1.
Lebus
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Lebus is a town in the southeast of the Märkisch-Oderland District in Brandenburg, Germany. It had a population of 3,144 as of 2013 and it was the center of the historical region known as Lubusz Land. Lebus is located on the Oder River on the German border with Poland,10 km north of Frankfurt and it is the seat of Amt Lebus. Mallnow Schönfließ Wulkow Settlement in the vicinity of Lebus has been traced as far back as 3,000 years, the ridges provided natural defense and led to fortifications being constructed upon them. The Germanic Lombards and Semnoni are believed to have lived in the area before the Common Era, since approximately 7th century area inhabited by the Slavic tribe Leubuzzi, Lechitic tribe considered to be transitional between Poles and Liutici. The land on both sides of the Oder became known as Terra Lebusana, the region was conquered and brought under Polish control by 966 under the rule of Duke Mieszko I. A castellans castle was built to control it and it was Polish stronghold against German invasion, so the thirteenth-century chronicles named Lebus the key to the Kingdom of Poland, which was a battleground for neighboring rulers. This Lubusz Land, which provides the name for the present-day Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland, was influenced by the Piast dukes in Silesia. The Bishopric of Lubusz was founded in 1124-25 during the reign of Bolesław III Wrymouth to counter and it served as an important center for Catholic missionaries preaching in and developing the Oder region. In 1163 Emperor Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor granted the Lubusz Land on both sides of the Oder as a fief to the Silesian Piasts, German colonization of the region proceeded throughout the 13th century and the settlement became predominantly known as Lebus. Duke Henry I of Silesia granted it German town law in 1226, the Ascanian Margraviate of Brandenburg acquired the region ca. During the Middle Ages, Lebus served as an important stop on trade routes from the Baltic Sea to Italy, after the destruction of the towns cathedral by troops of Emperor Charles IV in 1373, the seat of the bishopric was moved from Lebus to Fürstenwalde. The populace became Lutheran during the Protestant Reformation, and the bishopric was secularized in 1555 following the death of the last Catholic bishop, after the 16th century fires and political changes weakened the fortifications, the castle was decisively damaged by a lightning strike in 1713. Lebus gradually became a backwater locality, in 1701 Lebus became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars, it was administered within the new Prussian Province of Brandenburg, during World War II, Lebus, including its medieval center, was almost completely destroyed. While Lebus remained part of East Germany, the area east of the Oder became part of Poland in 1945 according to the Potsdam Agreement, the parish church of Lebus was restored in 1954. Since the last administrative reform of Poland, one of 16 Polish provinces has been named Lubusz Voivodeship or Province of Lebus, the town council of Lebus has 16 representatives. CDU3 seats SPD5 seats Pro Lebus 6 seats Schill-Partei 1 seat PDS1 seat The coat of arms of Lebus depicts a wolf carrying a sheep in its mouth, the Heimatstube Lebus has information about the history and tourism sights of the town
2.
German Empire
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The German Empire was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918, when Germany became a federal republic. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, with most being ruled by royal families and this included four kingdoms, six grand duchies, five duchies, seven principalities, three free Hanseatic cities, and one imperial territory. Although Prussia became one of kingdoms in the new realm, it contained most of its population and territory. Its influence also helped define modern German culture, after 1850, the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized, with particular strengths in coal, iron, chemicals, and railways. In 1871, it had a population of 41 million people, and by 1913, a heavily rural collection of states in 1815, now united Germany became predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological, Germany became a great power, boasting a rapidly growing rail network, the worlds strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base. In less than a decade, its navy became second only to Britains Royal Navy, after the removal of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck by Wilhelm II, the Empire embarked on a bellicose new course that ultimately led to World War I. When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, the German Empire had two allies, Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, however, left the once the First World War started in August 1914. In the First World War, German plans to capture Paris quickly in autumn 1914 failed, the Allied naval blockade caused severe shortages of food. Germany was repeatedly forced to send troops to bolster Austria and Turkey on other fronts, however, Germany had great success on the Eastern Front, it occupied large Eastern territories following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was designed to strangle the British, it failed, but the declaration—along with the Zimmermann Telegram—did bring the United States into the war. Meanwhile, German civilians and soldiers had become war-weary and radicalised by the Russian Revolution and this failed, and by October the armies were in retreat, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, Bulgaria had surrendered and the German people had lost faith in their political system. The Empire collapsed in the November 1918 Revolution as the Emperor and all the ruling monarchs abdicated, and a republic took over. The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848, called Pan-Germanism, to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarcks pragmatic Realpolitik. He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany, the war resulted in the Confederation being partially replaced by a North German Confederation in 1867, comprising the 22 states north of the Main. The new constitution and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871, during the Siege of Paris on 18 January 1871, William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The second German Constitution was adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, the political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag, which was elected by universal male suffrage, however, the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas
3.
Salzburg
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Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Salzburgs Old Town is internationally renowned for its architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997, the city has three universities and a large population of students. Tourists also visit Salzburg to tour the historic center and the scenic Alpine surroundings, Salzburg was the birthplace of 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In the mid‑20th century, the city was the setting for the musical play, traces of human settlements have been found in the area, dating to the Neolithic Age. The first settlements in Salzburg continuous with the present were apparently by the Celts around the 5th century BC, around 15 BC the Roman Empire merged the settlements into one city. At this time, the city was called Juvavum and was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45 AD, Juvavum developed into an important town of the Roman province of Noricum. After the Norican frontiers collapse, Juvavum declined so sharply that by the late 7th century it became a ruin. The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the citys rebirth, when Theodo of Bavaria asked Rupert to become bishop c. 700, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica, Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor Piding. He traveled to evangelise among pagans, the name Salzburg means Salt Castle. The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the Salzach River, the Festung Hohensalzburg, the citys fortress, was built in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It was greatly expanded during the following centuries, independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire, as the reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants War, and the archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress It was besieged for three months in 1525. It was in the 17th century that Italian architects rebuilt the city center as it is today along with many palaces,21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, the rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and the British colonies in America. In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo, Salzburg was a centre of late Illuminism, in 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon, he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany, former Grand Duke of Tuscany, as the Electorate of Salzburg
4.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
5.
