1.
Berri Street
–
Berri Street is a major north-south street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Berri Street links De la Commune Street in the south and Somerville Street in the north, the street is interrupted between Rosemont Boulevard and Jean Talon Street. Berri Street has two lanes in either direction from De la Commune Street to Roy Street and it changes to one lane in either direction north of Roy Street. The street runs through two tunnels, one underneath Notre-Dame Street and one underneath Sherbrooke Street. Berri Street has a lane from De la Commune Street to Sherbrooke Street. All Montreal Metro stations on the Orange Line between Berri-UQAM and Henri-Bourassa are located underneath Berri Street, the Grande Bibliothèque is located on Berri Street near De Maisonneuve Boulevard. Notable points of interest are located on Berri Street, the Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site is located on the corner of Berri and Notre-Dame Street. The oldest segment of Berri Street opened in the 1690s when the Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice established a route towards the river, and became later known as rue Saint-Gilles. At the turn of the 19th century, a lane way was created by the name of ruelle Guy, near rue Saint-Gilles. Starting on August 13,1818, this way became known as Berry Street. Involved in a conflict at La Flèche in 1653, he was killed by the Iroquois in 1663 and he owned a piece of land west of the street. At the beginning of the Nineteenth century, this piece of land was known as la Berry. Berri Street took its form beginning in 1895, when land was expropriated for the construction of Viger Station. This allowed for Berri Street to be prolonged to De la Commune Street, montréal, Méridien,1995, p. 78-79 Berri Street at IMTL. org Berri Street Google Streetview Plan of the street from 1898
2.
Montreal
–
Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
3.
Quebec
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Berri-UQAM station
–
Berri-UQAM is the central station of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system operated by the Société de transport de Montréal. Berri-UQAM is located in the Quartier Latin, in the borough of Ville-Marie, in Montreal, Quebec, the station opened on October 14,1966, as part of the original network of the Metro. Berri-UQAM is the 2nd deepest station in the network, and the one to have 3 lines stacked on each other. Berri-UQAM is also the busiest station in the network, transfers not included, if transfers were included, the 13 million passengers number would rise to about 35-40 million a year. The Green and Orange Lines pass through Berri, and the Yellow Line terminates there, designed by Longpré and Marchand, the station serves three lines, the Green, Orange, and Yellow lines. This central volume contains three levels, staircases lead from the mezzanine to the landings on either side of the Orange Line. These landings provide views of the great volumes over the Green Line platforms below, from the Green Line level, escalators and hallways connect the rest of the station to the Yellow Line terminus, built in a tunnel a block away under rue Saint-Denis. Due to limited space in the tracks, trains reverse both in the tail tracks and in the foretracks leaving the station. All three lines have side platforms and this station was the first to be equipped with the MétroVision information screens which displays news, commercials, and the time until the next train arrives. In 2009, the station was made partially wheelchair-accessible through the addition of elevators, two elevators now connect the Orange Line platforms to the mezzanine. The other two lines are not yet accessible, however, there is an elevator in the Saint-Denis exit that opened in June 2010. The station also contains several underground city connections, listed below, the work of five artists is exhibited in this station. The largest work is a mural by Pierre Gaboriau and Pierre Osterrath entitled Hommage aux fondateurs de la ville de Montréal. A gift of the Union régionale de Montréal des caisses populaires Desjardins and installed in 1969, it depicts Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, Jeanne Mance and it is located over the eastern portal of the Green Line tunnel. Three paintings by Robert LaPalme are located over the staircase leading to the Yellow Line terminus. Originally located at the entrance to Expo 67, they represent three themes of the Expo, science, recreation, and culture, a plaque by LaPalme and Georges Lauda, commemorating the inauguration of the Metro, is located at the centre of the mezzanine. It is enclosed in a circular bench, a popular meeting site. There is also a piece of work located in the newer Sainte-Catherine entrance pavilion, the work is a statue of Mother Émilie Gamelin by Raoul Hunter, commemorating Place Émilie-Gamelin in which the entrance is located
6.
De Maisonneuve Boulevard
–
De Maisonneuve Boulevard is a major westbound boulevard located in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is named after the founder of Montreal, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve and it is a one-way street westbound. De Maisonneuve Boulevard is about 11 kilometres long and begins on Du Havre Street in the east end, the street also runs through the wealthy enclave of Westmount, where it is one-way, and is cut in two by Westmount Park. De Maisonneuve was created as a street in 1966, following the construction of the Montreal Metro. Today, Ontario Street still remains, as does a section of de Montigny. The downtown portion of De Maisonneuve Boulevard, between St. Hubert Street and St. Mathieu Street, lacks a distinct identity even though its official creation was relatively recent. Rather, it is wedged between two streets, Sherbrooke Street to the north and St. Catherine Street to the south. During the last 20 years, the character of De Maisonneuve Boulevard increased. Institutions already located along the street such as the Université du Québec à Montréal, Place des Arts, other institutions have also built new buildings on the street such as the Grande Bibliothèque, the Cinémathèque québécoise and the Salle Pierre-Mercure. However, De Maisonneuve Boulevards multifunctional character still lacks uniformity limiting it to a transportation corridor, to solve this problem, the City of Montreal has undertaken a major project in 2005 to reconfigure the boulevard. In 2007, the city completed a 3.4 km year-round bicycle path along De Maisonneuve through downtown Montreal, as of the 2009-2010 winter season, it is the only bike path cleared of snow. A report blamed the construction for damage to an underground pedestrian tunnel. On June 16,2008, Montreal city council voted unanimously to name the path after the late Montreal cycling activist Claire Morissette, Westmount Square, Dawson College and the seven linked downtown malls are located on this street. Other notable buildings include the Grande Bibliothèque, Université du Québec à Montréal, Place des Arts, Les Cours Mont-Royal, the Green line of the Montreal Metro runs under this street in between Papineau and Atwater. The Metro was constructed under this street to serve Saint Catherine Street, to the south, vendôme station, on the Orange line, is also located on this boulevard
7.
Bus terminus
–
A bus terminus is a designated place where a bus or coach starts or ends its scheduled route. The terminus is the place that a timetable is timed from. Termini can be located at bus stations, interchanges, bus garages or bus stops, termini can both start and stop at the same place, or may be in different locations for starting and finishing a route. Termini may or may not coincide with the use of bus stands, for operational reasons and passenger routes to be their bus garage, where the legal terminus is just outside or nearby. For the purposes of integration of different public transport modes, termini may also be located in a hub or interchange. Minor termini may be a bus stop or loop in a residential street, while it may be of prime importance to the passenger, the location of a terminus may be made for reasons other than convenience of passengers. In rare cases, where the bus operator is commercially separate from the bus station owner, additionally, counter to the idea of integration, competing bus operators may use different locations as intermediate termini, to discourage passengers use of competitors services. This does not apply for true circle routes, where buses simply operate permanently in the clockwise or anti-clockwise direction, termini in bus stations will often include reversing/run-around space, negating the turning issue. Another consideration about the location of a terminus is the need to lay over before resuming in service, to allow layover at a terminus, many routes run through busy centres terminating either side in quiet termini, where a bus can lay over without causing an obstruction. This can be mitigated by using a bus stand, in the two-stop type, the arrival stop can be used as the layover point. Layover time is built into a schedule between arrival at the end of a route and the departure for the return trip, used for the recovery of delays. Terminus location may be positioned to allow driver changes, although this may be less of a factor than the location of the bus garage, centrally located termini may be more convenient for driver changes. Some operators operate pool cars to allow drivers to drive to and wait at a quiet terminus, many routes avoid the need to accommodate turning by having the end of the route form a small circuit as an official part of the route. The terminus is designated as one stop on this circuit, with the bus starting and finishing in the same orientation and this is often necessary in many town centres with one-way traffic systems. Space permitting, the terminus may be a purpose built run-around Bus turnout, often the infrastructure for this remains from a previous tram or trolleybus system. In rare cases, to allow a one stop terminus, routes may be arranged to start and finish at the terminus, with buses arriving as one scheduled route. This can also be done to allow a formal midpoint to split up a long route, reducing the knock-on effect of delays. As opposed to a one stop arrangement, some routes that need to reverse direction at a terminus will start and finish in different stops, and this necessitates running the bus out of service along other streets in order to position in the bus for the reverse direction
8.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
9.
