1.
Musical instrument
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A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument, the history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment, Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered an instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some refer to as a musical instrument. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago, many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world, however, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in areas and was dominated by the Occident. Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, Instruments can be classified by their effective range, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of instruments is called organology. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies—for example, by using objects to create music from sounds. Primitive instruments were designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments. A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the notion of making music. Musical instruments are constructed in an array of styles and shapes
2.
Leo Fender
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Clarence Leonidas Leo Fender was an American inventor who founded Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, or Fender for short. In January 1965, he sold the company to CBS and later founded two other musical instrument companies, Music Man and G&L Musical Instruments. Leo Fender was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992—a unique achievement given that he never learned to play the instruments that he made a career of building. Clarence Leonidas Fender was born on August 10,1909, to Clarence Monte Fender and Harriet Elvira Wood, from an early age, Fender showed an interest in tinkering with electronics. When he was 13 years old, his uncle, who ran a shop, sent him a box filled with discarded car radio parts. The following year, Leo visited his uncles shop in Santa Maria, California, Leo later claimed that the loud music coming from the speaker of that radio made a lasting impression on him. Soon thereafter, Leo began repairing radios in a shop in his parents home. In the spring of 1928, Fender graduated from Fullerton Union High School, while he was studying to be an accountant, he continued to teach himself electronics, and tinker with radios and other electrical items but never took any kind of electronics course. After college, Fender took a job as a man for Consolidated Ice and Cold Storage Company in Anaheim. It was around this time that a band leader approached Leo. Fender was contracted to six of these PA systems. In 1933, Fender met Esther Klosky, and they were married in 1934, about that time, he took a job as an accountant for the California Highway Department in San Luis Obispo. In a depression government change, his job was eliminated, after working there for six months, Leo lost his job along with the other accountants in the company. In 1938, with a borrowed $600, Leo and Esther returned to Fullerton, soon, musicians and band leaders began coming to him for public address systems, which he built, rented, and sold. During World War II, Leo met Clayton Orr Doc Kauffman, an inventor and lap steel player who had worked for Rickenbacker, while with Rickenbacker, Kauffman had invented the Vibrola tailpiece, a precursor to the later vibrato tailpiece. Fender convinced him that they should team up, and they started the K & F Manufacturing Corporation to design, in 1944, Leo and Doc patented a lap steel guitar with an electric pickup already patented by Fender. In 1945, they began selling the guitar, in a kit with a designed by Fender. As the Big Bands fell out of vogue towards the end of World War II, small combos playing boogie-woogie, rhythm and blues, western swing, many of these outfits embraced the electric guitar because it could give a few players the power of an entire horn section
3.
George William Fullerton
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George William Fullerton was a longtime associate of Leo Fender and, along with Fender and Dale Hyatt, a co-founder of G&L Musical Instruments. He is credited with contributions that led to the manufacture of the first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar. Born in Hindsville, Arkansas, George Fullerton moved to Southern California in 1940 and he served in the United States Marine Corps and later worked part-time at Lockheed Aircraft as a machinist while attending night school to further his interest in electronics. Leo Fender invited Fullerton to join his company and Fullerton became a full-time Fender employee on February 28,1948 and he is credited with design innovations that allowed Fender to mass-produce its first solid body electric guitar, known today as the Telecaster, which the company introduced in 1949. After leaving Fender in 1970, he continued to work with Leo Fender at Music Man and later co-founded G&L Musical Instruments along with Fender, Fullerton returned to Fender as a consultant in the companys custom shop in 2007. In November 2007, the company unveiled the limited edition George Fullerton 50th anniversary 1957 Stratocaster guitar, Fullerton was inducted into the Fender Hall of Fame in 2010
4.
Fullerton, California
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Fullerton is a city located in northern Orange County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 135,161. It secured the land on behalf of the Atchison, Topeka, historically it was a center of agriculture, notably groves of Valencia oranges and other citrus crops, petroleum extraction, transportation, and manufacturing. It is home to higher educational institutions, particularly California State University. Evidence of prehistoric habitation, such as saber-toothed cats and mammoths, is present in Ralph B. Clark Regional Park in the northwest of the city. Europeans first passed through the area in 1769 when Gaspar de Portolà led a Spanish expedition north to Monterey. From the description recorded in the diary of Father Juan Crespi, it likely that the party camped on July 29 near present-day Laguna Lake. After establishment of Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in 1771, the local Tongva people were dubbed Gabrieliños by the Spanish, in 1837, the Fullerton area became part of Rancho San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana, granted to Juan Pacifico Ontiveros, a Spanish soldier. Ontiveros began to sell parcels of the Rancho to migrant Americans settling and developing California in the aftermath of the 1849 Gold Rush, in the 1860s, Stearns sold in turn to Domingo Bastanchury, a Basque shepherd. Sensing opportunity, they arranged to buy 430 acres north of Anaheim for approximately $68,000 and they then began negotiations with George H. Fullerton, president of the Pacific Land and Improvement Company, also a Santa Fe subsidiary. In 1894 Charles Chapman, a retired Chicago publisher and a descendant of John Johnny Appleseed Chapman, cultivation of walnuts and avocados also flourished, and the Western railroad town became an agricultural center. Drilling for petroleum began in 1880 with the discovery of the Brea-Olinda Oil Field and fueled the first real boom, benchley, and the citys chief landmark, the Plummer Auditorium and clock tower. Fullerton College was established at its present location at Chapman Avenue, through the mid-1900s the economy shifted toward food processing rather than food production, as well as manufacturing, southeastern Fullerton became an industrial center. Val Vita Food Products began operating a citrus plant in western Fullerton in 1932. By 1941 it had become the largest food processing company in the US, Leo, Tom Yates and Ralph Harrison developed the first Hawaiian Punch recipe in a converted garage in Fullerton. The city also became a producer of aerospace equipment, electrical and electronic components, navigation systems, and laboratory instruments. In 1949 Dick Riedel and Bill Barris piloted the Sunkist Lady, among them, Bruce Springsteen, Keith Richards, Joe Strummer, Waylon Jennings, Dwight Yoakam, Greg Camp, Jimmy Page, Kurt Cobain, James Burton, Jonny Greenwood and many others. Although Fullerton like other Southern California cities had experienced an expansion of population due to housing development, to serve the growing population, the California State Legislature authorized Orange County State College in 1957, which began operating out of Fullerton high schools in 1959
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Electric guitar
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The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
7.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
8.
Effects unit
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An effects unit or pedal is an electronic or digital device that alters how a musical instrument or other audio source sounds. In the 2010s, most effects use solid state electronics and/or computer chips, some vintage effects units from the 1930s to the 1970s and modern reissues of these effects use mechanical components as well or vacuum tubes. Musicians, audio engineers and record producers use effects units during live performances or in the studio, typically with electric guitar, electronic keyboard, while guitar effects are most frequently used with electric or electronic instruments, effects can also be used with acoustic instruments, drums and vocals. Rackmounted or audio console-integrated reverb effects are used with vocals in live sound and sound recording. Examples of common units include wah-wah pedals, fuzzboxes and reverb units. A stompbox or pedal is a metal or plastic box placed on the floor in front of the musician and connected to the instrument. Pedals are usually the least expensive format, a rackmount device mounts on a standard 19-inch equipment rack and usually contains several types of effects. Rackmount effects typically have buttons and/or knobs on the face of the chassis for controlling the effects, an effects unit is also called an effect box, effects device, effects processor or simply effects. In audio engineer parlance, a signal without effects is dry, the abbreviation F/X or FX is sometimes used. A pedal-style unit may be called a box, stompbox. When a musician has multiple effects in a rack mounted road case, Effects units are available in a variety of formats or form factors. Stompboxes are usually the smallest, least expensive, and most rugged effects units, rackmount devices are generally more expensive and offer a wider range of functions. An effects unit can consist of analog or digital circuitry or a combination of the two, during a live performance, the effect is plugged into the electrical signal path of the instrument. In the studio, the instrument or other sound-sources auxiliary output is patched into the effect, form factors are part of a studio or musicians outboard gear. Stompboxes are small plastic or metal chassis which usually lie on the floor or in a pedalboard to be operated by the users feet, pedals are often rectangle-shaped, but there are a range of other shapes. Typical simple stompboxes have a single footswitch, one to three potentiometers for controlling the effect, and a single LED that indicates if the effect is on, depending on the type of pedal, the potentiometers may control different parameters of the effect. For a chorus effect, for example, the knobs may control the depth, some pedals have two knobs stacked on top of each other, enabling the unit to provide two knobs per single knob space. An effects chain or signal chain is formed by connecting two or more stompboxes, effect chains are typically created between the guitar and the amp or between the preamplifier and the power amp
9.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
10.