Oder
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The Oder is a river in Central Europe. It rises in the Czech Republic and flows through western Poland, the river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches that empty into the Gulf of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea. Ptolemy knew the modern Oder as the Συήβος – a name derived from the Suebi. While he also refers to an outlet in the area as the Οὐιαδούα Ouiadoua, the name Suebos may be preserved in the modern name of the Świna river – an outlet from the Szczecin Lagoon to the Baltic. In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river is Vjodr, the Oder is 854 kilometres long,112 km in the Czech Republic,742 km in Poland and is the second longest river in Poland. It drains a basin of 118,861 square kilometres,106,056 km2 of which are in Poland,7,217 km2 in the Czech Republic, channels connect it to the Havel, Spree, Vistula system and Kłodnica. It flows through Silesian, Opole, Lower Silesian, Lubusz, and West Pomeranian voivodeships of Poland, the main branch empties into the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. The Szczecin Lagoon is bordered on the north by the islands of Usedom, between these two islands, there is only a narrow channel going to the Bay of Pomerania, which forms a part of the Baltic Sea. The largest city on the Oder is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, the Oder is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Koźle, where the river connects to the Gliwice Canal. The upstream part of the river is canalized and permits larger barges to navigate between the sites around the Wrocław area. Further downstream the river is flowing, passing the towns of Eisenhüttenstadt. Downstream of Frankfurt the river Warta forms a connection with Poznań. At Hohensaaten the Oder–Havel Canal connects with the Berlin waterways again, near its mouth the Oder reaches the city of Szczecin, a major maritime port. The river finally reaches the Baltic Sea through the Szczecin Lagoon, the river in Germania Magna was known to the Romans as the Viadrus or Viadua in Classical Latin, as it was a branch of the Amber Road from the Baltic Sea to the Roman Empire. In German language it was and is called the Oder, written in older records as Odera or Oddera in Medieval Latin documents and it was mentioned in the Dagome iudex, which described territory of the Duchy of Poland under Mieszko I of Poland ca. 990, as a part of western frontier. Before Slavs settled along its banks, Oder was an important trade route, a document of the Bishopric of Prague mentions Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane, and Dedositze in Silesia. In the 13th century, the first dams were built to protect agricultural lands, the Finow Canal, built for the first time in 1605, connects Oder and Havel
6.
Leipzig
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Leipzig is the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 570,087 inhabitants it is Germanys tenth most populous city, Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres southwest of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe rivers at the southern end of the North German Plain. Leipzig has been a city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, Leipzig was once one of the major European centers of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig became an urban center within the German Democratic Republic after the Second World War. Leipzig later played a significant role in instigating the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, through events which took place in, Leipzig today is an economic center and the most livable city in Germany, according to the GfK marketing research institution. Since the opening of the Leipzig City Tunnel in 2013, Leipzig forms the centerpiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system, Leipzig is currently listed as Gamma World City and Germanys Boomtown. Outside of Leipzig the Neuseenland district forms a lake area of approximately 300 square kilometres. Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means settlement where the linden trees stand, an older spelling of the name in English is Leipsic. The Latin name Lipsia was also used, the name is cognate with Lipetsk in Russia and Liepāja in Latvia. In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, the common usage of this nickname for Leipzig up until the present is reflected, for example, in the name of a popular blog for local arts and culture, Heldenstadt. de. Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg as urbs Libzi and endowed with city, Leipzig Trade Fair, started in the Middle Ages, became an event of international importance and is the oldest remaining trade fair in the world. During the Thirty Years War, two battles took place in Breitenfeld, about 8 kilometres outside Leipzig city walls, the first Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631 and the second in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for the Swedish-led side, on 24 December 1701, an oil-fueled street lighting system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns. The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and a coalition of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden. It was the largest battle in Europe prior to the First World War, in 1913 the Monument to the Battle of the Nations celebrating the centenary of this event was completed. The railway station has two entrance halls, the eastern one for the Royal Saxon State Railways and the western one for the Prussian state railways
7.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
8.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
9.
Dresden
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Dresden is the capital city and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the border with the Czech Republic, Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendour. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its baroque, the controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000, many of whom were civilians, and destroyed the entire city centre. After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the inner city, including the Katholische Hofkirche, the Zwinger. Since German reunification in 1990 Dresden is again a cultural, educational and political centre of Germany, the Dresden University of Technology is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative. The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and it is dominated by high-tech branches, often called as “Silicon Saxony”. The city is one of the most visited in Germany with 4,3 million overnight stays per year. The royal buildings are among the most impressive buildings in Europe, main sights are also the nearby National Park of Saxon Switzerland, the Ore Mountains and the countryside around Elbe Valley and Moritzburg Castle. The most prominent building in the city of Dresden is the Frauenkirche, built in the 18th century, the church was destroyed during World War II. The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial, the church was rebuilt from 1994 to 2005. Although Dresden is a relatively recent city of Germanic origin followed by settlement of Slavic people, Dresdens founding and early growth is associated with the eastward expansion of Germanic peoples, mining in the nearby Ore Mountains, and the establishment of the Margraviate of Meissen. Its name etymologically derives from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the forest, Dresden later evolved into the capital of Saxony. Around the late 12th century, a Slavic settlement called Drežďany had developed on the southern bank, another settlement existed on the northern bank, but its Slavic name is unknown. It was known as Antiqua Dresdin by 1350, and later as Altendresden, dietrich, Margrave of Meissen, chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206, as documented in a record calling the place Civitas Dresdene. After 1270, Dresden became the capital of the margraviate and it was given to Friedrich Clem after death of Henry the Illustrious in 1288. It was taken by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1316 and was restored to the Wettin dynasty after the death of Valdemar the Great in 1319, from 1485, it was the seat of the dukes of Saxony, and from 1547 the electors as well. The Elector and ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became King Augustus II the Strong of Poland in personal union and he gathered many of the best musicians, architects and painters from all over Europe to the newly named Royal-Polish Residential City of Dresden. His reign marked the beginning of Dresdens emergence as a leading European city for technology, during the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland the Zwinger Royal Palace, the Hofkirche and the Frauenkirche were built
10.
