1.
Marylebone
–
Marylebone is an affluent inner-city area of central London, England, located within the City of Westminster and part of the West End. It is sometimes written as St. Marylebone, Marylebone is roughly bounded by Oxford Street to the south, Marylebone Road to the north, Edgware Road to the west and Great Portland Street to the east. The area east of Great Portland Street up to Cleveland Street and this stream rose further north in what is now Swiss Cottage, eventually running along what is now Marylebone Lane, which preserves its curve within the grid pattern. The church and the area later became known as St Mary at the Bourne which, over time, became shortened to its present form. It is a common misunderstanding that the name is a corruption of Marie la Bonne, the manor of Tyburn is mentioned in the Domesday Book as a possession of Barking Abbey valued at 52 shillings, with a population no greater than 50. Early in the 13th century it was held by Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford. Tyburn manor remained with the Crown until the part was sold in 1611 by James I, who retained the deer park, to Edward Forest. Forests manor of Marylebone then passed by marriage to the Austen family, the deer park, Marylebone Park Fields, was let out in small holdings for hay and dairy produce. The Harley heiress Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley married William, 2nd Duke of Portland, such place names in the neighbourhood as Cavendish Square and Portland Place reflect the Dukes of Portland landholdings and Georgian-era developments there. In 1879 the fifth Duke died without issue and the estate passed through the line to his sister, Lucy Joan Bentinck. A large part of the area directly to the west was constructed by the Portman family and is known as the Portman Estate, both estates have aristocratic antecedents and are still run by members of the aforementioned families. The Crown repurchased the northern part of the estate in 1813, mansfield Street is a short continuation of Chandos Street built by the Adam brothers in 1770, on a plot of ground which had been underwater. Most of its houses are fine buildings with exquisite interiors, which if put on the market now would have a price in excess of £10 million. Immediately across the road at 61 New Cavendish Street lived Natural History Museum creator Alfred Waterhouse, Queen Anne Street is an elegant cross-street which unites the northern end of Chandos Street with Welbeck Street. The painter JMW Turner moved to 47 Queen Anne Street in 1812 from 64 Harley Street, now divided into numbers 22 and 23, the building is one of the finest surviving Adam houses in London, and now lets rooms. Wimpole Street runs from Henrietta Place north to Devonshire Street, becoming Upper Wimpole en route – the latter where Arthur Conan Doyle opened his practice at number 2 in 1891. Today, at the end of Wimpole at Wigmore can be found a sandwich shop named Barretts. Bentinck Street leaves Welbeck Street and touches the middle of winding Marylebone Lane, more recently, Cambridge spies Anthony Blunt and Guy Burgess lived at 5 Bentinck Street during the Second World War
Marylebone
–
Marylebone High Street
Marylebone
–
Topographical survey of St. Marylebone, St. Pancras and Paddington. Engraving by B.R. Davies, 1145 x 950mm, dated 1834.
Marylebone
–
St Marylebone Parish Church.
Marylebone
–
Districts
2.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
3.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
4.
Gwen Stefani
–
Gwen Renée Stefani is an American singer, songwriter, and fashion designer. During the bands hiatus, Stefani embarked on a pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was met both critical and commercial success. It spawned three successful singles, What You Waiting For. Rich Girl, and Hollaback Girl, the reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006 Stefani released her studio album The Sweet Escape. The album produced two singles, Wind It Up and the albums title track The Sweet Escape. Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016, Stefani has won three Grammy Awards. As a solo artist she has received accolades, including an American Music Award, Brit Award, World Music Award. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L. A. M. B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, drawing inspiration from Japanese culture, Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls. She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015, Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–09 decade. VH1 ranked her 13th on their 100 Greatest Women in Music list in 2012, including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Stefani was born on October 3,1969, in Fullerton, California and she was named after a stewardess in the 1968 novel Airport, and her middle name, Renée, comes from The Four Tops 1968 cover of The Left Bankes 1966 song Walk Away Renée. Her father, Dennis Stefani, is Italian American and worked as a Yamaha marketing executive and her mother, Patti, worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife. Gwens parents were fans of music and exposed her to music by artists like Bob Dylan. She has two siblings, Jill and Todd, and an older brother named Eric. Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons. Her brother Eric introduced Gwen to 2 Tone music by Madness and The Selecter and, in 1986, he invited her to provide vocals for No Doubt, finally, in 1991, the band was signed to Interscope Records
Gwen Stefani
–
Stefani at the
2011 Cannes Film Festival
Gwen Stefani
–
Stefani performing with No Doubt at
Voodoo 2002
Gwen Stefani
–
Stefani performing during the
Harajuku Lovers Tour in 2005
Gwen Stefani
–
Stefani performing during
The Sweet Escape Tour in 2007
5.
Alternative rock
–
Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative rock
–
One of the first popular alternative rock bands,
R.E.M. relied on
college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative rock
–
Kim Gordon and
Thurston Moore of
Sonic Youth
Alternative rock
–
Robert Smith of
The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative,
gothic rock, and
college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative rock
–
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and
Krist Novoselic with
Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
6.
Post-grunge
–
Post-grunge is a style of rock music that began in the 1990s and is considered a subgenre of alternative rock and hard rock. Originally, post-grunge was an informal and even pejorative label used to describe bands that emulated the sound of Nirvana and Pearl Jam, such as Bush, Candlebox. In the late 1990s, post-grunge morphed into a clearly defined style that married the sound. Post-grunge rose to prominence in the 1990s and continued to remain popular in the 2000s, Post-grunge bands such as Foo Fighters, Puddle of Mudd, Staind, Nickelback, Creed and Matchbox Twenty all achieved mainstream success. During the 1990s, a post-grunge sound emerged which emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly its thick, distorted guitars, Post-grunge music tends to be in mid-tempo and is noted for having a polished, radio-ready production. Post-grunge tends to feature melodies and song structures that are common in pop music, sometimes post-grunge music features both an electric guitar and an acoustic guitar playing simultaneously. Post-grunge lyrics also tend to be about such as relationships, romance. According to Geffen, grunges frontmen posed with their addictions, post-grunges songwriters sought redemption for them, according to Geffen, artists such as Alanis Morissette, No Doubt and Sarah McLachlan all crystallized the songwriting strategy that would form the emotional core of the post-grunge moment. Post-grunge tends to have quality that is higher and cleaner than the quality in grunge. When grunge became a mainstream genre because of such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam. According to Tim Grierson of About, during the late 1990s, post-grunge morphed, becoming a derivative of grunge that combined characteristics of grunge with a more commercially accessible tone. During this time, post-grunge bands such as Creed and Nickelback emerged, Grierson wrote, Creed and Nickelback espoused a more conventional, almost conservative worldview built around the comforts of community and romantic relationships. Grierson also wrote, Post-grunge was a musical style, but bands like Nirvana. Post-grunge, by comparison, seemed to exist in order to court that very audience, in late 1992, Cobain was photographed in a T-shirt with Grunge is Dead printed on its front and the genres decline started to be widely discussed. The death of Cobain in 1994, as well as Pearl Jams touring problems, problems of addiction for Layne Staley of Alice in Chains led to the band cancelling scheduled dates in 1995. When grunge was mainstream, major labels began signing and promoting bands emulating the genre. In spite of the fact that such as Bush and Candlebox have been categorized as grunge. Collective Soul and Live are two other bands categorized as post-grunge that emerged along with Bush and Candlebox and its song Far Behind peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100
Post-grunge
–
Foo Fighters performing an acoustic show in 2007
7.
Hard rock
–
Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
Hard rock
–
Cream, whose blues rock improvisation was a major factor in the development of the genre.
Hard rock
–
Led Zeppelin live at
Chicago Stadium, January 1975.
Hard rock
–
The Who on stage in 1975.
Hard rock
–
Kiss onstage in Boston in 2004.
8.
