1.
Anne, Princess Royal
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Anne, Princess Royal, KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL CD is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession, behind her mother – then Princess Elizabeth – and elder brother and she rose to second after her mothers accession, but is currently 12th in line. Anne is known for her work, and is patron of over 200 organisations. Princess Anne has held the title of Princess Royal since 1987 and is its seventh holder, Anne was married to Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, they divorced in 1992. They have two children and three grandchildren, in 1992, within months of her divorce, Anne married Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mothers equerry between 1986 and 1989. Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11,50 am, as the child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She was the grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, after the death of George VI, Annes mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, she did not attend the coronation, the Company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, in 1968 she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. In the next couple of years, Anne started dating, in 1970 her first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who later became the first husband of Camilla Shand. Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park and he was made acting captain by the start of 1974 when he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. By 1989, however, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, the couple divorced on 23 April 1992. The Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, the couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. As female-line descendants of royalty, the children have no title despite being the grandchildren of a monarch, Anne became a grandmother on 29 December 2010 when Peter and his wife Autumn had a daughter, Savannah. On 29 March 2012, the couple had daughter, Isla. Annes third granddaughter, Mia Grace, was born on 17 January 2014 to Zara and her husband Mike Tindall. As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, the driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol
2.
Minchinhampton
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Minchinhampton is an ancient market town, located on a hilltop,4 miles south-south-east of Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, in the Cotswolds. The Crown Inn closed unexpectedly in March 2014, the main square has a War Memorial, and a 17th-century Market House, given to the town in 1919 by the Lord of the Manor Lt. Col. H. G. Ricardo and restored in 1944. A market is held every Thursday, there is a twice-yearly craft fair at Gatcombe, and a summer visit by Giffords Circus every year. The town has an active rugby club, Minchinhampton RFC. Minchinhamption RFC play in Gloucester 3, Minchinhampton Golf Club has 3 courses. The Cherington and Avening Courses are located near the villages of the same name, the Old Course is located on Minchinhampton Common. An electoral ward in the name exists. This ward stretches east from Minchinhampton to Aston Down, the total ward population taken at the 2011 census was 4,357. The town is twinned with Nkokoto, in Tanzania, there are two churches in Minchinhampton – Holy Trinity and Minchinhampton Baptist Church. The spire of the church of the Holy Trinity was pulled down for safety reasons in 1863. James Bradley, the Astronomer Royal, was buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity in 1762, nearby is Minchinhampton Common, a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It offers an area of 580 acres for the recreation of walkers and golfers and is managed by the National Trust, the Common is also used as grazing land for the cows of local farmers in the summer. On the Common are long parallel ditches and mounds which formed part of a large Iron Age fort, there are outstanding views from the Common, west over the Severn estuary into Wales, and east to the Golden Valley and further into the Cotswolds. Minchinhampton is close to the former Royal Air Force airfield, Aston Down, formerly a large employer in the area, now closed down, in 2005, following a Freedom of Information request, the local newspaper revealed that Aston Down is contaminated with arsenic, hydrocarbons and radium. Minchinhampton was both the birthplace and country residence of novelist Joanna Trollope and the place of the English writer Flora Annie Steel. The religious writer and poet Mary Deverell was born and buried here, the actor Keith Allen lives in the parish. Media related to Minchinhampton at Wikimedia Commons Minchinhampton Parish website Minchinhampton Market House Stroud Voices – oral history site
3.
Avening
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Avening is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England, about three miles north of Tetbury. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,094, nearby is Gatcombe Park, the home of the Princess Royal. During the Second World War, Avening lay on GHQ Line, extensive anti-tank ditches were constructed to the south and southeast, and were overlooked by a number of pillboxes. The defences were constructed as a part of British anti-invasion preparations, an electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches from Avening in the west to Long Newnton in the south east, the total population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 1,930. The gravestone was designed by his son Columba who appeared in some of his films, enigmatic RADA trained actor, Pamela spent her last days with Michael Powell at the cottage in Avening which they both loved. Also buried in Holy Cross Church, plays Chrissie Williams in Holby City. Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham and Lady Lee lived at Old Quarries, the now disbanded Clogging dance group Roughshod Appalachian Cloggers and their band The Costwold Mountain Boys originated from Avening. They were well known around the area and in the UK folk festival circuit. They appeared on The Michael Barrymore show in 1993, Avening is also the name of a rural community immediately south of Creemore, Ontario, Canada, on the Mad River. One of its pioneers was Frederick C, thornbury, who built a grist mill and a sawmill in the Ontario community in 1860, and named the settlement after his native place in England. The anti-invasion landscapes of England,1940, Avening Parish Council Avening in the Domesday Book Stroud Voices - oral history site
4.
Gloucestershire
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Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the fertile valley of the River Severn. The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud. Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire originally included Bristol, then a small town. The local rural community moved to the city, and Bristols population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became a county in its own right, separate from Gloucestershire and it later became part of the administrative County of Avon from 1974 to 1996. Upon the abolition of Avon in 1996, the north of Bristol became a unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire and is now part of the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire. The official former postal county abbreviation was Glos, rather than the frequently used but erroneous Gloucs. or Glouc. In July 2007, Gloucestershire suffered the worst flooding in recorded British history, the RAF conducted the largest peace time domestic operation in its history to rescue over 120 residents from flood affected areas. The damage was estimated at over £2 billion, the county recovered rapidly from the disaster, investing in attracting tourists to visit the many sites and diverse range of shops in the area. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Gloucestershire has mainly comprehensive schools with seven schools, two are in Stroud, one in Cheltenham and four in Gloucester. There are 42 state secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, all but about two schools in each district have a sixth form, but the Forest of Dean only has two schools with sixth forms. All schools in South Gloucestershire have sixth forms, each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county. Most of the old market towns have parish churches, at Deerhurst near Tewkesbury, and Bishops Cleeve near Cheltenham, there are churches of special interest on account of the pre-Norman work they retain. These are, however, adjudged to be of English workmanship, other notable buildings include Calcot Barn in Calcot, a relic of Kingswood Abbey. Thornbury Castle is a Tudor country house, the pretensions of which evoked the jealousy of Cardinal Wolsey against its builder, Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, near Cheltenham is the 15th-century mansion of Southam de la Bere, of timber and stone. Memorials of the de la Bere family appear in the church at Cleeve, the mansion contains a tiled floor from Hailes Abbey
5.
George Basevi
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Elias George Basevi FRS was an English architect who worked in both Neoclassical and Gothic Revival styles. A pupil of Sir John Soane, his designs included Belgrave Square in London, and he was surveyor to the Guardian Assurance Company, to the Trustees of Smiths Charity and to the Thurloe estate. He was the youngest son of a City of London merchant, the family were of Sephardic Jewish origin, and Basevis father remained a member of the congregation of the Bevis Marks Synagogue until 1817. Basevi was educated at the Reverend Dr Burneys school at Greenwich, in 1821 he became the first surveyor of the Guardian Assurance Company, a post he held until his death. His work for the company involved personally inspecting and reporting on buildings where there was a great risk and he also remodelled their premises in Lombard Street. In 1822 he designed the church of St Thomas at Stockport, both were for the Commissioners of the Church Building Act, and both were in the neo-classical style. Basevi was unhappy with the modifications to the designs of the steeples imposed by the Commissioners, St Marys was demolished in 1936 after 17 years of closure. He designed Belgrave Square for the developers William and George Haldimand, success there led to his appointment as Surveyor to the Trustees of Smiths Charity at Brompton, and to the adjoining Thurloe estate. He also designed the houses in Thurloe Square, off the Brompton Road, in 1835 he won the competition to design a museum for Cambridge University, funded by a bequest from Viscount Fitzwilliam, with an imposing design in the Corinthian style. Work on the Fitzwilliam Museum was continued after Basevis death by C. R. Cockerell, Basevi built two Gothic churches in Chelsea, St Jude and St Saviour, and another, Holy Trinity at Twickenham Green. In 1834-6, he rebuilt the church of St Andrew, Hove. The church at Eye in Northamptonshire was also rebuilt to Basevis designs, it was opened in 1847 and he also used the Gothic style at almshouses in Stamford and Ely, and at Coulsdon rectory, Surrey. In 1834 he made alterations and additions to the Middlesex Hospital and later built a new medical school. In 1834 he designed Beechwood House in Hampstead for his brother, Basevi became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1843. He died on 15 October 1845, aged 51, after falling through an opening in the floor of the old chamber of the west tower of Ely Cathedral while inspecting repairs. He was buried in the North Choir Aisle towards the east end of the cathedral under a monumental brass, a London County Council blue plaque commemorates Basevi at 17 Savile Row in Mayfair. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Basevi biography
6.
South West England
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South West England is one of nine official regions of England. It is the largest in area, covering 9,200 square miles, five million people live in South West England. The region includes the West Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex, other major urban centres include Plymouth, Swindon, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Exeter, Bath, Torbay, and the South East Dorset conurbation. There are eight cities, Salisbury, Bath, Wells, Bristol, Gloucester, Exeter, Plymouth and it includes two entire national parks, Dartmoor and Exmoor, and four World Heritage Sites, including Stonehenge and the Jurassic Coast. The northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall, the region has by far the longest coastline in England and many seaside fishing towns. The region is at the first-level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes, key data and facts about the region are produced by the South West Observatory. Following the abolition of the South West Regional Assembly and Government Office, the region is known for its rich folklore, including the legend of King Arthur and Glastonbury Tor, as well as its traditions and customs. Cornwall has its own language, Cornish, and some regard it as a Celtic nation, the South West of England is known for Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, Devon cream teas, crabs, Cornish pasties, and cider. It is also home to the Eden Project, Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury Festival, most of the region is located on the South West Peninsula, between the English Channel and Bristol Channel. It has the longest coastline of all the English regions, totalling over 700 miles, much of the coast is now protected from further substantial development because of its environmental importance, which contributes to the region’s attractiveness to tourists and residents. Geologically the region is divided into the largely igneous and metamorphic west and sedimentary east, Cornwall and West Devons landscape is of rocky coastline and high moorland, notably at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor. These are due to the granite and slate that underlie the area, the highest point of the region is High Willhays, at 2,038 feet, on Dartmoor. In North Devon the slates of the west and limestones of the east meet at Exmoor National Park, the variety of rocks of similar ages seen here have led to the countys name being lent to that of the Devonian period. The east of the region is characterised by wide, flat clay vales and chalk, the vales, with good irrigation, are home to the regions dairy agriculture. The Blackmore Vale was Thomas Hardys Vale of the Little Dairies, another and these downs are the principal area of arable agriculture in the region. Limestone is also found in the region, at the Cotswolds, Quantock Hills and Mendip Hills, all of the principal rock types can be seen on the Jurassic Coast of Dorset and East Devon, where they document the entire Mesozoic era from west to east. The climate of South West England is classed as oceanic according to the Köppen climate classification, the oceanic climate typically experiences cool winters with warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 millimetres and up to 2,000 millimetres on higher ground, summer maxima averages range from 18 °C to 22 °C and winter minimum averages range from 1 °C to 4 °C across the south-west
7.