Johannes R. Becher
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Johannes Robert Becher was a German politician, novelist, and poet. He was affiliated with the Communist Party of Germany before World War II, at one time, he was part of the literary avant-garde, writing in an expressionist style. With the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, modernist artistic movements were suppressed, Becher escaped from a military raid in 1933 and settled in Paris for a couple of years. He migrated to the Soviet Union in 1935 with the committee of the KPD. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and he returned to favor in 1942 and was recalled to Moscow. After the end of World War II, Becher was allowed to leave the Soviet Union and returned to Germany, as a member of the KPD, he was appointed to various cultural and political positions and became part of the leadership of the Socialist Unity Party. In 1949, he helped found the DDR Academy of Arts, Berlin, in 1953 he was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize. He was the minister of the German Democratic Republic from 1954 to 1958. Johannes R. Becher was born in Munich in 1891, the son of Judge Heinrich Becher and his wife Johanna, in 1910 he and Fanny Fuss planned a joint suicide, Becher shot them both but survived. His early poetry was filled with struggling to come to terms with this event, from 1911 he studied medicine and philosophy in college in Munich and Jena. He left his studies and became an expressionist writer, his first works appearing in 1913, an injury from his suicide attempt made him unfit for military service/ and he became addicted to morphine, which he struggled with for the rest of the decade. In 1920 he left the KPD, disappointed with the failure of the German Revolution, in 1923, he returned to the KPD and very actively worked within the party. His art entered an expressionist period, from which he would later dissociate himself and he was part of die Kugel, an artistic group based in Magdeburg. During this time, he published in the magazines Verfall und Triumph, Die Aktion, in 1925 government reaction against his anti-war novel, 3As oder Der einzig gerechte Krieg, resulted in his being indicted for literarischer Hochverrat or literary high treason. It was not until 1928 that this law was amended and that year, Becher became a founding member of the KPD-aligned Association of Proletarian-Revolutionary Authors, serving as its first chairman and co-editor of its magazine, Die Linkskurve. From 1932 Becher became a publisher of the newspaper, Die Rote Fahne, in the same year he was elected representing the KPD to the Reichstag. After the Reichstag fire, Becher was placed on the Nazi blacklist, by March 15,1933 he, with the support of the secretary of the Association of Proletarian-Revolutionary Authors, traveled to the home of Willy Harzheim. After staying briefly in Brno, he moved to Prague after some weeks and he traveled on to Zurich and Paris, where he lived for a time as part of the large émigré community
11.
Joseph Goebbels
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Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust, Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in their northern branch and he was appointed as Gauleiter for Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme. After the Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933, Goebbels Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted controlling supervision over the media, arts. He was particularly adept at using the new media of radio. Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, as the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined him in Berlin. They moved into the underground Vorbunker, part of Hitlers underground bunker complex, Hitler committed suicide on 30 April. In accordance with Hitlers will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany, the following day, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, after poisoning their six children with cyanide. Paul Joseph Goebbels was born on 29 October 1897 in Rheydt, both of his parents were Catholics with modest family backgrounds. His father Fritz was a clerk, his mother Katharina was ethnically Dutch. Goebbels had five siblings, Konrad, Hans, Maria, Elisabeth, and Maria, in 1932, Goebbels published a pamphlet of his family tree to refute the rumors that his grandmother was of Jewish ancestry. During childhood, Goebbels suffered from ill health, which included a bout of inflammation of the lungs. He had a right foot that turned inwards, due to a congenital deformity. It was thicker and shorter than his left foot and he underwent a failed operation to correct it just prior to starting grammar school. Goebbels wore a metal brace and special shoe because of his shortened leg and he was rejected for military service in World War I due to his deformity. Goebbels was educated at a Christian Gymnasium, where he completed his Abitur in 1917 and he was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honor to speak at the awards ceremony. His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest and he studied literature and history at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society. By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church, historians, including Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell, speculate that Goebbels lifelong pursuit of women may have been in compensation for his physical disabilities
12.
Nazi Party
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Its precursor, the German Workers Party, existed from 1919 to 1920. The party emerged from the German nationalist, racist, and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, the party was created as a means to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Pseudo-scientific racism theories were central to Nazism, the Nazis propagated the idea of a peoples community. Their aim was to unite racially desirable Germans as national comrades, while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents, to maintain the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to exterminate Jews, Romani, and the physically and mentally handicapped. They imposed exclusionary segregation on homosexuals, Africans, Jehovahs Witnesses, the partys leader since 1921, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. Hitler rapidly established a regime known as the Third Reich. The term Nazi derives from the name given in German to a party member Nationalsozialist and was coined in response to the German term Sozi, members of the party referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten, rarely as Nazis. The term Parteigenosse was commonly used among Nazis, with the feminine form Parteigenossin used when it was appropriate, the term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, characterising an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the name in intentional association to the long-time existing Sozi to the dismissive Nazi. In 1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed power of the German government, usage of the designation Nazi diminished in Germany, the use of Nazi Germany, and Nazi regime, was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after the Second World War. The party grew out of political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of World War I. In 1918, a called the Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden was created in Bremen. On 7 March 1918, Anton Drexler, an avid German nationalist, Drexler saw the situation of political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the new Weimar Republic being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes. These were all well-known themes popular with various Weimar paramilitary groups such as the Freikorps, though very small, Drexlers movement did receive attention and support from some influential figures. Supporter Dietrich Eckhart brought military figure Count Felix Graf von Bothmer, later in 1918, Karl Harrer, convinced Drexler and several others to form the Politischer Arbeiterzirkel. The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against the Jews and they became one of many völkisch movements that existed in Germany at the time
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Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
14.