Grunge
–
Grunge is a subgenre of alternative rock and a subculture that emerged during the mid-1980s in the Pacific Northwest U. S. state of Washington, particularly in Seattle and nearby towns. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattles independent record label Sub Pop, the success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of rock music at the time. Grunge was also an influence on subsequent genres such as post-grunge, Grunge fuses elements of punk rock and heavy metal, such as the distorted electric guitar used in both genres, although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other. Like these genres, grunge typically uses electric guitar, bass guitar, a drummer, Grunge also incorporates influences from indie rock bands such as Sonic Youth. Lyrics are typically angst-filled and introspective, often addressing themes such as alienation, apathy, concerns about confinement. A number of factors contributed to decline in prominence. During the mid-late 1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible, the word grunge was used in print in prior to the use of the term in mainstream publications to refer to the Seattle music genre. Rock has always been about it, a reference to distorted sounds in rock in a general sense. Mark Arm, the vocalist for the Seattle band Green River—and later Mudhoney—is generally credited as being the first to use the term grunge to describe the Seattle genre of music. Arm first used the term in 1981, when he wrote a letter under his given name Mark McLaughlin to the Seattle zine Desperate Times, criticizing his own band Mr. Epp and the Calculations as Pure grunge. Sub Pop called Green Rivers 1986 EP Dry as a Bone ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation, Everett True states that when Arm stated that Seattles streets were paved with grunge, he was using the word in a negative way to mean orthless. In this use of the word grunge, Arm was using it as an adjective, Arm used grunge as a descriptive term rather than a genre term, but it eventually came to describe the punk/metal hybrid sound of the Seattle music scene. Catherine Strong states that grunges dirty sound in the late 1980s, when low budgets, unfamiliarity with recording, the term grunge has been extended to other forms, such as writer Josh Henderson referring to Seattle scene members from the 1990s as grungers in 2016. When grunge first developed, music journalists called it pain rock, evergreen State was a progressive college which did not use grading and which had its own alternative music radio station. Bands from Portland, Oregon, such as the Wipers, also influenced the genres pioneers. Some bands associated with the genre, such as Soundgarden, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains, have not been receptive to the label, preferring instead to be referred to as rock and roll bands. Ben Shepherd from Soundgarden stated that he hates the word grunge, Rolling Stone noted the genres lack of a clear definition. Roy Shuker states that the term obscured a variety of styles, Stetson states that grunge was not a movement, monolithic musical genre, or a way to react to 1980s-era metal pop, he calls the term a misnomer mostly based on hype
Grunge
–
Seattle punk/metal band
The U-Men performing in Seattle.
Grunge
–
Cosmic Psychos, one of several Australian bands which influenced and interacted with the Seattle scene
Grunge
–
Nirvana performing at the 1992
MTV Video Music Awards.
9.
Vocals
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Vocals
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Vocals
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Vocals
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
Vocals
–
Rock singer Ian Gillan performing live with
Deep Purple in
Hoyos del Espino in 2013.
10.
Guitar
–
The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
Guitar
–
Illustration in a
Carolingian psalter from the 9th century showing an instrument of the
chordophone family, most probably a
lute
Guitar
–
A
classical guitar with nylon
strings
Guitar
–
A guitarra latina (left) and a guitarra morisca (right), Spain, 13th century
Guitar
–
Guitar collection in
Museu de la Música de Barcelona
11.
Fender Jazzmaster
–
The Fender Jazzmaster is an electric guitar designed as a more expensive sibling to the Fender Stratocaster. First introduced at the 1958 NAMM Show, it was marketed to jazz guitarists. Its appearance is similar to the Jaguar, though it is tonally and physically different in many technical ways, the contoured offset-waist body was designed for comfort while playing the guitar in a seated position, as many jazz and blues artists prefer to do. A full 25½ scale length, lead and rhythm circuit switching with independent volume and tone controls, the tremolo lock can be manually activated to keep the entire guitar from going out of tune if one string breaks. The Jazzmaster also had a tremolo arm. The bridge and tremolo construction is very different from that of the Stratocaster and gives the Jazzmaster a different resonance, the body is larger than that of other Fender guitars, requiring a more spacious guitar case. The Jazzmaster had unique wide, white soapbar pickups that were any other single coil. Jazzmaster pickups are often confused with Gibsons P-90 pickups, although they look similar, they are constructed differently. Whereas the polepieces of the Jazzmaster pickups are magnets, the P-90 has its magnets placed underneath the coil, the JM coil is wound flat and wide, even more so than the P-90. This is in contrast to Fenders usual tall and thin coils and this pancake winding gives them a warmer thicker tone without losing their single coil clarity. The Jazzmaster has a mellower, jazzier tone than the Strat, instead, rock guitarists adopted it for surf rock. The Ventures, The Surfaris, and The Fireballs were prominent Jazzmaster users, one of the Jazzmasters notable features is the pickup circuit featuring the unusual roller thumbwheel controls and slide switch at the upper neck end of the pickguard. The slide switch selects between two different pickup circuits, the lead and rhythm circuits, when the switch is in the lead position, the guitars tone is controlled by the conventional tone and volume knobs and the pickup selector switch. The intention was that this circuit would allow the performer to switch to a preset volume. As a concession to its more conservative audience, the Jazzmaster was the first Fender guitar carrying a rosewood fingerboard instead of maple, the fingerboard had clay dot position inlays and was glued onto a two-piece maple neck. The Jazzmaster initially came with a brown tortoise shell pickguard. Some early pre-production/prototype examples came with a maple neck, others with an ebony fingerboard and/or a black painted aluminum pickguard. Rosewood became a standard material on other Fender models around 1959
Fender Jazzmaster
–
Fender Jazzmaster
12.
Fender Stratocaster
–
The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed in 1954 by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton, and Freddie Tavares. The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present and it is a double-cutaway guitar, with an extended top horn shape for balance. Along with the Gibson Les Paul, it is one of the most often emulated electric guitar shapes, Stratocaster and Strat are trademark terms belonging to Fender. The Fender Stratocaster was the first guitar to feature three pickups and a spring tension tremolo system, as well as being the first Fender with a contoured body, the Stratocasters sleek, contoured body shape differed from the flat, slab-like design of the Telecaster. The Stratocasters double cutaways allowed players access to higher positions on the neck. Starting in 1954, the Stratocaster was offered with a solid, deeply contoured ash body, a 21-fret one-piece maple neck with black dot inlays, the color was originally a two color sunburst pattern, although custom color guitars were produced. In 1956, Fender began using alder for sunburst and most custom color Stratocaster bodies, in 1960, the available custom colors were standardized, many of which were automobile lacquer colors from DuPont available at an additional 5% cost. A unique single-ply, 8-screw hole white pickguard held all electronic components except the recessed jack plate—facilitating easy assembly, in this floating position, players could move the bridge-mounted tremolo arm up or down to modulate the pitch of the notes being played. Hank Marvin, Jeff Beck and Ike Turner used the Strats floating tremolo extensively in their playing, as string gauges have changed, players have experimented with the number of tremolo springs, and modern Stratocasters ship with three springs. Some Strats have a bridge in place of the tremolo assembly. There is considerable debate about the effects on tone and sustain of the used in the tremolo systems inertia bar. The Stratocaster features three single coil pickups, with the originally selected by a 3-way switch. In 1977 Fender introduced a 5-way selector making such pickup combinations more stable, dick Dale is a prominent Stratocaster player who also collaborated with Leo Fender in developing the Fender Showman amplifier. In the early 1960s, the instrument was also championed by Hank Marvin, guitarist for the Shadows, in 1965, George Harrison and John Lennon acquired Stratocasters and used them for Help. Rubber Soul and later recording sessions, the double unison guitar solo on Nowhere Man is played by Harrison and Lennon on their new Stratocasters, after the introduction of the Fender Stratocaster Ultra series in 1989, ebony was officially selected as a fretboard material on some models. In December 1965 the Stratocaster was given a broader headstock with altered decals to match the size of the Jazzmaster, during the CBS era, particularly the 1970s, the perceived quality of Fender instruments fell. During this time, vintage instruments from the era became popular. Dan Smith, with the help of John Page, proceeded to work on a reissue of the most popular guitars of Leo Fenders era
Fender Stratocaster
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Fender Stratocaster
Fender Stratocaster
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Buddy Holly 's Stratocaster
Fender Stratocaster
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Stratocaster headstock
Fender Stratocaster
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John Frusciante Squier guitar
13.