Highgrove House
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Highgrove House is the family residence of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, situated south west of Tetbury in Gloucestershire, England. Built in the late 18th century, Highgrove and its estate was owned by various families until it was purchased in 1980 by the Duchy of Cornwall from Maurice Macmillan, Charles remodelled the Georgian house with neo-classical additions in 1987. The duchy manages the estate and the nearby Duchy Home Farm, the house is noted for its extensive gardens which receive more than 30,000 visitors a year. The house and gardens are run according to Charless environmental principles, Charles frequently hosts various charitable events at the house. Highgrove House is located in Doughton, near Tetbury in the county of Gloucestershire in South West England, gatcombe Park, the country residence of Charless sister, Anne, Princess Royal, is six miles away between the villages of Minchinhampton and Avening. In addition to Anne, Charless cousin, Prince Michael of Kent, bought nearby Nether Lypiatt Manor shortly after the duchy purchased Highgrove, as the country residence of the heir to the throne, Highgrove House is well protected by security. Several people have been arrested in the vicinity of Highgrove since Charless occupation, a 1.5 nautical mile aerial exclusion zone for civilian aircraft and microlights was imposed over Highgrove in 1991. The Crawley-Boevey Baronetcy, termed of Highgrove in the County of Gloucester, was created on 22 January 1784, the family had inherited Flaxley Abbey in 1727, which was their seat until 1960. Highgrove House was built in 1796 to 1798 by John Paul Paul, the estate itself came to the family through the marriage in 1771 of Josiah Paul Tippetts later Paul with Mary Clark, whose father Robert was the local squire. It belonged to Pauls descendants until 1860, in 1850 his grand daughter Mary Elizabeth Paul died after her gown caught fire during a soiree held for her brother in the ballroom. The house was again in 1864 to a barrister, William Yatman. During his time at Highgrove Yatman was described as one of the preservers of foxes in an 1872 discussion on the Duke of Beauforts hounds. Yatman rebuilt the spire of Tetbury church in honour of his son. Yatman left Highgrove following a fire in 1893 which destroyed much of the interiors of the house. The house was rebuilt at a cost of £6,000 by Arthur Mitchell, whose son, Lt Col. Francis Mitchell, Commander of the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars, the Mitchells sold Highgrove after World War II to Lt Col. Gwyn Morgan. Macmillan sold Highgrove so he could spend time at Birch Grove. The Duke of Cornwall, Charles, Prince of Wales, was appointed a tenant for life of Highgrove by the duchy. Essential repairs were carried out to the house upon its purchase, the swimming pool at Highgrove was given to Charles and Diana as a wedding present from the British Army
8.
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
9.
Tetbury
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Tetbury is a small town and civil parish within the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England. It lies on the site of an ancient hill fort, on which an Anglo-Saxon monastery was founded, probably by Ine of Wessex, the population of the parish was 5,250 in the 2001 census, increasing to 5,472 at the 2011 census. During the Middle Ages, Tetbury became an important market for Cotswold wool, the Tetbury Woolsack Races, Founded 1972, is an annual competition where participants must carry a 60-pound sack of wool up and down a steep hill. The Tetbury Woolsack Races take place on the late May Bank Holiday, the Market House is a fine example of a Cotswold pillared market house and is still in use as a meeting place and market. Other attractions include the Police Bygones Museum, chavenage House, Highgrove House and Westonbirt Arboretum lie just outside the town. Tetbury has won five consecutive Gold awards in the Regional Heart of England in Bloom competition in 2006,2007,2008,2009 and 2010 and was category winner Best Small Town in 2008,2009 and 2010. In 2010 Tetbury was Overall Winner of Heart of England in Bloom, Tetbury won Silver Gilt as a first-time entrant in the National Britain in Bloom Campaign in 2009 and a second Silver Gilt in Britain in Bloom in 2011. The Tetbury town crest features two dolphins, Tetbury is situated in a landscape of gently rolling hills primarily used for farmland, including grazing of sheep and grain production. Its location is associated with a nearby major east-west trade or drovers trail, nearby to the west are Owlpen Manor, Beverston Castle and Calcot Manor. The Tetbury Avon, a tributary of the Bristol Avon, known locally as the Ingleburn rises to the north of the town, most of Tetbury falls in the Tetbury parish, although some of the northern parts of the town are officially in Tetbury Upton. Tetbury is in the Cotswold district, and amentities are run by Cotswold District Council, Gloucestershire County Council is also responsible for parts of the town. Nationally, Tetbury is in the Cotswold constituency, and has represented in Parliament by Geoffrey Clifton-Brown since 1997. He has a majority of nearly 10,000 over the Liberal Democrats, Tetbury is renowned for its antique and bric à brac shops. A Tesco supermarket was opened a quarter of a mile from the centre in July 2002. The towns high street is the home to a number of specialist shops selling cheese, breads, the town has pubs and hotels, including The Royal Oak Inn which was featured in the 1971 film Dulcima and in an episode of BBC1s Bonekickers. The Trouble House, immediately outside the town, was served by Trouble House Halt between 1959 and 1964, events in the town include Woolsack Day, held on the last Bank Holiday in May, famous for the races and street fair. A flower show is held at the recreation ground, the first Tetbury Fiesta was held on the recreation ground in July 2008, and has become an annual event. Tetbury Music Festival is held in early October, Tetbury Hospital is a privately run facility which funds itself from government funding and charitable donations
10.
Prince Michael of Kent
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Prince Michael of Kent, GCVO CD is a paternal first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, being a grandson of King George V and Queen Mary. Prince Michael occasionally represents the Queen at some functions in Commonwealth realms outside the United Kingdom, otherwise, he manages his own consultancy business and undertakes various commercial work around the world. He has also presented some television documentaries on the families of Europe. He is named after Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, the brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Since his mother was a cousin of Prince Philip, he is also a cousin to Prince Charles. Prince Michael was born on 4 July 1942, at Coppins, Iver, at the time of his birth Prince Michael was seventh in the line of succession to his uncle, King George VI. His mother was Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Kent, roosevelt, the Hereditary Princess of Greece, the wife of Paul of Greece, his first cousin-once-removed, the Duke of Gloucester, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, and Lady Patricia Ramsay. Because of the war, newspaper reports did not identify the location of the christening, at the age of five, Prince Michael was a page boy at the wedding of his cousins, Princess Elizabeth and Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten. Educated at Sunningdale School and Eton College, Prince Michael entered the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in January 1961, from where he was commissioned into the 11th Hussars, in 1963. He saw service in Germany, Hong Kong, and Cyprus, subsequent tours of duty, during a military career that spanned twenty years, included a number of appointments on the Defence Intelligence Staff. He retired from the Army with the rank of Major in 1981, in 1994, Prince Michael was made Honorary Commodore of the Royal Naval Reserve, and in 2002 he was made Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Benson. From 2009 to 2012 he was Regimental Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company and has been, since 31 January 2012 and he is also Colonel-in-Chief of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment in Canada. He has performed duties in the Commonwealth realms other than the United Kingdom and has represented the Queen abroad. The Prince was given a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace upon his marriage in 1978, Prince Michael supports a large number of charities and organisations. Prince Michael manages his own business, and undertakes business throughout the world. He is also an interpreter of Russian. Prince Michael is an active Freemason and he is the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons, and Provincial Grand Master of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Middlesex. At the time of the marriage, Marie Christine von Reibnitz was not only a Roman Catholic, under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, Prince Michael forfeited his place in the line of succession to the throne through his marriage to a Roman Catholic
11.
Nether Lypiatt Manor
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Nether Lypiatt Manor is a compact, neo-Classical manor house situated in the parish of Thrupp, near Stroud in Gloucestershire. It was formerly the home of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. It is a Grade I listed building and has been praised by architectural historian Mark Girouard as perfectly exemplifying the early eighteenth-century formal house in miniature and it comprises four floors, including a tall basement and an attic floor. Inside, much of the early eighteenth-century panelling survives, as do original stone fireplaces, a fine staircase runs from basement to attic. The garden designer Rosemary Verey worked on the gardens of Nether Lypiatt for Prince, there is a possibility that Nether Lypiatt Manor was the influence for the Governors Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia. The house, in 35 acres of grounds, has four rooms, eight bedrooms. The grounds have recently been re-developed with a series of new gardens, including a refurbished traditional flower garden in keeping with the arts and crafts backbone of vistas. For many years the manor was used as a farmhouse, before 1980, when it was bought by Prince and Princess Michael, it had been the home of the well-known harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, who lived there with her husband and three lovers. Other members of the British Royal family also lived nearby to Prince, anne, Princess Royal lived at nearby Gatcombe Park, and Charles, Prince of Wales lived at Highgrove House near Tetbury. In 2005 Nether Lypiatt Manor was put up for sale, the agent was originally asking for offers in excess of £6 million but by February 2006 this had been amended to £5.5 million. According to the Sunday Times it was purchased by the businessman, princely Domain, The Telegraph,21 May 2005. Nicholas Mander, Country Houses of the Cotswolds
12.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
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Although the policy was originally envisaged as increasing the regular income of the Crown, much former monastic property was sold off to fund Henrys military campaigns in the 1540s. Professor George W. Bernard argues, The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Very few English houses had been founded later than the end of the 13th century, there was a Medieval proverb in England that said if the Abbot of Glastonbury married the Abbess of Shaftesbury, the heir would have more land than the King of England. The 200 houses of friars in England and Wales constituted a distinct wave of foundations almost all occurring in the 13th century. Friaries, for the most part, were concentrated in urban areas, however, the religious changes in England under Henry VIII and Edward VI were of a different nature from those taking place in Germany, Bohemia, France, Scotland and Geneva. Bernard says there was concern in the later fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries about the condition of the monasteries. Pastoral care was seen as more important and vital than the monastic focus on contemplation, prayer. English monasticism in the 1530s may have faced grave and urgent problems, Henry wanted to change this, and in November 1529 Parliament passed Acts reforming apparent abuses in the English Church. These Acts sought to demonstrate that establishing royal jurisdiction over the Church would ensure progress in religious reformation where papal authority had been insufficient, the monasteries were next in line. The stories of monastic impropriety, vice and excess that were to be collected by Thomas Cromwells visitors may have been biased and exaggerated. Levels of monastic debt were increasing, and average numbers of professed religious were falling, only a minority of houses could now support the twelve or thirteen professed religious usually regarded as the minimum necessary to maintain the full canonical hours of the Divine Office. Extensive monastic complexes dominated English towns of any size, but most were less than half full, renaissance princes throughout Europe were facing severe financial difficulties due to sharply rising expenditures, especially to pay for armies, fighting ships and fortifications. Most tended, sooner or later, to resort to plundering monastic wealth, protestant princes would justify this by claiming divine authority, Catholic princes would obtain the agreement and connivance of the Papacy. Monastic wealth, regarded everywhere as excessive and idle, offered a standing temptation for cash-strapped secular, in terms of popular esteem however, the balance tilted the other way. By the time Henry VIII turned his mind to the business of monastery reform, the first case was that of the so-called Alien Priories. As a result of the Norman Conquest some French religious orders held substantial property through their daughter monasteries in England, some of these were merely granges, agricultural estates with a single foreign monk in residence to supervise things, others were rich foundations in their own right. Such estates were a source of income for the Crown in its French wars. If the property with which a house had been endowed by its founder were to be confiscated or surrendered, then the house ceased to exist, whether its members continued in the religious life or not
13.
