Gandhara grave culture
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The Gandhara grave culture of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle Swat River valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex,
Rigvedic geography
Cremation urn
Indo-Aryan migrations
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The Indo-Aryan migrations were the migrations into the Indian subcontinent of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages. These are the predominant languages of today
Gandhara grave culture
…Range in Punjab, Pakistan, along with their presence in Indian Kashmir, Ladakh, and Uttarakhand. The grave culture has been regarded as a token of the Indo-Aryan migrations but has also been explained by local cultural continuity. Estimates, based on ancient DNA analyses, suggest ancestors of middle Swat valley people mixed…
Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. – Center: Steppe cultures 1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE) 4A (black): Western Corded Ware 4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers 5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware
A 1910 depiction of Aryans entering India, from Hutchinson's History of the Nations
An early 20th century depiction of Aryans settling in agricultural villages in India
According to Allentoft (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived from the Corded Ware Culture.