Coach (bus)
–
A coach is a type of vehicle used for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer-distance intercity—or even international—bus service. The term was applied to railway carriages in the 19th century, horse-drawn chariots and carriages were used by the wealthy and powerful where the roads were of a high enough standard from possibly 3000 BC. In Hungary, during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus in the 15th century and this cart of Kocs as the Hungarians called it soon became popular all over Europe. Stagecoaches were used for transport between cities from about 1500 in Great Britain until displaced by the arrival of the railways, one of the earliest motorised vehicles was the charabanc, which was used for short journeys and excursions until the early years of the 20th century. Coaches, as they hold passengers for significant periods of time on long journeys, are designed for comfort and they vary considerably in quality from country to country and within countries. Higher specification vehicles include luxury seats and air conditioning, coaches typically have only a single, narrow door, as an increased loading time is acceptable due to infrequent stops. Some characteristics include, Comfortable seats that may include a table, armrests. Comfort is considered to be an important feature in coaches, a minority of coaches are built with monocoque bodies without a chassis frame. Integrated manufacturers include Autosan, Scania, Fuso, and Alexander Dennis, major coachwork providers include Van Hool, Neoplan, Marcopolo, Irizar, MCI, Prevost, and Designline. A representative selection of vehicles currently in use in different parts of the world, a selection of vehicles in use in different parts of the world in the past. Pegaso Z-403 PD-4501 Scenicruiser GM Buffalo bus Anderson, R. C. A. and Frankis, history of Royal Blue Express Services. BBC Time Shift, The Modern Age of Coach Travel
10.
Montreal Metro
–
The Montreal Metro is a rubber-tired, underground rapid transit system and the main form of public transport in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Metro, operated by the Montreal Transit Corporation, was inaugurated on October 14,1966, in 2013,356.1 million trips on the Metro were completed. According to the STM, the Metro system had transported over 7 billion passengers as of 2010, with the Metro, Montreal has built one of North Americas largest urban rapid transit schemes, attracting the second-highest ridership per capita behind New York City. The Montreal Metro was inspired by the Paris Métro, which is seen in the Metros station design. Urban transit began in Montreal in 1861 when a line of cars started to operate on Craig. Eventually, as the then Canadian metropolis grew, a network of streetcar lines provided service almost everywhere. But urban congestion started to take its toll on streetcar punctuality, in 1902, as European and American cities were inaugurating their first subway systems, the federal government created the Montreal Subway Company to promote the idea in Canada. Starting in 1910, many proposals were tabled but the Montreal Metro would prove to be an elusive goal, first, the Montreal Street Railway Company, the Montreal Central Terminal Company and the Montreal Underground and Elevated Railway Company undertook fruitless negotiations with the city. The Montreal Tramways Company was the first to receive the approval of the government in 1913. The reluctance of elected city officials to advance funds foiled this first attempt, the issue of a subway remained present in the newspapers but World War I and the following recession hitting Montreal prevented any execution. The gradual return of the financial health during the 1920s brought the MTC project back, World War II and the war effort in Montreal resurrected trams crowding. In 1944, the MTC proposed a network, one line running underneath Saint Catherine Street. By this point, construction was well underway on Canadas first subway line in Toronto under Yonge Street. Still, Montreal councillors remained cautious and no work was initiated, for some of them, including Jean Drapeau during its first municipal term, public transit was a thing of the past. In 1959, a company, the Société dexpansion métropolitaine, offered to build a rubber-tired metro but the Transportation Commission wanted its own network. This was the last missed opportunity, for the re-election of Jean Drapeau as mayor, in the early 1960s, the western world experienced an economic boom and Quebec underwent its Quiet Revolution. The 1961 plan reused several previous studies and planned three lines carved into the rock under the city centre to the most populated areas of the city. The main line, or number 1 was to pass between the two most important arteries, Sainte-Catherine and Sherbrooke streets, more or less under the De Maisonneuve Boulevard and it would extend between the English-speaking west at Atwater station and French-speaking east at Frontenac
11.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
12.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
13.
Terminus Centre-Ville
–
Terminus Centre-Ville is a bus terminus located within 1000 de La Gauchetière, Montreal. It is multimodal with the Bonaventure Metro station on the Orange Line, the Central Station, the terminus has 21 gates in three areas. The north platform has twelve gates and is used exclusively by rush-hour-only RTL buses and it is open during morning and evening rush hour. On August 25,2008, the AMT announced that due to capacity issues, some transit authorities have been moved to a series of bus stops outside Place Bonaventure, while others have been moved to a loop route along René Lévesque Boulevard
14.
South Shore (Montreal)
–
The South Shore is the general term for the suburbs of Montreal, Quebec located on the southern shore of the Saint Lawrence River opposite the Island of Montreal. The South Shore is located within the Quebec administrative region of Montérégie, the largest city on the South Shore area is Longueuil. The South Shore is not represented by any sort of regional government and this is why its territory does not correspond to precise geographic boundaries. However, in 1998, a group of researchers at the Institut national de la recherche scientifique concluded that the South Shore of Montreal consisted of four Regional County Municipalities, today, there are two distinguishable sub-divisions of the South Shore. The entire south shore comprising the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil and the Couronne-Sud totals 700,904 inhabitants, the Greater South Shore has a total population of 970,779 people. However, at scale, the proportion of people who commute to Montreal for work declines
15.
Montreal Central Station
–
Central Station is the major inter-city rail station and a major commuter rail hub in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Nearly 11 million rail passengers use the station every year, the main concourse occupies almost the entire block bounded by rue de La Gauchetière, Robert-Bourassa Boulevard, René Lévesque Boulevard and Mansfield Street. Its street address and principal vehicular access are on de La Gauchetière, the station is adorned with art deco bas-relief friezes on its interior and exterior. The station building and associated properties are owned by Cominar REIT as of January 2012, homburg Invest Inc. was the previous owner, since November 30,2007. Prior to that, from the inception in 1943, it had been owned by Canadian National Railway. Inter-city trains at Central Station are operated by Via Rail and Amtrak, the station is also connected to the Montreal Metro subway system. Central Station is the second-busiest Via Rail station in Canada, after Toronto Union Station and its Via station code is MTRL, its Amtrak code is MTR, and its IATA code is YMY. Central Station opened in 1943, after years of construction. It stands on the site occupied by the terminus of the Canadian Northern Railways Tunnel Terminal which had originally opened in 1918. The merger left CNR with a somewhat viable patchwork of different networks, CNR endured a highly uncomfortable position in Montreal due to the scattering of its terminals. At the end of the 1920s, the newly formed Canadian National Railways struggled with disparate Montreal terminals, what made matters worse was that the various stations were only connected to each other via long detours. The solution chosen was to take advantage of the Mount Royal Tunnel to bring trains from the north, trains from the south and west gained access by a new elevated viaduct. Interurban electric trains, however, remained at McGill Street Terminal until the service was abandoned in 1956, the new station plan allowed for the development of air-rights, similar to Grand Central Terminal and Penn Station, both in New York City. The new Central Station would be situated in the bounded by De la Gauchetière Street to the south, Mansfield Street to the west, Cathcart Street to the north. Central Station was designed by John Schofield, architect-in-chief of CNR, construction started in 1926, but was halted in 1930 as a result of the Great Depression. Construction resumed in 1939, the economy having improved, the new station finally opened on July 14,1943, as the first of a series of large-scale urban redevelopment projects undertaken by CNR and the federal government in Downtown Montreal. But the Central Station that came out was a more modest central station with 20 tracks, Central Station was an important passenger station for CN trains from 1943 until the creation of Via Rail in 1978. Following Vias full absorption of CPs passenger trains in 1978, intercity rail traffic from Windsor Station was slowly redirected to Central Station, the final Via trains switched from Windsor Station to Central Station were the Quebec City trains that operated by way of Trois-Rivières
16.