Earl of Plymouth
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Earl of Plymouth is a title that has been created three times, twice in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation was in 1675 for Charles FitzCharles, illegitimate son of King Charles II by his mistress Catherine Pegge and he died without heirs in 1680, when the title became extinct. The second creation came in 1682 in favour of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, the Windsor family descends from Sir Andrew Windsor, who notably fought at the Battle of the Spurs in 1513, where he was knighted. In 1529 he was summoned to Parliament as Baron Windsor, of Stanwell in the County of Buckingham and his grandson, Edward, the third Baron, fought at the Battle of St Quentin in 1557. Edwards elder son Frederick, the fourth Baron, died unmarried at an age and was succeeded by his younger brother, Henry. The latters son, Thomas, the sixth Baron, was a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy, on Thomass death in 1641 the barony fell into abeyance between his sisters. The abeyance was terminated in 1660 in favour of his nephew, Thomas Hickman and he was the son of the Honourable Elizabeth Windsor, and her husband Dixie Hickman, and assumed the additional surname of Windsor. Windsor notably served as Governor of Jamaica and as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire, in 1682 he was created Earl of Plymouth in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his grandson, Other, the second Earl and his grandson and namesake, Other, the fourth Earl, was Lord Lieutenant of Glamorganshire. On the death of fourth Earls childless grandson, Other, the sixth Earl, in 1833, the sixth Earl was succeeded in the earldom by his uncle, Andrew, the seventh Earl. The seventh Earl died unmarried and was succeeded by his brother, Henry. The eighth Earl was childless and on his death in 1843 the earldom became extinct, the barony of Windsor remained in abeyance until 1855 when the abeyance was terminated in favour of the aforementioned younger sister Lady Harriet Windsor, who became the thirteenth Baroness. The same year she assumed by Royal licence the surname of Windsor. In 1905 the earldom of Plymouth was revived in the third creation when Robert was created Viscount Windsor, of St Fagans in the County of Glamorgan and these titles were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. As of 2013 the titles are held by Ivans eldest son, Other, the third Earl, as a male-line descendant of the first Earl of Powis he is also in remainder to this peerage and its subsidiary titles. Another member of the Windsor family was the Honourable Thomas Windsor, younger son of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth and this title became extinct on the death of his son, the second Viscount, in 1758. The second Viscounts daughter and heiress, the Honourable Charlotte Jane Windsor, married John Stuart, in 1796 the Windsor title was revived when Lord Bute was made Earl of Windsor and Marquess of Bute. The family seat was Hewell Grange, Worcestershire, and is now Oakly Park, Bromfield near Ludlow, the unusual forename Other is traditional in the family and derives from a legendary Saxon ancestor Otho or Othere
14.
David Ricardo
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David Ricardo was a British political economist. He was one of the most influential of the economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith. Born in London, England, Ricardo was the third of 17 children of a Sephardic Jewish family of Portuguese origin who had relocated from the Dutch Republic. His father, Abraham Ricardo, was a successful stockbroker and he began working with his father at the age of 14. At age 21, Ricardo eloped with a Quaker, Priscilla Anne Wilkinson and this religious difference resulted in estrangement from his family, and he was led to adopt a position of independence. His father disowned him and his mother never spoke to him again. Following this estrangement he went into business for himself with the support of Lubbocks and Forster and he made the bulk of his fortune as a result of speculation on the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo. Prior to the battle, Ricardo posted an observer to convey early results of the outcome and he then deliberately created the mistaken impression the French had won by initially openly selling British securities. Following this panic he moved to buy British securities at a steep discount, the Sunday Times reported in Ricardo’s obituary, published on 14 September 1823, that during the Battle of Waterloo Ricardo netted upwards of a million sterling, a huge sum at the time. He was appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire for 1818–19, in August 1818 he bought Lord Portarlington’s seat in Parliament for £4,000, as part of the terms of a loan of £25,000. His record in Parliament was that of an earnest reformer and he held the seat until his death four years later. Ricardo was a friend of James Mill. Other notable friends included Jeremy Bentham and Thomas Malthus, with whom Ricardo had a debate over such things as the role of landowners in a society. He also was a member of Malthus Political Economy Club, and he was one of the original members of The Geological Society. His sister was author Sarah Ricardo-Porter and he voted with opposition in support of the liberal movements in Naples,21 Feb. and Sicily,21 June, and for inquiry into the administration of justice in Tobago,6 June. He divided for repeal of the Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act,8 May, inquiry into the Peterloo massacre,16 May and he adamantly supported the implementation of free trade. He voted against renewal of the duties,9 Feb. He voted silently for parliamentary reform,25 Apr.3 June and he again voted for criminal law reform,4 June
15.
Bath stone
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Bath Stone is an oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate. An important feature of Bath Stone is that it is a freestone, so-called because it can be sawn or squared up in any direction, unlike other such as slate. Bath Stone has been used extensively as a building material throughout southern England, for churches, houses, some quarries are still in use, but the majority have been either converted to other purposes or are being filled in. Bath Stone is an oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate laid down during the Jurassic Period when the region that is now Bath was under a shallow sea. Layers of marine sediment were deposited, and individual spherical grains were coated with lime as they rolled around the sea bed, under the microscope, these grains or ooliths are sedimentary rock formed from ooids, spherical grains composed of concentric layers. That name derives from the Hellenic word òoion for egg, strictly, oolites consist of ooids of diameter 0. 25–2 mm. Rocks composed of larger than 2 mm are called pisolites. They frequently contain minute fragments of shell or rock, and sometimes even decayed skeletons of marine life, Bath stone was taken from the Bath Oolite Member and the Combe Down Member of the Chalfield Oolite Formation, part of the Great Oolite Group. An important feature of Bath Stone is that it is a freestone, that is one that can be sawn or squared up in any direction, unlike other such as slate. In the Roman and Medieval periods, Bath Stone was extensively used on domestic, ecclesiastical, the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, which was founded in 1738, was designed by John Wood the Elder, and built with Bath stone donated by Allen. It is a Grade II listed building, there is a fine pediment on the building, in Bath stone, which depicts the parable of the good Samaritan. St Stephens church, situated on Lansdown Hill in Bath, was constructed from a limestone sourced from the Limpley Stoke mine, the church has recently been restored. The material has also used widely outside Bath itself. Claverton Pumping Station at Claverton, which was built of Bath Stone in about 1810, pumps water from the River Avon to the Kennet and Avon Canal, using power from the flow of the River Avon. The stone was used for the Dundas Aqueduct, which is 150 yards long. Bristols Cabot Tower was also faced with Bath Stone, arnos Court Triumphal Arch was built from Bath stone in about 1760, and was later dismantled before being rebuilt in its current location. Bath Stone was also favoured by architect Hans Price, who designed much of 19th century Weston-super-Mare, in Barnstable, the 1855 construction of Butchers Row used Bath Stone. Apsley House, the house of the Dukes of Wellington, was remodelled by the 1st Duke
16.
Bedroom
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A bedroom is a room of a house, mansion, hotel, dormitory, or apartment where people sleep. A typical western bedroom contains as bedroom furniture one or two beds, a closet, a nightstand, and a dresser. Except in bungalows or one-storey motels, bedrooms are usually on one of the floors of a dwelling that is ground level. Modern bedrooms often have central heating, Older bedrooms in countries with cool or cold climates often had built-in fireplaces and these were not normally lit, but provided for times when a sick person or invalid was occupying the bedroom. In larger Victorian houses it was common to have accessible from the bedroom a boudoir for the lady of the house and a dressing room for the gentleman. Attic bedrooms exist in some houses, since they are separated from the outside air by the roof they are typically cold in winter. The slope of the rafters supporting a pitched roof also makes them inconvenient, in houses where servants were living in they often used attic bedrooms. In the 14th century the lower class slept on mattresses that were stuffed with straw, during the 16th century mattresses stuffed with feathers started to gain popularity, with those who could afford them. The common person was doing if he could buy a mattress after seven years of marriage. In the 18th century cotton and wool started to more common. The first coil spring mattress wasn’t invented until 1871, the most common and most purchased mattress is the innerspring mattress. The variety of choices range from soft to a rather firm mattress. A bedroom may have bunk beds if more than one person share a room, a chamber pot kept under the bed or in a nightstand was usual in the period before modern domestic plumbing and bathrooms in dwellings. Furniture and other items in bedrooms vary greatly, depending on taste, local traditions, for instance, a master bedroom may include a bed of a specific size, one or more dressers, a nightstand, one or more closets, and carpeting. Built-in closets are less common in Europe than in North America, an individual’s bedroom is a reflection of their personality, as well as social class and socioeconomic status, and is unique to each person. The various television series of Come Dine with Me expose to view some of the bedrooms of the hosts of particular programmes both to the guests and to those who choose to watch, however, there are certain items that are common in most bedrooms. Mattresses usually have a bed set to raise the mattress off the floor, there are many different types of mattresses. They are used to put items on, such as an alarm clock or a small lamp
17.
