1.
Johannesburg
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Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, in the same year, the population of Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was 7,860,781. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia. The land area of the city is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2. The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm, the city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand. The name is attributed to one or all of three men involved in the establishment of the city, in ten years, the population was 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until the 1990s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent, controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name Johannes who were involved in the history of the city. Among them are the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic 1883-1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility, precise records for the choice of name were lost. Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik Street is today a street where the historically important and dilapidated Post Office, since burnt out. The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people, the Sotho–Tswana practised farming and extensively mined and smelted metals that were available in the area. The most prominent site within Johannesburg is Melville Koppies, which contains an iron smelting furnace, the main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the start of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name, Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility
2.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
3.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
4.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
5.
Filmmaking
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Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period
6.
Tsotsi
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Tsotsi is a 2005 film directed by Gavin Hood and produced by Peter Fudakowski. It is a adaptation of the novel Tsotsi, by Athol Fugard, set in an Alexandra slum, in Johannesburg, South Africa, the film tells the story of Tsotsi, a young street thug who steals a car only to discover a baby in the back seat. The film won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006. Because his mother is dying of a disease, David runs away from an abusive father. A few years later, David, who now goes by the name Tsotsi, is the leader of a gang which includes his friends Butcher, Aap and Boston. After getting involved in a murder committed by Butcher during a mugging, Tsotsi, Tsotsi later shoots Pumla, a young woman, while stealing her car, only to discover a three-month-old baby boy in the back seat. Tsotsi hastily strips the car of its valuables and takes the back to his shack. Pumla survives the attack and works with a police artist to create a sketch of Tsotsis face. Realizing that he cannot properly care for the baby on his own, Tsotsi spots Miriam, with a child strapped to her back. He follows her to her shack and forces her at gunpoint to feed the kidnapped child, meanwhile, rich gang leader Fela begins attempting to recruit Aap, Boston and Butcher to work for him. When Tsotsi takes the child to Miriam a second time, she asks him to leave the boy with her so that she can care for him on Tsotsis behalf, Tsotsi decides to take care of the injured Boston, and has Aap and Butcher take Boston to his shack. Boston, who is called Teacher Boy by his friends, explains that he never took the teachers examination, Tsotsi tells him that the gang will raise the money so that Boston can take the exam, which means they will have to commit another robbery. Tsotsi and Aap go to Pumlas house, when Pumlas husband John returns from the hospital, they follow him into the house and tie him up. Aap is assigned to watch John while Butcher ransacks the bedroom, when Aap goes to raid the fridge, John activates the alarm. Traumatized by Tsotsis killing of Butcher and fearing that Tsotsi will one day harm him too, Aap decides to leave the gang and quit as Tsotsis friend. When Tsotsi goes back to Miriams house she reveals that she knows where he got the baby, Tsotsi sets off to return the baby. He reaches Johns house, tells John over the intercom that he leave the child outside the gate. Meanwhile, an officer stationed at the house alerts Captain Smit, the police train their guns on Tsotsi, ordering him to return the baby
7.
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
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X-Men Origins, Wolverine is a 2009 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the installment and the first spinoff of the standalone Wolverine trilogy from the X-Men film series. The film was directed by Gavin Hood, written by David Benioff and Skip Woods and it co-stars Liev Schreiber, Danny Huston, Dominic Monaghan and Ryan Reynolds. The film is a prequel/spin-off focusing on the violent past of the mutant Wolverine, the film was mostly shot in Australia and New Zealand, with Canada also serving as a location. Filming took place from January to May 2008, a second Wolverine film titled The Wolverine was released in 2013 to positive reviews and much greater success. In 1845, James Howlett, a boy living in Canada, the trauma activates the boys mutation, bone claws protrude from his knuckles, and he impales Thomas, who reveals that he is Jamess real father before dying. James flees along with Thomass other son Victor Creed, who is thus Jamess half-brother and has a healing factor mutation like James and they spend the next century as soldiers, fighting in the American Civil War, both World Wars, and the Vietnam War. In Vietnam, the increasingly violent Victor attempts to rape a Vietnamese woman, James happens upon the fight and defends Victor, resulting in the pair being sentenced to execution by firing squad, which they survive due to their mutant healing abilities. Major William Stryker approaches them in custody and offers them membership in Team X, a group of mutants including Agent Zero, Wade Wilson, John Wraith, Fred Dukes. They join the team for a few years, with James now using the alias Logan, but Victor, six years later, Logan is working as a lumberjack in Canada, where he lives with his girlfriend Kayla Silverfox. Stryker and Zero approach Logan at work, Stryker reports that Wade and Bradley have been killed, and he thinks someone is targeting the teams members. Logan refuses to rejoin Stryker, but after finding Kaylas bloodied body in the woods and he finds him at a local bar, but Logan loses the subsequent fight. Afterward, Stryker explains that Victor has gone rogue, and offers Logan a way to become strong enough to get his revenge, Logan undergoes a painful operation to reinforce his skeleton with adamantium, a virtually indestructible metal. Zero kills them the morning and tries to kill Logan. Logan locates John and Fred at a boxing club, Fred explains that Victor is still working for Stryker, hunting down mutants for Stryker to experiment on at his new laboratory, located at a place called The Island. Fred mentions Remy Gambit LeBeau, the one who escaped from the island. John and Logan find LeBeau in New Orleans, then both fight Victor, who kills John and extracts his DNA, agreeing to help release mutants that Stryker has captured, Gambit takes Logan to Strykers facility on Three Mile Island. Logan learns that Kayla is alive, having been coerced by Stryker into surveilling him in exchange for her sisters safety
8.