Via Rail
–
Via Rail Canada is an independent Crown corporation, subsidized by the Minister of Transport, mandated to offer intercity passenger rail services in Canada. Via Rail operates 475 trains per week in eight Canadian provinces over a network of 12,500 kilometres of track, 98% of which is owned and maintained by other companies, mostly by CN. Via Rail carried approximately 3.8 million passengers in 2015, yearly passenger levels on Canadas passenger trains peaked at 60 million during World War II. Following the war the growth of air travel and the automobile caused significant loss of mode share for Canadas passenger train operators. By the 1960s it was obvious to both Canadian National Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway that passenger trains were no longer economically viable, CN, being a Crown corporation at that time, was encouraged by the federal government and political interests to invest in passenger trains. These increases proved temporary, by 1977 total passenger numbers had dropped beneath five million, the decline of passenger rail became a federal election issue in 1974 when the government of Pierre Trudeau promised to implement a nationwide carrier similar to Amtrak in the United States. Starting in 1976, CN began branding its passenger services with the bilingual name Via or Via CN, the Via logo began to appear on CN passenger locomotives and cars, while still carrying CN logos as well. That September, Via published a timetable with information on both CN and CP trains, marking the first time that Canadians could find all major passenger trains in one publication. On January 12,1977, CN spun off its services as a separate Crown corporation. At its inception, Via acquired all CN passenger cars and locomotives, following several months of negotiation, on October 29,1978, Via took over operation of CP passenger train services, and took possession of cars and locomotives. At this time, Via did not own any trackage and had to pay fees to CN and CP. Over 150 scheduled trains per week were in operation, including services, regional trains. If Via were enabled by legislation, the company could be permitted to seek funding on the money markets as other Crown corporations such as CN have done in the past. Greater numbers of passengers would not be Vias saviour, in 1981, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeaus government endorsed Minister of Transport Jean-Luc Pépins plan which cut Vias budget, leading to a 40% reduction in the companys operations. Gone were frequently sold-out trains such as the Super Continental and the popular Atlantic, the LRC locomotives and cars used advanced technology such as active tilt to increase speed, but proved troublesome and took several years to work out problems. Prime Minister Mulroneys government gave Via funding to some of its cars, and purchase new locomotives. It was during this time on February 8,1986, that Vias eastbound Super Continental collided with a CN freight train near Hinton, Alberta, the resulting derailment killed 23 people. Minister of Transport Benoît Bouchard oversaw the reduction in service on January 15,1990, the Canadian was also moved from its home rails on CP to the northerly CN route
17.
Amtrak
–
Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
18.
Voyageur Colonial Bus Lines
–
It has been owned by Greyhound since 1998, and the Voyageur brand has essentially disappeared as Greyhound has renewed its fleet. Voyageur Colonial Limited was incorporated on January 7,1928, as Colonial Coach Lines Ltd. which ran buses between Renfrew, Ottawa, Morrisburg and Kingston, Ontario. In 1930 Colonial was purchased by the Provincial Transport Company, which had incorporated in November 1928. In Quebec, Provincial was affiliated with the Montreal Tramways Company until 1948, operations included intercity bus service throughout the province and transit operations in Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Kingston and elsewhere. In 1969, after 40 years of operation, all of Provincial Transport Enterprises subsidiaries were unified under the Voyageur name, at the same time, Colonial Coach Lines was renamed Voyageur Colonial Ltd. At various times Voyageur operated a number of subsidiaries, including Voyageur Abitibi, by 1981 the company was owned by Canada Steamship Lines Inc. 50% owned by Paul Martins family. The Quebec routes were sold to other operators over the following decade, in 1998 CSL sold Voyageur to Greyhound Canada, which in turn is owned by the UK-based FirstGroup. Gare dautocars de Montréal Greyhound Canada Kingston Bus Terminal Ottawa Central Station Greyhound Canada Greyhound Canada - historical timeline Voyageur fleet listing
19.
Val-d'Or
–
Val-dOr is a city in Quebec, Canada with a population of 31,862 inhabitants according to the Canada 2011 Census. The city is located in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region near La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve, Gold was discovered in the area in 1923. The name of the town is French for Valley of Gold, while gold is still mined in the area today, base metals, such as copper, zinc, and lead have become increasingly important resources. The ore is found in volcanic rocks that were deposited on the sea floor over 2.7 billion years ago. They are referred to as volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, the city is known for its vast parks, cycle tracks, and forests. Some other attractions include the City of Gold and the village of Bourlamaque. The city hosted the Quebec Games in 1987, the local hockey team, the Val-dOr Foreurs, have played in the QMJHL since 1993, winning the league championship in 1998,2001 and 2014 to claim a spot in the Memorial Cup. They play at Centre Air Creebec, the Foreurs mascot is called Dynamit, named after dynamite which was extensively used by the mining industry of Val-dOr. Val-dOr was once home to CFS Val-dOr, a Canadian Forces Station, in the municipal reorganizations of January 1,2002, Val-dOr was merged with the neighbouring municipalities of Dubuisson, Sullivan, Val-Senneville and Vassan. Population, Population in 2011,31,8622006 to 2011 population change, +2. 4% French only,67. 8% French, the only nominal exceptions are the cities separate NRJ stations, although at present even these stations share the majority of their broadcast schedule. Val-dOr Airport is served by several airlines, Air Creebec, a regional airline, has its headquarters in Val-dOr. Val-dOrs proximity to the Abitibi gold belt has made it a gold producer. Re-opened a lithium mine which had operated as a mine from 1955–65. The mine is about 60 kilometres north of Val dOr,38 kilometres southeast of Amos, access to the mine is via paved road from Val dOr. Val-d’Or is situated on the Canadian Shield at an elevation of 1100 feet above sea level, although its name refers to a valley, the city is actually situated on a vast, slightly undulating plain. Val-dOr has a continental climate that closely borders on a subarctic climate. Winters are cold and snowy with a January mean of −17.4 °C, there are 18.4 days were the temperature will fall below −30 °C although with the wind chill factored in, it can occasionally drop below −40 °C. Snowfall totals are heavy, averaging 288 centimetres with reliable snow cover from November to April
20.