Drawing room
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A drawing room is a room in a house where visitors may be entertained. The name is derived from the sixteenth-century terms withdrawing room and withdrawing chamber, which remained in use through the seventeenth century and it was often off the great chamber and usually led to a formal, or state bedroom. During the American Civil War, in the White House of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, president Jefferson Davis greeted his guests. At the conclusion of these greetings, the men remained in the parlor to talk politics and this was common practice in the affluent circles of the Southern United States. If a Morning-room be not provided, it is properly the only Sitting-room of the family, in it in any case the ladies receive calls throughout the day, and the family and their guests assemble before dinner. After dinner the ladies withdraw to it, and are joined by the gentlemen for the evening and it is also the Reception-room for evening parties. In size, a small Drawing-room will be about 16 feet wide by from 18 to 20 feet long,18 by 24 feet is a size,20 by 30 to 26 by 40 is enough for a very superior apartment. Until the mid-twentieth century, after a dinner the ladies of a dinner party withdrew to the room, leaving the gentlemen at table. After an interval of conversation, the gentlemen rejoined the ladies in the drawing room and this term is still widely used in India and Pakistan, probably dating from the colonial days, in the larger urban houses of the cities where there are many rooms. The term parlour initially designated the more modest reception rooms of the middle classes, parlor remained the common usage in North America into the 20th century. An example, named as such, was a Midland Drawing Room Car in 1874 which was a Pullman Import from the USA, in North America, it meant a room which slept three or more persons, with a private washroom. The drawing room, being a room in the house to visitors, gave its name to drawing room plays. Beginning with the forms of drama, the drawing room play has evolved to encompass comedy as well as to include the forms of the dramatic monologue. The play format itself has grown out of the traditional drawing room performance and back into main street theater. While the drawing room itself has fallen out of favor, the format has continued to provide a source of entertainment. Drawing room comedy typically features wit and verbal banter among wealthy, leisured, genteel, Drawing room comedy is also sometimes called the comedy of manners. Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest and several of the plays of Noël Coward are typical works of the genre, george Bernard Shaws Heartbreak House adds an undercurrent of social criticism to the genre. Cary Grant appeared in a number of filmed drawing-room comedies, ernst Lubitsch was especially known as a director of drawing-room comedies
18.
Library
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A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a building or room, or a virtual space. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items, in Latin and Greek, the idea of a bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca and Bibliothēkē, derivatives of these mean library in many modern languages, e. g. French bibliothèque. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the close of the Classical period. A library is organized for use and maintained by a body, an institution. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information, Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide facilities for access to their electronic resources. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats, the first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing—the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in Sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC. These archives, which consisted of the records of commercial transactions or inventories, mark the end of prehistory. Things were much the same in the government and temple records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt, the earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit, besides correspondence and inventories, texts of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes. There is also evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900 BC, philosopher Laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in China, which belonged to the Imperial Zhou dynasty. Also, evidence of catalogues found in some destroyed ancient libraries illustrates the presence of librarians, the Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II, an early organization system was in effect at Alexandria. The Library of Celsus in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey was built in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus by Celsus’ son, the library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC
19.
Billiard room
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A billiard room is a recreation room, such as in a house or recreation center, with a billiards, pool or snooker table. The term billiard room is also used as synonymous with billiard hall i. e. a business providing public access to hourly-rental or coin-operated billiard tables. The billiard room room may be in the center of the house or the private areas of the house. Billiard rooms require proper lighting and clearances for game playing, although there are adjustable cue sticks on the market,5 feet of clearance around the pool table is ideal. Interior designer Charlotte Moss believed that a room is synonymous with group dynamics. Its where you mix drinks and embark on a friendly competition. Billiards probably developed from one of the century or early-15th century lawn games in which players hit balls with sticks. The earliest mention of pool as a table game is in a 1470 inventory list of the accounts of King Louis XI of France. Following the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, billiard rooms were added to some famous 18th century cafes in Paris, although billiards had long been enjoyed by both men and women, a trend towards male suites developed in 19th century Great Britain. These male suites paired billiard rooms with smoking rooms and sometimes libraries, one example of these male suites is Castle Carr near Halifax. By the turn of the century, billiard rooms were considered a feature in great British houses with House Beautiful claiming Up-to-date owners of English estates have installed billiard rooms. Many mid- and late-19th century billiard rooms were designed in an Oriental or Moorish style, mark Twains billiard room in Hartford, CT was decorated with quasi-Moorish stencils. The late 19th and early 20th century represent the billiard rooms heyday
20.
Conservatory (greenhouse)
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A conservatory is a building or room having glass or tarpaulin roofing and walls used as a greenhouse or a sunroom. If in a residence, it would typically be attached to the house on one side. Municipal conservatories became popular in the early 19th century, many cities, especially those in cold climates and with large European populations, have built municipal conservatories to display tropical plants and hold flower displays. This type of conservatory was popular in the nineteenth century. Conservatory architecture varies from typical Victorian glasshouses to modern styles, such as geodesic domes, many were large and impressive structures and are included in the list below. These beautiful structures have been designed and built around the world, in gardens, parks. Smaller garden conservatories have become popular, which may be dual-function, equally devoted to horticulture and recreation, or favor the latter, as a solarium or sunroom. Preservation of citrus and other tender plants started out as crudely as building a pergola over potted plants or beds or simply moving potted plants indoors for the cold season. Known in Italy as limonaia, these early structures employed wood panels in storerooms or open galleries to protect from the cold, further north in Europe, the preservation of orange trees became the trend with special purpose buildings built to protect the tasty, but delicate fruit. Orangeries, as came to be called were typically enclosed structures built with wood. Use of these rooms expanded socially and practically, being used to entertain, the term greenhouse came to describe the rooms and conservatories for tender plants. In the 18th century a Dutch scientist pioneered the use of sloping glass to bring in light for the plants than the tall glass side walls of orangeries. The 19th century was the age of conservatory building, primarily in England. English conservatories were the product of English love of gardening and new technology in glass, many of the magnificent public conservatories, built of iron and glass, are the result of this era. Kew Gardens in London is an example of a greenhouse used for growing tender and rare plants, or, less often, for birds and rare animals – sometimes with the plants. The widespread construction of UK conservatories came to a halt with the onset of World War II, in contemporary construction, a conservatory differs from an orangery in having more than 75% of its roof surface made from glass. A conservatory by definition must have more than 50% of its wall surface glazed, W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory Roof lantern Tessellated roof Cluedo Antram, Nicholas, Morrice, Richard. Orangeries Palaces of Glass-Their History and Development
21.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
22.
Mark Phillips
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Captain Mark Anthony Peter Phillips CVO ADC is an English Olympic gold-medal-winning horseman for Great Britain and former husband of Anne, Princess Royal, with whom he has two children. He remains a figure in British equestrian circles, a noted eventing course designer. Mark Phillips is the son of Major Peter William Garside Phillips, Anne was educated at Downe House and served in the Womens Royal Naval Service in World War II. Her father was John Gerhard Edward Tiarks, who served in World War I and II, John Gerhard was Aide-de-Camp to King George VI from 1947–50. On 1 June 1922 he married Evelyn Florence, the youngest daughter of Percy Roland Cripps, of Winford Manor, actively interested in fox hunting, John was killed in an accident when hunting with the Gloucestershire Berkeley Hunt. His daughter, Anne, had married Major Peter William Garside Phillips in 1946, Mark Phillipss sister Sarah died in 2014. Phillips was educated at Stouts Hill Preparatory School near Uley, Gloucestershire, by the time of his wedding to Princess Anne in November 1973, Phillips was an acting Captain. In January 1974, Phillips was appointed a Personal Aide-de-Camp to Queen Elizabeth II, Phillips was substantively promoted to Captain in July 1975. Phillips retired from the Army on 30 March 1978 and he continued to style himself Captain Mark Phillips, as retired cavalry captains are allowed to use this honorific rank, if their job had mostly involved horses. Phillips was a member of the British equestrian team for the 1968 Olympics. He was part of the British three-day event teams that won a title in 1970. At the 1988 Olympics his horse sustained a muscle and could not complete the individual three-day event. Phillips was a champion at the Badminton Horse Trials, in 1971–72 on Great Ovation. It was through his activities that he met Princess Anne. Their daughter Zara won a medal in the three-day event with the British team in 2012. In 1998, Phillips designed the venue for the Red Hills Horse Trials. He is now a regular columnist in Horse & Hound magazine and he also remains a leading figure in British equestrian circles, and serves as Chef dEquipe of the United States Eventing Team. Phillips married Princess Anne on 14 November 1973, at Westminster Abbey and they have two children, Peter and Zara
23.
Rab Butler
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Richard Austen Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG, CH, PC, DL, generally known as R. A. Butler and familiarly known from his initials as Rab, was a prominent British Conservative politician. Born into a family of academics and Indian administrators, Butler enjoyed a brilliant academic career before entering Parliament in 1929, as a junior minister, he helped to pass the Government of India Act 1935. He strongly supported the appeasement of Nazi Germany in 1938–39, entering the Cabinet in 1941, he served as Education Minister. When the Conservatives returned to power in 1951 he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Deputy Prime Minister, at the time, the Conservative Leadership was decided by a process of private consultation rather than by a formal vote. After retiring from politics in 1965, Butler was appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Butler was born in Attock Serai, Attock, India, to Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler of the Indian Civil Service and his wife, Anne Gertrude. Butlers mother belonged to an Indian Civil Service family of Scottish origin, Butlers paternal family had a long and distinguished association with the University of Cambridge, dating back to his great-grandfather Dr George Butler. Butlers father was a Fellow of Pembroke College, in July 1909, at the age of six, his right arm was broken in three places in a riding accident. The injury was aggravated by a burn from a hot water bottle and his limp handshake and lack of military experience were political handicaps in later life. Butler attended several preparatory schools but refused to attend Harrow, where many of his family had been educated and he failed to win a scholarship to Eton, and so he attended Marlborough College. He left Marlborough at the end of 1920, a week after his 18th birthday and his plan at this stage was to enter the Diplomatic Service. Butlers younger brother Jock, a Home Office civil servant and Pilot Officer, was killed in a crash at the end of 1942. Butler studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge, starting in October 1921, initially reading Medieval and he soon became active in student politics, being elected to the Committee of the Cambridge Union Society by the end of his first year. At the end of his year, he was elected Secretary for Michaelmas 1923 at his second attempt. At that time, Secretary was the only office normally contested, putting him on track to be Vice-President for Lent 1924, at the end of his second year, he achieved a First in French Part I and was awarded an £80 scholarship to supplement his £300 parental allowance. Butler suffered a breakdown that summer and had to postpone his plans to study History to a fourth year. He spent part of the summer of 1923 abroad learning German and he also came to feel that the Germans had been harshly treated in the recent Treaty of Versailles. In Michaelmas 1923, as Secretary, he persuaded the Cambridge Union to affiliate to the National Union of Students, psychiatric illness was then still little understood. In November 1923 his college put him in the care of a doctor and in December 1923 his uncle Cyril sent him to a specialist in Bristol, at the end of his third year, he received a Second in German
24.