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation
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Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, commonly referred to simply as Fender, is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers. It is known for its electric guitars and bass guitars, such as the Stratocaster, Telecaster, Precision Bass. Its headquarters are in Scottsdale, Arizona, the company, previously named the Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, was founded in Fullerton, California, by Clarence Leonidas Leo Fender in 1946. The company is a privately held corporation with Andy Mooney serving as the Chief Executive Officer, the company filed for an initial public offering in March 2012, but this was withdrawn five months later. In addition to its Scottsdale headquarters, Fender has manufacturing facilities in Corona, California and Ensenada, Baja California. The company also makes and / or distributes acoustic guitars, electric basses, mandolins, banjos, and electric violins, as well as amplifiers, bass amplifiers. Other Fender brands include Squier, Jackson, Charvel, EVH guitars and amplifiers in collaboration with Eddie Van Halen, in 1950, Fender introduced the first mass-produced solid-body Spanish-style electric guitar, the Telecaster. Following its success, Fender created the first mass-produced electric bass, in 1954, Fender unveiled the Stratocaster guitar. With the Telecaster and Precision Bass on the market for some time, the Strats comfortable contoured edges and in-built vibrato system led to its soaring popularity. The solid wood bodies of Fenders instruments allowed for minimal feedback with high-gain amplification, the Fender guitars were popular with musicians in a variety of genres and are now revered for their build quality and tonal excellence. The company began as Fenders Radio Service in late 1938 in Fullerton and it got its name from the surname of its founder Leo Fender. All designs were based on research developed and released to the domain by Western Electric in the 1930s. The business also sidelined in carrying records for sale and the in rental of company-designed PA systems, Leo became intrigued by design flaws in contemporary musical instrument amplifiers and began building amplifiers based on his own designs or modifications to designs. Production began in 1945 with Hawaiian lap steel guitars and amplifiers sold as sets, by the end of the year Fender became convinced that manufacturing was more profitable than repair and he decided to concentrate on that business instead. Kauffman remained, however, unconvinced and he and Fender amicably parted ways by early 1946, at that point Leo renamed the company the Fender Electric Instrument Company. The service shop remained open until 1951, although Leo Fender did not personally supervise it after 1947, a custom lap steel guitar made in 1946 for his friend Noel Boggs was probably the very first product of the new company, already sporting the familiar Big F logo. In the late 1940s, Leo Fender began to experiment with more conventional guitar designs, as early as 1949, the familiar shape of the Telecaster can be made out in some of Fenders prototypes. Early Telecasters were plagued with issues, Leo Fender boasted the strength of the Telecasters one-piece pine neck while early adopters lamented its tendency to bow in humid weather
11.
Music Man (company)
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Music Man is an American guitar and bass guitar manufacturer. It is a division of the Ernie Ball corporation, the Music Man story began in 1971 when Forrest White and Tom Walker formed a company they would call Tri-Sonix, Inc. Tom Walker approached Leo Fender about financial help in forming Tri-Sonix, Tom Walker worked as a sales rep at Fender. Because of a 10-year non-compete clause in the 1965 contract that sold the Fender companies to CBS, the name of this partnership was changed to Musitek, Inc. by 1973 and in January 1974 the final name, Music Man, appeared. Leo Fender did not like the name Tri-Sonix, so the name evolved under Leo Fenders suggestion to call the new company Music Man, in 1974, the company started producing its first product, an amplifier designed by Leo Fender and Tom Walker called the Sixty Five. It was a hybrid of tube and solid state technology, the number of designs rapidly increased. 15 of the 28 pages from 1976 catalogue were dedicated to amplification, in 1975, Fenders legal restriction had expired and after a vote of the board he was named the president of Music Man. However, this wasnt Fenders sole enterprise and he also owned and ran a consulting firm called CLF Research in Fullerton, California. By 1976, it had built a facility for musical instruments and was contracted to make Music Man products. In June 1976, production started on guitars and in August basses followed, the 1976 catalogue shows the first offerings, A two pickup guitar called the StingRay 1 and the StingRay Bass. The StingRay Bass featured a single large hum-bucking pickup with a two-band fixed-frequency EQ, a row of string mutes sat on the bridge. Basses were produced in fretted and fretless versions and these instruments were designed by Leo Fender and Forrest White. Tom Walker played a part in the design of the bass preamp. They were the first production guitar and basses to use active electronics which could boost levels in selected frequency bands, the preamps were coated with epoxy to prevent reverse engineering. While highly innovative electronically, the guitar was not blessed cosmetically, part of the reason for the poor sales of the guitar was that the preamp actually made the sound too clean for most Rock and Roll guitarists. In December 1978, a two pickup bass was introduced called the Sabre, a redesigned guitar bearing the same name followed. CLF Research and Music Man were treated as separate companies, headed by Leo Fender and Tommy Walker, Fender made the guitars and basses, while Walkers company made the amplifiers and sold accessories. The instruments were made at CLF and shipped to Music Mans warehouse, problems with fibers in the finish caused Music Mans inspectors to reject a high percentage of the instruments, and return them to CLF for refinishing
12.
Alnico
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Alnico is an acronym referring to a family of iron alloys which in addition to iron are composed primarily of aluminium, nickel and cobalt, hence al-ni-co. They also include copper, and sometimes titanium, Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic, with a high coercivity and are used to make permanent magnets. Before the development of rare-earth magnets in the 1970s, they were the strongest type of permanent magnet, other trade names for alloys in this family are, Alni, Alcomax, Hycomax, Columax, and Ticonal. The composition of alnico alloys is typically 8–12% Al, 15–26% Ni, 5–24% Co, up to 6% Cu, up to 1% Ti, Alnico alloys can be magnetised to produce strong magnetic fields and have a high coercivity, thus making strong permanent magnets. Of the more commonly available magnets, only rare-earth magnets such as neodymium, Alnico magnets produce magnetic field strength at their poles as high as 1500 gausses, or about 3000 times the strength of Earths magnetic field. Some brands of alnico are isotropic and can be magnetized in any direction. Other types, such as alnico 5 and alnico 8, are anisotropic, with each having a direction of magnetization. Anisotropic alloys generally have greater capacity in a preferred orientation than isotropic types. Alnicos remanence may exceed 12,000 G, its coercivity can be up to 1000 oersteds and this means that alnico can produce a strong magnetic flux in closed magnetic circuits, but has relatively small resistance against demagnetization. The field strength at the poles of any permanent magnet depends very much on the shape and is well below the remanence strength of the material. Alnico alloys have some of the highest Curie temperatures of any material, around 800 °C. They are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot and this property, as well as its brittleness and high melting point, is the result of the strong tendency toward order due to intermetallic bonding between aluminium and other constituents. They are also one of the most stable if they are handled properly. Alnico magnets are electrically conductive, unlike ceramic magnets, as of 2008, Alnico magnets cost about 44 USD/kg or 4.30 USD/BHmax. Alnico magnets are traditionally classified using numbers assigned by the Magnetic Materials Producers Association, for example and these classifications indicate chemical composition and magnetic properties. Alnico magnets are produced by casting or sintering processes, anisotropic alnico magnets are oriented by heating above a critical temperature and cooling in the presence of a magnetic field. After the heat treatment alnico becomes a material, named precipitation material—it consists of iron-. Without an external field there are local anisotropies of different orientations due to spontaneous magnetization, the precipitate structure is a barrier against magnetization changes, as it prefers few magnetization states requiring much energy to get the material into any intermediate state
13.
Single coil guitar pickup
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A single coil pickup is a type of magnetic transducer, or pickup, for the electric guitar and the electric bass. It electromagnetically converts the vibration of the strings to an electric signal, single coil pickups are one of the two most popular designs, along with dual-coil or humbucking pickups. In the mid-1920s George Beauchamp, a Los Angeles, California guitarist, originally using a phonograph pickup assembly, Beauchamp began testing many different combinations of coils and magnets hoping to create the first electromagnetic guitar pickup. He wound his earliest coils using an out of a washing machine, later on switching to a sewing machine motor. Beauchamp was backed in his efforts by Adolph Rickenbacker, an engineer and wealthy owner of a successful tool, Beauchamp eventually produced the first successful single coil pickup. The pickup consisted of two massive U shaped magnets and one coil and was known as the horseshoe pickup, the two horseshoe-shaped magnets surrounded the strings that passed over a single core plate in the center of the coil. The Gibson Guitar Corporation introduced the bar pickup in 1935 for its new line of Hawaiian lap steel guitars, the pickups basic construction is that of a metal blade inserted through the coil as a shared pole piece for all the strings. A pair of large magnets were fastened below the coil assembly. In 1936 Gibson introduced the ES-150, its first electric Spanish styled guitar, the ES-150 was outfitted with the bar pickup. Jazz guitar innovator, Charlie Christian, began playing an ES-150 in the late 1930s with the Benny Goodman Orchestra and this caused the popularity of the electrified guitar to soar. Due to Christian’s close association with the ES-150 it began being referred to as the “Charlie Christian Model”, the P-90 is a single-coil pickup designed by the Gibson Guitar Corporation. These pickups have a large, flat coil with adjustable steel screws as pole pieces, the adjustable pole pieces pick up the magnetism from the magnets. Moving the screw closer or further away from the magnet determines signal strength, occasionally, they are mistaken for pole pieces, thus, the P-90 is sometimes erroneously said to have eight pole pieces. Dog ear is a type with extensions at both sides of pickup that somewhat resemble dogs ears. These are extensions of the predominantly rectangular cover that encompass the outlying mounting screws, dog-ear P-90 pickups were commonly mounted on Gibsons hollowbody guitars like the ES-330 and occasionally on solid body models like the Les Paul Junior. The same pickups were available on Epiphone models and the design is best remembered for its appearance on the hollow body Epiphone Casino of the mid to late 1960s. Despite its tonal qualities the P-90 fell out of favor with Gibson in the early 1950s as a consequence of guitar players complaining about the amount of hum it put out. Gibson employee Seth Lover solved the hum problem by designing a hum-canceling pickup known as a humbucker, it was supposed to sound like a P-90 and it nevertheless became Gibsons mainstay pickup from that point on
14.