Ender's Game (film)
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Enders Game is a 2013 American science fiction action film based on the novel of the same name by Orson Scott Card. The supporting cast includes Harrison Ford, Hailee Steinfeld, Viola Davis, with Abigail Breslin, the film was released in Germany on October 24,2013, followed by a release in the United Kingdom and Ireland one day later. It was released in the United States, Canada, and several countries on November 1,2013. Enders Game grossed $125.5 million on a $110–115 million budget, variety included the film in their list of Hollywoods Biggest Bombs of 2013. Over the course of fifty years, gifted children are trained by the International Fleet to become commanders of a new fleet for this counter-attack, cadet Andrew Ender Wiggin draws the attention of Colonel Hyrum Graff and Major Gwen Anderson by his aptitude in simulated space combat. They order the removal of his monitor, signifying the end of the cadet program, Ender is attacked by Stilson, a student he defeated in the combat sim, but Ender fights back and severely injures him. Ender confesses his grief to his older sister Valentine, but is harassed further by their older brother Peter, Graff arrives to reveal he was being tested and is still part of the program. Graff brings Ender to Battle School, placing Ender with other cadets his age, among other studies, the cadets are placed in squads and perform training games in a zero gravity Battle Room. Ender quickly adapts to the games, devising new strategies older students have not yet seen, Graff reassigns Ender to Salamander Army, led by Commander Bonzo Madrid. Bonzo, believing that Ender is inept due to his size, another cadet, Petra Arkanian, takes Ender and trains him privately. While Bonzo is aware of this, he not take any action against Petra. In one match, Bonzo orders Ender to stay behind while the rest of the Salamander Army fights another team, however, seeing Petra in trouble, Ender comes to her aid and helps the Salamander Army win. After the match, Bonzo is humiliated by the other students, meanwhile, Ender plays a computerized mind game set in a fantasy world aimed to present difficult choices to the player. In one situation, Ender creates an outside the box solution to overcome a seemingly unsolvable problem, later, he encounters a Formic in the game, and then a simulated image of Valentine entering the ruins of a castle. Inside, he finds another image of Valentine but as he nears, Graff promotes Ender to his own squad, made from other students that have gained Enders trust. They are put in difficult battles. In one match against two other teams including Bonzos squad, Ender devises a strategy of sacrificing part of his team to achieve a goal. Bonzo accosts Ender in the bathroom after the match, but Ender fights back and Bonzo falls during the struggle, distraught over this, Ender prepares to quit Battle School, but Graff has Valentine speak to him and convince him to continue
9.
Education
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Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has an effect on the way one thinks, feels. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy, in most regions education is compulsory up to a certain age. Etymologically, the education is derived from the Latin ēducātiō from ēducō which is related to the homonym ēdūcō from ē-. Education began in prehistory, as trained the young in the knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation, story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be learned through imitation. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom, plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, there, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE476, after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education, some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous, founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek, around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts, the Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe. In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age, formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system, such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more
10.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed
11.
Feature film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
12.
Tikoloshe
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In Zulu mythology, Tikoloshe, Tokoloshe or Hili is a dwarf-like water sprite. It is considered a mischievous and evil spirit that can become invisible by drinking water, tokoloshes are called upon by malevolent people to cause trouble for others. At its least harmful a tokoloshe can be used to scare children, the creature might be banished by a nanga, who has the power to expel it from the area. Another explanation is that the Tokoloshe resembles a zombie, poltergeist, or gremlin, the tokoloshe may also wander, causing mischief wherever it goes, particularly to schoolchildren. Other details include its appearance and gouged out eyes. The Tokoloshe, according to the Zulu shaman Credo Mutwa, has known to take on many forms. One form is as described above, but others have portrayed the Tokoloshe as being a humanoid being. Some Zulu people are still superstitious when it comes to things like the supposedly fictional tokoloshe—a hairy creature created by a wizard to harm his enemies. According to legend, the way to keep the Tokoloshe away at night is to put a brick beneath each leg of ones bed. However, this will not protect anything but the person whose bed it is along with the bed itself and they get their power from a hot poker thrust into the crown of the body during creation. The video for Die Antwoords song Evil Boy features a Tokoloshe, hosh Tokoloshe is a pop/rap song influenced by the Tokoloshe by South African Rapper Jack Parow Malevolent creatures called tokoroths appear in Michelle Pavers Chronicles of Ancient Darkness series. Belief in the Tikoloshe is a part of Gavin Hoods film A Reasonable Man. The Tokoloshe is referred to several times by the characters in the British crime thrillers Ritual and Skin by Mo Hayder Serial killer Elifasi Msomi claimed to have been influenced by a tokoloshe. A Tokoloshe appears in episode of the 3rd series of the British TV show Mad Dogs. At one point the characters are told if you see a Tokoloshe. Tokoloshe is the name of Tok, the mascot for the English surfing and clothing company Saltrock. South African artists film featuring an impression of the Tokoloshe Interview with Credo Mutwa The Flames Burden, book
13.