Blood and Soil
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Blood and Soil refers to an ideology that focuses on ethnicity based on two factors, descent blood and territory. It celebrates the relationship of a people to the land they occupy and cultivate, the German expression was coined in the late 19th century, in tracts espousing racialism and national romanticism. It produced a regionalist literature, with social criticism. This romantic attachment was widespread prior to the rise of the Nazis, darré was an influential member of the Nazi party and a noted race theorist who assisted the party greatly in gaining support among common Germans outside the cities. Prior to their ascension to power, Nazis called for a return from the cities to the countryside and this agrarian sentiment allowed opposition to both the middle class and the aristocracy, and presented the farmer as a superior figure beside the moral swamp of the city. The doctrine not only called for a back to the approach and re-adoption of rural values, it held that German land was bound, perhaps mystically. This would also lead them to understand the natural order better, urban culture was decried as a weakness, asphalt culture, that only the Führers will could eliminate—sometimes as a code for Jewish influence. It contributed to the Nazi ideal of a woman, a sturdy peasant and that country women gave birth to more children than city ones also was a factor in the support. Carl Schmitt argued that a people would develop laws appropriate to its blood, neues Volk displayed demographic charts to deplore the destruction of the generous Aryan families farmland and how the Jews were eradicating traditional German peasantry. Posters for schools depicted and deplored the flight of people from the countryside to the city and he lent them money and made them pay interest. Thousands and thousands of Germans have been made wretched by the Jews, farmers whose land had been in the family for more than 100 years were driven from their land because they could not pay the interest. They had to move to the cities, torn from the land to which they belonged, robbed of their labour that gave their lives purpose and meaning, they fell victim to poverty and misery. Worn down, their souls crushed, they accepted Jewish doctrines that denied the Fatherland, the Jew had reached his goal. The program received far more ideological and propaganda support than concrete changes, when Gottfried Feder tried to settle workers in villages about decentralized factories, generals and Junkers successfully opposed him. Generals objected because it interfered with rearmament, and Junkers because it would prevent their exploiting their estates for the international market and it would also require the breakup of Junker estates for independent farmers, which was not implemented. The Reichserbhofgesetz, the State Hereditary Farm Law of 1933, implemented this ideology, stating that its aim was to, regional custom was only allowed to decide whether the eldest or the youngest son was to be the heir. In areas where no particular custom prevailed, the youngest son was to be the heir, the countryside was also regarded as the best place to raise infantry, and as having a organic harmony between landowner and peasant, unlike the race chaos of the industrial cities. It also prevented Jews from farming, Only those of German blood may be farmers, the concept was a factor in the requirement of a year of land service for members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls
15.
James Dickey
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James Lafayette Dickey was an American poet and novelist. He was appointed the eighteenth United States Poet Laureate in 1966 and he also received the Order of the South award. Dickey was also a novelist, known for Deliverance which was adapted into a film of the same name. James Dickey was born to lawyer Eugene Dickey and Maibelle Swift in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1942 he enrolled at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina and played on the football team as a tailback. After one semester, he left school to enlist in the Army Air Corps. Dickey served with the U. S. Army Air Forces as an operator in a night fighter squadron during the Second World War. Between the wars, he attended Vanderbilt University, graduating cum laude with a degree in English. He also received an M. A. in English from Vanderbilt in 1950, Dickey taught as an instructor of English at Rice University in Houston, Texas in 1950 and, following his second Air Force stint, from 1952 to 1954. He once said he embarked on his career in order to make some bucks. Dickey also said I was selling my soul to the all day. And trying to buy it back at night and he was ultimately fired for shirking his work responsibilities. His first book, Into the Stone and Other Poems, was published in 1960, drowning with Others was published in 1962, which led to a Guggenheim Fellowship. Buckdancers Choice earned him a National Book Award for Poetry, among his better-known poems are The Performance, Cherrylog Road, The Firebombing, May Day Sermon, Falling, and For The Last Wolverine. He published his first volume of collected poems, Poems 1957-1967 in 1967 after being named a consultant for the Library of Congress. This publishing may represent Dickeys best work and his popularity exploded after the film version of his novel Deliverance was released in 1972. Dickey had a cameo in the film as a sheriff, the poet was invited to read his poem The Strength of Fields at President Jimmy Carters inauguration in 1977. In November 1948 he married Maxine Syerson, and three years later they had their first son, Christopher, a son, Kevin, was born in 1958. Two months after Maxine died in 1976, Dickey married Deborah Dodson and their daughter, Bronwen, was born in 1979
16.
Beppu
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Beppu is a city in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan, at the west end of Beppu Bay. In November 2013 the city had a population of 122,085, the total area is 125.13 km2. Beppu is famous for its hot springs, Beppu is situated between the sea and the mountains. The city was founded on April 1,1924, and is famous for its onsen and it has eight major geothermal hot spots, sometimes referred to as the eight hells of Beppu. Six of these are located in the Kannawa district, and two in the more remote Shibaseki district, Beppu is also divided into eight major hot spring areas known as Beppu Hattō. Beppu is part of the course of the annual Beppu-Ōita Marathon, the competition has been held every year since 1952 and is classed as an IAAF Silver Label road race. Shidaka Lake is located 600 metres above sea level, otobaru Waterfall is a local natural attraction, located in the mountain area of Beppu city,20 minutes walk from Wonder Rakutenchi, a traditional amusement park. Takasakiyama Monkey Park is located 10 minutes from the centre of Beppu by bus, the park is home to more than 1500 Japanese macaques. Kijima Kogen is a resort includes an 18-hole golf course. It is located on a plateau en route to Yufuin, Beppu has not only usual hot springs but some sand and foot baths as well. One famous spot is Beppu Kaihin Sunayu, Ashiyu and it is 15 minutes by bus from Beppu station, on Route 10. Beppu Park is located in the center of the city, a 15-minute walk from Beppu Station, Beppu Fireworks Festival, held in late July, is one of the biggest fireworks displays in Oita. Five thousand fireworks are set off from boats floating on Beppu Bay, Beppu Contemporary Art Festival Mixed Bathing World is an art festival held every three years in Beppu. Beppu University, a university first chartered in 1954, also has a campus in Oita City. Beppu Mizobe Gakuen College, established in 1986, is a junior college located in the north of Beppu. Beppu is home to the Oita Heat Devils basketball team, the teams season was cancelled in 2011 due to the earthquake that struck Japan on March 11. The city of Beppu has sister city relationships with the following locations
17.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
18.