Rouyn-Noranda
–
Rouyn-Noranda is a city on Osisko Lake in southwestern Quebec, Canada. The city of Rouyn-Noranda is a coextensive with an equivalent to a regional county municipality. The city of Rouyn appeared after copper was discovered in 1917, Noranda was created later around the Horne mine and foundry. Both were officially constituted as cities in 1926, then merged in 1986, since 1966, Rouyn and Noranda constitute the capital of the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region. It is also the seat of public university UQAT since 1983, the population tends to increase or decrease dramatically depending on the economic situation. The citys population dropped by 5 per cent between the 1996 and 2001 census, before increasing slightly by 0.8 per cent for the 2006 census and this more closely parallels the demographic patterns of Northern Ontario than those of Quebec during this period. Rouyn-Noranda also has other affiliations with Northern Ontario, being the only municipality in Quebec that holds a membership in the Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario. The Roman Catholic diocese of Rouyn-Noranda was established on February 9,1974 by Pope Paul VI, jean-Guy Hamelin as its first bishop. It is part of the Metropolitan Province of Gatineau, dorylas Moreau was appointed as bishop on November 30,2001, replacing Mgr. On September 15,2003, a decree moved the cathedral from Saint-Michel-Archange church to Saint-Joseph church, federally, Rouyn-Noranda is part of the Abitibi—Témiscamingue riding. Its MP is currently Christine Moore of the New Democratic Party, provincially, Rouyn-Noranda is divided between Abitibi-Est and Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue ridings. The citys mayor is Mario Provencher, Rouyn-Noranda is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality and census division of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Rouyn-Noranda. Rouyn-Noranda is the seat of the district of the same name. The Rouyn-Noranda Huskies have played in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League since the Saint-Hyacinthe Laser relocated to the town in 1996, former NHL players Réjean Houle, Éric Desjardins and the Bordeleau Brothers also hail from the city. Rouyn-Noranda native Marc-André Cliche played in his first NHL game in 2010 and their most fierce rivals are the Val-dOr Foreurs, which constitute the Battle of the 117 since both cities are connected by Route 117. Propair has its headquarters on the property of Rouyn-Noranda Airport, xstrata Copper Canada currently operates the Horne smelter. Since 1982, the city has been host to the International Cinema Festival of Abitibi-Témiscamingue and since 2003, notable cultural figures from Rouyn-Noranda include singer-songwriter Richard Desjardins, actors Paule Baillargeon, Anne Dorval and Bruce Greenwood, and science fiction writer Éric Gauthier. Rouyn-Noranda is known as La Capitale Nationale du Cuivre for its copper deposits
21.
Coach Canada
–
Coach Canada is the Canadian affiliate of Coach USA, and part of the North American operations of Stagecoach, the international transport group, with its headquarters in Perth, Scotland, UK. Operations are confined to the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, providing services in the main centres such as Toronto, Montreal, Kingston, Whitby and Niagara Falls. The division is mainly a mix of scheduled services and charter operations, with the addition of transit, school bus. Gray Line Montreal, although owned by Stagecoach Group, is independently operated. This service is offered under, Toronto / Kingston / Brockville / Cornwall / Montreal Toronto / St. Centre division of Durham Region Transit, bus companies in Ontario Coach Canada Stagecoach Group PLC
22.
Megabus (North America)
–
On April 10,2006, Stagecoach introduced a no-frills service through its Coach USA subsidiary, using the Megabus brand that it had established in the United Kingdom. Louis, Ann Arbor, Columbus, Louisville, Toledo, Detroit, Kansas City, Minneapolis, on August 8,2007, Megabus introduced service to the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Tempe, Arizona, using Coach America as a contractor. In its first foray into California, ridership was sluggish and Megabus started to discontinue services from the Los Angeles hub in early 2008, Service to the Phoenix area was discontinued in January 2008, followed by services in San Diego and San Ysidro in March 2008. In May 2008, Megabus made the decision to shut down its Los Angeles hub and discontinue all related services, stating that n this case, the final day for services from Los Angeles was June 22,2008. Megabus re-entered the market in 2012 after reacquiring some of the assets of Coach America, further expansions included service to Syracuse, Rochester, Hartford, and Niagara Falls, Ontario. Later in 2009, the Megabus concept was expanded to Toronto and Montreal, Megabus expanded deeper into Pennsylvania and the Southeast in 2009 and 2010. Megabus returned to the West Coast on December 12,2012 initially serving San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, Sacramento, Reno, Riverside, on its west coast routes, Megabus operates almost exclusively from either commuter rail stations or transfer stations for local transit buses. A fraction of tickets are priced at 1.00 USD or CAD, Megabus follows the yield management model, typically used by airlines, where the lowest fares are offered to those who book early, so the less popular schedules tend to be less expensive. In order to keep costs down, Megabus has no waiting rooms and no bus terminals and picks up at curbside on public streets, stops may be outside railroad stations or transportation centers in major cities, or on college campuses or at shopping centers in other cities. Tickets must be purchased in advance via the website or by telephone, upon purchase, passengers are given a reservation number which they show the bus operator when they board. In the United States, tickets are not available from the bus operator, in Canada, owing to franchise regulations, tickets are sold at stops at a fixed price. The Megabus fleet can be identified by the megabus. com name on the front and sides in yellow against a base. The DATTCO fleet used for Megabus service is also decaled with Megabus logos, buses on the M25 Megabus route operate with regular Academy Bus livery. In 2007, Coach USA updated its Chicago-based Megabus fleet with new MCI J4500 single-deck and this expansion came as Megabus exited from the West Coast market. The fleet transferred to Eastern Shuttle was eventually returned to mainline Coach USA duty following divestiture a few months later, all Megabus coaches branded as such in the United States are equipped with Wi-Fi and electrical outlets. In accordance with ADA regulations, wheelchair-accessible service is available on all lines and this can now be done online or by phone. The Canadian Megabus fleet consists of 152009 TD925 buses and are operated by Trentway-Wagar, all of the Canada fleet is equipped with electrical outlets and Wi-Fi. The Canadian buses are pooled with the US fleet for NYC-Toronto or Philadelphia-Toronto runs, note that on these runs the buses will typically only have WiFi service available in the home country for the bus being used, i. e
23.
Cornwall, Ontario
–
Cornwall is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada, and the seat of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Andrews and Avonmore to the north, and Glen Walter, Martintown, Apple Hill, Williamstown, and Lancaster to the east. It is named after the English Duchy of Cornwall, the Citys coat of arms is based on that of the duchy with its colours reversed and the addition of a royal tressure and its largest industries include logistics distribution and call centres. Aboriginal peoples have lived in and around the area of present-day Cornwall for millennia, the first serious European settlement was established in 1784 by United Empire Loyalists primarily from New York. Disbanded soldiers and their families began to settle at the site of Cornwall and they were led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Johnson and were soldiers from the First Battalion Kings Royal Regiment of New York and a contingent of the 84th Royal Highland Emigrants. Following the success of rebellious colonists in the American Revolution, the United Empire Loyalists migrated to Canada, the British government helped them settle there in reward for their loyalty and compensation for their losses in the United States. They founded a settlement on the formerly called Pointe Maligne by French colonists and renamed it Royal Settlement #2. The construction of the Cornwall Canal between 1834 and 1842 accelerated the development into a regional and industrial economic capital for a growing hinterland of towns. Canal and lock construction in the late 1800s and early 1900s brought work international business, the Cornwall Collegiate and Vocational School received heavy damage from masonry work falling through the roof of the gymnasium. Situated west of Cornwall along the St. Lawrence River were several smaller communities, Eastern Ontario has always been a highway or corridor through which people moved, a corridor used by migration and conquest. Prior to European colonization, the Mohawks and Six Nations Iroquois settled and raided through the St. Lawrence valley, the French and British fought over the waterway and, after the American revolution in 1812–14, it became a battleground between Americans and Canadians. Formally founded to be a new home for refugees, it remained a home for refugees, early settlement of the region is largely undocumented although oral histories and early accounts suggest that settlers, traders and farmers existed in the area long before formal recognition. The post-contact regional population was a mixture of French Canadian, Ojibwe and these different groups mixed and integrated over time with family names and histories reflecting a blending of different backgrounds that was typical of Eastern Ontario. Smaller but nevertheless impressive contributions in the region were made by everyone from Jewish traders, craftsmen and merchants, Eastern European refugees, many of these stories go unreported. A good example is that of John Baker who died in Cornwall in 1871 at the age of 93. Born in Lower Canada, he was said to be the last Canadian born into slavery, most of these former slaves settled and integrated into the same communities where they were freed. By 1833, all slaves in the British Empire were free, John Baker, the last slave to be born into slavery in Canada, died in Cornwall. Cornwall and the area, originally called Royal Settlement #2
24.