Polish language
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Polish is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles. It belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of the West Slavic languages, Polish is the official language of Poland, but it is also used throughout the world by Polish minorities in other countries. It is one of the languages of the European Union. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet, which has 9 additions to the letters of the basic Latin script, Polish is closely related to Kashubian, Silesian, Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after Russian, in history, Polish is known to be an important language, both diplomatically and academically in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, Polish is spoken by over 38.5 million people as their first language in Poland. It is also spoken as a language in western parts of Belarus and Ukraine, west and central Lithuania, as well as the northern parts of the Czech Republic. There are 55 million Polish language speakers around the world, Polish began to emerge as a distinct language around the 10th century, the process largely triggered by the establishment and development of the Polish state. With Christianity, Poland also adopted the Latin alphabet, which made it possible to write down Polish, the precursor to modern Polish is the Old Polish language. Ultimately, Polish is thought to descend from the unattested Proto-Slavic language, Poland is the most linguistically homogeneous European country, nearly 97% of Polands citizens declare Polish as their first language. Elsewhere, Poles constitute large minorities in Lithuania, Belarus, Polish is the most widely used minority language in Lithuanias Vilnius County and is found elsewhere in southeastern Lithuania. There are significant numbers of Polish speakers among Polish emigrants and their descendants in many other countries, in the United States, Polish Americans number more than 11 million but most of them cannot speak Polish fluently. The largest concentrations of Polish speakers reported in the census were found in three states, Illinois, New York, and New Jersey. Enough people in these areas speak Polish that PNC Financial Services offer services available in Polish at all of their machines in addition to English and Spanish. According to the 2011 census there are now over 500,000 people in England, in Canada, there is a significant Polish Canadian population, There are 242,885 speakers of Polish according to the 2006 census, with a particular concentration in Toronto and Montreal. The geographical distribution of the Polish language was affected by the territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II. Poles settled in the Recovered Territories in the west and north and this tendency toward a homogeneity also stems from the vertically integrated nature of the authoritarian Polish Peoples Republic. The inhabitants of different regions of Poland still speak standard Polish somewhat differently, first-language speakers of Polish have no trouble understanding each other, and non-native speakers may have difficulty distinguishing regional variations
14.
In Desert and Wilderness (2001 film)
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In Desert and Wilderness is a 2001 Polish film directed by Gavin Hood. Adapted from the 1911 novel In Desert and Wilderness by Henryk Sienkiewicz and it was filmed in South Africa and Tunisia. The original director fell ill at the beginning of filming. A miniseries were made at the time this time as well. The film was said to be modern, notably in its depiction of intercultural relationships. Although its not that close to the book, it enjoyed a considerable success. In the Desert and Wilderness at the Internet Movie Database
15.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
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Rendition (film)
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Rendition is a 2007 American abduction thriller film directed by Gavin Hood and starring Reese Witherspoon, Meryl Streep, Peter Sarsgaard, Alan Arkin, Jake Gyllenhaal and Omar Metwally. It centers on the controversial CIA practice of extraordinary rendition and is based on the story of Khalid El-Masri. The movie also has similarities to the case of Maher Arar, CIA analyst Douglas Freeman is briefing a newly arrived CIA agent in a square in an unnamed country in North Africa, when a suicide attack kills the CIA agent and 18 other people. Isabella is not informed and all records of his being on the flight from South Africa are erased, for lack of more experienced staff, Freeman is assigned to observe the interrogation of Anwar, whose interrogator is Fawal himself. Growing worried, Isabella travels to Washington, D. C. to see old friend Alan Smith, who now works as an aide to Senator Hawkins, Smith slowly pieces together details of Anwars detention. He is unable to either the senator or Corrine Whitman. Upon hearing the confrontation from her office, his sympathetic secretary quietly tips Isabella off that Whitman will be visiting the following day, Isabella confronts Whitman and creates a scene, before storming out, only to go into labor in the hallway. Eventually, Anwar confesses that he advised Rashid how to more powerful bombs and was promised $40,000 in return. Suspicious that its a false confession, Freeman asks where the money is and Anwar replies that it should have delivered to him in South Africa. Freemans suspicions are confirmed when he has the names Anwar gives traced by Interpol, a quick Google search reveals that the names are of the Egyptian soccer team from the year Anwar left Egypt. He quotes Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice while making a point on the value of intelligence gathered through torture, angered by the injustice Anwar has suffered, Freeman leaks the details of Anwars detention to the American press, creating a scandal that humiliates Whitman and Hawkins. The film ends with Anwar arriving home and reuniting with his family, in a parallel storyline, Abasis daughter Fatima has run away from home with her boyfriend Khalid. Fatima sees a picture of Khalids brother, but he not tell her what has happened to him. Abasi is told that Khalids brother was an inmate at his prison, Fatima is unaware that Khalid is a member of a terrorist group until his friends are arrested at a planned march and he leads her to the terrorist groups base. Realizing that Khalids brother met his death at the hands of her father and it is then revealed that this second story took place before the suicide attack. At the town square Fatima begs him not to do it, after removing the pin of his detonator he hesitates, and is therefore killed by the organizers of the attack. As a result, he releases the handle of the detonator, in the present, Abasi rushes to Khalids apartment and discovers Khalids grandmother grief-stricken over the loss of both her grandsons and Fatima. Abasi then realizes that his daughter died trying to protect him and is filled with grief himself, the record of a phone call supposedly made by Rashid to Anwar is not explained in the film
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Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
18.