Vibrato systems for guitar
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A variety of mechanical vibrato systems for guitar have been developed since the 1930s. They are used to add vibrato to the sound by changing the tension of the strings, the lever enables the player to quickly vary the tension and sometimes the length of the strings temporarily, changing the pitch to create a vibrato, portamento or pitch bend effect. Instruments without this device have other bridge and tailpiece systems, however, it has also made many sounds possible that could not be produced by the old technique, such as the 1980s-era shred guitar dive bombing effect. In the 1960s and 1970s, vibrato arms were used for more pronounced effects by Jimi Hendrix, Jeff Beck, David Gilmour, Ritchie Blackmore, Jimmy Page, and Frank Zappa. The pitch-bending effects, whether subtle inflections or exaggerated effects, have become an important part of many styles of electric guitar, terje Rypdal, David Torn and David Duhig have added to the language and extended techniques of vibrato bar usage. Guitars equipped with any system can be harder to re-string, tune. Historically, some guitarists have reversed the normal meanings of the terms vibrato and tremolo when referring to hardware devices. This reversal of terminology is generally attributed to Leo Fender and the naming of the Fender Vibroverb amplifier, see vibrato unit for details of the history of these terms in relation to electric guitar, and related issues. Ironically, Fender had previously introduced the Tremolux amplifier in 1953, while the tremolo arm can produce variations of pitch including what is normally termed vibrato, it can never produce the effect normally known as tremolo. Tremolo, on the hand, is exactly the effect produced by the electronic vibrato units built into many classic guitar amplifiers. The G&L Dual-fulcrum Vibrato, designed by Leo Fender, the Fender Floating Bridge, which has two main variants, The Fender Floating Tremolo or jag trem, introduced on the Fender Jazzmaster. The Fender Dynamic Vibrato or stang trem, introduced on the Fender Mustang, cam-driven designs based on pedal steel guitar concepts, including, The Kahler Tremolo System. Many other designs exist in smaller numbers, notably several original designs marketed by Gibson under the Vibrola name, a design patented in 2006 from Trem King uses a fixed bridge with a moving tone block. One of the first mechanical vibrato units was the Vibrola, invented by Doc Kauffman and his Vibrola was first offered to the general public by the Epiphone guitar company as an option on some archtop guitars from 1935 to 1937. Epiphone sold the Vibrola as an option as well. This Vibrola was also used on some Rickenbacker lap steel guitars at around the time and was introduced on their six string electric guitars beginning about 1937. The Vibrola distributed as an option with Rickenbacker Electro Spanish guitars was hand operated like the earliest Epiphone Vibrolas, a later unit was created and used on Rickenbackers Capri line of guitars in the 1950s, such as John Lennons 1958 Rickenbacker 325. It was a side-to-side action vibrato unit that was notorious for throwing the guitar out of tune, hence Lennons replacing his with a Bigsby B5 unit, then later with Accent Vibrola unit
15.
Truss rod
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The truss rod is part of a guitar or other fretted, stringed-instruments that stabilizes the lengthwise forward curvature, of the neck. Usually it is a bar or rod that runs inside the neck. Some are non-adjustable, but most modern truss rods have a nut at one or both ends that adjust its tension. The first truss rod patent was applied for by Thaddeus McHugh, a guitar neck made of wood is prone to bending due to mainly two factors,1. )The pull created by changing to a different gauge of guitar strings. A truss rod keeps the neck straight by countering the pull of the strings, when the truss rod is loosened, the neck bends slightly in response to the tension of the strings. Similarly, when tightened the truss rod straightens the neck by resisting string tension, guitar technicians usually adjust a guitar neck to have a slight relief to achieve reasonably low action in high fretboard positions, while letting strings ring clearly in low positions. A lower action in the fret positions also facilitates more accurate intonation with less compensation at the bridge. Relief achieved through the truss rod combines with the height of the bridge to affect the playability of the instrument, the two should be adjusted in tandem. Too much relief can make a neck feel floppy, slow, relief is typically measured as the distance between the string and the 7th fret while holding down the first and last fret. The amount of many guitar manufacturers prefer for an electric guitar is about.007 inches at the 7th fret. Truss rods are required for instruments with steel strings, without a truss rod, the guitars wooden neck would gradually warp beyond repair due to applied high tension. Such devices are not normally needed on instruments with lower strings, such as the classical guitar. Truss rods also allow builders to make instrument necks from less rigid materials, such as cheaper grade of wood, without a truss rod, many of these materials would be unable to properly handle string tension at normal neck dimensions. The neck can also be made thinner, which may improve playability, in fact, the 1923 patent touts the possibility of using cheaper materials as an advantage of the truss rod. Before truss rods, builders had to make the out of a very rigid wood. The truss rod is not specifically for adjusting intonation or action though adjusting it can make an instrument more easily playable, truss rods are frequently made out of steel, though graphite and other materials are sometimes used. The truss rod can be adjusted to compensate for expansion or contraction in the wood due to changes in humidity or temperature. Usually, the rod of a brand-new instrument is adjusted by the manufacturer before sale
16.
Fender Stratocaster
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The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed in 1954 by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton, and Freddie Tavares. The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present and it is a double-cutaway guitar, with an extended top horn shape for balance. Along with the Gibson Les Paul, it is one of the most often emulated electric guitar shapes, Stratocaster and Strat are trademark terms belonging to Fender. The Fender Stratocaster was the first guitar to feature three pickups and a spring tension tremolo system, as well as being the first Fender with a contoured body, the Stratocasters sleek, contoured body shape differed from the flat, slab-like design of the Telecaster. The Stratocasters double cutaways allowed players access to higher positions on the neck. Starting in 1954, the Stratocaster was offered with a solid, deeply contoured ash body, a 21-fret one-piece maple neck with black dot inlays, the color was originally a two color sunburst pattern, although custom color guitars were produced. In 1956, Fender began using alder for sunburst and most custom color Stratocaster bodies, in 1960, the available custom colors were standardized, many of which were automobile lacquer colors from DuPont available at an additional 5% cost. A unique single-ply, 8-screw hole white pickguard held all electronic components except the recessed jack plate—facilitating easy assembly, in this floating position, players could move the bridge-mounted tremolo arm up or down to modulate the pitch of the notes being played. Hank Marvin, Jeff Beck and Ike Turner used the Strats floating tremolo extensively in their playing, as string gauges have changed, players have experimented with the number of tremolo springs, and modern Stratocasters ship with three springs. Some Strats have a bridge in place of the tremolo assembly. There is considerable debate about the effects on tone and sustain of the used in the tremolo systems inertia bar. The Stratocaster features three single coil pickups, with the originally selected by a 3-way switch. In 1977 Fender introduced a 5-way selector making such pickup combinations more stable, dick Dale is a prominent Stratocaster player who also collaborated with Leo Fender in developing the Fender Showman amplifier. In the early 1960s, the instrument was also championed by Hank Marvin, guitarist for the Shadows, in 1965, George Harrison and John Lennon acquired Stratocasters and used them for Help. Rubber Soul and later recording sessions, the double unison guitar solo on Nowhere Man is played by Harrison and Lennon on their new Stratocasters, after the introduction of the Fender Stratocaster Ultra series in 1989, ebony was officially selected as a fretboard material on some models. In December 1965 the Stratocaster was given a broader headstock with altered decals to match the size of the Jazzmaster, during the CBS era, particularly the 1970s, the perceived quality of Fender instruments fell. During this time, vintage instruments from the era became popular. Dan Smith, with the help of John Page, proceeded to work on a reissue of the most popular guitars of Leo Fenders era
17.
Fender Telecaster
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The Fender Telecaster, colloquially known as the Tele /ˈtɛli/, is the worlds first commercially successful solid-body electric guitar. Its simple yet effective design and revolutionary sound broke ground and set trends in electric guitar manufacturing, the Fender Telecaster was developed by Leo Fender in Fullerton, California in 1950. In the period roughly between 1932 and 1949, several craftsmen and companies experimented with electric guitars, but none had made a significant impact on the market. Leo Fenders Telecaster was the design that made bolt-on neck, solid body guitars viable in the marketplace, players had been wiring up their instruments in search of greater volume and projection since the late 1920s, and electric semi-acoustics had long been widely available. That hand-built prototype, a white guitar, had most of the features of what would become the Telecaster. The initial single-pickup production model appeared in 1950, and was called the Esquire, fewer than fifty guitars were originally produced under that name, and most were replaced under warranty because of early manufacturing problems. In particular, the Esquire necks had no truss rod and many were replaced due to bent necks, later in 1950, this single-pickup model was discontinued, and a two-pickup model was renamed the Broadcaster. From this point onwards all Fender necks incorporated truss rods, the Esquire was reintroduced in 1951 as a single pickup Telecaster, at a lower price. The so-called Nocaster was a variant of Telecaster. Produced in early to mid-1951, it was the result of action from the Gretsch company over the guitars previous name. By the summer of 1951 the guitar was officially renamed as the Telecaster and has known as such ever since. The term Nocaster was originally coined by collectors to denote these transitional guitars that appeared without a name on the headstock. Since they were manufactured in this form for only a few very early in the Broadcaster/Telecasters history, original Nocasters are highly prized. There are no official numbers, but experts estimate that fewer than 500 Nocasters were produced. Fender has since registered Nocaster as a trademark to denote its modern replicas of this famous rarity, in 1951, Fender released the innovative and musically influential Precision Bass as a similar looking stable-mate to the Telecaster. This body style was released as the Fender Telecaster Bass in 1968 after the Precision Bass had been changed in 1957 to make it more closely resemble the Stratocaster guitar. Leo Fenders simple and modular design was geared to mass production, Guitars were not constructed individually, as in traditional luthiery. Rather, components were produced quickly and inexpensively in quantity and assembled into a guitar on an assembly line, the bodies were bandsawn and routed from slabs, rather than hand-carved individually, as with other guitars made at the time, such as Gibsons
18.