Brockville
–
Brockville, formerly Elizabethtown, is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada in the Thousand Islands region. Although it is the seat of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and it is included with Leeds and Grenville for census purposes only. It is located 115 kilometres south of the capital of Ottawa. It is one of Ontarios oldest European-Canadian communities and is named after the British general Sir Isaac Brock, indigenous peoples lived along both sides of the St. Lawrence River for thousands of years. While the explorer Cartier recorded about 200 words in their Laurentian language, anthropologists believe they may have been driven out or defeated by the powerful Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy, who by then reserved the St. Lawrence Valley as a hunting ground. This area of Ontario was first settled by English speakers in 1785 and they were later called United Empire Loyalists because of their continued allegiance to King George III. The struggle between Britain and the 13 American colonies occurred in the years 1776 to 1783, and seriously divided loyalties among people in some such as New York. In many areas traders and merchants, especially in the cities or the northern border regions, had stronger business ties. Many Loyalists chose to flee north to the British colony of Quebec, the first years were very harsh as they struggled on the frontier. Some exiles returned to the United States, the St. Lawrence River was named by French explorers in the 18th century to honour the martyred Roman Christian, Saint Laurentis. Loyalist to take up land in Brockville was William Buell Sr. an ensign disbanded from the Kings Rangers, residents commonly called the first settlement Buells Bay. Around 1810 government officials of Upper Canada designated the village as Elizabethtown, about 1812 leading residents of the village suggested that the village be renamed to differentiate it from the township of Elizabethtown. The commanding British General in Upper Canada and temporary administrator of the province was Major-General Isaac Brock and he was celebrated as the Hero and Saviour of Upper Canada because of his recent success in securing the surrender by Americans of Fort Detroit during the War of 1812. Perhaps to curry favour with Gen. Brock, certain leading citizens of the village, including Charles Jones and they began using this name in their correspondence and dealings with Isaac Brock. Gen. Brock was soon involved in battles on the Niagara Peninsula. On October 13,1812, he was wounded while leading troops up the heights near the village of Queenston. General Brock had learned of the honour being offered by the residents of Elizabethtown, provincial officials accepted the new name, which was soon commonly used by residents and visitors. In 1830 the population of Brockville exceeded the 1000 mark and this entitled it to be represented by its own elected member in the House of Assembly
25.
Kingston, Ontario
–
Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River. The city is located midway between Toronto and Montreal, the Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement, after the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston. Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10,1841, while its time as a political centre was short, Kingston has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998, Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac. A number of origins of Cataraqui, Kingstons original name, have been postulated, one is that it is derived from the Iroquois word that means the place where one hides. The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean impregnable, muddy river, place of retreat, clay bank rising out of the water or where the rivers and lake meet. Cataraqui today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road, Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. Cataraqui was referred to as the Kings Town or Kings Town by 1787 in honour of King George III, the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788. Archaeological evidence suggests that people lived in the Kingston region as early as the Archaic Period, evidence of Late Woodland Period early Iroquois occupation also exists. The first more permanent encampments by aboriginal people in the Kingston area began about 500 AD, the group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people, who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois had settled along the shore of Lake Ontario. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, european commercial and military influence and activities centered on the fur trade developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the Kingston area in 1615. Settlement resumed in the early 1780s when the area soon to be called Kingston became a centre for Loyalist refugees who fled north because of the American Revolutionary War. The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a base since nearby Carleton Island on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war
26.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
27.
Greyhound Canada
–
Greyhound Canada is the prominent operator of inter-city coach services in Canada. Greyhound Canada is a subsidiary of British transport company FirstGroup, linked with Dallas-based Greyhound Lines, in 1929, Greyhound Canada was founded as Canadian Greyhound Coaches, Limited, operating first in BC and then Alberta. It merged with Greyhound USA in 1935 and split after Greyhound Canada was sold in 1987 and it was not until Laidlaws purchase of the Canadian operations in 1987 and U. S. operations in 1999 did the two operations link up again. Toronto area routes and some buses were acquired from Gray Coach in 1991, Greyhound Canadas scheduled bus service operates in eight of Canadas provinces and territories. Greyhound operates 480 buses, but it has a fleet through connecting operators, Greyhound Canadas fleet. In Ontario, Voyageur buses and some Greyhound buses have Ontario plates, from the 1985 model year 96A3 to the 1995 model year D4000 and D4500, as well as the first Prevost H3-45 coaches, Greyhound Canada specified manual transmissions in all their intercity coaches. At first, five speed Eaton Fuller transmissions were equipped in all 96A3 and 102A3 coaches, beginning with the 1989 model year 102C3SS coaches, Greyhound Canada specified seven speed manual transmissions. Allison B500 and B500Rs have been used on coaches equipped with Automatic transmissions until the D4505s which use the ZF-AStronic transmission, amalgamated Transit Union Local 1374 represents unionized Greyhound employees in Western Canada and Northern Ontario and is based in Calgary. Amalgamated Transit Union Local 1415 represents unionized Greyhound employees in Southern Ontario, december 23,2000, An attempted hijacking of a Greyhound Canada bus near Thunder Bay, Ontario left one woman dead and 31 others injured. July 30,2008, Tim McLean, a passenger on an Edmonton to Winnipeg schedule, was beheaded by another passenger near Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. The attacker was arrested at the scene and charged with second-degree murder, Greyhound Canada withdrew ads with the slogan Theres a reason youve never heard of bus rage following the event, citing that the campaign was no longer appropriate. September 21,2008, A young man was attacked by another passenger on a Greyhound Canada schedule in northwestern Ontario, police arrested a 28-year-old man near the town of White River, about 300 kilometres north of Sault Ste. Marie, shortly after the bus driver let him get off at the side of the highway, december 16,2010, A Toronto Transit Commission 505 Dundas streetcar was heading eastbound at River Street when it crashed into a Greyhound Canada bus after running a red traffic signal. 17 passengers, including 4 schoolchildren, received serious, but non-life-threatening injuries, gare dautocars de Montréal Gray Coach Lines Greyhound Air Greyhound Lines Penetang-Midland Coach Lines Voyageur Colonial Bus Lines Greyhound Canada Greyhound USA Gray Line Canada Historical timeline
28.
Ottawa
–
Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
29.
Greyhound Lines
–
Greyhound Lines, Inc. usually shortened to Greyhound, is an intercity bus common carrier serving over 3,800 destinations across North America. The companys first route began in Hibbing, Minnesota in 1914, since October 2007, Greyhound has been a subsidiary of British transportation company FirstGroup, but continues to be based in Dallas, Texas, where it has been headquartered since 1987. Greyhound and sister companies in FirstGroup America are the largest motorcoach operators in the United States, carl Eric Wickman was born in Sweden in 1887. In 1905 he moved to the United States where he was working in a mine as an operator in Alice, Minnesota. In the same year, he became a Hupmobile salesman in Hibbing and he proved unable to sell the car. In 1914, using his vehicle, a 7-passenger car, he began a bus service with Andy Anderson. Heed, by transporting iron ore miners from Hibbing to Alice at 15 cents a ride, in 1915 Wickman joined forces with Ralph Bogan, who was running a similar service from Hibbing to Duluth, Minnesota. The name of the new organization was the Mesaba Transportation Company, by the end of World War I in 1918, Wickman owned 18 buses and was making an annual profit of $40,000. In 1922, Wickman joined forces with Orville Caesar, the owner of the Superior White Bus Lines, four years later, Wickman purchased two West Coast operations, the Pioneer Yelloway System and the Pickwick Lines, creating a national intercity bus company. The Greyhound name had its origins in the run of a route from Superior, Wisconsin to Wausau. While passing through a town, Ed Stone, the routes operator. The reflection reminded him of a dog, and he adopted that name for that segment of the Blue Goose Lines. The Greyhound name became popular and later applied to the bus network. Stone later became General Sales Manager of Yellow Truck and Coach, a division of General Motors, Wickman, as the president of the company, continued to expand it so that by 1927, his buses were making transcontinental trips from California to New York. In 1928, Greyhound had an annual income of $6 million. In 1929, Greyhound acquired additional interests in Southland Transportation Company, the Gray Line, Greyhound also acquired an interest in Northland Transportation Company, and renamed it Northland Greyhound Lines. By 1930 more than 100 bus lines had been consolidated into what was called the Motor Transit Company, recognizing that the company needed a more memorable name, the partners of the Motor Transit Company decided to rename it after the Greyhound marketing phrase used by earlier bus lines. Wickmans business suffered during the Great Depression, and by 1931 was over $1 million in debt, as the 1930s progressed and the economy improved, the Greyhound Corporation began to prosper again
30.