Radio drama
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Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance, broadcast on radio. Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was an international popular entertainment. With the advent of television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, however, recordings of OTR survive today in the audio archives of collectors and museums, as well as several online sites such as Internet Archive. As of 2011, radio drama has a presence on terrestrial radio in the United States. Much of American radio drama is restricted to rebroadcasts or podcasts of programs from previous decades, however, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for example, the BBC produces and broadcasts hundreds of new plays each year on Radio 3, Radio 4. Like the USA, Australia ABC has abandoned broadcasting drama but New Zealand RNZ continues to promote, podcasting has also offered the means of creating new radio dramas, in addition to the distribution of vintage programs. Thanks to advances in recording and Internet distribution, radio drama was experiencing a revival in 2010. The terms audio drama or audio theatre are used synonymously with radio drama, however. Audio drama can also be found on CDs, cassette tapes, Radio drama traces its roots back to the 1880s, In 1881 French engineer Clement Ader had filed a patent for ‘improvements of Telephone Equipment in Theatres’. English-language radio drama seems to have started in the United States, a Rural Line on Education, a brief sketch specifically written for radio, aired on Pittsburghs KDKA in 1921, according to historian Bill Jaker. Newspaper accounts of the era report on a number of other experiments by Americas commercial radio stations. In February 1922, entire Broadway musical comedies with the original aired from WJZs Newark studios. Actors Grace George and Herbert Hayes performed a play from a San Francisco station in the summer of 1922. Aware of this series, the director of Cincinnatis WLW began regularly broadcasting one-acts in November, the success of these projects led to imitators at other stations. By the spring of 1923, original pieces written specially for radio were airing on stations in Cincinnati, Philadelphia. That same year, WLW and WGY sponsored scripting contests, inviting listeners to create original plays to be performed by those stations dramatic troupes
19.
Ernst Klee
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Ernst Klee was a German journalist and author. He is the author of The Good Old Days, The Holocaust Through the Eyes of the Perpetrators and Bystanders first published in the English translation in 1991, Klee was first trained as a sanitary and heating technician. Afterwards, he caught up on his university entrance requirements and then studied theology, as a journalist in the 1970s, he looked at socially excluded groups, such as the homeless, psychiatric patients and the disabled. During this period, he collaborated with Gusti Steiner, who laid the foundation for the federal German emancipatory movement of the disabled at that time, in 1997, he received the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis for his book, Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer. In 2001, the city of Frankfurt am Main honored Klee with the Goetheplakette for his book, the explanation states that Klees works are suitable to support civil freedom, moral and intellectual courage, and to give important impetus to current awareness. Klee wrote for the newspaper, Die Zeit. There were 27 articles by him between 1974 and 1995, Klee died in his hometown of Frankfurt am Main at the age of 71 after a long and severe illness. Täter, Gehilfen, Opfer und was aus ihnen wurde, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2013, ISBN 978-3-10-039333-3, eBook ISBN 978-3-10-402813-2. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer,2007,720 pages, hardcover, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5, reviews by Esteban Engel Frankfurter Neue Presse and by Fritz J. Raddatz in Die Zeit,1 March 2007, No. 10, p.54, Alphabet der Schändlichkeit, wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer,2003, 2nd edition, Deutsche Medizin im Dritten Reich, Karrieren vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer,2001, ISBN 3-10-039310-4 Review, Die Zeit, No. 44,2001 Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer, Frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer,1997. Paperback,2001 Eine feine Gesellschaft, soziale Wirklichkeit Deutschland, Düsseldorf, Patmos-Verlag,1995 Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus /. Vienna, Dachs-Verlag,1994 Persilscheine und falsche Pässe, wie die Kirchen den Nazis halfen, Frankfurt am Main, Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag,1991 Durch Zyankali erlöst, Sterbehilfe und Euthanasie heute. Frankfurt am Main, Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag,1990 Die SA Jesu Christi, Frankfurt am Main, Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag,1989 Gott mit uns, der deutsche Vernichtungskrieg im Osten 1939–1945 / Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen. Frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer,1989 Schöne Zeiten, Frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer,1988. ISBN 3-10-039304-X Querschnittgelähmt – kein Leben vor dem Tod, mit einer Anzeige von Claudio Kürten
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Rudolf Koch
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Rudolf Koch was a German type designer. He was also a master of lettering, calligraphy, typography, commonly known for his typefaces created for the Klingspor Type Foundry, his most widely used typefaces include Neuland and Kabel. Between 1897 and 1906 he worked for businesses in the book trade in Leipzig. In 1906 Koch began working for the Rudhard Type foundry in Offenbach, other notable designers who worked for the foundry include Otto Eckmann and Peter Behrens. Koch was deeply spiritual and a devout Lutheran, spending much of his working on religious publications and manuscripts. Koch viewed the alphabet as humanitys ultimate achievement and he died prematurely of a heart attack in 1934, aged 59. The teachings of Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement are evident in Koch’s use of hand-lettering and wood-cutting techniques, at the same time, his book illustrations are evocative of Art Nouveau. Koch prized craftsmanship in his design and printing methods, a principle deeply rooted in the Arts and Crafts Movement. Koch lectured at the Arts and Crafts School in Offenbach, in 1918, after World War I, he opened a workshop training students in typography, calligraphy, wood-cutting, and other crafts. Best known for his talent he built upon the calligraphic tradition by creating an original. Known also for his ideology, he wrote in Der Deutsche. I hated anything that was foreign, and even as I was growing up I felt this was a sign of true loyalty, Koch frequently defended Germanic blackletter script in the journals and publications he contributed to. He also held exhibitions with his group Offenbach Schreiber, which promoted hand lettering and calligraphy, kochs dedication to Gothic script may have limited his recognition in English-speaking countries. Koch wrote a book containing 493 old-world symbols, monograms and runes entitled The Book of Signs, kochs first non-blackletter typeface was the delicate roman Koch-Antiqua, a display face with a low x-height. Its oblique features inline capitals in the sizes, an idea inspired by the traditions of blackletter capitals. Koch designed the Neuland typeface in 1923, taking a more experimental turn, the typeface counterpoints his preferred traditional style with a more contemporary feel. Dr Klingspor called it “unbearably ugly”, despite its commercial success. Koch introduced his first sans-serif typeface, Kabel, in 1927, the differences between the two typefaces are most noticeable in Kabels far-reaching terminal on the ‘a’ and the ‘e, as well as the slanted crossbar and the loop of the ‘g’
22.