New Line Cinema
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New Line Cinema is an American film studio that was founded in 1967 by Robert Shaye as a film distribution company, later becoming an independent film studio. It became a subsidiary of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1994 before Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996, currently, its films are distributed by Warner Bros. New Line Cinema was established in 1967 by the then 27-year-old Robert Shaye as a distribution company, supplying foreign. Shaye operated New Lines offices out of his apartment at 14th Street, one of the companys early successes was its distribution of the 1936 anti-cannabis propaganda film Reefer Madness, which became a cult hit on American college campuses in the early 1970s. New Line also released many classic films, like Stay As You Are, Immoral Tales. The studio has released many of the films of John Waters. In 1976, New Line secured funding to produce its first full-length feature, Stunts, although not considered a critical success, the film performed well commercially on the international market and on television. New Line then produced or co-produced three more films in 1981 and 1983, Alone in the Dark, Xtro and Polyester, a Nightmare on Elm Street was produced and released by New Line in 1984. The resulting franchise was New Lines first commercially successful series after a financial slump. The film was made on a budget of $1.8 million and it was the first film to feature the actor Johnny Depp. A year later, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2, Freddys Revenge was released, and grossed $3.3 million in its first three days of release and over $30 million at the domestic box office. A Nightmare on Elm Street 3, Dream Warriors was released in 1987, in November 1990, New Line purchased a 52% stake in the television production company RHI Entertainment, which would later be sold to Hallmark Cards. In May 1991, New Line purchased the video and foreign rights to 600 films held by Sultan Entertainment Holdings. The deal also included an 11-film distribution deal with Turner subsidiary Castle Rock Entertainment, on November 27,1991, New Line purchased Sultan outright. On January 28,1994, New Line Cinema was acquired by the Turner Broadcasting System, New Line Cinema was kept as its own separate entity, while fellow Turner-owned studios Hanna-Barbera Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment eventually became units of Warner Bros. In 2007, New Line Cinema and Castle Rock Entertainment collaborated on the 2007 film Fracture, during its time as an entity separate from Warner Bros. New Line Cinema operated several divisions, including distribution, marketing. It was also a partner in founding a new company named Picturehouse in 2005
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Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
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Wolverine (character)
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Wolverine is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mostly in association with the X-Men. He is a mutant who possesses animal-keen senses, enhanced capabilities, powerful regenerative ability known as a healing factor. Wolverine has been depicted variously as a member of the X-Men, Alpha Flight, the character first appeared in the last panel of The Incredible Hulk #180, with his first full appearance in #181. He was created by writer Len Wein and Marvel art director John Romita, Sr. who designed the character, as a result, the character became a fan favorite of the increasingly popular X-Men franchise, and has been featured in his own solo comic since 1988. Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas asked writer Len Wein to devise a character specifically named Wolverine, John Romita, Sr. designed the first Wolverine costume, and believes he introduced the retractable claws, saying, When I make a design, I want it to be practical and functional. I thought, If a man has claws like that, how does he scratch his nose or tie his shoelaces, Wolverine first appeared in the final teaser panel of The Incredible Hulk #180 written by Wein and penciled by Herb Trimpe. The character then appeared in a number of advertisements in various Marvel Comics publications before making his first major appearance in The Incredible Hulk #181 again by the Wein–Trimpe team. In 2009, Trimpe said he distinctly remembers Romitas sketch and that, The way I see it, sewed the monster together and I shocked it to life. It was just one of secondary or tertiary characters, actually. We did characters in The Hulk all the time that were in issues, though often credited as co-creator, Trimpe adamantly denies having had any role in Wolverines creation. The characters introduction was ambiguous, revealing little beyond his being an agent of the Canadian government. In these appearances, he does not retract his claws, although Wein stated they had always envisioned as retractable. He appears briefly in the finale to this story in The Incredible Hulk #182, Wolverines next appearance was in 1975s Giant-Size X-Men #1, written by Wein and penciled by Dave Cockrum, in which Wolverine is recruited for a new squad. Gil Kane illustrated the artwork but incorrectly drew Wolverines mask with larger headpieces. Dave Cockrum liked Kanes accidental alteration and incorporated it into his own artwork for the actual story, Cockrum was also the first artist to draw Wolverine without his mask, and the distinctive hairstyle became a trademark of the character. A revival of X-Men followed, beginning with X-Men #94, drawn by Cockrum, in X-Men and Uncanny X-Men, Wolverine is initially overshadowed by the other characters, although he does create tension in the team as he is attracted to Cyclops girlfriend, Jean Grey. Byrne modeled his rendition of Wolverine on actor Paul D’Amato, who played Dr. Hook in the 1977 sports film Slap Shot, Byrne also created Alpha Flight, a group of Canadian superheroes who try to recapture Wolverine due to the expense their government incurred training him. Later stories gradually establish Wolverines murky past and unstable nature, which he battles to keep in check, Byrne also designed a new brown-and-tan costume for Wolverine, but retained the distinctive Cockrum cowl
21.