Gibson Les Paul
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The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric guitar that was first sold by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in 1952. The Les Paul was designed by Gibson president Ted McCarty, factory manager John Huis and their team, the Les Paul was originally offered with a gold finish and two P-90 pickups. In 1957, humbucking pickups were added, along with sunburst finishes in 1958, the sunburst 1958–1960 Les Paul – today one of the best-known electric guitar types in the world – was considered a failure, with low production and sales. For 1961, the Les Paul was redesigned into what is now known as the Gibson SG and this design continued as a separate guitar when the traditional single cutaway, carved top bodystyle was re-introduced in 1963. The Les Paul has been produced in countless versions and editions since. Along with Fenders Telecaster and Stratocaster, it was one of the first mass-produced electric solid-body guitars, Les Pauls have been used in many genres, including rock, country, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, blues, jazz, reggae, punk, and heavy metal. In 1950, the ancestors of Fender Telecaster were introduced to the musical market, in reaction to market demand, Gibson Guitar president Ted McCarty brought guitarist Les Paul into the company as a consultant. Les Paul was an innovator who had been experimenting with guitar design for years. He hand-built a solid-body prototype called The Log, often suggested as the first solid-body Spanish guitar ever built, in 1951, Paul, McCarty, and his team at the Gibson Guitar Corporation began work on what would eventually become the Les Paul Model. Early prototypes are very similar to the final version, the new Les Paul guitar was to be an expensive, well-made instrument in accordance with Gibsons reputation at the time. Although recollections differ regarding who contributed what to the Les Paul design, however, this reversal would have caused the guitar to become too heavy, and Pauls request was refused. Paul states that the original Custom should have had the maple cap, Les Pauls contributions to the guitar line bearing his name were more than cosmetic, but certainly included them. For example, Paul specified that the guitar be offered in a finish, not only for flashiness. The later-issue Les Paul models included flame maple and quilted maple tops, the 1952 Les Pauls featured two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, trapeze-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under a steel stop-bar. The guitar made its debut when Paul used it onstage in June,1952. On July 24,1952, at a special musicians clinic at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, it was previewed by prominent guitarists such as Tiger Haynes, George Barnes, Mundell Lowe, Tony Mottola, and Billy Mure. The clinic preceded the annual NAMM Show held at the New Yorker hotel starting July 27, a second Les Paul model was introduced in 1953. Called the Les Paul Custom, this guitar with gold-plated hardware was dubbed the Black Beauty
Gibson Les Paul
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1958 Gibson Les Paul Standard
Gibson Les Paul
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Les Paul and "Clunker" (1947)
Gibson Les Paul
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Les Paul logo on headstock
Gibson Les Paul
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"Patent Applied For" (
PAF) pickups on a Les Paul Standard
14.
ESP Eclipse
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ESP Eclipse is an electric guitar model distributed by ESP. There are many different variations of the Eclipse, including the Eclipse-I, Eclipse-I CTM, Eclipse-I CTM, Eclipse-II, Eclipse-II, ESP also makes several models under its LTD brand that are based on the Eclipse. These include the EC-1000, EC-401, EC-330, EC-256, EC-200, EC-100, EC-50, and EC-10. The Eclipse is a body, single cutaway,24.75 inch scale guitar similar in shape to a Gibson Les Paul although the body of the Eclipse is significantly thinner and lighter. Common features are Mahogany body, set neck,24.75 scale, EMG pickups, 3-way toggle, TonePros locking bridge and tailpiece, some models come equipped with Seymour Duncan pickups and there are a variety of finishes. Some of the lower level LTD EC models have different hardware, the EC-200, EC-100, and EC-50 have a different body contour. And the EC-100, EC-50, and EC-10 have bolt-on necks, the Eclipse-II, Eclipse Custom, and the LTD EC line all feature two volume, one tone control, and a wider cutaway with a shorter lower horn. The Eclipse-I and Eclipse-II features two tone and two volume controls, and a longer Les Paul style horn, there is also a full-thickness version of the Eclipse-I which has a body width of 55mm. In the United States only the Eclipse-II and Eclipse Custom along with the LTD EC line are available, the first Eclipses produced were actually made in a Telecaster shape with an arched top. They were discontinued sometimes in the late 80s, then reintroduced in 1995 in their modern-day Les Paul shape and this model is also available in the Asian market, being called the ESP MA. espguitars. com espguitars. co. jp
ESP Eclipse
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ESP Eclipse
ESP Eclipse
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Thomas Youngblood (
Kamelot) playing his ESP EC-1000 live in London
15.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records
16.
Bush (British band)
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Bush are a British rock band formed in London, England in 1992. Their current lineup includes lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Gavin Rossdale, lead guitarist Chris Traynor, bassist Corey Britz, Bush found their immediate success with the release of their debut album Sixteen Stone in 1994, which is certified 6× multi-platinum by the RIAA. They went on to one of the most commercially successful rock bands of the 1990s. Despite their success in the United States, the band were well known in their home country. Bush have had top ten singles on the Billboard rock charts. The band broke up in 2002 but reformed in 2010, and have released three albums since then, The Sea of Memories, Man on the Run and Black, after leaving his band Midnight, Gavin Rossdale met former King Blank guitarist Nigel Pulsford in 1992. The two bonded over an appreciation of the American alternative rock group the Pixies, the two formed a new band which they called Future Primitive. Describing the early sound of the group, one British record label executive said years later, the pair then recruited bassist Dave Parsons and drummer Robin Goodridge to complete the line-up. The group soon chose the name Bush, naming themselves after Shepherds Bush, London, in 1993, the band was signed by Rob Kahane, who had a distribution deal with Disneys Hollywood Records. The band completed recording its debut album Sixteen Stone in early 1994, however, the death of Disney executive Frank G. Wells eliminated a supporter for Kahane, and executives at Hollywood deemed Bushs album unacceptable for release. As a result, the members of Bush took jobs performing menial labour, on the Billboard Music Charts, Sixteen Stone peaked at No.4 on the Heatseekers and Billboard 200 charts. The album spawned two Top 40 singles, after about six months of promotion for Sixteen Stone, the album began to sell well, once Comedown and Glycerine struck America. Additionally, Little Things and Machinehead both charted well in North America, in late 1996 Bush released the first single Swallowed from their second album titled Razorblade Suitcase. The song spent seven weeks on top of the Modern Rock Tracks chart and this was followed by single Greedy Fly. The album hit number 1 in America and placed high in many European countries, Razorblade Suitcase featured American recording engineer Steve Albini, a move which was viewed negatively by critics. Albini had worked with Nirvana on their studio album, In Utero. Bush later released the remix album Deconstructed, the album saw Bush re-arranging their songs into dance and techno stylings. The album went platinum less than a year after release, following the completion of touring, Rossdale went into seclusion in Ireland, where he worked on material for the groups next album
Bush (British band)
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Bush performing in
Texas in 2011
Bush (British band)
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Bush, 2001. L-R: Nigel Pulsford, Robin Goodridge, Gavin Rossdale, and Dave Parsons
Bush (British band)
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Bush stage before playing 8-17-2011 Austin, TX
17.