Seymour W. Duncan
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Seymour W. Born in New Jersey, Duncan grew up in the 1950s and 1960s, during a time when electric guitar music grew into greater acceptance. In a 1984 interview Duncan talks about when he started to play guitar, I used to watch the Ted Mack Show and the Ricky Nelson Show and watch James Burton play who was, and still is, one of my favourite guitar players. He was one of the big influences on Tele sounds - you know I basically play Telecasters, Duncan began playing clubs and during one show, his Fender Telecasters lead pickup broke, forcing him to play the rest of the night on the rhythm pickup. Necessity being the mother of invention, Duncan rewound that lead pickup on a record player spinning at 33 1⁄3 rpm, while he developed his playing skills, Duncans knowledge of how guitars work grew. Duncan took every chance he had to talk with players about guitars, tone, suddenly, and forever, Duncan was hooked on the dynamics and character differences of pickups. As Duncan tinkered with materials and techniques, his bag of tricks grew and grew. It was here that he did repairs and rewinds for such artists as Jimmy Page, George Harrison, Eric Clapton, David Gilmour, Pete Townshend, Jimi Hendrix, Peter Frampton and his guitar hero Jeff Beck. It was through his work with Beck in particular, that Duncan honed his pickup winding skills—some of Duncans first signature pickup tones appear on Becks early solo albums, Duncans sabbatical in England resulted in a flock of new fans and friends. Duncan came back to the United States and eventually settled in California and he established contact with people such as Leo Fender, Les Paul and Seth Lover and continued learning about and making pickups. Demand for his custom pickups grew and in late 1978 together with Cathy Carter Duncan, he started his own company, today the company has over 120 employees. Fender Custom Shop makes a Seymour Duncan Signature Esquire, Duncan is still involved in designing and fabricating pickups at the factory as well as playing guitar and making appearances at clinics and conventions. Seymour Duncan Company site D-TAR website
19.
Pickup (music technology)
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The signal from a pickup can also be recorded directly, using a DI box or broadcast on the radio or television. Most electric guitars and electric basses use magnetic pickups, acoustic guitars, upright basses and fiddles often use a piezoelectric pickup. A magnetic pickup consists of a permanent magnet with a core of such as alnico or ferrite. The pickup is most often mounted on the body of the instrument, Magnetic pickups used with string basses can be attached to the bridge. The permanent magnet creates a field, the motion of the vibrating steel strings disturbs the field, changing magnetic flux. The pickup is then connected with a cable to an amplifier which amplifies the signal to a sufficient magnitude of power to drive a loudspeaker. A pickup can also be connected to recording equipment via a patch cable, there may also be an internal preamplifier device mounted in an acoustic guitar or in an external box. When a preamp is used in way, it is between the pickup and cable and can significantly reduce the equivalent impedance of the pickup coil. The output voltage of magnetic pickups varies between 100 mV rms to over 1 V rms for some of the higher output types, some high-output pickups achieve this by employing very strong magnets, thus creating more flux and thereby more output. This can be detrimental to the sound because the magnets pull on the strings can cause problems with intonation as well as damp the strings. Other high-output pickups have more turns of wire to increase the voltage generated by the strings movement, however, this also increases the pickups output resistance/impedance, which can affect high frequencies if the pickup is not isolated by a buffer amplifier or a DI unit. The turns of wire in proximity to each other have an equivalent self-capacitance that and this resonance can accentuate certain frequencies, giving the pickup a characteristic tonal quality. The more turns of wire in the winding, the higher the output voltage, the inductive source impedance inherent in this type of transducer makes it less linear than other forms of pickups, such as piezo-electric or optical. The tonal quality produced by this nonlinearity is, however, subject to taste, the external load usually consists of resistance and capacitance between the hot lead and shield in the guitar cable. The electric cable also has a capacitance, which can be a significant portion of the overall system capacitance and this arrangement of passive components forms a resistively-damped second-order low-pass filter. Single coil pickups act like an antenna and are prone to pick up mains hum along with the musical signal. Mains hum consists of a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, the pickups also are sensitive to the electromagnetic field from nearby cathode ray tubes in video monitors or televisions
20.
Roll-off
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It is most typically applied to the insertion loss of the network, but can, in principle, be applied to any relevant function of frequency, and any technology, not just electronics. The concept of roll-off stems from the fact that in many networks roll-off tends towards a constant gradient at frequencies away from the cut-off point of the frequency curve. Roll-off enables the performance of such a filter network to be reduced to a single number. For brevity, this describes only low-pass filters. This is to be taken in the spirit of prototype filters, a simple first-order network such as a RC circuit will have a roll-off of 20 dB/decade. If a unity gain buffer amplifier is placed each section there is no interaction between the stages. The calculation of transfer function becomes more complicated when the sections are not all identical. Filters with a high roll-off were first developed to prevent crosstalk between adjacent channels on telephone FDM systems, an interesting need for high roll-off arises in EEG machines. Bode plot J. William Helton, Orlando Merino, Classical control using H methods, handy, Event-related potentials, a methods handbook, pages 89–92, 107–109, MIT Press 2004 ISBN 0-262-08333-7. Fay S. Tyner, John Russell Knott, W. Brem Mayer, Fundamentals of EEG Technology, Basic concepts and methods, pages 101–102, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1983 ISBN 0-89004-385-X
21.
Kahler Tremolo System
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The Kahler Tremolo System is an electric guitar bridge with a cam operated vibrato arm system. It was invented in 1979 by Gary Kahler and Dave Storey and they shifted their business model to making Golf clubs in the 1990s, but are back to bridge manufacturing as of April 2005. Cams and saddles are available in different types, including brass and stainless steel. Stainless steel models were introduced in 1985, aluminium cams were announced in 2004 and released in 2005. The 2310, their current OEM model, is the tremolo to offer the aluminum cam - though parts are interchangeable -. Steel rollers can also be used, Kahler also produces a bass tremolo system. The first two bridges Kahler sold after their return in 2005 were 2410 bass tremolos, Guitars that have carved tops, such as the Gibson Les Paul, cannot properly mount the 2300 series of Kahler tremolo, and instead have to use a stud-mounted 2200 series. For a period spanning from the mid-1980s to the time when Kahler ceased production in the early 1990s, the 2600 Steeler tremolo was licensed to Kahler by Floyd Rose during the late-1980s. The 2500 and 2520, were designed as an alternative to the stock Fender tremolo system, today, Kahler no longer produces fulcrum-based tremolos. Neal Moser offers Kahler bridges on many models, and the Jackson, rich also offer the Kahler X-TREM on their more affordable signature models for Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King respectively. Rich offer the Kahler Hybrid model on their mid-range guitars such as LTD JH-600, rich Wartribe, both with EMG pickups. Gibson has included the Kahler system on limited edition guitars such as the Gibson Shred-X Explorer, peaveys PXD Void III and Twenty-Three III guitars also feature the Kahler system. Because they are suitable for left handed as well as right handed guitars, Gaskell Guitars offers all Kahler models on their custom left handed guitar builds
22.
Seymour Duncan
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Seymour Duncan is an American company best known for manufacturing guitar and bass pickups. They also manufacture effects pedals which are designed and assembled in America, guitarist and luthier Seymour W. Duncan and Cathy Carter Duncan founded the company in 1976, in Santa Barbara, California. After having moved to California he met and married Cathy Carter, the company produces a large range of pickups for guitars in several formats including Humbucker, Stratocaster, Telecaster, and Acoustic, as well as, effects pedals and bass pickups. Some of their most popular guitar pickups include the 59 Model, the JB Model, as of 2013, the company has moved into the 7 and 8 string guitar pickup market. They also produce a line of active pickups, in addition to their standard American-made product line, Seymour Duncan also produces a line of Korean-made Duncan Designed pickups intended for OEM use on mid-level guitars and basses. Seymour Duncan produced a line of guitar amplifiers during the 1980s and 1990s. Although the effort was short-lived due to the lack of reputation as an amp builder, Seymour Duncan amplifiers are well respected. Over the years the Seymour Duncan company has invented new products. Several of these relate to designs which cancel hum in single-coil pickups and these designs include Seymour Duncans P-Rails series of P-90 pick-ups which provide both single-coil and humbucker tone in a single hum cancelling pickup. Seymour Duncan also has artist signature products for Slash, Dimebag Darrell, Gus G, Joe Bonamassa, Synyster Gates, Jerry Donahue, Yngwie Malmsteen, Mick Thomson, Warren DeMartini, Seymour Duncan also maintains a Custom Shop that has been active since 1976. The Custom Shop is currently managed by Maricela Juarez MJ who has been winding pickups for over 30 years for countless famous musicians and it also features Derek Duncan who has spent years learning from his father Seymour W. Duncan. During the 80s and 90s certain employees did special winding, the Pickup code reflects this with an additional letter following the pickup code. Seymour Duncan Audio Interview on Guitar Jam Daily Seymour Duncan official website Seymour Duncan Pickup Reviews Seymour Duncan Interview - NAMM Oral History Library, July 19, 2002)
23.
Schaller Electronic GmbH
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The company was founded by Helmut Schaller as a radio repair shop in 1945. Later they started to provide quality hardware for musicians, including Les Paul who Schaller met and they are producing only in Germany at their location in Postbauer-Heng. They are known also for their Security Locks, which prevent the guitar from falling off its strap, in the past Schaller was also a guitar amplifier manufacturer. M6 M6 Mini ST6 Golden 50 2in1 Hot Stuff S6 T6455456 GTM Hannes 3D6 System One Floyd Rose Vintage Official Schaller Site Schaller 456 - Review
24.