Trinity College, Cambridge
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Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. With around 600 undergraduates,300 graduates, and over 180 fellows, by combined student numbers, it is second to Homerton College, Cambridge. Members of Trinity have won 32 Nobel Prizes out of the 91 won by members of Cambridge University, five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college and one Abel Prize was won. Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees, including King Edward VII, King George VI, along with Christs, Jesus, Kings and St Johns colleges, it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles, an intellectual secret society. In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up the first formal rules of football, Trinitys sister college in Oxford is Christ Church. Like that college, Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the schools re-foundation in 1560, the college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges, Michaelhouse, and Kings Hall. At the time, Henry had been seizing church lands from abbeys, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, the Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he combined two colleges and seven hostels to form Trinity. Contrary to popular belief, the lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinitys eventual rise. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its college of St Johns. Its first four Masters were educated at St Johns, and it took until around 1575 for the two colleges application numbers to draw even, a position in which they have remained since the Civil War. Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Masters Lodge, most of the Trinitys major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile, who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and this work included the enlargement and completion of Great Court, and the construction of Neviles Court between Great Court and the river Cam. Neviles Court was completed in the late 17th century when the Wren Library, in the 20th century, Trinity College, St Johns College and Kings College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity Colleges Master, Trinity is the richest Oxbridge college, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust, in 2005, Trinitys annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million
25.
Home Secretary
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The office is a British Cabinet level position. The Home Secretary is responsible for the affairs of England and Wales. The remit of the Home Office also includes policing in England and Wales and matters of security, as the Security Service. The current Home Secretary is Amber Rudd, appointed formally by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of her Prime Minister Theresa May on 13 July 2016. Mrs. May had been the incumbent, appointed on 12 May 2010 by Prime Minister, David Cameron. May was reappointed by Cameron on 8 May 2015 to serve as Home Secretary in the Conservative government and she stood down from this role on 13 July 2016 upon assuming the office of Prime Minister, succeeding Cameron
26.
Samuel Courtauld (art collector)
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Samuel Courtauld was an English industrialist who is best remembered as an art collector. He founded the Courtauld Institute of Art in London in 1932 and, after a series of gifts during the 1930s, Samuel Courtauld took charge of the firm from 1908 as general manager and as chairman from 1921 to 1946. Courtauld was the son of Sydney Courtauld and Sarah Lucy Sharpe, and he was educated at Rugby School. After he finished school he went to Germany and France and studied textile technology to prepare to work in the family business, in 1901, he became director of one of the factories, then in 1908 the CEO of all plants of the company. He became interested in art after seeing the Hugh Lane collection on exhibition at the Tate Gallery in 1917, however, his career as a collector started in 1922 following an exhibition of French art at the Burlington Fine Arts Club. Courtauld was one of the first collectors to display interest in French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings, during the 1920s, he assembled an extensive collection including masterpieces by Vincent van Gogh or previously owned by Anna Boch, Édouard Manet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. The core elements of his collection were accumulated between 1926 and 1930, though his passion dwindled somewhat following the death of his wife Elizabeth in 1931, Samuel founded the Courtauld Institute with Viscount Lee of Fareham and Sir Robert Witt in 1930. Courtauld provided the bulk of the money for the founding of the Courtauld Institute and his wealth came from the textile business, but on both sides of his family there were connections with the arts and traditions of patronage going back several generations. Courtauld loved pictures and wrote poems about them and his example was emulated by his younger brother Stephen, who converted the medieval ruins of Eltham Palace into an Art Deco mansion. In the event the Portman Square house was to be the home for almost sixty years. Courtauld also created a £50,000 acquisition fund for the Tate and National galleries, Samuel Courtauld married Elizabeth Theresa Frances Kelsey on 20 June 1901. The children from this marriage included, Sydney Courtauld married the politician Rab Butler, Samuels younger brother, Stephen Courtauld, was also an arts patron and is remembered for his work on restoring Eltham Palace. Augustine Courtauld Samuels cousin was an explorer, noted for his observations of the climate of the ice cap of Greenland
27.
Brown trout
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The brown trout is a European species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally. The latter migrates to the oceans for much of its life, Sea trout in the UK and Ireland have many regional names, including sewin, finnock, peal, mort, and white trout. The lacustrine morph of brown trout is most usually potamodromous, migrating from lakes into rivers or streams to spawn, S. trutta morpha fario forms stream-resident populations, typically in alpine streams, but sometimes in larger rivers. Anadromous and nonanadromous morphs coexisting in the river appear genetically identical. What determines whether or not they migrate remains unknown, the scientific name of the brown trout is Salmo trutta. The specific epithet derives from the Latin trutta, meaning, literally. Behnke relates that the trout was the first species of trout described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus. Systema Naturae established the system of nomenclature for animals. Salmo trutta was used to describe anadromous or sea-run forms of brown trout, Linnaeus also described two other brown trout species in 1758. Salmo fario was used for riverine forms, Salmo lacustris was used for lake-dwelling forms. The native range of brown trout extends from northern Norway and White Sea tributaries in Russia in the Arctic Ocean to the Atlas Mountains in North Africa. The western limit of their range is Iceland in the north Atlantic. Brown trout have been introduced into suitable environments around the world, including North and South America, Australasia, Asia. Introduced brown trout have established self-sustaining, wild populations in many introduced countries, by 1866,171 young brown trout were surviving in a Plenty River hatchery in Tasmania. Thirty-eight young trout were released in the river, a tributary of the River Derwent in 1866, by 1868, the Plenty River hosted a self-sustaining population of brown trout which became a brood source for continued introduction of brown trout into Australian and New Zealand rivers. Successful introductions into the Natal and Cape Provinces of South Africa took place in 1890 and 1892, by 1909, brown trout were established in the mountains of Kenya. The first introductions into the Himalayas in northern India took place in 1868, the first introductions in Canada occurred in 1886 in Newfoundland and continued through 1933. The only Canadian regions without brown trout are the Yukon and Northwest Territories, introductions into South America began in 1904 in Argentina
28.
Manor house
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A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The term is loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era. They were sometimes fortified, but this was intended more for show than for defence. Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed, where they were known as castles, palaces. Many buildings, such as schools, are named Manor, the reason behind this is because the building was or is close to a manor house. The lord of the manor may have several properties within a county or, for example in the case of a feudal baron, spread across a kingdom. A large and suitable building was required within the manor for such purpose, generally in the form of a hall. This also gave the opportunity for the manor house to be cleaned, especially important in the days of the cess-pit. Thus such non-resident lords needed to appoint a steward or seneschal to act as their deputy in such matters, the day-to-day administration was carried out by a resident official in authority at each manor, who in England was called a bailiff, or reeve. Although not typically built with strong fortifications as were castles, many manor-houses were fortified and they were often enclosed within walls or ditches which often also included agricultural buildings. The primary feature of the house was its great hall. A late 16th-century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France, the Tudor period of stability in England saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses, for example Sutton Place in Surrey, circa 1521. During the second half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and under her successor King James I the first mansions designed by architects not by mere masons or builders, began to make their appearance. Such houses as Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known of this period, nearly every large mediaeval manor house had its own deer-park adjoining, emparked by royal licence, which served primarily as a store of food in the form of venison. Within these licensed parks deer could not be hunted by royalty and this gave them more privacy and space. Court was a suffix which came into use in the 16th century, the obvious origin of the suffix would appear to be that the building was the location where the manorial courts were held. True castles, when not royal castles, were generally the residences of feudal barons, the manor on which the castle was situated was termed the caput of the barony, thus every true ancient defensive castle was also the manor house of its own manor. The suffix -Park came into use in the 18th and 19th centuries, the usage is often a modern catch-all suffix for an old house on an estate, true manor or not
29.
Timothy Laurence
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Vice Admiral Sir Timothy James Hamilton Laurence KCVO, CB, ADC is a retired British naval officer and the second husband of Princess Anne, the only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. Laurence was Equerry to the Queen from 1986 to 1989, Timothy James Hamilton Laurence was born in Camberwell, South London, the son of Commander Guy Stewart Laurence, RN and Barbara Alison Laurence, née Symonds. Timothy has an older brother Jonathan Dobree Laurence, at university, he edited the student newspaper, Palatinate, and was captain of his college cricket team. He was promoted to midshipman on 1 January 1973, and acting sub-lieutenant on 1 January 1975, upon leaving Durham he completed his initial training at the Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth, and was posted to HMS Aurora, a Plymouth-based frigate. He was promoted to lieutenant 10 months early, on 1 March 1977, in 1978, he was attached to the training establishment HMS Vernon and in the next year served on the minesweeper HMS Pollington. Laurence then served briefly as the second Navigating Officer of the Royal Yacht HMY Britannia and he took command of the patrol boat HMS Cygnet off Northern Ireland in 1982, as part of the patrols for IRA gun-runners. For his services he was mentioned in despatches, after attending HMS Dryad for the Principal Warfare Officer course, Laurence was promoted to lieutenant commander, and posted to the frigate HMS Alacrity. He attended the Royal Australian Navy Tactics Course at HMAS Watson and he was promoted to commander on 31 December 1988. In October 1989, he was posted to the new frigate HMS Boxer, between 1992 and 1994, Laurence served on the naval staff in the Ministry of Defence, London. On 16 May 1994, he was appointed the first Military Assistant to the Secretary of State for Defence, Mr Malcolm Rifkind, Laurence was promoted to captain on 30 June 1995, and until 1996 commanded the frigate HMS Cumberland. In May 1996, the ship returned from the Adriatic, where HMS Cumberland served in the NATO-led IFOR Task Force, on 27 August 1996, Laurence was appointed Commanding Officer of the frigate HMS Montrose as well as Captain of the 6th Frigate Squadron. Until October 1996 the ship was deployed to the South Atlantic, from January 1999 he was Hudson Visiting Fellow at St Antonys College, Oxford, where he wrote a paper on the relationship between humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping. He was then posted to the Joint Services Command and Staff College as a Commodore, as Assistant Commandant, from 2001 to the spring of 2004 he was back at the Ministry of Defence, as Director of Navy Resources and Programmes. Laurence was promoted to Rear Admiral to date 5 July 2004, on 30 April 2007 he was promoted to vice admiral, and appointed Chief Executive of Defence Estates. He became Head of Profession for the British Governments Property Asset Management community in July 2009, the community includes practitioners in construction procurement, estates & property management and facilities/contracts management. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors has made Laurence an Honorary Member in recognition of very significant span of asset management responsibility. He retired from the Navy in August 2010 and now pursues a portfolio of mainly non-executive and charitable interests, with a emphasis on property. He was on the Board of the management company, Capita Symonds, until 2014 and is non-executive Chairman of the property developers
30.