Institute (band)
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Institute was an American rock band featuring Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale. The bands only album, Distort Yourself, was released September 13,2005, Institute was formed in 2004 in the wake of a hiatus of lead singer Gavin Rossdales other band, Bush. Rossdale formed Institute with Chris Traynor after Bush agreed upon taking a break after their last album, the two later enlisted the help of bassist Cache Tolman and drummer Josh Freese. Freese was only enlisted temporarily, as the band needed a drummer for the recording of their first album, Rossdale later recruited Charlie Walker to take Freeses spot and round out the band. After reuniting with Interscope Records, Rossdale started work on Distort Yourself with Interscope Producer and Helmet frontman, Rossdale chose Hamilton to produce the bands debut album after being told Hamilton could provide the guitar sound that he was looking for. Distort Yourself was released 13 September 2005 via Interscope Records and debuted at No.81 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Charts with first week sales slightly over 12,000. The albums first single, Bulletproof Skin, reached a peak of 28th on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart and it was also performed on various television programs and found significant radio play. It also gained traction from being included in the menu of the hockey video game NHL06 from EA Sports and its inclusion in the big-budget motion picture Stealth. Institute have played numerous Bush songs live, including Machinehead, The People that We Love, Swallowed, a version of Comedown. They also performed on The Tyra Banks Show with Banks after Rossdale gave her some guitar lessons, in late 2005, Institute opened for U2 for several of their Vertigo Tour dates. It is unlikely that Institute will reunite any time based on the fact that Gavin stated he enjoyed being in that band. An unrelated band using the name Institute formed in Texas in 2013, releasing an EP titled “Salt” in 2014, Gavin Rossdale Chris Traynor Cache Tolman Charlie Walker Studio albums Distort Yourself - US #81 Bush Official Website Institute Fansite
Institute (band)
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Institute, 2005.
18.
Hit Parader
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Hit Parader was an American music magazine that operated between 1942 and 2008. A monthly publication, it was a popular music title until the 1980s. The magazine reached its peak during the 1980s as heavy metal music achieved high levels of popularity, Hit Parader was launched in 1942 by Charlton Publications, based in Derby, Connecticut. Along with Billboard, Down Beat and Song Hits, it was among the first, consistent with its title – which referred to the pre-music charts hit parade – Hit Parader began as a popular-song lyric newspaper. It continued to reproduce the words to contemporary songs until that practise became financially prohibitive in the mid 1970s, for much of the 1960s, Jim Delehant worked as a staff writer and editor for the magazine. According to his recollection, it covered an extremely boring music scene before the emergence of groups such as the Beatles. In addition to Delehants contributions, Hit Parader subsequently published articles by music journalists Ellen Sander, Keith Altham, over the following decade, its contributors included Nick Logan, Barbara Charone, Lenny Kaye, Jonh Ingham and Alan Betrock. The magazine typically featured song lyrics, album reviews, interviews, fan mail, bits of trivia on popular rock acts, in 1984, the magazine began to focus mainly on the hard rock and heavy metal genres. Over the ensuing decade, it became a heavy metal publication, providing extensive coverage of the eras popular acts, including Motley Crue, Quiet Riot, Def Leppard, Ratt. Charlton sold off Hit Parader before the company went under in 1991, rather than an exclusive, the interview turned out to be a transcript from a Howard Stern radio-show telephone interview with the two musicians. Rose and Bach both claimed that Hit Parader editor Andy Secher was misleading his readers with such tactics, ive never taken any of this that seriously. Hit Parader isnt the New York Times … its a frikkin fanzine, the magazine closed down following the publication of its December 2008 issue. During its years of operation, Hit Parader also published issues dedicated to Top 100 lists, such as Top 100 Metal Bands, Top 100 Guitarists, Top 100 Vocalists and Top 100 Bassists & Drummers
Hit Parader
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Hit Parader
19.
Ivor Novello Award
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The Ivor Novello Awards, named after the Cardiff-born entertainer Ivor Novello, are awards for songwriting and composing. They have been presented annually in London by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors since 1955, nicknamed The Ivors, the awards take place each May and are sponsored by PRS for Music. They are respected worldwide as the platform for recognising and rewarding Britain. The Ivors remain the only award ceremony in the calendar that is not influenced by publishers and record companies. The Award itself is a bronze sculpture of Euterpe, the muse of lyric poetry. In 2008 Amy Winehouse received three nominations for Ivors, including two nominations in the same category, in 2010, an Ivor was awarded for the first time to a video game soundtrack, the PS3 title, Killzone 2, composed by Joris de Man. Category, Ivor Novello Award winners List of Ivor Novello Award winners TheIvors. co. uk - Official website BASCA Bucks Music Group - Ivor Novello Awards
Ivor Novello Award
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The Ivors
20.
History of the Jews in Russia
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Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora, the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE, in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471, during the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States, before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917, thousands joined after the Revolution, the chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922,125,000 of them in Ukraine,25,000 in Belarus and these were probably the largest-scale European massacres of Jews to date. The pogroms were perpetrated by anti-communist forces, sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals, the Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, the Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks, following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik governments policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population, in 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East, but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population. Today, the JAO is Russias only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Partys Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalins purges as counterrevolutionaries and reactionary nationalists, the share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, in the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command, Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich and Grigori Shtern. During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish, about 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country, more than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. For many years during this period, Russia had a rate of immigration to Israel than any other country
History of the Jews in Russia
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Marc Chagall
History of the Jews in Russia
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Vilna Gaon.
History of the Jews in Russia
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Grigori Perelman
History of the Jews in Russia
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Shneur Zalman of Liadi, founder of
Chabad Lubavitch
21.
Tampa, Florida
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Tampa is a major city in, and the county seat of, Hillsborough County, Florida. It is located on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay, near the Gulf of Mexico, the city had a population of 346,037 in 2011. The current location of Tampa was once inhabited by peoples of the Safety Harbor culture. The area was explored by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, resulting in violent conflicts and the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out the original native cultures. In 1824, the United States Army established a frontier outpost called Fort Brooke at the mouth of the Hillsborough River, near the site of todays Tampa Convention Center. The first civilian residents were pioneers who settled near the fort for protection from the nearby Seminole population, today, Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. For U. S. Census purposes, Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, the Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas. The Tampa Bay Partnership and U. S. Census data showed an annual growth of 2.47 percent. A2012 estimate shows the Tampa Bay area population to have 4,310,524 people, Tampa was ranked as the 5th best outdoor city by Forbes in 2008. Tampa also ranks as the fifth most popular American city, based on where people want to live, a 2004 survey by the NYU newspaper Washington Square News ranked Tampa as a top city for twenty-somethings. Tampa is ranked as a Gamma+ world city by Loughborough University, ranked alongside other world cities such as Phoenix, Charlotte, Rotterdam, and Santo Domingo. The word Tampa may mean sticks of fire in the language of the Calusa and this might be a reference to the many lightning strikes that the area receives during the summer months. Other historians claim the name means the place to gather sticks, toponymist George R. Stewart writes that the name was the result of a miscommunication between the Spanish and the Indians, the Indian word being itimpi, meaning simply near it. The name first appears in the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda and he calls it Tanpa and describes it as an important Calusa town. While Tanpa may be the basis for the modern name Tampa, archaeologist Jerald Milanich places the Calusa village of Tanpa at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor, the original Bay of Tanpa. A later Spanish expedition did not notice Charlotte Harbor while sailing north along the west coast of Florida, the name was accidentally transferred north. Map makers were using the term Bay or Bahia Tampa as early as 1695, people from Tampa are known as Tampans or Tampanians. Latin Americans from Tampa are known as tampeños, or tampeñas for females and these terms of Spanish origin emerged after 1900 for the immigrant communities in West Tampa and Ybor City
Tampa, Florida
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Hernando de Soto
Tampa, Florida
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Images from top, left to right: Skyline of
Downtown Tampa,
Amalie Arena,
Ybor City,
Henry B. Plant Museum,
Raymond James Stadium,
Busch Gardens Tampa Bay
Tampa, Florida
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Fort Brooke circa 1840.
Tampa, Florida
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A surviving Ft. Brooke cannon on the
University of Tampa campus.
22.