Jerry Cantrell
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Jerry Fulton Cantrell Jr. is an American musician who is best known as the founder, lead guitarist, co-lead vocalist and main songwriter for the rock band Alice in Chains. He also has a career and released the albums Boggy Depot in 1998. Cantrell noted in an interview that he was raised on music as a youth. He also considers himself half Yankee and half redneck, however, hard rock music caught Cantrells interest predominantly, and he bought his first guitar in his mid teens. It would not be until the age of 17 that he began playing the instrument. Cantrell would later cite guitarists such as Ace Frehley, Tony Iommi, Angus Young, Jimmy Page, Glenn Tipton, downing, David Gilmour and Eddie Van Halen as major influences. Cantrell attended junior high and high school in Spanaway, Washington and, in his senior year Cantrell became choir president, and the quartet sang the national anthem at basketball games and won competitions with the highest marks achievable. Cantrell has cited his interest in dark tones as dating back to this period. His choir teacher and drama teacher were, early on, his two greatest motivators toward a career in music, when Alice in Chains first album went gold, Cantrell sent both teachers a gold record. Cantrells parents divorced when he was seven, and his mother died in 1987 when he was 21 years old, in the mid-1980s, Cantrell began a band called Diamond Lie which included drummer Bobby Nesbitt and bassist Mike Starr. Layne Staley, a vocalist and Cantrells roommate, also agreed to join on the condition that Cantrell join his funk project, Diamond Lie gained attention in the Seattle area and eventually took the name of Alice N Chainz, then renamed Alice in Chains. Cantrells guitar contribution gave a heavy metal edge to the bands basic grunge style, the band reformed in 2005 with its surviving members. Although Cantrell acknowledges the benefits of working as a solo artist, he expressed his happiness with being back in the band culture. On September 29,2009, Alice in Chains, with William DuVall as co-vocalist, released their first record since the death of Layne Staley, Black Gives Way to Blue, and toured in support of the album. The band released their studio album, The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here. Cantrells career outside Alice in Chains has consisted of two albums, as well as many appearances with other musicians and on film soundtracks. His first solo material came in a song entitled Leave Me Alone and this was released exclusively on The Cable Guy soundtrack in 1996, featuring Alice in Chains drummer Sean Kinney. It had a video and reached Number 14 on Billboards Mainstream Rock Tracks
25.
Alice in Chains
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Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley. The initial lineup was rounded out by drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr, although widely associated with grunge music, the bands sound incorporates heavy metal elements. Since its formation, Alice in Chains has released five studio albums, the band is known for its distinctive vocal style, which often included the harmonized vocals of Staley and Cantrell. Alice in Chains rose to fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s, along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam. The band was one of the most successful acts of the 1990s, selling over 20 million records worldwide. In 1992 the bands album, Dirt, was released to critical acclaim and was certified quadruple platinum. Their third album, Alice in Chains, was released in 1995 and has been certified double platinum and it achieved No.1 position on the Billboard 200 chart. The band has had 14 top ten songs on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, although never officially disbanding, Alice in Chains was plagued by extended inactivity from 1996 onwards due to Staleys substance abuse, which resulted in his death in 2002. The band reunited in 2005 for a benefit show, performing with a number of guest vocalists. They toured in 2006, with William DuVall taking over as lead vocalist full-time, the new line-up released the bands fourth studio album, Black Gives Way to Blue, in 2009. The album received gold certification by the RIAA, in 2013, the band released The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here, its fifth studio album. The band has toured extensively and released videos in support of these albums. Alice in Chains is currently working on their studio album. Other members of this group at that time were guitarists Johnny Bacolas and Zoli Semanate, drummer James Bergstrom and this was prompted by a conversation that Bacolas had with a singer from another band about backstage passes. Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working with Alice N Chains at Music Bank rehearsal studios, the two struggling musicians became roommates, living in a rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded, and Staley joined a band that also required a guitarist at the time. Staley asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of the band at a concert, however, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state
26.
B-Bender
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B-Bender is a guitar accessory that enables a player to mechanically bend the B-string up a whole tone to C-sharp. There are several different designs, but all use levers or pulleys inside or outside the body that are activated by a pull or push of the guitar neck, body. The resulting tone sounds much like a steel guitar and contributes a country feeling. Originally designed for the Fender Telecaster, B-Benders are now available to fit many solid body electric guitars, the B-Bender was invented in 1968 by musicians Gene Parsons and Clarence White of Nashville West and The Byrds. The device was called the Parsons/White Pull-String, later renamed the StringBender. Early prototypes developed by Parsons included multiple bending devices for the E, B, G and D strings, the B string is bent up a full tone by pulling the guitar neck down. This puts pressure on the strap, which is attached to a lever at the base of the neck. The lever arm passes through the body of the guitar and is connected to the B string behind the bridge, Whites 1956 Telecaster with the original Pull-String is now owned and regularly played by Marty Stuart. Another early maker and user of the Pull-String was Bob Warford, Warford made his own Pull-String in early 1968 based on the Parsons/White design, with their consent, and installed it in his Telecaster. Later that year, Parsons and White licensed the StringBender to Leo Fender at Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, Fender revised the design to simplify mass production and developed a prototype. However, this never went into production. Parsons and White subsequently licensed their design to Dave Evans, who had heard about the device and had been experimenting with his own models, Evans built and sold a version of the Pull-String from 1969 to 1973. His customers included Albert Lee, John Beland and Eagles guitarist Bernie Leadon, in 1973 Parsons started making and installing the Pull-String himself, and renamed it the StringBender. He eventually made as many as 2,000 custom installations for guitarists including Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin and he also supplied several hundred StringBender kits to Japanese guitar manufacturer Tokai Gakki. Green also approached Fender again, and the Fender Custom Shop began producing a Clarence White signature model custom Telecaster equipped with the Parsons/White StringBender, around 200 were produced, and based on this success, Fender decided to mass-produce a similar model and call it the B-Bender. Parsons and Green revised the design again, and in 1996 Fender began production of the Nashville B-Bender Telecaster incorporating the Parsons/Green StringBender. Being a Gibson player and with String Benders only available for Telecasters and he leased his patent to Gibson, who turned it over to Epiphone for production. Due to manufacturing flaws, Epiphone discontinued production when their patent lease expired after ten years
27.
Inlay (guitar)
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Inlay on guitars or similar fretted instruments are decorative materials set into the wooden surface of the instrument using standard inlay techniques. Although inlay can be done on any part of a guitar, it is most commonly found on the fretboard, headstock —typically the manufacturers logo—, only the positional markers on the fretboard or side of neck and the rosette around the sound hole serve any function other than decoration. Nacre, plastic and wood are the materials most often used as inlay, some very limited edition high-end or custom-made guitars have artistic inlay designs that span the entire front of the guitar. These designs use a variety of different materials and are created using techniques borrowed from furniture making, while these designs are often just very elaborate decorations, they are sometimes works of art that even depict a particular theme or a scene. Although these guitars are constructed from the most exclusive materials, they are generally considered to be collectors items. Large guitar manufacturers often issue these guitars to celebrate a significant historical milestone, some popular fretboard inlays include rhombuses, parallelograms, isosceles trapezoids, shark fins and rectangles. Circular markers are the easiest and least expensive to produce, because drilling circular indentations and cutting circular inlays require the least time, many manufacturers use a distinct shape for their fret markers to create a brand identity set themselves apart from competitors. Gibson uses isosceles trapezoids while Fender uses dots, but others include lightning bolts, smaller dots are also usually inlaid into the upper edge of the fretboard or the neck so as to be more visible to the player who views the instrument from the side. LEDs or optical fiber can be employed to illuminate the markers and this is mostly employed by players who perform in front of live audiences where the lighting is either insufficient or constantly changing. Advantages of such scheme include its symmetry about the 12th fret, however, playing these frets, for example, on the E string would yield the notes E, G, A, B, C# that barely make a complete musical mode by themselves. Resonator Guitars usually have inlays like the first scheme shown above but with an inlay on the 12th. A less popular scheme involves inlays on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 22nd and 24th frets. Playing these frets on the E string yields the notes E, G, A, B, D that fit perfectly into the E minor pentatonic scale, such a scheme is very close to the coloring of a pianos keys and is of some use on classical guitars. Some guitars like the Gibson Les Paul Custom will also have an inlay on the 1st fret. Beyond the fretboard inlay, the headstock and sound hole are also commonly inlaid, the manufacturers logo is commonly inlaid into the headstock and pickguard, if present. Sometimes a small design such as a bird or other character or an abstract shape also accompanies the logo, the sound hole designs found on acoustic guitars vary from simple concentric circles to delicate fretwork. Many high-end guitars have more elaborate decorative inlay schemes, often the edges of the guitar around the neck and body and down the middle of the back are inlaid. Because some electric guitars do not have a separate fretboard under which they can fit a truss rod, they fit it in the back of the neck and cover it with a strip of dark wood
28.
EMG, Inc.