Carl Zuckmayer
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Carl Zuckmayer was a German writer and playwright. Born in Nackenheim in Rhenish Hesse, he was the son of Amalie, when he was four years old, his family moved to Mainz. With the outbreak of World War I, he finished school with a facilitated emergency-Abitur, during the war he served with the German Armys Field Artillery on the Western Front. By this time he held Zuckmayer held the rank of a Leutnant der Reserve, after the war, he took up studies at the University of Frankfurt, first in humanities, later in biology and botany. In 1920, he married his childhood friend Annemarie Ganz, but they were divorced just one year later and his first ventures into literature and theatre were complete failures. In 1924 he became dramaturg at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, jointly with Bertolt Brecht. This work won him the prestigious Kleist Prize two years after it was awarded to Brecht, and launched his career. <Mitchell, Allan, Unrepentant Patriot, The LIfe and Work of Carl Zuckmayer, p. 23-24>Also in 1925, he married the Austrian actress Alice Herdan, and they bought a house in Henndorf near Salzburg in Austria. Zuckmayers next play Der Schinderhannes was again successful, in 1929, he wrote the script for the movie Der blaue Engel based on the novel Professor Unrat by Heinrich Mann. That year, he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize. In 1931, his play Der Hauptmann von Köpenick premiered and became another success, Zuckmayer and his family moved to their house in Austria, where he published a few more works. In 1943/44 he wrote character portraits of actors, writers and other artists in Germany for the Office of Strategic Services and this became known only in 2002, when the approximately 150 reports where published in Germany under the title Geheimreport. The familys Vermont years are narrated in Alice Herdan Zuckmayers Die Farm in den grünen Bergen, in January 1946, after World War II, Zuckmayer was granted the US citizenship he had applied for already in 1943. He returned to Germany and traveled the country for five months as a US cultural attaché, the resulting report to the War Department was first published in Germany in 2004. His play Des Teufels General, which he had written in Vermont, the play became a major success in post-war Germany, one of the first post-war literary attempts to broach the issue of Nazism. It was filmed in 1955 starring Curd Jürgens, Zuckmayer kept writing, Barbara Blomberg premiered in Konstanz in 1949 and Das kalte Licht in Hamburg in 1955. He also wrote the screenplay for Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach, having shuttled back and forth between the U. S. and Europe for several years, the Zuckmayers left the U. S. in 1958 and settled in Saas Fee in the Valais in Switzerland. In 1966, he became a Swiss citizen, and he published his memoirs entitled Als wärs ein Stück von mir and his last play Der Rattenfänger premiered in Zürich in 1975. Zuckmayer died on 18 January 1977 in Visp and his body was interred on 22 January in Saas Fee
23.
Anna Seghers
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Anna Seghers was a German writer famous for depicting the moral experience of the Second World War. The pseudonym Anna Seghers was apparently based on the surname of the Dutch painter and printmaker Hercules Pieterszoon Seghers or Segers, born Anna Reiling in Mainz in 1900 into a Jewish family, her father was a dealer in antiques and cultural artefacts. She married László Radványi, also known as Johann Lorenz Schmidt, in Cologne and Heidelberg she studied history, the history of art and Chinese. She joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1928, at the height of its struggle against the burgeoning National Socialist German Workers Party and her 1932 novel, Die Gefährten was a prophetic warning of the dangers of Fascism, which led to her being arrested by the Gestapo. In 1932, she also left the Jewish community. By 1934 she had emigrated, via Zurich, to Paris, still in Paris, in 1939, she had written The Seventh Cross, for which she received the Büchner-Prize in 1947. The novel is set in 1936 and describes the escape of seven prisoners from a concentration camp and it was published in the United States in 1942 and produced as a movie in 1944 by MGM starring Spencer Tracy. The Seventh Cross was one of the few depictions of Nazi concentration camps, in either literature or the cinema. Other notable Seghers stories include Sagen von Artemis and The Ship of the Argonauts, both based on myths. In 1947, Anna Seghers returned to Germany, moved to West Berlin, in 1950, she moved to East Berlin and became a co-founder of the freedom movement of the GDR and became a member of World Peace Council. In 1951, she received the first Nationalpreis der DDR, the Stalin Peace Prize also in 1951, in 1981, she became honorary citizen of her native town Mainz. She died in Berlin on 1 June 1983, Anna Seghers is mentioned in the ostalgie film, Good Bye Lenin. 1928 – Aufstand der Fischer von St.1950 - Der Kesselflicker The Tinker 1951 - Crisanta 1951 - Die Kinder,1952 - Der Mann und sein Name 1953 - Der Bienenstock The Beehive 1954 - Gedanken zur DDR. In Aufsätze …1980, as an excerpt from Andreas Lixl-Purcell,1958 - Brot und Salz Bread and Salt 1959 - Die Entscheidung The Decision 1961 - Das Licht auf dem Galgen The Light on the Gallows 1963 - Über Tolstoi. 1965 - Die Kraft der Schwachen The Power of the Weak 1967 - Das wirkliche Blau, the Real Blue 1968 - Das Vertrauen Trust 1969 - Glauben an Irdisches 1970 - Briefe an Leser. 1970 - Über Kunstwerk und Wirklichkeit, archived from the original on 4 July 2013
24.