Albany, New York
–
Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
31.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
32.
Vermont Transit Lines
–
Vermont Transit Lines was a bus carrier company serving New England. Founded in 1929 by William Appleyard, it linked the communities of Barre and Burlington, Vermont. VTL grew to add destinations throughout the state, and added routes to Montreal, Quebec, to Boston and Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1975 VTL was purchased by Greyhound Lines, becoming a subsidiary line. Vermont Transit Lines remained based in Burlington, Vermont, with terminals in White River Junction, Montreal. Service was primarily provided along the Interstate 89 corridor and then on to Boston, on April 1,2008 Greyhound Lines ceased use of the Vermont Transit Lines brand fully consolidating VTL routes into its operations timetable. Vermont Transit Routes 62,67 and 60 remain in the Greyhound national network, for most of the companys history, Vermont Transits identity has been closely tied to the state of Vermont. Drivers wore uniforms in Vermonts state colors of green and gold, the fleet of buses were painted in a combination of green, gold and black, and several displayed the running greyhound logo albeit in green outline. Until consolidation with Greyhound Lines, seats were upholstered in a woven twill of green, gold. Like its parent company, Vermont Transit Lines operated similar equipment with most buses in its fleet supplied by Motor Coach Industries, charles O. Little, The Story of Vermont Transit
33.
Burlington, Vermont
–
Burlington is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located 45 miles south of the Canada–United States border and 94 miles south of Montreal and its population was 42,452 according to a 2015 U. S. census estimate. Burlington is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state, a regional college town, the municipality is home to the University of Vermont and Champlain College, a small private college. Vermonts largest hospital, the UVM Medical Center, is located within the city limits, in 2015, Burlington became the first city in the U. S. to run completely on renewable energy. Two theories have been put forward regarding the origin of Burlingtons name, the first is that it was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and the second is that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no Burling family members are listed as grantees of the town, one of the New Hampshire grants, the land that was developed as Burlington was awarded by New Hampshire colonial governor Benning Wentworth on June 7,1763 to Samuel Willis and 63 others. In the summer of 1775, settlers began clearing land and built two or three log huts, but the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War delayed permanent settlement until after its conclusion, in 1783, Stephen Lawrence arrived with his family. The town was organized in 1785, the War of 1812 was unpopular in Vermont and New England, which had numerous trading ties with Canada. Neither Vermont nor other New England states provided militia units or financial support, Vermont voters supported the Federalist Party, which opposed the war. At one point during the war, the U. S. had 5,000 troops stationed in Burlington, outnumbering residents, about 500 soldiers died of disease, which was always a problem due to poor sanitation in army camps. Some soldiers were quartered in the building at the University of Vermont. In a skirmish on August 2,1813, British forces from Canada shelled Burlington and this is described as either a bold stroke by the British with an ineffectual response from the Americans, or a weak sally by the British, which was rightfully ignored by the Americans. The cannonade lasted about 10 minutes and caused no casualties, the American troops involved were commanded by Naval Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough, later hero of the Battle of Lake Champlain. Wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center and was incorporated as a city in 1865. Its Victorian era prosperity left behind fine architecture, including buildings by Ammi B. Young, H. H. Richardson, and McKim, Mead & White, in 1870, the waterfront was extended by construction of the Pine Street Barge Canal. This became polluted over the years and was a focus for cleanup in 2009 under the U. S. Environmental Protection Agencys Superfund program, in 1978, the ice cream enterprise Ben & Jerrys was founded in Burlington in a renovated gas station. It became a brand, with retail outlets in numerous cities
34.
White River Junction, Vermont
–
White River Junction is an unincorporated village and census-designated place in the town of Hartford in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,286 at the 2010 census, making it the largest community within the town of Hartford. The village includes the White River Junction Historic District, a district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The historic district reflects urban architecture of the area from the late 19th century, the district is bounded by the Central Vermont railroad tracks, Gates Street, and South Main Street. It includes at least 29 contributing and non-contributing buildings, notable buildings include the Coolidge Hotel, the First National Bank building, a U. S. Post Office building, and the White River Junction Fire House, showing examples of Greek Revival, Colonial Revival, Richardsonian Romanesque, Italianate, the village has long had a role in transportation, primarily as a railroad junction. Its original importance was due to its location at the confluence of the White River with the Connecticut River, in 1803 Elias Lyman built a bridge across the Connecticut from the north bank of the White River to West Lebanon, New Hampshire. The local population remained low until the arrival of the railroad in the 1840s. Five different railroad lines were laid through the site between 1847 and 1863, creating an eight-track crossing that was served by 50 passenger trains daily. His hotel, named the Junction House, was the first of three hotels to occupy the site, which now is home to the Coolidge Hotel, built in 1924, White River Junction hosted the annual Vermont State Fair from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th century. A special rail spur carried visitors uphill from the station to the fairgrounds, White River Junction is located at 43°38′56″N 72°19′11″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.7 square miles. It takes its name from the White River, which joins with the Connecticut River there, all are about one hours drive from the village. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,569 people,1,169 households, the population density was 1,557.6 per square mile. There were 1,235 housing units at a density of 748.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 54% White,0. 58% African American,0. 43% Native American,0. 70% Asian,0. 04% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 58% of the population. 36. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.86. In the village the population was out with 24. 3% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,23. 3% from 45 to 64
35.
Manchester, New Hampshire
–
It is located in Hillsborough County along the banks of the Merrimack River, which divides the city into eastern and western sections. Manchester is near the end of the Northeast megalopolis. It was first named by the merchant and inventor Samuel Blodget, blodgets vision was to create a great industrial center similar to that of the original Manchester in England, which was the worlds first industrialized city. Manchester often appears favorably in lists ranking the affordability and livability of American cities, in 2009, CNNMoney. com rated Manchester 13th in a list of the 100 best cities in which to live and launch a business in the United States. In addition, Kiplinger voted Manchester the second most tax-friendly city in the United States, second only to Anchorage, also in 2009, Forbes magazine ranked the Manchester region first on its list of Americas 100 Cheapest Places to Live. According to the Equality of Opportunity Project, released in 2013, pennacook Indians called it Namaoskeag, meaning good fishing place—a reference to the Amoskeag Falls in the Merrimack River. In 1722, John Goffe III settled beside Cohas Brook, later building a dam and it was granted by Massachusetts in 1727 as Tyngstown to veterans of Queen Annes War who served in 1703 under Captain William Tyng. But at New Hampshires 1741 separation from Massachusetts, the grant was ruled invalid and substituted with Wilton, Maine, Derryfield remains a neighborhood in contemporary Manchester, along its easternmost area adjacent to Massabesic Lake. In 1807, Samuel Blodget opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the falls and he envisioned here a great industrial center, the Manchester of America, like the Industrial Revolutions Manchester in England, the first industrialized city in the world. In 1809, Benjamin Prichard and others built a spinning mill operated by water power on the western bank of the Merrimack. Following Blodgetts suggestion, Derryfield was renamed Manchester in 1810, the year the mill was incorporated as the Amoskeag Cotton & Woolen Manufacturing Company. It would be purchased in 1825 by entrepreneurs from Massachusetts, expanded to 3 mills in 1826, on the eastern bank, Amoskeag engineers and architects planned a model company town, founded in 1838 with Elm Street as its main thoroughfare. Incorporated as a city in 1846, Manchester would become home to the largest cotton mill in the world—Mill No,11, stretching 900 feet long by 103 feet wide, and containing 4,000 looms. Other products made in the community included shoes, cigars, the Amoskeag foundry made rifles, sewing machines, textile machinery, fire engines, and locomotives in a division called the Amoskeag Locomotive Works. The rapid growth of the mills demanded a large influx of workers, resulting in a flood of immigrants, many current residents descend from these workers. The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company went out of business in 1935, although its red brick mills have been renovated for other uses, indeed, the mill towns 19th-century affluence left behind some of the finest Victorian commercial, municipal, and residential architecture in the state. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 35.0 square miles, of which 33.1 square miles is land and 1.9 square miles is water. Manchester is drained by the Merrimack River, the Piscataquog River, Massabesic Lake is on the eastern border
36.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
37.