Westminster School
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Westminster School is an English independent day and boarding school located within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It has the highest Oxford and Cambridge university acceptance rates of any school or college in the world. With origins before the 12th century, the tradition of Westminster probably dates back as far as AD960. Boys are admitted to the Under School at age seven and to the school at age thirteen. The school has around 750 pupils, around a quarter are boarders, most of whom go home at weekends and it is one of the original seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Charging up to £7,800 per term for day pupils and £11,264 for boarders in 2014/15, Westminster is the 13th most expensive HMC day school and 10th most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK. In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, the Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty Kings Scholars financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school, during Mary Is brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued. Elizabeth I refounded the School in 1560, with new statutes to select 40 Queens Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year. Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, Elizabeth I appointed William Camden as headmaster, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour, Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwells funeral procession in 1658, when Robert Uvedale, a Westminster schoolboy, succeeded in snatching the Majesty Scutcheon draped on the coffin. Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration. In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of the Abbeys traditional right of sanctuary, dr Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills. Until the 19th century, the curriculum was made up of Latin and Greek. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close, there followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the School. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge are ex officio members of the schools governing body. Westminster Under School was formed in 1943 in the school buildings in Westminster
Westminster School
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Westminster School
Westminster School
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Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch
Westminster School
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The entrance to Dean's Yard and Westminster School war memorial viewed from the
Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in August 2012.
Westminster School
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Liddell's arch, the main entrance to
Little Dean's Yard.
23.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
24.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
25.
Sacha Gervasi
–
Alexander Sacha Simon Gervasi is a British journalist, screenwriter and Independent Spirit Award- and Emmy Award-winning director. His mother, Milli Kasoy, was Canadian and his uncle, Tom Gervasi, was an expert on intelligence matters and author of the Myth of Soviet Military Supremacy and the Arsenal of Democracy series. Gervasi was educated at Westminster School, and then read history at Kings College London. He was also a member of alternative rock group Bush. Gervasis first position was to work for the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, Ted Hughes at the Arvon Writing Foundation, Gervasi moved to Los Angeles in 1995 to attend the graduate screen-writing programme at UCLA Film School, where he twice won the BAFTA/LA scholarship. While in the programme, he supported himself by working as a journalist, writing for newspapers and magazines, including The Sunday Times, The Observer, from 1999 to 2000, he was the voice of Jaguar Cars on US radio and television. Gervasi got his start with The Big Tease, which he co-wrote with Craig Ferguson. He went on to pen The Terminal, made into a film in 2004 directed by Steven Spielberg, according to Londons The Daily Telegraph, He is one of only two English screenwriters to have their scripts made into movies by Steven Spielberg. Other films for which he has written include Comrade Rockstar for Tom Hanks and he wrote and executive produced Henrys Crime, starring Keanu Reeves, James Caan and Vera Farmiga. The film debuted at the Toronto Film Festival in September 2010 and he was appointed the Hunter/Zakin screenwriting chair at UCLA and taught there in spring 2009. In 2009, Gervasi presented Steven Zaillian with the Austin Film Festivals Distinguished Screenwriter Award and he is attached to write and direct a biopic of actor Hervé Villechaize, based on Gervasis own interviews with the diminutive Frenchman, conducted only days before the actor committed suicide in 1993. The film will star Emmy Award- and Golden Globe-winning actor Peter Dinklage and is to be produced by Oscar-winning Schindlers List scribe Steven Zaillian and he is currently adapting the remake of Jo Nesbøs Norwegian thriller Headhunters for Summit Entertainment. The Story of Anvil, a documentary of the Canadian heavy metal band, Anvil, Gervasi first met Anvil on 21 September 1982, after a gig at The Marquee Club in London. He introduced himself to the band as Englands number one Anvil fan and he subsequently became a roadie for the band on their 1982,1984 and 1985 tours, and was given the nickname teabag by the band. He reunited with Anvil after a break of 20 years, the film premièred at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2008, and won Audience Awards at the 2008 Sydney Film Festival, Los Angeles Film Festival and Galway International Film Festival. The film has received praise and high acclaim in many reviews, Michael Moore said that the movie is the best documentary Ive seen in years and The Times called it possibly the greatest film yet made about rock and roll. The film was named Best Documentary of 2009 at the Evening Standard British Film Awards in London, chris Martin of Coldplay presented the award. In 2009, the Motion Picture Association of America opened the category of Best Picture nominees from 5 to 10, the Story of Anvil was the first screener to be sent out for considering of the expanded Best Picture category as well as for Best Documentary
Sacha Gervasi
–
Gervasi during the filming of Anvil! The Story of Anvil
26.
Sixteen Stone
–
Sixteen Stone is the debut album of British rock band Bush, released on 6 December 1994, through Trauma Records. Widely regarded as the bands most popular album, it peaked at four on the Billboard 200. Comedown and Glycerine remain two of the bands biggest hits to date, each reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Comedown, Machinehead, and Glycerine were the three songs from the album to enter the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number thirty, number forty-three, to mark its 20th anniversary, on 14 October 2014 a remastered edition of the albums original recordings was released. In the UK, a stone is a unit of weight that equals 14 pounds, therefore, sixteen stone means 224 pounds or about 102 kilograms. When asked why lead singer Gavin Rossdale chose the name Sixteen Stone for the name of their album, he said and my friend, who called a phone number advertising a 21-year old Scandinavian beauty, new in town. When she arrived, she was forty years old and sixteen stone, in the booklet of Sixteen Stone, there is a heart and a dedication to Rupert and Julie, two of Gavins friends who died in a boating accident along the Thames in England. The cover insert has a picture of what looks like a bush or mop head flying through the air and this is actually Gavins dog named Winston. A Puli, a breed of dog with dreadlock-like cords, that has been tossed in the air or is jumping. Beck used the effect in 1996 with a Komondor, another Hungarian dog breed that has similar fur to the Puli. Sixteen Stone was released on 6 December 1994, through Trauma Records, around the albums 20th anniversary, a remastered edition of its original recordings was released. When asked about also remixing the album for the anniversary edition, but its really, like, you just cant do that. Those mixes, every level of those songs is just ingrained in my DNA as its probably in anybodys DNA who knows it. It just sounds really weird when you mess with it, Sixteen Stone received mostly positive feedback from music critics. In a three out of five review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calls their sound impressive. In later years Bush would distance themselves from the grunge sounds with experimental releases such as Deconstructed. Retrospectively, Sixteen Stone has received critical acclaim, in April 2014, Rolling Stone placed the album at number thirty-nine on their 1994, The 40 Best Records From Mainstream Alternatives Greatest Year list. A month later, Loudwire placed Sixteen Stone at number eight on its 10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994 list, in July 2014 Guitar World placed the album on its Superunknown,50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994 list
Sixteen Stone
–
Sixteen Stone
27.