Gottfried Benn
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Gottfried Benn was a German poet and essayist. Gottfried Benn was born in a Lutheran country parsonage, a few hours from Berlin and he was educated in Sellin in the Neumark and Frankfurt an der Oder. To please his father, he studied theology at the University of Marburg, after being laid off as a military doctor in 1912, Benn turned to pathology, where he dissected over 200 bodies between October 1912 and November 1913 in Berlin. Many of his works reflect on his time as a pathologist. In the summer of 1912, Benn started a relationship with the Jewish poet Else Lasker-Schüler. In 1913 a second volume of poems came out, titled Sons, Benns poetry projects an introverted nihilism, that is, an existentialist outlook that views artistic expression as the only purposeful action. In his early poems Benn used his experience, often using medical terminology. After the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in 1914, Benn attended the trial and execution of Nurse Edith Cavell. He also worked as a physician in an army brothel, after the war, he returned to Berlin and practiced as a dermatologist and venereal disease specialist. During the 1920s he had a relationship with Jewish poet Else Lasker-Schüler who addressed love poems to him. This bond to her is the subject of the film Mein Herz-niemandem by Helma Sanders-Brahms and he hoped that National Socialism would exalt his aesthetics and that expressionism would become the official art of Germany, as Futurism had in Italy. Benn was elected to the section of the Prussian Academy in 1932. In May he defended the new regime in a radio broadcast and he later signed the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, that is, the vow of most faithful allegiance to Adolf Hitler. The cultural policy of the new State didnt turn out the way he hoped, appalled by the Night of the Long Knives, Benn turned away from the Nazis. He decided to perform the form of emigration and joined the Wehrmacht in 1935. In May 1936 the SS magazine Das Schwarze Korps attacked his expressionist and experimental poetry as degenerate, Jewish, in 1938 the Reichsschrifttumskammer banned Benn from further writing. During World War II, Benn was posted to garrisons in eastern Germany where he wrote poems, after the war, his work was banned by the Allies because of his initial support for Hitler. In 1951 he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize and he died of cancer in West Berlin in 1956, and was buried in Waldfriedhof Dahlem, Berlin
25.
Karl Krolow
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Karl Krolow was a German poet and translator. In 1956 he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize and he was born in Hannover, Germany and died in Darmstadt, Germany. Krolow came from a family of servants, and grew up in Hannover where he attended grammar school. From 1935 to 1942 he studied Germanic and Romance languages, philosophy and art history at the universities of Göttingen, Krolow, who had been a member of the Hitler Youth from 1934, joined the NSDAP in 1937. Krolow began having poems published in Nazi propaganda journals such as the Krakauer Zeitung, from 1942 he was working as a freelance writer based in Göttingen. In 1943/44, he published in the Nazi weekly journal Das Reich, Krolow moved to Hannover in 1952, and in 1956 to Darmstadt, where he lived working as an independent writer until his death. From the 1950s, Krolow was considered one of the greatest poets of the postwar German literature and he was also a translator from French and Spanish, and author of works of prose. Karl Krolow is buried in the grave of his parents and grandparents in the city cemetery of Engesohde of his hometown of Hannover. Literature by and about Karl Krolow in the German National Library catalogue Karl Krolow Suhrkamp Verlag
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Max Frisch
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Max Rudolf Frisch was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frischs works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality and his use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war publications. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten and he was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1986. Frisch was born in 1911 in Zürich, the son of Franz Bruno Frisch, an architect. He had a half-sister, Emma, his fathers daughter by a marriage. The family lived modestly, their financial situation deteriorating after the father lost his job during the First World War, Frisch had an emotionally distant relationship with his father, but was close to his mother. While at secondary school Frisch started to write drama, but failed to get his work performed, while he was at school he met Werner Coninx, who later became a successful artist and collector. The two men formed a lifelong friendship, in the 1930/31 academic year Frisch enrolled at the University of Zurich to study German literature and linguistics. There he met professors who gave him contact with the worlds of publishing, at this time, Frisch was influenced by Robert Faesi and Theophil Spoerri, both writers and professors at the university. Frisch had hoped the university would provide him with the underpinnings for a career as a writer. In 1932, when pressure on the family intensified, Frisch abandoned his studies. He developed a lifelong ambivalent relationship with the NZZ, his radicalism was in stark contrast to the conservative views of the newspaper. The move to the NZZ is the subject of his April 1932 essay, until 1934 Frisch combined journalistic work with coursework at the university. Few of these works made it into the published compilations of Frischs writings that appeared after he had become better known. Between February and October 1933 he travelled extensively through eastern and southeastern Europe, financing his expeditions with reports written for newspapers, one of his first contributions was a report on the Prague World Ice Hockey Championship for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Other destinations were Budapest, Belgrade, Sarajevo, Dubrovnik, Zagreb, Istanbul, Athens, Bari, another product of this extensive tour was Frischs first novel, Jürg Reinhart, which appeared in 1934. In it Reinhart represents the author, undertaking a trip though the Balkans as a way to find purpose in life, in the end the eponymous hero concludes that he can only become fully adult by performing a manly act. This he achieves by helping the ill daughter of his landlady end her life painlessly
27.