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EMG, Inc. is the current legal name of a company based in Santa Rosa, California that manufactures guitar pickups and EQ accessories. There is also a series geared towards a traditional and passive sound known as the X series. The company was founded in 1976 by Rob Turner in Long Beach and it was originally called Dirtywork Studios, and their first pickup was the same as their current 2011 model of EMG H and EMG HA models. The active humbucking pickup EMG58 followed soon after, the name was changed to Overlend in 1978. However, its products have always been called EMG pickups, in 1981, EMG active pickups became standard equipment on Steinberger basses and guitars. According to Hap Kuffner, EMG pickups originally had success in Europe. The name was changed to EMG, Inc. in 1983, as Steinberger guitars became more popular among American metal and rock musicians, so did EMG pickups, and vice versa. Early EMG pickup designs were made with a bar magnet inside for two reasons, the first reason is that the pole pieces had too much magnetism on the strings and could cause some lower notes to go out of pitch in a Doppler effect. The second reason is that the pieces can make tuning. Using the bar magnet however gave the strings a more balanced output, the design of the bar magnet gives it a smoother distortion, better sustain through the amplifier, and have less fade onto the strings than the design of pole pieces. EMG pickups are standard equipment on some models from manufacturers such as BC Rich, ESP, Schecter, Cort, Gibson, Dean, Ibanez. These can be found in instruments made by such as Schecter. EMG Inc. has Four distinct product ranges, the EMG Standard Series, HZ / SRO Series, SA Series and these pickups are all featured on the official EMG Inc. website and include solderless wiring harnesses. Standard Series The Standard Series consists of all their standard active guitar, bass, and acoustic pickups, including humbucking, single coil, and bass models for 4,5, and 6 string basses. EMG active pickups tend to have higher output than passive pickups of similar design because of the on-board preamplifier. HZ / SRO Series The HZ / SRO Series is a variety of designs of humbucking and single coil pickups, as well as bass models for 4,5. HZ pickups are used in guitar and bass manufacturers as stock pickups. SA Series The SA Series is a single coil pick up with moderate gain output levels famous among Fender Strat players for extra volume
29.
Fender Jazz Bass
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The Jazz Bass is the second model of electric bass created by Leo Fender. It is distinct from the Precision Bass in that its tone is brighter and richer in the midrange and it has a more focused tone than the Precision Bass, with less low end and low midrange. Because of these characteristics, the Jazz Bass is often preferred by bass players who seek a more noticeable sound. The sound of the Jazz Bass has been fundamental in the development of sounds in certain musical genres, such as funk, disco, reggae, blues, progressive rock, heavy metal. First introduced in 1960 as the Deluxe Model, it was marketed as a stablemate to the Jazzmaster guitar which was marketed as a Deluxe Model in its own right. It was renamed the Jazz Bass as Fender felt that its redesigned neck—narrower, the Jazz Bass has two single coil pickups with two pole pieces per string. This gave the bass a stronger treble sound to compete with the Rickenbacker bass, as well as having a slightly different, less symmetrical and more contoured body shape, the Jazz Bass neck is noticeably narrower at the nut than that of the Fender Precision Bass. The original intention of the instrument was to appeal to upright bass players, the original Jazz Bass had two stacked knob pots with volume and tone control for each pickup. Original instruments with this configuration are highly valued in the vintage guitar market. In late 1961 it received three control knobs, two controlling the volume of each pickup and one the overall tone, despite this new feature, many stacked knob models were made until about 1962. Another feature the initial models had were the Spring Felt Mutes, the purpose of those mutes was to dampen the overtones and the sustain, and were screwed in place between the bridge and aft pickup. Those felt mutes were not a success, and were replaced by a cheaper. Over the following years as the use of mutes gradually declined both the Precision and Jazz Bass models eventually began to be produced without bridge/tailpiece covers, a number of cosmetic changes were made to the instrument when CBS purchased the Fender companies in 1965. During 1965/66 the Jazz Bass received bound rosewood fingerboards with pearloid dot position inlays, block-shaped fingerboard inlays and an optional maple fingerboard were introduced after 1966/67. At first necks with rosewood fretboards received pearloid blocks/binding and maple fretboard necks received black, Fender switched to pearloid blocks/binding on all necks in mid-to-late 1973. White pickup covers and a pickguard/control plate were introduced the same year, unlike the Fender Precision Bass Plus, which had an optional maple neck, the Boner Jazz Bass was offered only with a rosewood fingerboard. The Jazz Plus debuted in 1989, discontinued in 1994 and replaced by the USA Deluxe Series Jazz Bass the following year, a fourth push button control is available on American-made Jazz Basses produced between mid-2003 until 2008. Known as the S-1 Switch, this allows the pickups to operate in standard, parallel wiring
30.
Korea
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Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and it is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Korea emerged as a political entity after centuries of conflict among the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Later Silla divided into three states during the Later Three Kingdoms period. Goryeo, which had succeeded Goguryeo, defeated the two states and united the Korean Peninsula. Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo, Goryeo, whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea, was a highly cultured state that created the worlds first metal movable type in 1234. However, multiple invasions by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, following the Yuan Dynastys collapse, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon in 1388. The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by peace and saw the creation of the Korean alphabet by Sejong the Great in the 14th century. During the later part of the dynasty, however, Koreas isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the Hermit Kingdom, by the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. Despite attempts at modernization by the Korean Empire, in 1910 Korea was annexed by Japan and these circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their incapability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. To date, both continue to compete with each other as the sole legitimate government of all of Korea. Korea is the spelling of Corea, a name attested in English as early as 1614. It is a derived from Cauli, Marco Polos transcription of the Chinese 高麗. This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo or Koryŏ, Goryeos name was a continuation of the earlier Goguryeo or Koguryŏ, the northernmost of the Samguk, which was officially known by the shortened form Goryeo after the 5th-century reign of King Jangsu. The original name was a combination of the go with the name of a local Yemaek tribe. The name Korea is now used in English contexts by both North and South Korea. In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk, the name references the Samhan—Ma, Jin, and Byeon—who preceded the Three Kingdoms in the southern and central end of the peninsula during the 1st centuries BC and AD. It has been linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria
31.
Cort Guitars
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Cort Guitars is a guitar manufacturer centered in South Korea. The company is one of the largest guitar makers in the world and they have factories in Indonesia, Korea and China. The Cort company, as its current incarnation, was founded in 1960 as an importer of pianos by current CEO Young Parks father, at this time, the company was called Soo Doh Piano. The business slowly evolved from an importer to a manufacturer. At this early stage of the history, Soo Doh was strictly an OEM supplier to other foreign brand name companies. Cort began production of guitars in 1984 with designs exclusively licensed from Ned Steinberger for Corts own brand as well as for brands like Hohner and Kramer. Cort does not have a model of guitar that could be called their “signature, ” like Fender and the Stratocaster or Gibson, instead, Cort produces a very large line of guitars to fit different guitarists and genres of music. Cort produces a variety of electric guitars, acoustic guitars, acoustic bass guitars. Several of the earliest Corts were direct copies of popular models such as the Stratocaster, up until 2006, Cort manufactured a line of high quality guitars under the name Cort Parkwood. In 2006, Cort turned Parkwood into a brand of its own and this is a brand sold exclusively through big box stores such as Guitar Center. Cort continues to manufacture the Parkwood Brand in South Korea although it is printed Handcrafted in China inside the guitar body, the Hybrid series coming from Indonesia. The Cort M-Series is as close to a shape as Cort gets across its range. Cort has released a production run of MMP series electric guitars from its own custom shop. Somewhere between 25 and 50 of each MMP model were released, so far Cort has released an MMP1, with tree of life inlay up the neck and finished in antique sunburst, an MMP2 and MMP3 available in transparent cannon blue and brown burst finishes. These guitars are generally regarded and appear to be heavily influenced by higher-end PRS models. Cort’s main production focus is not on Cort-brand guitars, but rather on contract work for other companies. Generally, large companies contract Cort to build lower-priced guitars that have that company’s brand on them, ibanez, Parkwood, Squier, G&L Tribute series line of guitars are among the most well-known brands that Cort produces. In recent years, small companies known for high quality guitars have begun contracting Cort to produce budget line models
32.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
33.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
34.
Tom Hamilton (musician)
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Thomas William Tom Hamilton is an American musician, best known as the bassist for the hard rock band Aerosmith. He has regularly co-written songs for Aerosmith, including two of the bands biggest hits, Sweet Emotion and Janies Got a Gun, Hamilton occasionally plays guitar and sings backing vocals. Hamilton first started playing guitar when his older brother Scott taught him his first chords at age 12, Tom switched to bass when he was 14 to join a local band because they had an open space at that position. Hamilton was in a few bands with soon-to-be Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry, One of the bands was simply called The Jam Band. It was at a Jam Band gig in summer 1970 at a place called The Barn in Sunapee, New Hampshire, that the Jam Band met Steven Tyler, Scott left the group shortly thereafter, being replaced by Tyler on drums. The three became a trio with Hamilton on bass, Perry on guitar, and Tyler on drums. Then Ray Tabano joined and eventually Joey Kramer joined in replacing Tyler on drums so he could focus on vocals, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford and Aerosmith was born. Thomas William Hamilton was born to George and Betty Hamilton in Colorado Springs, George and Betty now live in Vero Beach, Florida. He has a brother named Scott, an older sister named Perry. His father was in the Air Force and his mother was a housewife and he first learned to play guitar from his brother, who got his first guitar when Tom was four years old. Hamilton is the tallest member of the band at 61 and he is also the funny one of Aerosmith, always looking for chances to make jokes in interviews and also being one of the bigger talkers at interviews. According to the official website, Hamiltons favorite song by the band is The Farm. He married Terry Cohen in 1975 and they have two children, Julian and Sage, in August 2006, he announced that he was diagnosed with throat and tongue cancer and completed a seven-week course of radiation and chemotherapy. He was forced to miss Aerosmiths Route of All Evil Tour, David Hull filled in for Hamilton. Hamilton had never missed an Aerosmith show. On December 20,2006, Hamilton reported on Aero Force One that he is cancer-free after a recent PET scan. Hamiltons cancer returned in 2011, and he has since been treated and is recovering well In April 2013 and he returned to the USA after contracting an infection in the chest region. David Hull, who has replaced Hamilton in other tours of Aerosmith, early in 2016, Hamilton was also announced as the new bassist for Thin Lizzy and will play with them on upcoming reunion shows
35.