Nirvana (band)
–
Nirvana was an American rock band formed by singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Nirvana went through a succession of drummers, the longest-lasting being Dave Grohl, despite releasing only three full-length studio albums in their seven-year career, Nirvana has come to be regarded as one of the most influential and important alternative bands in history. Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the suicide of Cobain, their music maintains a following and continues to influence modern rock. In the late 1980s, Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene, releasing its first album, Bleach and they developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts, often between quiet verses and loud, heavy choruses. After signing to major label DGC Records, Nirvana found unexpected success with Smells Like Teen Spirit, Nirvanas third studio album, In Utero, released to critical acclaim, featured an abrasive, less mainstream sound and challenged the groups audience. Nirvanas active career ended following the death of Cobain in 1994, but various posthumous releases have been issued since, overseen by Novoselic, Grohl, and Cobains widow Courtney Love. Since its debut, the band has sold over 25 million records in the United States alone, Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, in its first year of eligibility. Cobain and Novoselic met while attending Aberdeen High, although they never connected, the pair eventually became friends while frequenting the practice space of the Melvins. Cobain wanted to form a band with Novoselic, but Novoselic did not respond for a period of time. In persuading Novoselic to form a band, Cobain gave him a tape of his project Fecal Matter. Three years after the two first met, Novoselic notified Cobain that he had listened to the Fecal Matter demo. The pair recruited Bob McFadden on drums, but after a month the project fell apart, in early 1987, Cobain and Novoselic recruited drummer Aaron Burckhard. The three practiced material from Cobains Fecal Matter tape but started writing new material soon after forming, during its initial months, the band went through a series of names, starting with Skid Row and including Pen Cap Chew, Bliss, and Ted Ed Fred. The group finally settled on Nirvana, which Cobain said was chosen because I wanted a name that was kind of beautiful or nice and pretty instead of a mean, raunchy punk name like the Angry Samoans. With Novoselic and Cobain having moved to Tacoma and Olympia, Washington, respectively, the pair instead practiced with Dale Crover of the Melvins, and Nirvana recorded its first demos in January 1988. In early 1988, Crover moved to San Francisco but recommended Dave Foster to the band as his replacement on drums, Cobain and Novoselic put an ad in Seattle music publication The Rocket seeking a replacement drummer, which only yielded unsatisfactory responses. Meanwhile, a friend introduced them to Chad Channing. Channing continued to jam with Cobain and Novoselic, although the drummer noted, They never actually said okay, youre in, Nirvana released its first single, a cover of Shocking Blues Love Buzz, in November 1988 on the Seattle independent record label Sub Pop
Nirvana (band)
–
Nirvana performing at Pier 48,
Seattle in December 1993 for MTV's
Live and Loud show. From left to right:
Kurt Cobain,
Dave Grohl and
Krist Novoselic.
Nirvana (band)
–
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and Krist Novoselic live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards
Nirvana (band)
–
Dave Grohl performing in 1991
Nirvana (band)
–
Announcement from the band encouraging people to participate in the making of the music video for "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
28.
Pixies (band)
–
The Pixies are an American alternative rock band formed in 1986 in Boston, Massachusetts. Until 2013, the band comprised Black Francis, Joey Santiago, Kim Deal, the band disbanded acrimoniously in 1993, but reunited in 2004. Deal left in 2013 and was replaced by Kim Shattuck and then Paz Lenchantin, the Pixies music contains elements including psychedelia, noise pop, hard rock, surf pop, and surf rock. Francis is the Pixies primary songwriter, his surreal lyrics cover offbeat subjects such as extraterrestrials, incest. The Pixies achieved modest popularity in their country, but were more successful in the United Kingdom, mainland Europe. Their jarring pop sound influenced bands such as Nirvana, Radiohead and their popularity grew in the years following their break-up, leading to sold-out world tours following their reunion in 2004. In June 2013, they released their first new material in almost 10 years, guitarist Joey Santiago and songwriter Black Francis met when they lived next to each other in a suite while attending the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Although Santiago was worried about distractions, he noticed Francis played music, Francis embarked on a student exchange trip to Puerto Rico to study Spanish. After six months, he returned to Amherst and dropped out of the university, Francis and Santiago spent 1984 working in a warehouse, with Francis composing songs on his acoustic guitar and writing lyrics on the subway train. The pair formed a band in January 1986 and she was invited to join the band as she liked the songs Francis showed her. She obtained a bass, and the trio started rehearsing in Deals apartment, after recruiting Deal, the band tried unsuccessfully to get her sister, Kelley Deal, to join as drummer. Kims husband suggested they hire David Lovering, whom Kim had met at her wedding reception, the group arrived at a name after Santiago selected the word pixies randomly from a dictionary, liking how it looked and its definition as mischievous little elves. Once the band had settled on a name and line-up, they moved rehearsals to Loverings parents garage in mid-1986 and they began to play shows at bars in and around the Boston area. While the Pixies were playing a concert with Throwing Muses, they were noticed by producer Gary Smith and he told the band he could not sleep until you guys are world famous. The band produced a 17-track demo at Fort Apache soon afterwards, funded by Francis father at the cost of $1000, the recording session was completed in three days. Local promoter Ken Goes became the manager, and he passed the demo to Ivo Watts-Russell of the independent record label 4AD. Watts-Russell nearly passed on the band, finding them too normal, too rock n roll, upon signing with 4AD, eight tracks from the Purple Tape were selected for the Come on Pilgrim mini-LP, the bands first release. Francis drew upon his experiences in Puerto Rico, mostly in the songs Vamos and Isla de Encanta, the religious lyrics in Come on Pilgrim and later albums came from his parents born-again Christian days in the Pentecostal Church
Pixies (band)
–
The Pixies performing in June 2004. Left to right: Joey Santiago, Black Francis, David Lovering, and Kim Deal.
Pixies (band)
–
Founding member and principal songwriter
Black Francis
Pixies (band)
–
Pixies ticket from 1st October, 1990
Pixies (band)
–
The Pixies in concert in
Kansas City, October 1, 2004. From left to right, Frank Black, David Lovering (back) and Kim Deal.
29.
Stream of consciousness writing
–
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or device that depicts the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. Pointed Roofs, the first work in Richardsons series of 13 semi-autobiographical novels titled Pilgrimage, is the first complete stream of consciousness novel published in English. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in thought. In stream of consciousness the speakers thought processes are often depicted as overheard in the mind. The term Stream of Consciousness was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology, consciousness, then and it is nothing joined, it flows. A river or a stream are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described, in talking of it hereafter, lets call it the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life. In a psychological sense, stream of consciousness is the subject‐matter and it has been suggested that Edgar Allan Poes short story The Tell-Tale Heart foreshadows this literary technique in the nineteenth-century. The short story An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by another American author, Ambrose Bierce, because of his renunciation of chronology in favor of free association, Édouard Dujardins Les Lauriers sont coupés is also an important precursor. Indeed, the possibility of an influence is evoqued by James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Henry James has also suggested as a significant precursor, in a work as early as Portrait of a Lady. However, it has suggested that Arthur Schnitzler, in his short story Leutnant Gustl, was in fact the first to make full use of the stream of consciousness technique. But it is only in the twentieth-century that this technique is developed by modernists. The term was first applied in a context in The Egoist, April 1918, by May Sinclair. Possibly the most famous use of the came in 1922 with the publication of James Joyces Ulysses. Prominent uses in the years that followed include Italo Svevo, La coscienza di Zeno, Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury. Samuel Beckett, a friend of James Joyce, uses interior monologue in novels like Molloy, Malone meurt and Linnommable. the technique continued to be used into the 1970s in a novel such as Robert Anton Wilson/Robert Shea collaborative Illuminatus. With regard to which The Fortean Times warns readers, to e prepared for streams of consciousness in which not only identity but time and space no longer confine the narrative. With regard to Salman Rushdie one critic comments, that ll Rushdies novels follow an Indian/Islamic storytelling style, other writers who use this narrative device include Sylvia Plath in The Bell Jar and Irvine Welsh in Trainspotting
Stream of consciousness writing
–
Cover of
James Joyce 's
Ulysses (first edition, 1922), considered a prime example of stream of consciousness writing styles.
30.