Peter Phillips
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Peter Mark Andrew Phillips is the elder child and only son of Anne, Princess Royal, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He is the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, after graduating from university in 2000, he worked for Jaguar followed by WilliamsF1. In 2003, while working for WilliamsF1 in Canada, he met Autumn Kelly, for many years Phillips has worked in the sports sponsorship and management fields. He is currently 13th in line to succeed his maternal grandmother, Peter Phillips was born at 10,46 am on 15 November 1977, at St Marys Hospital, Paddington in west London. He was the first child of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips, at the time of his birth, there was a 41-gun salute from the Tower of London. He was baptised Peter Mark Andrew Phillips on 22 December 1977, Phillips was fifth in line to the Throne at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin, Prince William, in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from the Queen that would have led to his being born in the peerage, Phillips was therefore the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch to be born without a title or courtesy style for more than 500 years. Phillips went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following other members of the Royal Family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, whilst at Gordonstoun, he was chosen to be head boy and also played in the XV. He then went to the University of Exeter and graduated with a degree in sports science, at university, he played for the Exeter University Rugby League team. After his graduation in 2000, Phillips worked for Jaguar as corporate hospitality manager and then for WilliamsF1 racing team, in 2004, while working for WilliamsF1, Phillips was in a van in China with three other employees when the van was hit by a car. He left WilliamsF1 in September 2005, for a job as a manager at the Royal Bank of Scotland in Edinburgh, in March 2012, he left RBS to take on a role as managing director at SEL UK. Unlike his sisters life, Phillips personal life receives only limited publicity. He dated Elizabeth Lorio, a cod liver oil heiress from the United States, later, he had a four-month relationship with Tara Swain, a flight attendant. In August 2012, it was announced that he would be the Guest of Honour at the 2012 Rugby League Challenge Cup Final between Warrington Wolves and Leeds Rhinos at Wembley on 24 August 2012. In 2003, Phillips met Autumn Kelly, a Canadian management consultant and their engagement was announced on 28 July 2007. Before her marriage, Autumn Kelly converted from Roman Catholicism to the Church of England. If she had been Roman Catholic at the time of the marriage, shortly before their wedding, the couple caused some reported unease in royal circles when they were interviewed and photographed by Hello. Magazine, and were reported to have been paid £500,000 and they married on 17 May 2008 at St Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle
31.
Zara Tindall
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Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall MBE is a British equestrian and the second child and only daughter of Anne, Princess Royal, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. She is the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Tindall is married to former England rugby union player Mike Tindall. Tindall won the Eventing World Championship in Aachen in 2006, the same year she was voted 2006 BBC Sports Personality of the Year by the British viewing public. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2007 New Year Honours List for her services to equestrianism, in 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at Cheltenham Racecourse on her horse Toytown. As a member of the Great Britain Eventing Team, she won a Silver Medal at the London 2012 Olympics and was presented with her medal by her mother and she is currently 16th in line to succeed her grandmother. Zara Tindall was born on 15 May 1981 at St Marys Hospital and she was baptised Zara Anne Elizabeth on 27 July 1981, and her first name was suggested by her uncle, the Prince of Wales. Her godparents are her uncle, Prince Andrew, the Countess of Lichfield, Helen, Lady Stewart, Andrew Parker Bowles. Phillips herself is godmother to Prince George of Cambridge, Tindall has an older brother, Peter Phillips and two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkins and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997 from her fathers second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. During her schooldays, Tindall excelled at many sporting activities, representing her schools in hockey and she was also successful academically, scoring 11 GCSEs from A* to C and a B and C in her A-levels. She later studied at University of Exeter and qualified as a physiotherapist, following in both her parents footsteps, Tindall is an accomplished equestrian. In June 2003, she announced that she had secured a deal with Cantor Index. She finished runner up at Burghley Horse Trials in 2003 in her first four-star event, despite winning team gold at the 2007 European Eventing Championships in Italy, she failed to defend her individual title after a problem in the show-jumping phase of the competition. The British Olympic Association announced that Zara would be riding Toytown for the British equestrian team at the Beijing Olympic Games 2008 in Hong Kong, however, an injury sustained by Toytown during training led to her being forced to withdraw from the team. Zara previously missed the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, when Toytown suffered an injury during training. On 25 October 2008, Tindall fell from her horse, Tsunami II, at the 15th fence of an event at Pau, France. The horse broke its neck after it had tipped over the hedge and was put down, in 2009, it was announced that Zara would be designing her own range of equestrian clothing for Musto Outdoor Clothing. The range is named ZP176 after the number she was given when she first represented her country. The range was launched in July 2010
32.
Mike Tindall
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He is married to Zara Phillips, the daughter of the Princess Royal and the eldest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He participated as a contestant in the 2015 series of Bear Grylls and he currently plays for the Gloucester Division 2 team, Minchinhampton RFC. Tindall was born 18 October 1978 in Otley, West Yorkshire, the son of Linda Shepherd, a worker and Philip Tindall. He was educated at the independent public school Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield, Tindall joined Bath straight from school, as an 18-year-old in 1997. At that point the centre pairing at Bath and England were Jeremy Guscott, but after the 1999 Rugby World Cup, Tindall played regularly at both club and country level, making his debut against Ireland at Twickenham in 2000 alongside Mike Catt. Tindall played in the number 12 jersey and played at outside centre and he was dropped for the semi-final in favour of Mike Catt, whose kicking was required in the rainy weather. Tindall was reinstated in the final, in which England were victorious, Tindall missed the 2005 Six Nations with a foot injury. He was unable to regain his fitness for the British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. Described by Englands former head coach, Andy Robinson, as the heartbeat of the side, Tindalls contract was up for renewal, but Bath had a strict salary cap policy. After falling out with Bath owner Andrew Brownsword over the offer of a testimonial game and further concerns over his long term fitness. He joined their West Country rivals Gloucester Rugby on a deal worth £150,000. After returning from injury in the autumn of 2005, Tindall regained his England place, however at club level he continued to play at 13 with the 12 shirt going to Henry Paul. The partnership was heavily criticised as being flat and boring and Tindall spent much of the showing an poor run of form despite selection week in. It wasnt until an incident at Tindalls girlfriends birthday party that Henry Paul broke club rules and fell out of favour with Gloucester Rugby coach, Dean Ryan. This brought in the introduction of young centre Anthony Allen, which towards the end of the season helped forge what became the start of a powerful centre partnership. His partnership with Jamie Noon for England was much criticised, with people claiming that the bulky partnership lacked imagination. Tindall has a cult following however, and is often nicknamed The Fridge due to his sizeable bulk. During his recuperation from injury in 2005, Tindall entered the prestigious British Poker Open tournament
33.
Eventing
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Eventing is an equestrian event where a single horse and rider combination compete against other combinations across the three disciplines of dressage, cross-country, and show jumping. This event has its roots in a comprehensive cavalry test requiring mastery of several types of riding, Eventing was previously known as Combined Training, and the name persists in many smaller organizations. The term Combined Training is sometimes confused with the term Combined Test which refers to a combination of just two of the phases, most commonly dressage and show jumping. Eventing is a triathlon, in that it combines three different disciplines in one competition set out over one, two, or three days, depending on the length of courses and number of entries. This sport follows a format in Australia, Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom. The test is judged by one or more judges who are looking for balance, rhythm, suppleness, and most importantly, obedience of the horse and its harmony with the rider. The challenge is to demonstrate that a fit horse, capable of completing the cross country phase on time, also has the training to perform in a graceful, relaxed. The tests may not ask for Grand Prix movements such as piaffe or passage, therefore, if one movement is poorly executed, it is still possible for the rider to get a good overall score if the remaining movements are very well executed. The marks are added together and any errors of course deducted, if all four feet of the horse exit the arena during the test, this results in elimination. If the horse more than 20 seconds during the test. This phase consists of approximately 12–20 fences, or 30–40 at the higher levels, sometimes, particularly at higher levels, fences are designed that would not normally occur in nature. However, these are designed to be as solid as more natural obstacles. Safety regulations mean that some obstacles are now being built with a frangible pin system, speed is also a factor, with the rider required to cross the finish line within a certain time frame. Crossing the finish line after the optimum time results in penalties for each second over, at lower levels, there is also a speed fault time, where penalties are incurred for horse and rider pairs completing the course too quickly. For every disobedience a horse and rider incur on course, penalties will be added to their dressage score, after four disobediences altogether or three disobediences at one fence the pair is eliminated, meaning they can no longer participate in the competition. A horse and rider pair can also be eliminated for going off course, if the horses shoulder and hind-quarter touch the ground, mandatory retirement is taken and they are not allowed to participate further in the competition. If the rider falls off the horse they are eliminated, however, in the US this rule is currently being revised for the Novice level and below. The penalties for disobediences on cross country are weighted relative to the other phases of competition to emphasize the importance of courage, endurance
34.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
35.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
36.
Historic England
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Historic England is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked with protecting the environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings, ancient monuments. The body was created by the National Heritage Act 1983. Historic England has a remit to and complements the work of Natural England which aims to protect the natural environment. Historic England inherits English Heritages position as the UK governments statutory adviser and this includes archaeology on land and under water, historic buildings sites and areas, designated landscapes and the historic elements of the wider landscape. It monitors and reports on the state of Englands heritage and publishes the annual the Heritage at Risk survey which is one of the UK Governments Official statistics and it is tasked to secure the preservation and enhancement of the man-made heritage of England for the benefit of future generations. Giving grants national and local organisations for the conservation of buildings, monuments. In 2013/14 over £13 million worth of grants were made to support heritage buildings, advising central UK government on which English heritage assets are nationally important and should be protected by designation. Administering and maintaining the register of Englands listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, conservation areas and protected parks and this is published as an online resource as The National Heritage List for England. Advising local authorities on managing changes to the most important parts of heritage, providing expertise through advice, training and guidance to improve the standards and skills of people working in heritage, practical conservation and access to resources. In 2009–2010 it trained around 200 professionals working in local authorities, consulting and collaborating with other heritage bodies, local and national planning organisations e. g. It is not responsible for approving alterations to listed buildings, the management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It also owns the National Heritage Collection of nationally important historic sites, however they do not run these sites as this function is instead carried out by the English Heritage Trust under licence until 2023. Britain from Above, presents the unique Aerofilms collection of photographs from 1919-1953. Images of England website Heritage Explorer, Education site for teachers Department for Culture Media and Sport
37.