Hugh Jackman
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Hugh Michael Jackman is an Australian actor, singer, and producer. Jackman has won recognition for his roles in a variety of film genres. His work in Les Misérables earned him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, in Broadway theatre, Jackman won a Tony Award for his role in The Boy from Oz. A four-time host of the Tony Awards themselves, he won an Emmy Award for one of these appearances, Jackman also hosted the 81st Academy Awards on 22 February 2009. Jackman was born in Sydney, New South Wales, to Grace McNeil and Christopher John Jackman and his parents were English and had come to Australia in 1967 as part of the Ten Pound Poms immigration. One of his paternal great-grandfathers, Nicholas Isidor Bellas, was Greek and his parents were devout Christians, having been converted by Evangelist Billy Graham after their marriage. Jackman has four siblings, and was the second of his parents children to be born in Australia. He also has a younger half-sister, from his mothers remarriage and his parents divorced when he was eight, and Jackman remained in Australia with his father and Jackmans two brothers, while his mother moved back to England with Jackmans two sisters. As a child, Jackman liked the outdoors, spending a lot of time at the beach and on camping trips and he wanted to see the world, I used to spend nights looking at atlases. I decided I wanted to be a chef on a plane, because Id been on a plane and there was food on board, I presumed there was a chef. I thought that would be an ideal job, following graduation, he spent a gap year working at Uppingham School in England. On his return, he studied at the University of Technology, Sydney, in his final year of university, he took a drama course to make up additional credits. The class did Václav Havels The Memorandum with Jackman as the lead and he later commented, In that week I felt more at home with those people than I did in the entire three years. After obtaining his BA, Jackman completed the one-year course The Journey at the Actors Centre in Sydney, about studying acting full-time, he stated, It wasnt until I was 22 that I ever thought about my hobby being something I could make a living out of. As a boy, Id always had an interest in theatre, but the idea at my school was that drama and music were to round out the man. It wasnt what one did for a living, I found the courage to stand up and say, I want to do it. Jackman has said he always loved acting but when I started at drama school I was like the dunce of the class and it just wasnt coming right to me. Everyone was cooler, everyone seemed more likely to succeed, everyone seemed more natural at it, I think it is good to come from behind as an actor
22.
X-Men (film series)
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X-Men is an American media franchise of 21st Century Fox that is centered on a series of superhero films, produced by 20th Century Fox. The franchise is based on the fictional X-Men characters, who appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. A prequel, X-Men, First Class, was released in 2011, followed by X-Men, Days of Future Past in 2014, Deadpool was also released in 2016 and became the highest-grossing film of the series, as well as the highest-grossing worldwide R-rated film of all time. The film series is the seventh-highest-grossing, having earned over US$4.9 billion worldwide, X-Men, X2, X-Men, First Class, X-Men, Days of Future Past and the spin-offs The Wolverine, Deadpool and Logan were all met with positive reviews. X-Men and X2 were particularly lauded by critics for their dark, realistic tones and subtexts dealing with discrimination, X-Men, The Last Stand and X-Men, Apocalypse were met with mixed reviews, while X-Men Origins, Wolverine received negative reviews from critics. Since 2000, the series has expanded to include comic books, videogames, live action television series. Hugh Jackman has appeared in films in the series than any other actor. The film introduces Wolverine and Rogue into the conflict between Professor Xaviers X-Men and the Brotherhood of Mutants, led by Magneto, in 1994, 20th Century Fox and producer Lauren Shuler Donner bought the film rights to the X-Men. Andrew Kevin Walker was hired to write, and James Cameron expressed interest in producing, eventually, Bryan Singer signed on to direct in July 1996. Although he was not a comic fan, Singer was fascinated by the analogies of prejudice. John Logan, Joss Whedon, Ed Solomon, Christopher McQuarrie, principal photography began in September 1999 in Toronto, Canada, and ended in March 2000. The film was released on July 14,2000, in the film, Colonel William Stryker brainwashes and questions the imprisoned Magneto about Professor Xaviers mutant-locating machine, Cerebro. Stryker attacks the X-Mansion and brainwashes Xavier into locating every mutant on the planet to kill them, the X-Men must team up with the Brotherhood to prevent Strykers worldwide genocide. Hayter and Zak Penn were hired to write their own scripts for the sequel, Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris were hired to re-write the script in February 2002, writing around 26 drafts and 150 on set. Principal photography began in June 2002 in Vancouver, Canada, the film was released on May 2,2003. In the film, a company has developed a suppressor of the mutant gene. Magneto declares war on the humans and retrieves his own weapon, Phoenix, a final battle between the X-Men and the Brotherhood ensues, and Wolverine must accept that in order to stop Grey, he will have to kill her. Singer initially intended to shoot the film back-to-back with a fourth film, Penn and Simon Kinberg were hired the following month
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Orson Scott Card
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Orson Scott Card is an American novelist, critic, public speaker, essayist, and columnist. He writes in several genres but is known best for science fiction and his novel Enders Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead both won Hugo and Nebula Awards, making Card the only author to win both science fictions top U. S. prizes in consecutive years. A feature film adaptation of Enders Game, which Card co-produced, was released in late October 2013 in Europe and on November 1,2013, a great-great-grandson of Brigham Young, Card is a practicing member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In addition to producing a body of fiction works, he has also offered political, religious. Card is the son of Willard Richards Card and Peggy Jane, the third of six children, Card was born in Richland, Washington, and grew up in Santa Clara, California as well as Mesa, Arizona and Orem, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Brazil and graduated from Brigham Young University, for part of the 1970s Card worked as an associate editor of the Ensign, an official magazine of the LDS Church. Card lives in Greensboro, North Carolina, a place that has played a significant role in Enders Game, Card began his writing career primarily as a poet, studying with Clinton F. Larson at BYU. He also explored fiction writing, beginning with stories that eventually evolved into The Worthing Saga, meanwhile, he took part-time employment as a proofreader at BYU Press, then made the jump to full-time employment as a copy editor. In 1976, in the midst of a paid role performing in the churchs musical celebrating Americas Bicentennial, he secured employment as an assistant editor at the Ensign and it was while working at Ensign that Card published his first piece of fiction. His short story Gert Fram appeared in the July 1977 fine arts issue of that magazine under the pseudonym Byron Walley and he wrote the short story Enders Game while working at the BYU press, and submitted it to several publications. The idea for the novel of the same title came from the short story about a school where boys can fight in space. It was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and he returned to full-time employment as the book editor for Compute. Magazine in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1983, in October of that year, a new contract for the Alvin Maker trilogy allowed him to return to freelancing. Enders Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, making Card the only author to win both of science fictions top prizes in consecutive years. Card has also announced his plan to write Shadows Alive, a book that connects the Shadow series and he later also wrote the first formic war saga, Earth Unaware, Earth Afire, and Earth Awakens as a prequel to the Ender novels. This trilogy relays, among other things, the history of Mazer Rackham, the film was made several years later, and released in 2013, with Asa Butterfield in the title role and Gavin Hood directing. He collaborated with Star Wars artist Doug Chiang on Robota and with Kathryn H. Kidd on Lovelock and he has since branched out into other areas of fiction with novels such as Lost Boys, Treasure Box and Enchantment. Other works include the novelization of the James Cameron film The Abyss, outside the world of published fiction, Card contributed dialog to at least three video games, Loom, The Secret of Monkey Island and The Dig in the early 1990s
24.
