebes as Epicurus, after the death of Alexander the Great, Perdiccas expelled the Athenian settlers on Samos to Colophon, on the coast of what is now Turkey. After the completion of his service, Epicurus joined his family there. He studied under Nausiphanes, who followed the teachings of Democritus, in 311/310 BC Epicurus taught in Mytilene but caused strife and was forced to leave. He then founded a school in Lampsacus before returning to Athens in 306 BC where he remained until his death, even though many of his teachings were heavily influenced by earlier thinkers, especially by Democritus, he differed in a significant way with Democritus on determinism. Epicurus would often deny this influence, denounce other philosophers as confused, Epicurus never married and had no known children. He was most likely a vegetarian, for I have been attacked by a painful inability to urinate, and also dysentery, so violent that nothing can be added to the violence of my sufferings. But the cheerfulness of my mind, which comes from the recollection of all my philosophical contemplation, and I beg you to take care of the children of Metrodorus, in a manner worthy of the devotion shown by the young man to me, and to philosophy. Epicurus school, which was based in the garden of his house and thus called The Garden, had a small and his school was the first of the ancient Greek philosophical schools to admit women as a rule rather than an exception. An inscription on the gate to The Garden is recorded by Seneca in epistle XXI of Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, Stranger, here you will do well to tarry, here our highest good is pleasure. Epicurus emphasised friendship as an important ingredient of happiness, and the school resembled in many ways a community of living together. However, he instituted a hierarchical system of levels among his followers. He was a key figure in the Axial Age, the period from 800 BC to 200 BC, during which, according to Karl Jaspers, similar thinking appeared in China, India, Iran, the Near East, and Ancient Greece. Epicuruss teachings represented a departure from the other major Greek thinkers of his period, and before, like Democritus, he was an atomist, believing that the fundamental constituents of the world were indivisible little bits of matter flying through empty space. Everything that occurs is the result of the atoms colliding, rebounding and his theory differs from the earlier atomism of Democritus because he admits that atoms do not always follow straight lines but their direction of motion may occasionally exhibit a swerve. This allowed him to avoid the implicit in the earlier atomism
Epicurus
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Roman marble bust of Epicurus
Epicurus
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Bust of Epicurus leaning against his disciple
Metrodorus in the
Louvre Museum
Epicurus
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Small bronze bust of Epicurus from
Herculaneum. Illustration from Baumeister, 1885
Epicurus
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Epicurus,
Nuremberg Chronicle
18.
Happiness
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Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. Happy mental states may also reflect judgements by a person about their overall well-being, a variety of biological, psychological, economic, religious and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including psychology and happiness economics are employing the scientific method to research questions about what happiness is. The United Nations declared 20 March the International Day of Happiness to recognise the relevance of happiness, philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek eudaimonia, there has been a transition over time from emphasis on the happiness of virtue to the virtue of happiness. A widely discussed political value expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776 and this seems to suggest a subjective interpretation but one that nonetheless goes beyond emotions alone. In fact, this discussion is based on the naive assumption that the word happiness meant the same thing in 1776 as it does today. In fact, happiness meant prosperity, thriving, wellbeing in the 18th century, nowadays, happiness is a fuzzy concept and can mean many different things to many people. Part of the challenge of a science of happiness is to identify different concepts of happiness, related concepts are well-being, quality of life and flourishing. At least one author defines happiness as contentment, the 2012 World Happiness Report stated that in subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports. Happiness is used in both life evaluation, as in “How happy are you with your life as a whole. ”, using these measures, the World Happiness Report identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. Since the 1960s, happiness research has been conducted in a variety of scientific disciplines, including gerontology, social psychology, clinical and medical research. Numerous short-term self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve well-being, Happiness in its broad sense is the label for a family of pleasant emotional states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification, euphoria, and triumph. For example, happiness comes from encountering unexpected positive events, seeing a significant other, more narrowly, it refers to experiential and evaluative well-being. Experiential well-being, or objective happiness, is measured in the moment via questions such as How good or bad is your experience now. In contrast, evaluative well-being asks questions such as How good was your vacation, and measures ones subjective thoughts and feelings about happiness in the past. Experiential well-being is less prone to errors in memory. The two measures of happiness can be related by such as the peak-end rule
Happiness
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A smiling 95-year-old man from
Pichilemu,
Chile.
Happiness
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The
smiley face is a well-known
symbol of happiness
Happiness
–
Joy,
Tacuinum Sanitatis Casanatensis (14th century)
Happiness
–
Tibetan Buddhist monk
19.
Hedonism
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Hedonism is a school of thought that argues that pleasure and happiness are the primary or most important intrinsic goods and the proper aim of human life. A hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure, but when finally gained of that pleasure, either through intrinsic or extrinsic goods, ethical hedonism is the idea that all people have the right to do everything in their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure possible to them. It is also the idea that every persons pleasure should far surpass their amount of pain, ethical hedonism is said to have been started by Aristippus of Cyrene, a student of Socrates. He held the idea that pleasure is the highest good, Hedonism is a sub philosophy of utilitarianism, which says to act in a way that maximizes utility. Hedonists equate pleasure with utility and believe that pleasure is the master of all humankind, the name derives from the Greek word for delight. An extremely strong aversion to hedonism is hedonophobia, in the original Old Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was written soon after the invention of writing, Siduri gave the following advice Fill your belly. Dance and make music day and night These things alone are the concern of men, the following is a song attributed to the reign of one of the Pharoahs around the time of the 12th dynasty, and the text was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties. The school was so called after Cyrene, the birthplace of Aristippus and it was one of the earliest Socratic schools. The Cyrenaics taught that the only good is pleasure, which meant not just the absence of pain. Of these, momentary pleasures, especially physical ones, are stronger than those of anticipation or memory and they did, however, recognize the value of social obligation, and that pleasure could be gained from altruism. Theodorus the Atheist was an exponent of hedonism who was a disciple of younger Aristippus. The school died out within a century, and was replaced by Epicureanism, the Cyrenaics were known for their skeptical theory of knowledge. They reduced logic to a doctrine concerning the criterion of truth. They thought that we can know with certainty our immediate sense-experiences and they also denied that we can have knowledge of what the experiences of other people are like. These sensations are motions which are subjective, and are painful, indifferent or pleasant, according as they are violent. Further they are individual, and can in no way be described as constituting absolute objective knowledge. Feeling, therefore, is the only criterion of knowledge. Our ways of being affected are alone knowable, thus the sole aim for everyone should be pleasure
Hedonism
–
Aristippus of Cyrene
Hedonism
–
Epicurus
Hedonism
–
Michel Onfray, contemporary hedonist philosopher
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
21.
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed
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