Paul Celan
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Paul Celan was a Romanian-born German language poet and translator. He was born as Paul Antschel to a Jewish family in Cernăuți, in the then Kingdom of Romania and he became one of the major German-language poets of the post-World War II era. Celan was born into a German-speaking Jewish family in Cernăuți, Bukovina and his first home was in the Wassilkogasse in Cernăuți. His father, Leo Antschel, was a Zionist who advocated his sons education in Hebrew at the Jewish school Safah Ivriah, Celans mother, Fritzi, was an avid reader of German literature who insisted German be the language of the house. In his teens Celan became active in Jewish Socialist organizations and fostered support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War and his earliest known poem is titled Mothers Day 1938. In 1934, fourteen-year-old Paul wrote a letter to his aunt Minna in Palestine, in there is the eloquent phrase, With regard to anti-Semitism in our school. Paul attended the Liceul Marele Voievod Mihai, where he studied from 1934 until graduating in 1938, at this time Celan secretly began to write poetry. In 1938 Celan traveled to Tours, France, to study medicine, the Anschluss precluded his study in Vienna, and Romanian schools were harder to get into due to the newly imposed Jewish quota. Celan returned to Cernăuţi in 1939 to study literature and Romance languages, following the Soviet occupation of Bukovina in June 1940 deportations to Siberia started. A year later following the reconquest of Romania, Nazi Germany and the then fascist Romanian regime brought ghettos, internment, on arrival in Cernăuți July 1941 the German SS Einsatzkommando and their Romanian allies set the citys Great Synagogue on fire. In October, the Romanians deported a number of Jews after forcing them into a ghetto. Before the ghetto was dissolved in the fall of that year, Celan was pressed into labor, first clearing the debris of a demolished post office, and then gathering and destroying Russian books. The local mayor strove to mitigate the harsh circumstances, until the governor of Bukovina had the Jews rounded up and deported, Celan hoped to convince his parents to leave the country so as to escape certain persecution. Celans father likely perished of typhus and his mother was shot after being exhausted by forced labour, later that year, after having himself been taken to a labour camp in Romania, Celan would receive reports of his parents deaths. There, he worked briefly as a nurse in the mental hospital, considering emigration to Palestine, Celan left Cernăuţi in 1945 for Bucharest, where he remained until 1947. He was active in the Jewish literary community as both a translator of Russian literature into Romanian, and as a poet, publishing his work under a variety of pseudonyms. Here he also met with the poets Rose Ausländer and Emannuel Weissglas, a version of Celans poem Todesfuge appeared as Tangoul Morţii in a Romanian translation of May 1947. Additional remarks were published explaining that the dancing and musical performances evoked in the poem were images of realities of the camp life
28.
Hans Magnus Enzensberger
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Hans Magnus Enzensberger is a German author, poet, translator and editor. He has also written under the pseudonym Andreas Thalmayr, Enzensberger was born in 1929 in a small town in Bavaria and is the eldest of four boys. He is part of the last generation of intellectuals whose writing was shaped by experience of the Third Reich. The Enzensberger family moved to Nuremberg, the birthplace of National Socialism. Julius Streicher, the founder and publisher of Der Stürmer, was their next-door neighbour, Hans Magnus joined the Hitler Youth in his teens, but was expelled soon afterwards. I have always been incapable of being a good comrade and it may be a defect, but I cant help it. Until 1957 he worked as an editor in Stuttgart. He participated in gatherings of Group 47. Between 1965 and 1975 he edited the magazine Das Kursbuch, since 1985 he has been the editor of the prestigious book series Die Andere Bibliothek, published in Frankfurt, and now containing almost 250 titles. Together with Gaston Salvatore, Enzensberger was the founder of the monthly TransAtlantik and his own work has been translated into more than 40 languages. Enzensberger is the brother of the author Christian Enzensberger. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems, for example, the poem Middle Class Blues consists of various typicalities of middle class life, with the phrase we cant complain repeated several times, and concludes with what are we waiting for. Many of his poems also feature themes of civil unrest over economic, though primarily a poet and essayist, he also makes excursions into theater, film, opera, radio drama, reportage, translation. He has written novels and several books for children and is co-author of a book for German as a foreign language and he also invented and collaborated in the construction of a machine which automatically composes poems. It was used during the 2006 Football World Cup to commentate on games, with Irene Dische he wrote the libretto for Aulis Sallinens fifth opera The Palace. In 2009, Enzensberger received a special Lifetime Recognition Award given by the trustees of the Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry, buenaventura Durrutis Leben und Tod, Prose,1972 Gespräche mit Marx und Engels,1970 Palaver. 37 Balladen aus der Geschichte des Fortschritts, Poems,1975 Polit, martin Fritsche, Hans Magnus Enzensbergers produktionsorientierte Moral. Konstanten in der Ästhetik eines Widersachers der Gleichheit, dissertation, Technische Universität Berlin, Peter Lang, Bern u. a
29.
Ingeborg Bachmann
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Ingeborg Bachmann was an Austrian poet and author. Bachmann was born in Klagenfurt, in the Austrian state of Carinthia and she studied philosophy, psychology, German philology, and law at the universities of Innsbruck, Graz, and Vienna. Furthermore, her first radio dramas were published by the station and her relationship with the Swiss author Max Frisch influenced the depiction of the second protagonist in Frischs 1964 novel Gantenbein upon her. His infidelity, and their separation in 1962, had a impact on Bachmann. On the night of 25/26 September 1973 a fire occurred in her bedroom, during her stay, she experienced withdrawal symptoms complicated from barbiturate substance abuse. The doctors treating her were not aware of this habit, and she is buried at the Annabichl cemetery in Klagenfurt. During her lifetime, Bachmann was known mostly for her two collections of poetry, Die gestundete Zeit and Anrufung des Grossen Bären, after her death, she became popular among feminist readers. Feminist scholars engagement with her work after her death led to a wave of scholarship that also drew attention to her prose work. Bachmanns literary work focuses on themes like personal boundaries, establishment of the truth, and philosophy of language, many of her prose works represent the struggles of women to survive and to find a voice in post-war Austrian society. She also addresses the histories of imperialism and fascism, in particular, the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize, awarded annually in Klagenfurt since 1977, is named after her. 1953, Die gestundete Zeit 1956, Anrufung des Grossen Bären 2000,2006, Darkness Spoken, The Collected Poems of Ingeborg Bachmann. Edited & translated into English by Damion Searls, green Integer Books,2004. de – das Kulturmagazin author page at Lyrikline. org, with audio and text in German, and translations into Dutch. The Drugs, the Words Center for the Art of Translation Web Exclusive Content, Translated by Peter Filkins The Drugs, The Words, The Bridges