In Enemy Hands (film)
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U-Boat, is a World War II submarine film released in 2004, starring William H. Macy, Til Schweiger, Scott Caan and Lauren Holly. Macy stars as the COB on a fictitious US Navy submarine, while on patrol in the North Atlantic, the ship is ambushed by two German U-boats. Swordfish destroys one of them, but is damaged by a torpedo fired from the second one. Eight members of the American crew escape and are held prisoner on board U-429, however, the American executive officer had previously contracted meningitis and given it to his captain, who brought it aboard U-429. Within days, over half the German crew, as well as some of the Americans, contract the disease, although the Germans and Americans begin to work together to keep the boat operational, not all the U-boat crew is willing to go along with this arrangement. Also, another U-boat and an American destroyer threaten to overwhelm their tentative truce, in Enemy Hands at the Internet Movie Database
25.
Stargate SG-1
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Stargate SG-1 is an adventure and military science fiction television series and part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayers Stargate franchise. The show, created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, is based on the 1994 science fiction film Stargate by Dean Devlin, the television series was filmed in and around the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The series premiered on Showtime on July 27,1997 and moved to the Sci Fi Channel on June 7,2002, the series draws primarily upon Egyptian mythology, Greek mythology, Norse mythology and Arthurian legend. The series was a success for its first-run broadcasters and in syndication and was particularly popular in Europe. Stargate SG-1 was honored with awards and award nominations in its ten-season run. Merchandise for Stargate SG-1 includes games and toys, print media, the plot of Stargate SG-1 picks up a year after the conclusion of the events recounted in the original feature film. It follows the adventures of SG-1, a military team from Earth. The Ori, a faction of the race as the Ancients who instead use their powers to subjugate other species by religious indoctrination. The SGC is brought back into action when the Stargate is revealed to be part of a network connecting countless planets. SG teams are created to help defend Earth against the Goauld, another alien threat arises in the season 3 finale in the form of sentient machines called Replicators. Meanwhile, rogue agents of an intelligence agency on Earth. Despite Apophiss death in the beginning of season 5, the Goauld Empire remains a major foe in Stargate SG-1 until the end of season 8. The only influential Goauld in the last two seasons of Stargate SG-1 is the System Lord Baal, who is defeated in the direct-to-DVD film Stargate, Continuum. After Apophiss defeat in the season 5 premiere, the half-Ascended Goauld System Lord Anubis assumes the role of the primary antagonist of the show and this new villain possesses much of the knowledge of the Ancients and their technology. In the season 7 finale, SG-1 discovers a powerful weapon in an Ancient outpost in Antarctica that annihilates Anubiss entire fleet and also sets the stage for the spin-off series Stargate Atlantis. Baal subsumes much of Anubiss power in season 8, while Anubis, human-form Replicators begin to conquer the System Lords, but SG-1 finds and adjusts an Ancient weapon to destroy all Replicators throughout the galaxy. Near the end of season 8, it is revealed that the benevolent Ascended being Oma Desala is responsible for Anubiss original ascension. At the end of season 9, the Ori begin an evangelistic crusade with their warships and effortlessly wipe out the fleet of Earth
26.