Trailways of New York
–
Trailways of New York is one of the largest privately held transportation companies based in New York State. It employs over 450 people and carries more than 80 million miles annually. Founded in 1926 by the Van Gonsic Berardi family, Trailways of New York first began as the Rip Van Winkle brand with commuter service between New York City and the Hudson Valley. Over time, Trailways of New Yorks holdings grew to include The Dixie Bus Terminal in New York City as well as other properties that support its business in the Northeastern United States. Expansion came yet again in the 1990s, marking the companies largest growth since the first half of the 20th Century, during this time service was expanded to include Long Island and the nearby Canadian Cities of Montreal and Toronto. A long term revenue sharing partnership was established with Greyhound Bus Lines to provide enhanced service. In 2010, Darius McCollum was caught behind the wheel of a stolen Trailways NY bus en route to Kennedy Airport, McCollum is best known for his theft of an E Train filled with passengers from 34th Street to The World Trade Center when he was only 15 years old. This theft marked McCollums 27th arrest for a transit related crime, for the theft, he was sentenced to 2 1/2 to 5 years in prison. Trailways of New York operates under three brands, Adirondack Trailways, Pine Hill Trailways, and New York Trailways. Until recently, NeOn Bus had been a service which operated between the New Yorker Hotel in Manhattan and the Fairmont Royal York Hotel in Toronto that began on May 29,2008. Initially it was a discount service with fares as low as $1, only calling at key cities such as Syracuse and Buffalo en route. It was a joint service operated by Greyhound Lines, Greyhound Canada, Adirondack Trailways is the brand used by Adirondack Transit Lines, Inc. Pine Hill Trailways is the used by Pine Hill-Kingston Bus Corporation. The following route is operated by Pine Hill Trailways, New York-Kingston-Phoenicia-Oneonta-Utica, New York Trailways is the brand used by Passenger Bus Corporation. Many of these and other services had previously operated by Western New York Motor Lines, Inc. which operated under the brand Empire Trailways
38.
Groupe Galland
–
Groupe Galland operates 150 buses and offers courier services via bus parcel express. In 1941 Paul Galland founded the company in Sainte-Scholastique, Quebec and he later retired and turned the business over to his sons. In 2004 or 2005, the acquired the Montreal to Laurentians bus routes formerly operated by Limocar. Montreal to Mont-Tremblant, Quebec route Montreal to Mont-Laurier, Quebec route Mont-Tremblant public transit Official site
39.
Mont-Tremblant, Quebec
–
Mont-Tremblant is a city in the Laurentian mountains of Quebec, Canada, approximately 130 kilometres northwest of Montreal and 140 kilometres northeast of Ottawa. The current municipality with city status was formed in 2000, Mont-Tremblant is most famous for its ski resort, the Mont-Tremblant Ski Resort, which is 5 kilometres from the village proper, at the foot of a mountain called Mont Tremblant. Mont-Tremblant has a track called Circuit Mont-Tremblant. It has hosted or currently hosts Formula One, Can-Am, Trans-Am, the surrounding area also features hiking, cycling, canoeing, fishing, golfing, ziplines, and a host of other outdoor activities. Since the summer of 2006, Mont-Tremblant has its own senior amateur Football team, the Mystral, the area was inhabited by Algonquins before European colonization. It was settled in 1872 by parish priest Antoine Labelle, leading to establishment of the parish in 1879. A railway line from Montreal was completed to the village of Saint-Jovite in 1892, the Lac-Mercier station would become the village of Mont-Tremblant. In 1905 a hydroelectric dam was erected on the banks of the Ruisseau Clair, principal economic activities were agriculture and logging. Constructed by Joseph Bondurant Ryan, the ski resort Mont-Tremblant Lodge began operation of their first chair lift in 1939 and his family sold the resort in 1965 to a consortium of investors. In 2002 the four municipalities in the area merged, Ville Saint-Jovite, Paroisse de Saint-Jovite, Mont-Tremblant, elementary schools, Fleur-Soleil, La-Doyenne, La Ribambelle, Tournesol, Trois Saisons. Professional training school, Centre Le Florès
40.
Mont-Laurier
–
Mont-Laurier is a town and incorporated municipality in northwest Quebec, Canada, located on the banks of the Rivière du Lièvre, a tributary of the Ottawa River. Known as the “Capital of the Haute-Laurentides”, the motto of the town is Laurus elationis praemium, the demonym for its inhabitants is Lauriermontois. In 2003, Mont-Laurier merged with the neighbouring towns Des Ruisseaux and Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles, following a 2004 demerger referendum vote, Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles left Mont-Laurier in 2006 to be reconstituted as an independent municipality. The deamalgamation did not affect Des Ruisseaux, which remains within Mont-Laurier, according to the Canada 2006 Census, the population of Mont-Laurier is 13,405. Mont-Laurier is one of the largest municipalities in Quebec in terms of area and it is the seat of Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality and the judicial district of Labelle. The territory was inhabited by Oueskarinis, a sub tribe of Algonquians. The white settlers came from Sainte-Adèle in 1866, rapide-de-lOrignal was founded at the current location of Mont-Laurier, on the Lievre River, in 1885, by Solime Alix. The name was changed in 1909 to honour Canadian Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in 1940, a road from Mont-Laurier to Abitibi was built. This facilitated the growth of the trucking industry, elected in 2003, the current mayor of Mont-Laurier is Michel Adrien, a black immigrant to Canada from Haiti. He was elected mayor with an 80% majority, with no opponent running against him, Adrien was reelected through acclamation in 2005,2007 and 2009. In addition to a leader, the municipality is governed by a city council. In addition to Mont-Laurier, the municipality consists of the following population centres, Lac-Gatineau, Saint-Jean-sur-le-Lac. Mont-Laurier is located on the banks of the Rivière du Lièvre and its location in the Laurentians places it at an altitude of 244 metres above mean sea level. It is surrounded by lakes and mixed forests that support hunting, fishing and leisure. Mont-Laurier is located roughly at the point of the major roadway from Montreal to Abitibi, Route 117. Route 309 follows the Lievre and leads to Gatineau and Ottawa,216 kilometres to the south, Mont-Laurier has a humid continental climate. It is strongly influenced by its position, with significant differences between the warm summers and the very cold winters. Precipitiation is high year-round, causing significant snow cover in winter, Mont-Laurier is the administrative and commercial centre of the Haute-Lievre area
41.