Kurt Cobain
–
Kurt Donald Cobain was an American musician, artist, songwriter, guitarist and poet. Born in Aberdeen, Washington, Cobain formed the band Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in 1987 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene, Nirvanas debut album Bleach was released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989. After signing with major label DGC Records, the band found success with Smells Like Teen Spirit from their second album Nevermind. Following the success of Nevermind, Nirvana was labeled the band of Generation X. During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with addiction, chronic health problems. He also had difficulty coping with his fame and public image, on April 8,1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a suicide by a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. The circumstances of his death at age 27 have become a topic of public fascination, since their debut, Nirvana, with Cobain as a songwriter, has sold over 25 million albums in the U. S. and over 75 million worldwide. Cobain was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, along with Nirvana bandmates Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl, Cobain was born at Grays Harbor Hospital in Aberdeen, Washington, the son of waitress Wendy Elizabeth and automotive mechanic Donald Leland Cobain. His parents were married on July 31,1965 in Coeur dAlene and his ancestry included Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, and Scottish. His Irish ancestors migrated from Carrickmore, County Tyrone in 1875, researchers found that they were shoemakers, originally named Cobane, who came from Inishatieve, a townland within Carrickmore. As migrants, they first settled in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada, Cobain himself believed his family came from County Cork. His younger sister, Kimberly, was born on April 24,1970, Cobains family had a musical background. Kurt was described as being a happy and excitable child, who also exhibited sensitivity and care. His talent as an artist was evident from an age, as he would draw his favorite characters from films and cartoons, such as the Creature from the Black Lagoon and Donald Duck. This enthusiasm was encouraged by his grandmother, Iris Cobain, who was a professional artist, Cobain began developing an interest in music early in life. According to his aunt Mari, he began singing at the age of two, at age four, he started playing the piano and singing, writing a song about a trip to a local park. When Cobain was nine years old, his parents divorced and he later said that the divorce had a profound effect on his life, while his mother noted that his personality changed dramatically, Cobain became defiant and withdrawn. In a 1993 interview, he elaborated, Cobains parents both found new partners after the divorce, although his father had promised not to remarry, after meeting Jenny Westeby, he did, to Kurts dismay
Kurt Cobain
–
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and Krist Novoselic live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards
Kurt Cobain
–
Grays Harbor Hospital in Aberdeen, where Cobain was born
Kurt Cobain
–
The
Fender Mustang Lake Placid Blue guitars played by Kurt Cobain during the filming of the video for "
Smells Like Teen Spirit ", shown at the
Seattle Experience Music Project
Kurt Cobain
–
Cobain's suicide note (full transcription). The final phrase before the
valediction, "it's better to burn out than to fade away", is a quote from the lyrics of
Neil Young 's song "
Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black) "
31.
Britpop
–
The most successful bands associated with the movement are Oasis, Blur, Suede and Pulp, those groups would come to be known as its big four. The timespan of Britpop is generally considered to be 1993-1997, with 1994-1995, an influence they shared in particular was the Smiths. These bands were joined by others including Oasis, Pulp, The Verve, Supergrass, Cast, Placebo, Space, Sleeper. Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia, the Battle of Britpop brought Britpop to the forefront of the British press in 1995. By 1997, however, the movement began to slow down, many began to falter. The popularity of the pop group the Spice Girls snatched the spirit of the age from those responsible for Britpop. Although its more popular bands were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement largely fell apart by the end of the decade. Britpop bands show elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music, attitude, and clothing. Specific influences vary, Blur and Oasis drew from the Kinks, regardless, Britpop artists project a sense of reverence for British pop sounds of the past. Alternative rock acts from the scene of the Eighties and early Nineties were the direct ancestors of the Britpop movement. The influence of the Smiths is common to the majority of Britpop artists, local identity and regional British accents are common to Britpop groups, as well as references to British places and culture in lyrics and image. Stylistically, Britpop bands use catchy hooks and lyrics that were relevant to young British people of their own generation, Britpop bands conversely denounced grunge as irrelevant and having nothing to say about their lives. Damon Albarn of Blur summed up the attitude in 1993 when after being asked if Blur were a band he said, Well. If punk was about getting rid of hippies, then Im getting rid of grunge, in spite of the professed disdain for the genres, some elements of both crept into the more enduring facets of Britpop. The imagery associated with Britpop was equally British and working class, a rise in unabashed maleness, exemplified by Loaded magazine and lad culture in general, would be very much part of the Britpop era. The emphasis on British reference points made it difficult for the genre to achieve success in the US, journalist John Harris has suggested that Britpop began when Blurs single Popscene and Suedes The Drowners were released around the same time in the spring of 1992. He stated, f Britpop started anywhere, it was the deluge of acclaim that greeted Suedes first records, all of them audacious, successful and very, very British. Suede were the first of the new crop of guitar-orientated bands to be embraced by the UK music media as Britains answer to Seattles grunge sound and their debut album Suede became the fastest-selling debut album in the history of the UK
Britpop
–
The Stone Roses playing live.
Britpop
–
Cover of the 12 August 1995 issue of NME advertising the "British Heavyweight Championship" battle between Oasis and Blur
Britpop
–
Oasis playing live.
32.
Razorblade Suitcase
–
Razorblade Suitcase is the second studio album by British rock band Bush, released on 19 November 1996, through Trauma Records. It was the follow up to their multi-platinum album Sixteen Stone and debuted at one on the Billboard 200. To date it remains the only Bush album to top the Billboard 200, recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London with engineer/producer Steve Albini, the albums sound has been compared by many to Nirvanas In Utero album, which was also produced and engineered by Albini. The 20th anniversary of Razorblade Suitcase was marked by a reissue and it was released digitally on December 16,2016, and on vinyl on February 10,2017. The reissue includes the album and four rare bonus tracks, Broken TV, Old, Sleeper. Prior to the reissue, three of the four tracks had been released as B-sides or found on compilations. Gavin Rossdale wrote most of the songs for Razorblade Suitcase in under one month, Swallowed, along with others from the album were written while on the road. In an interview with Deseret News published on 2 January 1997, Rossdale explained, while my longtime girlfriend of five years was leaving and packing in one room, I was writing in the other room. The band chose Steve Albini to produce the album, around the same time Albini declared that he put more time and energy into Razorblade Suitcase than he had with any previous albums. In 1997, Bush embarked on a tour, the Razorblade Suitcase Tour. Stretching from late January into November of that year, it took the band through Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. It included stops at major music festivals around the world, including Glastonbury Festival, Pinkpop Festival, Reading Festival, Rock am Ring, Rock im Park. Razorblade Suitcase was released on 19 November 1996, through Trauma Records and it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 293,000 copies in its first week. It remained at number one during its week of release in the US. The album also debuted at one in Canada, with first-week sales of 45,900 copies. Despite the album selling fewer copies than Sixteen Stone in the US, it marked a peak for the band in their native Britain. The band originally planned to release the album in early 1997 but decided it would be better for a late 1996 release, especially considering that U2s next album was pushed into 1997. The lead single from the album, Swallowed, was released in October 1996 and was a success in the US
Razorblade Suitcase
–
Razorblade Suitcase
33.
Deconstructed (Bush album)
–
Deconstructed is a remix album by British band Bush, released on 11 November 1997, through Trauma Records. Mouth was released as a single in 1997 and became a minor hit, three tracks from this album, Mouth, Everything Zen, and Swallowed also appear on Bushs 2005 greatest hits compilation, The Best of, 1994-1999. In a way, they are the old singles, but remixed they’ve got a different slant which is certainly interesting. While not an album, Deconstructed often stands among the bands studio catalog and has been frequently cited regarding Bushs transformation from simple post-grunge to more experimental rock. It was followed two years later by their studio album, The Science of Things, which continued this incorporation of electronic elements into hard rock. This decision brought upon mixed reviews throughout the music world, allMusics Stephen Thomas Erlewine suggested that Deconstructed reflected Bushs need to diversify in the face of the fading post-grunge style. Robert Levine of Rolling Stone also showed skepticism in Bushs sudden decision to jump into electronic experimentation after long establishing themselves as a stripped down hard rock act, nevertheless, he claimed, they make the move more easily than one might expect. Levine complemented various tracks including the eerie soundscape of Swallowed and added that amid that ominous din, Gavin Rossdales voice comes through only occasionally and faintly, ironically, its one of the strongest musical statements hes made yet. Jae-Ha Kim of Entertainment Weekly stated that Goldie and Bushs Gavin Rossdale are an unlikely combination, on the European Edition of the album, Mouth is longer at 5,59. Tracks 1,9, and 10 are remixes of songs from the album Sixteen Stone, tracks 2-8 are remixes of songs from the album Razorblade Suitcase. The eleventh track, In a Lonely Place, was released on The Crow, City of Angels soundtrack
Deconstructed (Bush album)
–
Deconstructed
34.