Bagshot Park
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Bagshot Park is a royal residence located near Bagshot, a village 11 miles south of Windsor and approximately 11 miles north west of Guildford. Owned by the Crown Estate it is the current home of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, Bagshot Park is on Bagshot Heath, a fifty square-mile tract of formerly open land in Surrey and Berkshire. Bagshot Park occupies 21 hectares within the area of Windsor Great Park. It is only a few miles from Sunninghill Park, the residence of the Duke. In March 1998, the Mansion House at Bagshot Park, including a block of stables, the Mansion House was renovated as a residence for the prince. The renovation was funded by the Crown Estate and partly by Prince Edward. The renovation was estimated to cost £2. 18m, with £1. 6m from the Crown Estate. The National Audit Office report on the states that the final cost of renovations was £2. 98m, the Crown Estate paid £1. 6m. The prince rented it from the Crown Estate initially for £5,000 a year then after renovation rising to £90,000 a year subject to 15-year rent reviews linked to RPI. According to the NAO report, the property leased by the prince does not include commercial farmland or woodland, the lease agreement permits subletting of the stable block. The prince is allowed to sell the lease or sub-lease the property after 8 years from the date of completion of the rectification works and it appears that the prince used the premises as a base for his film production company, Ardent Productions, until he closed the business. The original Bagshot Lodge was built between 1631 and 1633 as one of a series of small lodges designed for King Charles I by Inigo Jones, Bagshot Park was subsequently used by Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester, nephew of King George III. The Duke added pieces of property between the estate and Sunningdale, his widow, Princess Mary, daughter of King George III, the original house was demolished in 1877-78. A new building with 120 rooms was completed in 1879, a coachman and seven grooms lived in the stables. Two other domestic staff lived in one of the lodges, three agricultural workers lived in another, and one gardener is recorded as living on the estate, from 1880 this was the principal residence of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, a son of Queen Victoria. The Duke, who was Governor General of Canada from 1911 until 1916, the house was thereafter the regimental headquarters and depot of the Royal Army Chaplains Department, who famously placed a notice by the pond reading Please do not walk on the water. They vacated the building shortly before the Earl and Countess of Wessex took over the tenancy from the Crown, the original sign was removed when the chaplains left, but a new one, made by J. M. J. Holland Chairmakers and given to the Earl of Wessex, has replaced it and this was a result of the Duke of Connaughts Indian tour, when the Duke met John Lockwood Kipling and asked him to design and oversee the installation of a billiard room in Indian taste
38.
Balmoral Castle
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Balmoral Castle /bælˈmɒrəl/ is a large estate house in Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, near the village of Crathie,6.2 miles west of Ballater and 6.8 miles east of Braemar. They remain as the property of the royal family and are not the property of the Crown. Soon after the estate was purchased by the family, the existing house was found to be too small. The architect was William Smith of Aberdeen, although his designs were amended by Prince Albert, the castle is an example of Scots Baronial architecture, and is classified by Historic Scotland as a category A listed building. The new castle was completed in 1856 and the old castle demolished shortly thereafter, the Balmoral Estate has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of approximately 50,000 acres. It is an estate, including grouse moors, forestry, and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, Highland cattle. King Robert II of Scotland had a lodge in the area. Historical records also indicate that a house at Balmoral was built by Sir William Drummond in 1390, the estate is recorded in 1451 as Bouchmorale, and later was tenanted by Alexander Gordon, second son of the 1st Earl of Huntly. A tower house was built on the estate by the Gordons, in 1662 the estate passed to Charles Farquharson of Inverey, brother of John Farquharson, the Black Colonel. The Farquharsons were Jacobite sympathisers, and James Farquharson of Balmoral was involved in both the 1715 and 1745 rebellions and he was wounded at the Battle of Falkirk in 1746. The Farquharson estates were forfeit, and passed to the Farquharsons of Auchendryne, in 1798, James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife, acquired Balmoral and leased the castle. Sir Robert Gordon, a brother of the 4th Earl of Aberdeen. He made major alterations to the castle at Balmoral, including baronial-style extensions that were designed by John Smith of Aberdeen. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert first visited Scotland in 1842, five years after her accession to the throne, during this first visit they stayed at Edinburgh, and at Taymouth Castle in Perthshire, the home of the Marquess of Breadalbane. They returned in 1844 to stay at Blair Castle and, in 1847, during the latter trip they encountered weather that was extremely rainy, which led Sir James Clark, the queens physician, to recommend Deeside instead, for its more healthy climate. Sir Robert Gordon died in 1847 and his lease on Balmoral reverted to Lord Aberdeen, in February 1848 an arrangement was made—that Prince Albert would acquire the remaining part of the lease on Balmoral, together with its furniture and staff—without having seen the property first. The royal couple arrived for their first visit on 8 September 1848, Victoria found the house small but pretty, and recorded in her diary that, All seemed to breathe freedom and peace, and to make one forget the world and its sad turmoils. The surrounding hilly landscape reminded them of Thuringia, Alberts homeland in Germany, quickly, the house was confirmed to be too small and, in 1848, John and William Smith were commissioned to design new offices, cottages, and other ancillary buildings
39.
Birkhall
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Birkhall is a 53,000 acre estate on Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is located alongside the River Muick to the southwest of Ballater, the property was built in 1715. The property was acquired from the Gordon family who had acquired it from the Farquharsone family, Birkhall was acquired by Prince Albert, consort to Queen Victoria, as part of the Balmoral estate in 1849 and given to his eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales. Victoria bought Birkhall back to provide accommodation for her staff and extended family in 1884, Birkhall was occupied by Dighton Probyn, Keeper of the Privy Purse to Edward VII and Comptroller to Queen Alexandra in the late 19th century. King George V lent Birkhall in the 1930s to the Duke and Duchess of York who holidayed here with their children, Princess Elizabeth, the house was redecorated by the Yorks who also replanted the gardens. Birkhall was inherited by Charles, Prince of Wales in 2002 and he also spent his second honeymoon here in 2005 with the Duchess of Cornwall. In 2011, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, a fine wire suspension bridge erected in 1880 by John Harper crosses the River Muick here
40.
Buckingham Palace
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Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and it has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a residence for Queen Charlotte. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb during World War II, the original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream, many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London, the state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September and on some days in winter and spring. In the Middle Ages, the site of the palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury. The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which flows below the courtyard. Where the river was fordable, the village of Eye Cross grew, ownership of the site changed hands many times, owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey, in 1531, King Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey. These transfers brought the site of Buckingham Palace back into royal hands for the first time since William the Conqueror had given it away almost 500 years earlier, various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long fallen into decay. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold, clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana refers to new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. Jamess, this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies, possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blakes house and he did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London and it was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III. The improvident Goring defaulted on his rents, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington obtained the mansion and was occupying it, now known as Goring House, Arlington House rose on the site—the location of the southern wing of todays palace—the next year
41.
Hillsborough Castle
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Hillsborough Castle is an official government residence in Northern Ireland. From 1924 until the abolition in 1973, it was the official residence of the Governor of Northern Ireland. Since April 2014, it has been managed by Historic Royal Palaces, Hillsborough Castle, which is located in the village of Hillsborough in north-west County Down, is not a true castle. In buying it, the government solved a practical problem, however, that office was abolished in a law change following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which in effect aborted Southern Ireland and established the Irish Free State. A new office for Northern Ireland alone was created, that of Governor of Northern Ireland, as the Viceregal Lodge in Dublin became unavailable, physically and politically, a new residence was needed. Hillsborough Castle, though outside the largest city of Northern Ireland, after some renovations, the first governor, The 3rd Duke of Abercorn, moved in during 1925. Upon becoming the residence of the governor, the building was officially renamed Government House. Those two posts were in effect combined to create the office of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. As the Queens representative, the Secretary of State resides in Hillsborough Castle – as do junior ministers, though members of the Royal Family, when visiting Northern Ireland, stay there also. Queen Elizabeth and HRH The Duke of Edinburgh stayed in Hillsborough Castle during their visit to Northern Ireland as part of the Golden Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom in 2002. In 2014 the Prince of Wales held an investiture at Hillsborough Castle, Hillsborough Castle became the controversial location of the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement on November 15th,1985. Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald believed that signing the Agreement in Hillsborough Castle would mollify unionist opposition to the Agreement somewhat, however, many unionists took offence at the signing of the Agreement in the Throne Room of the castle, igniting their opposition further. Many of the talks leading up to the signing of the Belfast Agreement took place in the secretariat attached to the castle. Leaders such as Gerry Adams, John Hume, David Trimble and, on occasion, mo Mowlam broke new ground when she opened the extensive grounds of the castle to the public. Previous Secretaries of State had not done so because of the fear of Provisional IRA attack, the security impact on the castle can be seen in the presence of bullet-proof glass in plastic frames in front of the Georgian windows at the public front of the building. The then President of the United States, George W. Bush, Northern Ireland Office Stormont House Castles in Northern Ireland Historic Royal Palaces - Hillsborough Castle Hillsborough Castle – Northern Ireland Office website
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Holyrood Palace
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The Palace of Holyroodhouse, commonly referred to as Holyrood Palace, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland. Queen Elizabeth spends one week in residence at Holyrood Palace at the beginning of each summer, Sir William Bruce designed the 3-storey plus attic Baroque palace for Charles II upon the restoration of the monarchy. The entry gateway is framed by massive coupled Roman Doric columns, with the carved Royal Arms of Scotland, the north and south fronts have symmetrical 3-storey facades that rise behind to far left and right of 2-storey range with regular arrangement of bays. The east front has 17 pilastered bays with superimposed columns at each floor, the ruins of the abbey church connect to the palace on the north-east corner. Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the palace as one of his eight choices for the 2002 BBC book The Story of Britains Best Buildings, the rooms open to the public include the 17th-century former Kings apartments and Great Gallery, and the 16th-century apartments in the north-west tower. The Great Stair in the south-west corner of the quadrangle has a 17th-century Baroque ceiling featuring plaster angels holding the Honours of Scotland, the Italian paintings on the walls are fragments of frescoes painted circa 1550 by Lattanzio Gambara, illustrating scenes from Ovids Metamorphoses. They were bought by Prince Albert in 1856, and placed here in 1881, at the top of the stair is the Royal Dining Room, formerly part of the Queens apartments. The Adam style decoration dates from around 1800, when this was part of the Duke of Hamiltons apartment, the Kings apartments occupied the whole of the south and east sides of the quadrangle. Accessed from the Great Stair, the suite of rooms comprising a hall, presence chamber, privy chamber, antechamber, bedchamber. The level of privacy, as well as the richness of decoration, from the visit of George IV in 1822, the guard hall has been used as a throne room, and the order of rooms reversed. The Evening Drawing Room and Morning Drawing Room occupy the former presence chamber and privy chamber, the Morning Drawing Room is hung with French tapestries bought by Charles II, and is used for private ceremonies. The Kings Antechamber, Bedchamber and Closet are laid out along the east side of the palace, the Kings Bedchamber, at the centre of the east façade, has the finest of the 17th-century plaster ceilings, augmented by paintings of Hercules by Jacob de Wet II. The 17th-century bed was made for the Duke of Hamilton, although it was referred to as Queen Marys Bed when it occupied the older Queens rooms. The Great Gallery, the largest room in the palace, links the Kings Closet with the former Queens apartments in the west range, the gallery is decorated with 110 portraits of the Scottish monarchs, beginning with the legendary Fergus I, who supposedly ruled from 330 BC. The portraits were all completed between 1684 and 1686 by Jacob de Wet II and this collection celebrated the royal bloodline of Scotland which the Scots upheld for its continuity and antiquity as an important part of their national identity in the seventeenth century. After 1707, Scotlands representative peers were elected here to be sent to Westminster, bonnie Prince Charlie held evening balls in the gallery during his brief occupation, and it later became a Catholic chapel for the Comte dArtois. Today it is used for functions including investitures and banquets. These rooms were occupied by Lord Darnley in the 17th century, Queen Mary occupied an identical suite of rooms on the second floor of the tower, the bedchambers are linked by a private spiral stair