Martial arts film
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Martial arts film is a film genre. A subgenre of the film, martial arts films contain numerous martial arts fights between characters. They are usually the primary appeal and entertainment value, and often are a method of storytelling and character expression. Martial arts are frequently featured in training scenes and other sequences in addition to fights, martial arts films commonly include other types of action, such as hand-to-hand combats, stuntwork, chases, and gunfights. Films of the type are generally considered to be artistically superior films. One of the earliest Hollywood movies to employ the use of arts was the 1955 film Bad Day at Black Rock. Martial arts films contain many characters who are artists. Trampolines and springboards can also be used to increase the height of jumps and these techniques are sometimes used by real martial artists as well, depending on the style of action in the film. These films were widely broadcast on North American television on weekend timeslots that were often known as Kung Fu Theater, Black Belt Theater. Inclusive in this list of films are classics like The Big Boss, Drunken Master. Other notable figures in the genre include Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Sammo Hung, Yuen Biao, sonny Chiba has appeared with karate and jidaigeki from Japan of the 1970s. Hollywood has also participated in the genre with actors such as Chuck Norris, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Steven Seagal, Brandon Lee, Wesley Snipes, Gary Daniels, Mark Dacascos, and Jason Statham. In the 2000s, Thailands film industry became a force in the genre with the films of Tony Jaa. In more recent years, the Indonesian film industry has offered Merantau and The Raid, women have also played key roles in the genre, including such actresses as Michelle Yeoh, Angela Mao, and Cynthia Rothrock. Kung fu films are a significant movie genre in themselves, like westerns for Americans, they have become an identity of Chinese cinema. As the most prestigious movie type in Chinese film history, kung fu movies were among the first Chinese films produced, the wuxia period films came into vogue due to the thousands of years popularity of wuxia novels. For example, the novels of Jin Yong and Gu Long directly led to the prevalence of wuxia period films. In the Chinese-speaking world, martial arts films are divided into two subcategories, the wuxia period films, and the more modern Kung fu films
27.
SuicideGirls
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SuicideGirls is an online community based website that revolves around pin-up photography sets of models known as the Suicide Girls. The website was founded in 2001 by Selena Mooney and Sean Suhl, most of the site is only accessible to paying members. There is also an online store offering a range of clothing, books. In 2001, Mooney returned to Portland, Oregon to study photography after working as director of technology at Ticketmaster, mooneys friend, Sean Suhl joined her and the two founded the website. SuicideGirls was originally based in Portland, but relocated its operations to Los Angeles, California in 2003 to be closer to its distributor, label and that same year,70 models from the website appeared in a music video for the band Probot. Mooney has stated that the purpose of the site is to give control over how their sexuality is depicted. According to Missy, the term Suicide Girl originally comes from Chuck Palahniuks novel Survivor, Its the same with these suicide girls calling me up. In September 2005, SuicideGirls announced that it would remove a number of images from its pages. The images involved depicted bondage, weapons, or simulated blood, the Justice Department indicated that images of that type might be the subject of obscenity prosecutions. Although SuicideGirls was not mentioned as a target, they removed the images until the furor passed, in January 2007, the images were made visible again. In 2006, some of the Suicide Girls were featured in an episode of CSI, in 2015, it was reported that the website had 5 million monthly visitors, with 51 percent of them being female. SuicideGirls 15th anniversary was celebrated at its Peek-A-Boo burlesque show, which is an act at Pour Vous nightclub in Los Angeles. The website is a community, formed around pin-up photosets of Suicide Girls. Photosets are a collection of images ranging from fully clothed to fully nude that must share a theme or concept, each photoset contains 40-60 images and is created by the model and photographer to portray images of alternative beauty, showcasing each models ideas regarding their own beauty. As of May 2015, there were nearly 8 million images live on the site, each day, a Set of the Day is bought and featured, appearing on the front page, where official Suicide Girl status begins. The photographs are intended both as an homage to classic pin-up art and a portrayal of images of alternative beauty, the site hosts a collection of staff photographers, however anyone can submit photosets to the site. Actress Paget Brewster has photographed models for the site, as have guitarist Dave Navarro, the members and the models all have the option to create a personal profile, keep journals, upload their own photos and videos, and join public and private groups. The site also features interviews conducted by members and a merchandise shop, SuicideGirls have released seven movies since 2005, each directed by Mike Marshall
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
29.
AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
30.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
31.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017
32.
Shoeshine (film)
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Shoeshine is a 1946 Italian film directed by Vittorio De Sica. Sometimes regarded as his first major work, the film follows two boys who get into trouble with the police after trying to find the money to buy a horse. Two friends, Giuseppe Filippucci and Pasquale Maggi, test-ride horses and it is their dream to own one for themselves. Though they are saving to purchase a horse, it is difficult for them to afford one, one day Giuseppes older brother, Attilio, visits the two boys while they are shining shoes. Attilio tells Pasquale that Panza has some work for them, Pasquale brings Giuseppe along to meet Panza, who gives them two fine American blankets to sell. Giuseppe and Pasquale bring the blankets to a teller, who buys them from the boys after some negotiation. After the sale, Panza, Attilio, and another man bust into the fortune tellers house and they accuse the fortune teller of handling stolen goods, and finding Giuseppe and Pasquale, force them out and pretend to take them into custody. Attilio tells the boys to go away and keep quiet, letting them keep the money as well as 3,000 additional lira. With this money, the boys realize they have enough to buy a horse. After purchasing their horse and spending a great deal of time riding it, there the real police, accompanied by the fortune teller, bring them into the precinct for questioning. The police accuse the boys of stealing over 700,000 lira from the fortune tellers home, the boys deny all charges and do not mention their knowledge of the three true con men. Giuseppe and Pasquale are sent to a detention center. On arrival, Giuseppe and Pasquale are separated, the detention center is divided into three levels/rows of cells with 5 boys in each. Giuseppe is placed in a cell on the floor. The two boys try to remain in contact, but are frequently stifled by the prison guards and they each make new acquaintances in their respective cells. Giuseppe receives a package from his mother filled with food and he tries to share it with Pasquale, still in his cell on the first floor, but he is stopped. Giuseppe instead shares it with his inmates in his own cell. As the meal begins, Arcangeli, one of Giuseppes fellow inmates returning from solitary confinement and it is from Attilios boss, and it instructs him not to expose his brother and comrades regarding the con
33.