Aerosmith
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Aerosmith is an American rock band, sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and Americas Greatest Rock and Roll Band. Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues. They were formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970, in 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston. They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972, and released a string of gold and platinum albums, beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album, followed by Get Your Wings in 1974. In 1975, the broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic. Two additional albums followed in 1977 and 1979 and their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status. Throughout the 1970s, the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Hot 100 singles, by the end of the decade, they were among the most popular hard rock bands in the world and developed a loyal following of fans, often referred to as the Blue Army. The band did not fare well between 1980 and 1984, releasing the album Rock in a Hard Place, which was certified gold, Perry and Whitford returned to Aerosmith in 1984 and the band signed a new deal with Geffen Records. After a comeback tour, the band recorded Done with Mirrors, the band also became a pop culture phenomenon with popular music videos and notable appearances in television, film, and video games. Their comeback has been described as one of the most remarkable, additional albums followed in 2001,2004, and 2012. Since 2001, the band has toured every year, except 2008, Aerosmith is the best-selling American hard rock band of all time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide, including over 70 million records in the United States alone. The band has scored 21 Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, nine number-one Mainstream Rock hits, four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, and ten MTV Video Music Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, in 2013, the bands principal songwriters, Tyler and Perry, were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1964, Steven Tyler formed his own called the Strangeurs—later Chain Reaction—in New Hampshire. Meanwhile, Perry and Hamilton formed the Jam Band, which was based on free-form, Hamilton and Perry moved to Boston, Massachusetts in September 1969. There they met Joey Kramer, a drummer from Yonkers, New York, Kramer knew Tyler and had always hoped to play in a band with him. Kramer, a Berklee College of Music student, decided to school to join Jam Band. In 1970, Chain Reaction and Jam Band played at the same gig, Tyler immediately loved Jam Bands sound, and wanted to combine the two bands
36.
Ben Gibbard
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Benjamin Ben Gibbard is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. Gibbard released his solo album, Former Lives, in 2012. While performing guitar in the band Pinwheel, Gibbard recorded a cassette under the moniker Death Cab for Cutie. After receiving a response to the material, Gibbard expanded the project into a full band, with the addition of Chris Walla, Nick Harmer. The following year, the band released its album, Something About Airplanes, on Barsuk Records. Gibbard was born in Bremerton, Washington, where he spent his formative years and he graduated from Olympic High School in 1994. He also cites Jack Kerouac as a major influence and he studied engineering at Western Washington University. He was raised Roman Catholic and referred to himself as this indoctrinated Catholic even though I havent been to church of my own volition in 10 or 15 years now. In a 2003 interview Gibbard stated that while he had previously been a vegan and he had a small role in the John Krasinski film Brief Interviews with Hideous Men based on the David Foster Wallace short story collection of the same title. He completed a tour through the US in the spring of 2007 that featured David Bazan of Pedro the Lion. Gibbard became engaged to actress and musician Zooey Deschanel in 2008, the couple married in September 2009 near Seattle, Washington. They announced their separation on November 1,2011, Deschanel filed for divorce on December 27,2011, citing irreconcilable differences. The divorce became final on December 12,2012, Gibbard married photographer and tour manager Rachel Demy on October 21,2016 in Seattle, Washington. He reportedly gave up alcohol in 2008 and began running marathons and he ran his first trail ultra-marathon in 2013 and since then has completed several each year. Gibbard is an agnostic, lapsed Catholic, I don’t want to believe in something solely so I can jump to the front of the line for whatever this awesome place is we go after we die. I understand that’s where faith comes into play, Gibbard is an activist for gay rights and wrote an article in The Daily Beast voicing why this issue is important to him. He stated that when his sister got married, that it was the most beautiful thing he had ever seen. In the article, he voiced his support for Referendum 74
37.
Gustavo Cerati
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Gustavo Adrián Cerati Clark was an Argentine singer-songwriter, composer and producer, considered one of the most important and influential figures of Ibero-American rock. Cerati along with his band Soda Stereo, were one of the most popular and influential Spanish-language rock and pop groups of the 1980s and ’90s. Cerati was the recipient of awards throughout his career including various Grammys, MTV awards, as well as the MTV Legend Award with Soda Stereo. Cerati died on 4 September 2014 at the age of 55, after suffering a stroke four years earlier in Caracas, Cerati was born on 11 August 1959 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He grew up in a middle class household, his family was of Lombard descent. His father was an accountant and regularly traveled abroad, from his early memories he had an idyllic love of the sun and nature. Cerati’s first passion was art and in school he drew comics. Durante semanas los escuché sin parar, Ahí se me despertó el deseo de tocar, de armar un grupo. By the age of 13 he formed a trio and started playing at parties and in the local Catholic school. At that moment I started to separate myself from my classmates, in 1973 it was not easy to have imports. In Argentina the records came out a time after. they came out. My father brought me my first imported guitar, a Gibson, I went to meet him at the airport and it was unforgettable. After serving compulsory military service in 1979 Cerati entered the university to pursue a degree in marketing, something that he was not passionate about. His family supported him with his music, Mi familia me vio tan enloquecido con la música, at the Universidad del Salvador, a Jesuit university in Buenos Aires, he met Héctor Zeta Bosio, also a marketing student. The two hit it off and decided to form a band and they were fans of The Police, The Beatles, XTC, Elvis Costello, Television, and The Talking Heads. Soda Stereo signed to Sony Music in 1984 and released their debut LP Soda Stereo that same year, nada Personal followed in 1985 giving Soda Stereo their first hit with Cuando pase el temblor. Soda released Signos in 1986, Doble Vida in 1988, during the 1990s Soda Stereo released Dynamo in 1992, Sueño Stereo in 1995, and their final album Comfort y Música Para Volar in 1997. In 1992 Cerati recorded Colores Santos with electronic musician Daniel Melero, in 1995 Gustavo Cerati teamed up with three Chilean musicians, Andrés Bucci, Guillermo Ugarte, and Christian Powditch, to form Plan V
38.
Jake Cinninger
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Jake Cinninger, born Jacob Alan Cinninger, December 16,1975 in Niles, Michigan, is an American musician. He has risen to fame as one of two guitarists in the Chicago-based jam band Umphreys McGee. He is influenced by a range of styles and guitar players such as Joe Pass, Tommy Emmanuel, Chris Poland, Randy Rhoads, George Benson, David Gilmour, Frank Zappa. Cinninger was raised in Niles, Michigan where he says his parents record collection influenced his eclectic tastes in music. Cinninger began playing in bands by the age of 12. After spending some time in the Berklee School of Music, he took guitar lessons from Gerry Zubko in Roseland, South Bend. In 1997, he started his own band, Ali Babas Tahini and regularly played alongside of another local band. Cinninger chose to learn his chops by playing with others rather than attend a college musical curriculum, eventually, Ali Babas Tahini disbanded in 2000 and Cinninger accepted an offer to join as a full-time member of Umphreys McGee in 2000. Since joining the band, he has, along with founder Brendan Bayliss, in 2001, Cinninger released a self-titled solo album released on the Monkey Fuzz Records label. Several of its tracks developed into Umphreys McGee songs, such as Blue Echo, Utopian Sky which became Utopian Fir, in 2004, five years after their initial split, Cinninger reformed Ali Babas Tahini to record an album in the North Carolina mountains. Jake uses a G&L Comanche, G&L S500, G&L ASAT, a G&L S500 deluxe, G&L Legacy, a Fender Stratocaster, a Babicz Identity Series Jumbo Cutaway Acoustic, Jake also incorporates an unusual type of tremolo arm on his G&L guitar. The arm itself is a piece of metal which is conformed to a specific shape. It is used as a palm rest to actuate the vibrato and this device is called the Jake Blade and was custom made. The Jake Blade is now available on the Umphreys Mcgee website in the merchandise section, Jake Cinninger Sky Paper Guitar. com interview and review of Cinningers playing
39.
Laura Jane Grace
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Laura Jane Grace is an American musician best known as the founder, lead singer, songwriter and guitarist of the punk rock band Against Me. Starting as an act in 1997, Against Me. expanded into a quartet and released seven studio albums, experiencing breakthrough success with 2007s New Wave. Grace also released a solo EP, Heart Burns, in 2008, in 2011, she founded the Total Treble recording studio and an accompanying record label, Total Treble Music. Grace was married to visual artist Heather Hannoura from 2007 to 2014, having dealt with gender dysphoria since childhood, Grace publicly came out as a transgender woman in 2012, ceasing to use her birth name and taking the name Laura Jane Grace. Grace, assigned male at birth in Fort Benning, Georgia, was the child of United States Army Major Thomas Gabel and Bonnie Gabel. The family moved frequently between bases, living briefly in Fort Hood, Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Germany. When she was 8 years old, living in Italy, Grace bought her first guitar with money saved from mowing lawns, Grace experienced feelings of gender dysphoria from a young age, citing them as her earliest memories. Graces parents had a divorce when she was 12 years old. I think became the catchall for the anger of the split, said Graces mother, Grace felt severely depressed during this time, recalling it as a period of extreme dysphoria – of just not wanting to be male. She would go on to struggle with addiction for years, other coping mechanisms included skipping school to cross-dress at home. While in junior high school Grace became a fan of punk rock, at age 12, she played bass in her first band, the Black Shadows/ the Leather Dice. Their first gigs were at church talent shows playing Nirvana and Pearl Jam covers, so I turned around and got off, and he came up to me again and was like, Get off the boardwalk. And I was like Im off the boardwalk, Graces mother hired an attorney she could ill afford who took the case to court and lost. Grace was charged as an adult and ultimately convicted of both felonies, Grace later said the experience changed my life. I have an inherent trust of mankind, I think authority and government base their power on violence. I refuse to recognize anyones power over me and they really backed up what they were doing. I saw that writing a song against something was just as valid as standing on a corner holding a sign. She befriended James Bowman when they met on their first day of high school and we were both punk rock kids with spiky hair and more belts than necessary, recalls Bowman
40.