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St James's Palace
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St Jamess Palace is the most senior royal palace in the United Kingdom. Built by King Henry VIII on the site of a hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less. The palace increased in importance during the reigns of the early Georgian monarchy, after decades of being used increasingly for only formal occasions, the move was formalised by Queen Victoria in 1837. Today the palace houses a number of offices, societies and collections and all ambassadors. Mainly built between 1531 and 1536 in red-brick, the architecture is primarily Tudor in style. A fire in 1809 destroyed parts of the structure, including the private apartments. Some 17th-century interiors survive, but most were remodelled in the 19th century, the palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less. The new palace, secondary in the kings interest to Henrys Whitehall Palace, was constructed between 1531 and 1536 as a residence to escape formal court life. Much smaller than the nearby Whitehall, St Jamess was arranged around a number of courtyards, including the Colour Court, the Ambassadors Court and it is decorated with the initials H. A. for Henry and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry constructed the palace in red brick, with picked out in darker brick. The palace was remodelled in 1544, with ceilings painted by Hans Holbein, two of Henry VIIIs children died at Saint Jamess, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset and Mary I. Elizabeth I often resided at the palace, and is said to have spent the night there while waiting for the Spanish Armada to sail up the Channel, in 1638, Charles I gave the palace to Marie de Medici, the mother of his wife Henrietta Maria. Marie remained in the palace for three years, but the residence of a Catholic former queen of France proved unpopular with parliament, Charles I spent his final night at St Jamess before his execution. Oliver Cromwell then took it over, and turned it into barracks during the English Commonwealth period, Charles II, James II, Mary II and Anne were all born at the palace. The palace was restored by Charles II following the demise of the Commonwealth, the first two monarchs of the House of Hanover used St Jamess Palace as their principal London residence. George I and George II both housed their mistresses, the Duchess of Kendal and the Countess of Suffolk respectively, at the palace. In 1757, George II donated the Palace library to the British Museum, in 1809, a fire destroyed part of the palace, including the monarchs private apartments at the south east corner. These apartments were not replaced, leaving the Queens Chapel in isolation, George III found St Jamess increasingly unsuitable
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Clarence House
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Clarence House is a royal residence in London, situated on The Mall, in the City of Westminster. It is attached to St. Jamess Palace and shares the palaces garden, for nearly 50 years, from 1953 to 2002, it was home to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. It has since been the residence of Charles, Prince of Wales. Clarence House also served as the residence for Prince William from 2003 until his 2011 marriage. It is open to visitors for one month each summer, usually August. Since 2003, the term Clarence House has often used as a metonym for the Prince of Waless private office. The term St. Jamess Palace had been previously used, Clarence House is Grade I listed on the National Heritage List for England. The house was built between 1825 and 1827 to a design by John Nash and it was commissioned by the Duke of Clarence, who in 1830 became King William IV of Great Britain and Ireland. He lived there in preference to the nearby St Jamess Palace, from William IV the house passed to his sister Princess Augusta Sophia and, following her death in 1840, to Queen Victorias mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. In 1866, it became the home of Queen Victorias second son and fourth child Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, also Duke of Edinburgh, anne, Princess Royal, was born there in 1950. In 1953, after the death of King George VI, the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret moved there, the house has four storeys, not including attics or basements, and is faced in pale stucco. It has undergone extensive remodelling and reconstruction over the years, most notably after the Second World War, the Prince of Wales moved there in 2003 after the house underwent massive refurbishment following the death of his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The house has been completely rewired, most of the rooms were redecorated by the interior designer Robert Kime. With a reception at Clarence House, Prince Charles welcomed representatives of all 14 nations for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup as well as tournament organisers
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Kensington Palace
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Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. Today, the State Rooms are open to the public and managed by the independent charity Historic Royal Palaces, the offices and private accommodation areas of the Palace remain the responsibility of the Royal Household and are maintained by the Royal Household Property Section. The palace also displays paintings and other objects from the Royal Collection. Kensington Palace was originally a two-storey Jacobean mansion built by Sir George Coppin in 1605 in the village of Kensington, the mansion was purchased in 1619 by Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham and was then known as Nottingham House. In the summer of 1689, William and Mary bought Nottingham House from Secretary of State Daniel Finch and they then instructed Sir Christopher Wren, Surveyor of the Kings Works to begin an immediate expansion of the house. In order to time and money, Wren kept the structure intact and added a three-story pavilion at each of the four corners, providing more accommodation for the King and Queen. The Queen’s Apartments were in the north-west pavilion and the King’s in the south-east, Wren then re-oriented the house to face west, building north and south wings to flank the approach, made into a proper cour dhonneur that was entered through an archway surmounted by a clock tower. The palace was surrounded by straight cut solitary lawns, and formal gardens, laid out with paths and flower beds at right angles. Jamess Palace, which has not been the royal residence in London since the 17th century. William had constructed the South Front, to the design of Nicholas Hawksmoor, after William IIIs death, the palace became the residence of Queen Anne. These were primarily used by the Queen to give access between the apartments and gardens. Queen Annes most notable contribution to the palace were the gardens and she commissioned the Hawksmoor designed Orangery, modified by John Vanbrugh, that was built for her in 1704. The level of decoration of the interior, including carved detail by Grinling Gibbons, reflects its use, not just as a greenhouse. Also, a magnificent 30 acre baroque parterre, with sections of clipped scrolling designs punctuated by trees formally clipped into cones, was out by Henry Wise. Kensington Palace was also the setting of the argument between Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough and Queen Anne. The Duchess, who was known for being outspoken and manipulative, was jealous of the attention the Queen was giving to Abigail Masham, Queen Anne died at Kensington Palace on 1 August 1714. George I spent lavishly on new royal apartments, creating three new state known as the Privy Chamber, the Cupola Room and the Withdrawing Room. He hired the unknown William Kent in 1722 to decorate the state rooms, the Cupola Room was Kents first commission for the King
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Sandringham House
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Sandringham House is a country house on 20,000 acres of land near the village of Sandringham in Norfolk, England. The house is owned by Queen Elizabeth II and is located on the royal Sandringham Estate. The landscaped gardens, park and woodlands surrounding the house are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks, the site has been occupied since the Elizabethan era, and, in 1771, architect Cornish Henley cleared the site to build Sandringham Hall. The hall was modified during the 19th century by Charles Spencer Cowper, a stepson of Lord Palmerston, who added an elaborate porch and conservatory, designed by architect Samuel Sanders Teulon. However, in 1865, two years after moving in, the found the halls size insufficient for his needs. The resulting red-brick house was completed in late 1870 in a mix of styles and this section incorporated the galleried entrance hall which is used by the royal family for entertaining and family occasions. A new wing was added to one end of the house in a more traditional style. The building was ahead of its time in amenities, with gas lighting, flushing water closets, one part of the house was destroyed in a fire during preparations for the Prince of Waless 50th birthday in 1891, and later rebuilt. Sandringham House has been the home of four generations of the British Royal Family. The main features of the new building were bay windows, which helped lighten the interior, despite the size of Sandringham and the spaciousness of the main rooms, the living quarters were relatively small. Edward and Alexandras sons, Prince Albert Victor and Prince George, the spacious grounds, however, provided room for Queen Alexandras menagerie of horses, dogs, cats, and other animals. The kennels were a delight to the children. Since the death of Edward VII, Sandringham has been a holiday retreat for successive members of the Royal Family. It is an excellent location for shooting and is used for shooting parties. Such was King George Vs fondness for hunting on the estate and this tradition of Sandringham Time was kept on the estate from 1901 until 1936 when the new King Edward VIII showed he was a new broom by sweeping the custom away. Along with Balmoral Castle, Sandringham House is the property of the British royal family. Their succession became an issue in 1936, when Edward VIII abdicated as king, being legacies Edward had inherited from his father, George V, the estates did not automatically pass to his younger brother, George VI, the new king had to purchase the house from him. Queen Alexandra occupied the house of Sandringham after the death of Edward VII in 1910
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Anmer Hall
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Anmer Hall is a Georgian country house in the village of Anmer in Norfolk, England. It is about 12 miles north east of Kings Lynn, about 2 miles east of the Queens residence at Sandringham, Anmer Hall was a wedding gift to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge from the Queen. The current house was built in the 18th century and has formed part of the Sandringham estate since 1898, the house was registered as a Grade II* listed building in 1984 but was later de-listed. The current late-Georgian house dates from the 18th century, although it may be built around an earlier core and it has two storeys and attic with dormer windows. The long south front comprises 13 bays, and was refaced with red bricks c and it has 13 ground-floor windows set in blank arches and a semicircular porch on two Tuscan columns, with 11 windows on the first floor. The three central bays are topped by a pediment, the north front is of rubble carstone and includes four c. 17th century ogee-headed sashes on the first floor. The surrounding estate became an ancient monument in 2003. The village church, St Mary, lies close to the house, Anmer Hall was the seat of the Coldham family from at least 1705. The Sandringham estate was bought by Queen Victoria in 1862 as a present for the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII. In 1896, the estate was purchased at auction for £25,000 by the famed serial fraudster Ernest Terah Hooley before his first bankruptcy, the Prince had attempted to purchase the property prior to Hooleys acquisition. Through an intermediary, the Prince asked Hooley that he be allowed to purchase it from him, Hooley agreed, allowing him to buy it at cost in 1898. Together with the Princes eldest son and an equerry, Broadley had been implicated in the Cleveland Street Scandal. Anmer Hall was leased to John Loader Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby and his daughter Penelope socialised with the Royal Family, and was reportedly a favourite of King George V. From 1972 to 1990, the house was leased to the Duke, in February 1990, the Duke and Duchess of Kent left Anmer Hall, moving to Crocker End House in Nettlebed in Oxfordshire. From 1990 to 2000, it was rented by Hugh van Cutsem and it was then leased to the family of James Everett, owner of kitchen timber company Norfolk Oak. In January 2013, it was reported that the Queen had allocated Anmer Hall for use by William, Duke of Cambridge, his wife Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, the lease to the Everett family was terminated early, before its expiry in 2017, to allow redevelopment. To accommodate the Duke and Duchess using the house as their main residence whilst William worked as a pilot for East Anglian Air Ambulance, inside Anmer Hall, Home to the New Royal Baby