Vittorio De Sica
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Vittorio De Sica was an Italian director and actor, a leading figure in the neorealist movement. Indeed, the critical success of Sciuscià and Bicycle Thieves helped establish the permanent Best Foreign Film Oscar. These two films generally are considered part of the canon of classic cinema, Bicycle Thieves was cited by Turner Classic Movies as one of the 15 most influential films in cinema history. De Sicas acting was considered the highlight of the film, born into poverty in Sora, Lazio, he began his career as a theatre actor in the early 1920s and joined Tatiana Pavlovas theatre company in 1923. In 1933 he founded his own company with his wife Giuditta Rissone, the company performed mostly light comedies, but they also staged plays by Beaumarchais and worked with famous directors like Luchino Visconti. De Sica appeared in the British television series The Four Just Men and his passion for gambling was well known. Because of it, he often lost large sums of money, in 1937 Vittorio De Sica married the actress Giuditta Rissone, who gave birth to their daughter, Emi. In 1942, on the set of Un garibaldino al convento, he met Spanish actress Maria Mercader, after divorcing Rissone in France in 1954, he married Mercader in 1959 in Mexico, but this union was not considered valid under Italian law. In 1968 he obtained French citizenship and married Mercader in Paris, meanwhile, he had already had two sons with her, Manuel, in 1949, a musician, and Christian, in 1951, who would follow his fathers path as an actor and director. Although divorced, De Sica never parted from his first family and he led a double family life, with double celebrations on holidays. It is said that, at Christmas and on New Years Eve and his first wife agreed to keep up the facade of a marriage so as not to leave her daughter without a father. Vittorio De Sica died at 73 after a surgery at the Neuilly-sur-Seine hospital in Paris, Vittorio De Sica was given the Interfilm Grand Prix in 1971 by the Berlin International Film Festival. Miracolo a Milano Cannes Film Festival Palme DOr Winner Umberto D
34.
Monsieur Vincent
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Monsieur Vincent is a 1947 French film about Vincent de Paul, the seventeenth century priest and charity worker. It depicts his struggle to help the poor in the face of such as the Black Death. In 1949 it won an honorary Academy Award as the best foreign language film released in the United States in 1948, the Vatican placed it amongst their list of approved films under the category of Religion due to its thematic nature in 1995. Guy Lefranc was assistant director on the movie, monsieur Vincent at the Internet Movie Database
35.
Bicycle Thieves
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Bicycle Thieves is a 1948 Italian film directed by Vittorio De Sica. The film follows the story of a father searching post-World War II Rome for his stolen bicycle. It is also one of the top ten among the British Film Institutes list of films you should see by the age of 14. In the post-World War II Val Melaina neighbourhood of Rome, Antonio Ricci is desperate for work to support his wife Maria, his son Bruno and he is offered a position posting advertising bills, but tells Maria that he cannot accept because the job requires a bicycle. Maria resolutely strips the bed of her dowry bedsheets—prized possessions for a poor family—and takes them to the pawn shop and they cycle home—Maria on the crossbar—rejoicing in their good fortune. Along the way, Maria insists that she has to visit someone, Antonio discovers that it is a seer who had prophesied that Antonio would find work, Maria gives the seer money in appreciation of her prophecy. Antonio teases her for such foolishness, on his first day of work Antonio is atop a ladder when a young man snatches the bicycle. Antonio gives chase but is thrown off the trail by the thiefs confederates, the police warn that there is little they can do. Advised that stolen goods often surface at the Piazza Vittorio market, Antonio goes there with several friends, finding a bike that might be Antonios they summon an officer, but the serial numbers do not match. At the Porta Portese market Antonio and Bruno spot the thief with an old man, the thief eludes them, and the old man feigns ignorance. They follow him into a church where but he too slips away from them, Bruno is dismayed, which angers Antonio, who slaps Bruno, greatly upsetting him. Bruno waits by a bridge while Antonio goes in search of the old man, suddenly there are cries that a boy is drowning. Rushing toward the commotion Antonio is relieved to see that the boy is not Bruno. Desperate, Antonio consults the seer, who tells him, Youll find the bike today, leaving the seers house he and Bruno encounter the thief, Antonio pursues him into what turns out to be a brothel, whose denizens quickly eject them. In the street hostile neighbors gather as Antonio accuses the thief, during this commotion Bruno fetches a policeman, who searches the thiefs apartment without result. The policeman tells Antonio the case is weak—Antonio has no witnesses, Antonio and Bruno leave in despair amid jeers and threats from the crowd. On their way home, they near Stadio Nazionale PNF football stadium, inside a game is underway, outside, rows of bicycles await their owners. Antonio sees an unattended bike near a doorway and he paces distractedly, then sits with Bruno on the curb, his hat in his hands
36.
The Walls of Malapaga
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The Walls of Malapaga, is a 1949 Franco-Italian film co-production made by Francinex and Italia Produzione. It was directed by René Clément and produced by Alfredo Guarini from a screenplay by Cesare Zavattini, Suso Cecchi dAmico and Alfredo Guarini adapted by Jean Aurenche, the music score was by Roman Vlad and the cinematography by Louis Page. The film stars Jean Gabin and Isa Miranda, Gabin is a French criminal, Pierre Arrignon, on the run who finds himself in Genoa, Italy, and falls in love with a local girl, Marta Manfredini. The film is set in Italy but the dialogue is primarily in French, the Walls of Malapaga at the Internet Movie Database