Carl Perkins
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Carl Lee Perkins was an American singer-songwriter who recorded most notably at the Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, beginning in 1954. His best-known song is Blue Suede Shoes, according to Charlie Daniels, Carl Perkins songs personified the rockabilly era, and Carl Perkins sound personifies the rockabilly sound more so than anybody involved in it, because he never changed. Perkins songs were recorded by artists as influential as Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Johnny Cash, Paul McCartney claimed that if there were no Carl Perkins, there would be no Beatles. Called the King of Rockabilly, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and he also received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award. Perkins was born near Tiptonville, Tennessee, the son of sharecroppers, Buck. He grew up hearing Southern gospel music sung by friends in church. During spring and autumn, school days would be followed by a few hours of work in the fields, in the summer, workdays were 12 to 14 hours, from can to cant. Perkins and his brother Jay together would earn 50 cents a day, All his family members worked, so there was enough money for beans and potatoes, tobacco for Perkinss father, and occasionally the luxury of a five-cent bag of hard candy. On Saturday nights Perkins would listen to the Grand Ole Opry on his fathers radio, Roy Acuffs broadcasts inspired him to ask his parents for a guitar. Since they could not afford one, his father made one from a cigar box, finally, a neighbor in hard times offered to sell his dented and scratched Gene Autry model guitar with its worn-out strings. Buck Perkins bought it for his son for a couple of dollars, Perkins taught himself parts of Acuffs Great Speckled Bird and The Wabash Cannonball, having heard them played on the Opry. He also cited Bill Monroes fast playing and vocals as an early influence, Perkins learned more about the guitar from John Westbrook, an African American field worker in his sixties. Uncle John, as Perkins called him, played blues and gospel music on an old acoustic guitar, Westbrook advised Perkins to Get down close to it. You can feel it travel down the strangs, come through your head, Perkins could not afford new strings, and when they broke he had to retie them. The knots cut his fingers when he would slide to another note, so he began bending the notes, Perkins was recruited to be a member of the Lake County Fourth Grade Marching Band. Since his family was too poor to afford them, Lee McCutcheon, the woman in charge of the band, gave him a new shirt, cotton pants, a white band cap. In January 1947, the Perkins family moved from Lake County, Tennessee, to Madison County, a new radio that ran on house current rather than a battery, and the closeness to Memphis exposed Perkins to a greater variety of music. At age fourteen, using the I-IV-V chord progression common in music of the day, he wrote a song that came to be known around Jackson as Let Me Take You to the Movie
41.
Francis Rossi
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Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi, OBE is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He is best known as the co-founder, lead singer and lead guitarist of the rock band Status Quo, Rossi was born on 29 May 1949 in Forest Hill, London. His fathers side of the family were Italian ice cream merchants responsible for the Rossis Ice Cream parlours, and his mother was a Northern Irish Roman Catholic from Liverpool. Rossi grew up in a household with his parents, grandmother, and lots of aunts and uncles and he attended Our Lady and St Philip Neri Roman Catholic Primary School in Sydenham, and Sedgehill Comprehensive School for high school, from which he was expelled on his last day. It was at Sedgehill where Rossi met Alan Lancaster, with whom he formed the band The Scorpions - a predecessor to Status Quo. Rossis desire to become a musician began after seeing The Everly Brothers live on television at a young age, in 1962 when Rossi was attending Sedgehill Comprehensive School, he became close friends with future Status Quo bassist Alan Lancaster while playing trumpet in the school orchestra. The two, along with other classmates Alan Key and Jess Jaworski, formed a band called The Scorpions, Key was later replaced by Air Cadets drummer and future Quo member John Coghlan, and the band was renamed The Spectres. The Spectres wrote their own material and played shows. It was here that Rossi met his future long-time Status Quo partner Rick Parfitt, the two became close friends and agreed to continue working together. In 1966, The Spectres signed a deal with Piccadilly Records. The group again changed their name, this time to Traffic Jam, in 1967, Traffic Jam changed its name to The Status Quo, but would eventually drop the definite article. Rossi had written a song called Pictures of Matchstick Men, which hit the charts in both the UK and the US, shortly afterwards, Parfitt joined the band, completing the original lineup, and beginning an almost 50-year partnership with Rossi until Parfitts death in 2016. After some years of success, the band came to fame in 1972 with their album Piledriver on Vertigo Records with Paper Plane. With the bands fame, Rossi became famous as their charismatic frontman, Quo would continue to enjoy major success in the UK, Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand through the 1970s and 1980s. They were the act of 1985s Live Aid, and Rossi wrote and co-wrote some of their most famous songs, including Caroline. Rossi and Parfitt were the remaining original members in the band until Rick Parfitts death in 2016. In 2013 and 2014, Rossi and Parfitt reunited with original Quo bandmates Lancaster, to this date, Quo have sold over 128 million albums worldwide. In 1984, the year before Quo would open Live Aid, Rossi and Parfitt appeared on the Band Aid charity single, Rossi has also enjoyed minor success with brief projects outside Quo
42.
Glen Campbell
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Glen Travis Campbell is an American rock and country music singer, musician, songwriter, television host and actor. During his 50 years in business, Campbell has released more than 70 albums. He has sold 45 million records and accumulated 12 RIAA Gold albums, four Platinum albums, Campbell made history in 1967 by winning four Grammys total, in the country and pop categories. For Gentle on My Mind, he received two awards in country and western, By the Time I Get to Phoenix did the same in pop. Three of his early hits later won Grammy Hall of Fame Awards and he owns trophies for Male Vocalist of the Year from both the Country Music Association and the Academy of Country Music, and took the CMAs top award as 1968 Entertainer of the Year. John Wayne picked Campbell to play him in the film True Grit. Campbell sang the song which was nominated for an Academy Award. Glen Travis Campbell was born in Billstown, a community near Delight in Pike County, Arkansas, to John Wesley. He is the son of 12 children. His father was a sharecropper of Scottish ancestry and he started playing guitar as a youth and credits his uncle Boo for teaching him the guitar. In 1954, Campbell moved to Albuquerque to join his uncles band known as Dick Bills and he also appeared there on his uncles radio show and on K Circle B Time, the local childrens program on KOB television. In 1958, Campbell formed his own band, the Western Wranglers, in 1960, Campbell moved to Los Angeles to become a session musician. In October 1960 he joined The Champs, by January 1961, Campbell had found a daytime job at publishing company American Music, writing songs and recording demos. Because of these demos Campbell soon was in demand as a session musician and became part of a group of studio musicians later known as The Wrecking Crew. Campbell played on recordings by Bobby Darin, Ricky Nelson, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Monkees, Nancy Sinatra, Merle Haggard, Jan and Dean, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, and Phil Spector. In May 1961, he left The Champs and was signed by Crest Records. His first solo release, Turn Around, Look at Me, was a moderate success, Campbell also formed The Gee Cees with former bandmembers from The Champs, performing at The Crossbow Inn in Van Nuys. The Gee Cees, too, released a single on Crest, the instrumental Buzz Saw, in 1962, Campbell signed with Capitol Records
43.
Ryan Montbleau
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Ryan Michael Montbleau is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. He annually tours across the U. S. with the Ryan Montbleau Band, although he received his first guitar at age nine, it was not until attending college at Villanova University that he seriously began to focus on his playing and songwriting. After college, Montbleau began playing on his own at the House of Blues in Boston and he occasionally performed his music with a percussion player, under the duo name Palabra, before building what would become the Ryan Montbleau Band. Montbleau eventually joined up with Matt Giannaros Laurence Scudder, Jason Cohen, in 2006 the group released its first collective album, One Fine Color. A sixth member, Yahuba Garcia Torres toured frequently with the band, in February 2011 the band announced the departure of viola player, Laurence Scudder, and also the addition of guitarist Lyle Brewer. In October 2013 the Ryan Montbleau Band announced on their website that the current line up of members would be changing, Jason Cohen and Lyle Brewer left the band to focus on family. The Ryan Montbleau Band plays upwards of 200 gigs per year, Montbleau has opened solo/acoustic for John P. Hammond, Melissa Ferrick, Ani DiFranco, Martin Sexton, and Rodrigo y Gabriela. His band has become a regular act included in the line-up at the Gathering of the Vibes music festival in Connecticut. In the spring of 2010 the Ryan Montbleau Band toured with Martin Sexton, as his backing band, before departing for that tour, Sexton produced the RMBs album titled, Heavy On the Vine, recorded at Camp Street Studios in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Montbleau was named the Best Local Male Vocalist in the 2007 Boston Music Awards and he also won second prize for performance in the 2007 International Songwriting Competition. Montbleau was nominated for a 2012 MTV Music Award for Best Concert Experience, Montbleau plays a Collings acoustic guitar model OM2H Cut, and a G&L ASAT Classic electric guitar
44.
Marissa Paternoster
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Marissa Paternoster is an artist, singer and guitarist active in New Jerseys New Brunswick music scene. She is the singer and guitarist in the bands Screaming Females, paternosters mother and father met while both teachers for the Elizabeth Public Schools. Her mother, Leslie Okun, was an art teacher who now resides in Florida and her father, Angelo Paternoster, taught her how to play guitar. In a 2012 list she was named the 77th greatest guitarist of all time by Spin magazine
45.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