Intercar
–
Intercar is the second largest interurban bus carrier within the province of Quebec, Canada, and one of the largest providers of school buses. The company was founded in 1959 in Jonquière, but expanded greatly in 1990 with the acquisition of Voyageurs routes in the Saguenay region, further expansion of their interurban routes to Sept-Îles meant that by 2001 they dominated those services in the triangle between Sept-Iles, Dolbeau and Quebec. Throughout the early part of this century they have continued to more school transportation companies. The group website provides a helpful list of waypoints and bus stop locations, operations are based around three centres in Jonquière, Chicoutimi and Quebec City. Subsidiaries which operate from these locations are, Jonquiere Autobus Jasmin Intercar Saguenay Autobus Gilbert Autobus JDJ Intercar du Fjord Intercar Chibougamau Québec Intercar Inc. Transports spécialisés du Saguenay Expedibus is a shipping and courier company, operated cooperatively throughout Quebec by Orléans Express, Intercar, Autobus Maheux. INTERCAR homepage EXPEDIBUS Pictures from barraclou. com
42.
Quebec City
–
Quebec City, French, Ville de Québec, officially Québec) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The citys landmarks include the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline, and La Citadelle, the National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, and the Musée de la civilisation are found within or near Vieux-Québec. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in both Canadian English and French, although the accent is not used in common English usage. Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, while many of the major cities in Latin America date from the sixteenth century, among cities in Canada and the U. S. few were created earlier than Quebec City. Also, Quebecs Old Town is the only North American fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist, French explorer Jacques Cartier built a fort at the site in 1535, where he stayed for the winter before going back to France in spring 1536. He came back in 1541 with the goal of building a permanent settlement, Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called The Father of New France, served as its administrator for the rest of his life, the name Canada refers to this settlement. Although called the cradle of the Francophone population in North America, the place seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony. In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, however, Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended, he worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates. In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city, one-quarter of the people were members of religious orders, secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu. Quebec City was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the four French, in the last war, the French and Indian War, Quebec City was captured by the British in 1759 and held until the end of the war in 1763. France ceded New France, including the city, to Britain in 1763, at the end of French rule in 1763, forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the town of 8,000 inhabitants. The town distinguished itself by its architecture, fortifications, affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec City remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets, during the American Revolution revolutionary troops from the southern colonies assaulted the British garrison in an attempt to liberate Quebec City, in a conflict now known as the Battle of Quebec
43.
Saguenay, Quebec
–
Saguenay is a city in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada, on the Saguenay River, about 200 kilometres north of Quebec City by overland route. It is about 126 kilometres upriver and northwest of Tadoussac, located at the confluence with the St. Lawrence River and this city was formed in 2002 by a merger and annexation of smaller jurisdictions, including Chicoutimi, founded by the French in 1676. The city of Saguenay constitutes a territory equivalent to a county municipality. Together with the county municipality of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay, it forms the census division of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord. The mayor of Saguenay is Jean Tremblay, who served as mayor of Chicoutimi before the merger, prior to its use as the name of the city, the term the Saguenay or Saguenay Valley had already been used for the whole Saguenay River region. Saguenay is the seat of the district of Chicoutimi. The city is divided into three boroughs, Chicoutimi, Jonquière and La Baie, what was ultimately to become the centre of the borough of Chicoutimi was first settled in 1676 as a French trading post in the fur trade. At that time, the Saguenay and the Chicoutimi rivers had been used for centuries by the Montagnais tribes, the name Chicoutimi means the end of the deep water in the Montagnais language. Chicoutimi trading post was in operation until 1782, the city of Chicoutimi was officially incorporated as a municipality in 1845 by Peter McLeod, a Métis timber contractor, who had built a sawmill there in 1842. It was designated in 1855 as the seat of Chicoutimi County, with the arrival of the Canadian National Railway in 1893, the local pulp and paper industries expanded, particularly in mechanical pulp production. The Chicoutimi Pulp Co. was founded in 1896 and backed by French-Canadian investors, by 1910 the Chicoutimi Pulp Mill became the biggest producer of mechanical pulp in Canada. After the economic decline of the Great Depression, the economy shifted to being based on an administrative. The Conservatoire de musique de Saguenay was founded in Chicoutimi in 1967, the city played host to the Quebec Summer Games in 1972. In the municipal amalgamations of 1976, Chicoutimi annexed the towns of Chicoutimi-Nord. In a later round of amalgamations in 2002, the cities of Chicoutimi, Jonquière, La Baie, Lac-Kénogami, Laterrière, Shipshaw, Chicoutimi became a borough of Saguenay. During the summer of 1996 a record rainfall in the region caused major flooding in the downtown, the total cost of the disaster was recorded to be 1.5 billion Canadian dollars. It claimed seven lives and destroyed many bridges, Jonquière was founded in 1847 by Marguerite Belley, who came from La Malbaie to settle on the Rivière aux Sables. It was named after the Marquis de La Jonquière, governor of New France from 1749 to 1752, growth came from the construction of pulp and paper mills at the beginning of the 20th century
44.
Limocar
–
Limocar is a coach operator in Quebec, Canada. The company was founded in 1979 and operates a fleet of 320 vehicles. It operates the only bus service between Montreal and Sherbrooke. It also operates the transportation service for several Quebec municipalities as well as school buses. Transdev, the French international public transportation group, acquired 100 percent of the company shares in 2007. Gare dautocars de Montréal English language website
45.
Sherbrooke
–
Sherbrooke is a city in southern Quebec, Canada. Sherbrooke is situated at the confluence of the Saint-François and Magog rivers in the heart of the Estrie administrative region, Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality and census division of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Sherbrooke. With 154,601 residents at the 2011 census, Sherbrooke was the sixth largest city in the province of Quebec, the Sherbrooke Census Metropolitan Area had 201,890 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Quebec and nineteenth largest in Canada. Originally known as Hyatts Mill, it was renamed after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, a British general who was Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, and Governor General of British North America. Sherbrooke is the economic, political, cultural and institutional centre of Estrie. There are eight institutions educating 40,000 students and employing 11,000 people,3,700 of whom are professors, teachers and researchers, the direct economic impact of these institutions exceeds 1 billion dollars. The proportion of university students is 10.32 students per 100 inhabitants, in proportion to its population, Sherbrooke has the largest concentration of students in Quebec. Since the nineteenth century, Sherbrooke has been a manufacturing centre and this segment of the economy has experienced a considerable transformation in recent decades as a result of the decline of the citys traditional manufacturing sectors. The service sector occupies a prominent place in the economy of the city, the Sherbrooke region is surrounded by mountains, rivers and lakes. There are several ski hills nearby and various tourist attractions in regional flavour, Mont-Bellevue Park, a large park in the city, is used for downhill skiing. The First Nations were the first inhabitants, having settled the region between 8,000 and 3,000 years ago. Traces of seasonal camps, characterized by arrowheads, scrapers, ceramic objects dating from the Woodland period were also found, indicating that the region continued to be occupied by nomadic people during this period. Upon the arrival of Samuel de Champlain in Quebec in 1608, france created an alliance through its missionaries with the Abenaki, located in Maine and Vermont. The French were driven to the valley of the St. Lawrence River near Trois-Rivières after a Mohawk victory in the war of 1660. Seeking to obtain control of the territory, the area around present-day Sherbrooke was a battlefield between the two peoples who had to travel to the region. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, ending the war, the Eastern Townships were under Abekani control for a few years, having practised hunting and fishing for centuries. However, the American Revolution attracted loyalists to the region who began to covet the land and obtain government grants. The first European settler to reside in the Sherbrooke region was a French Canadian named Jean-Baptiste Nolain, of whom few details are known, the first attempts at colonization occurred in 1792 on the banks of the St. Francis River
Berri-UQAM (Montreal Metro)
15 Sainte-Catherine (West bound on Boulevard de Maisonneuve)