The Science of Things
–
The Science Of Things is the third studio album by British band Bush, released on 26 October 1999, through Trauma Records. It is the last Bush album released through Trauma and features electronic music influences. The album peaked at eleven on the US Billboard 200 and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. All songs written by Gavin Rossdale, in an interview, Gavin Rossdale revealed that the song Letting the Cables Sleep was written for a friend who had contracted HIV. This song appeared in a six episode of ER entitled Such Sweet Sorrow. The second season of Charmed contained two songs from the album, apocalyptica has remixed the song Letting the Cables Sleep. Spacetravel features backing vocals by Rossdales former wife, Gwen Stefani, the song Dead Meat is referenced in the No Doubt song Ex-Girlfriend. In the 1938 novella Anthem by Ayn Rand, the protagonist and narrator states that his subject in school is The Science of Things
The Science of Things
–
The Science Of Things
35.
Golden State (album)
–
Golden State is the fourth studio album by the British band Bush, released in 2001. However, it ended up being their worst-selling album to date and this would also prove to be the last album to feature Nigel Pulsford and Dave Parsons. Bush would not release another album until ten years later with The Sea of Memories. The liner notes of Golden State cite the album in memory of Ian Lowery, in the documentary Making Of Golden State, the title is revealed as being inspired by the Golden State Freeway, which Gavin Rossdale used to use to get home. In discussing the direction, frontman Gavin Rossdale commented, is quite rough. Its kind of coming back full circle, after almost a decade of being a band, I think we passed the stage of having to prove anything. He also described it as very naked and definitely a rock record. Rossdale added The album is very empowering and uplifting, though Im not really sure what its contemporaries are, thats the weird thing about it. Its like the record exists in its own space, to counteract this, he used the name Golden State because it sounded warm and positive. Regarding the songs theme, Rossdale noted Im far more relaxed. The stripped down style was a result of the band practicing all the songs five weeks before recording. This voided the use of elements as heard on The Science of Things. And as a final test, Rossdale played the songs through a shitty car stereo to make sure they recorded well, Nigel Pulsford later expressed disappointment at the final mix of the album, The albums original cover featured an outline of a passenger airliner. Following the September 11,2001 attacks, the changed the artwork to something more minimal. Upon release, The People That We Love saw significant radio play as well as rotation of its music video on MTV2. However, compared to earlier Bush hits, it has since been forgotten on radio. A follow up single was not released in the US, making this Bushs final American single for 9 years until reunited in 2010 with the single Afterlife, in the UK, Inflatable was released as a single with an accompanying video. Golden State was released by Atlantic Records, which originally distributed Sixteen Stone, Bush co-hosted the 22 October 2001 edition of Channel One News to promote the album and give away an autographed copy, an act which critics of the educational program derided
Golden State (album)
–
Golden State
Golden State (album)
–
The original album cover featuring a plane
36.
XXX (2002 film)
–
XXX is a 2002 American spy action adventure film directed by Rob Cohen, produced by Neal H. Moritz and was written by Rich Wilkes. The film also stars Asia Argento, Marton Csokas and Samuel L. Jackson, Cohen previously directed The Fast and the Furious, in which Diesel also starred. The film received mixed reviews but was a success for the studios. The film is followed by two sequels, State of the Union and Return of Xander Cage, an NSA mission to collect information on Anarchy 99, a mercenary group of former Russian soldiers goes awry when the agents identity is discovered. Cage is convinced to accept the mission after Gibbons uses a technique, with a clean slate as the carrot. Cage flips this show of authority by saying that he doesnt want to be there, while scouting an Anarchy 99 party, Xander purposely reveals Sovas cover, which allows him to gain the confidence of Anarchy 99s leader, Yorgi. Through Yorgis brother Kolya, who is a fan of Cages show, Xander is attending a car deal with Yorgi at his invitation when Sova shows up and starts a firefight. Xander shoots Sova with a fake blood-splatter round to make it look like he is dead, Xander returns with Yorgi to their headquarters, a castle outside of the city, where he meets Yorgis girlfriend Yelena. Xander finds Yelena trying to break into Yorgis safe and, taking her to a nearby restaurant, Yelena gets a call from Kirill, a sniper working for Yorgi, who reveals they know of Xanders true identity before he starts firing on them. Yelena and Cage work together to each other escape by staging a fight between them, which results in Cage knocking Yelena out with a serving tray. Xander learns that Sova purposely blew his cover, Xander sneaks back to the castle and overhears Yorgis plans to equip a waterborn drone named Ahab with Silent Night to release the biochemical in the middle of every major city, starting with Prague. Yorgi tests the weapon on his scientists, killing them, Xander rescues Yelena from Yorgi and kills Kolya. At a safehouse, Yelena explains she is an FSB agent, Xander organises the rest of the NSA team in Prague for an assault on Yorgis castle. Xander is taken back to Yorgi, who reveals he has captured Yelena again and has known about her identity all along. As the special forces attack starts, Xander and Yelena use the opportunity to escape, killing Kirill and Yorgi, Xander alerts Gibbons, who has the Czech military prepare to destroy the Ahab via airstrikes with the unfortunate side effect of releasing some of the biochemical agent. Xander harpoons Ahab from the car, grabs the hard drive containing the priming and targeting information and flips one of the primed bio-warheads, Xander is rescued from the freezing river and Gibbons promises Yelena American citizenship. Xander and Yelena are relaxing in Bora Bora when Gibbons calls, Xander ignores him and goes with Yelena. To support Xander Cages credibility within extreme sport subcultures, various personalities make appearances, including Tony Hawk, Mike Vallely, Carey Hart, Mat Hoffman
XXX (2002 film)
–
xXx
37.
World Wrestling Entertainment
–
WWE also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself, founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1952 as Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. As of 2016, it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world, holding over 500 events a year, the companys global headquarters is located in Stamford, Connecticut, with offices in major cities across the world. This was first publicly acknowledged by WWEs owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions, since the 1980s, WWE publicly has branded their product as sports entertainment, acknowledging the products roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater. The companys majority owner is its chairman and CEO, Vince McMahon, along with his wife Linda, children Shane and Stephanie, and son-in-law Paul Triple H Levesque, the McMahon family holds approximately 70% of WWEs equity and 96% of the voting power. As of August 2014, Eminence Capital, a New York-based hedge fund, the current entity, incorporated on February 21,1980, was previously known as Titan Sports, Inc. which was founded in 1979 in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the company for the World Wrestling Federation. Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation, Inc. in 1998, then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. in 1999, since 2011, the company has officially branded itself solely as WWE though the companys legal name was not changed. WWEs origins can be traced back as far as 1952 when Roderick James Jess McMahon, McMahon, who was a successful boxing promoter, began working with Tex Rickard in 1926. With the help of Rickard, he began promoting boxing at the third Madison Square Garden and it was not the first time McMahon had promoted wrestling cards, as he had already done so during the 1910s. In November 1954, McMahon died and Ray Fabiani, one of Mondts associates, the younger McMahon and Mondt were very successful and soon controlled approximately 70% of the NWAs booking, largely due to their dominance in the heavily populated Northeast region. In 1963, McMahon and Mondt had a dispute with the NWA over Nature Boy Buddy Rogers being booked to hold the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Both men left the company in protest and formed the WWWF in the process and he lost the championship to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17,1963, after suffering a heart attack a week before the match. After gaining a television deal and hiring Lou Albano as a manager for Sammartinos heel opponents. Mondt left Capitol in the sixties and although the WWWF had withdrawn from the NWA, Vince McMahon. Capitol renamed the World Wide Wrestling Federation to the World Wrestling Federation in 1979, Vincent J. McMahons son, Vincent K. McMahon, and his wife Linda, established Titan Sports, Inc. in 1979 in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. The company was incorporated on February 21,1980, in the Cape Cod Coliseum offices, the younger McMahon bought Capitol from his father in 1982, effectively seizing control of the company. Seeking to make the WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the country, and eventually, at the annual meeting of the NWA in 1983, the McMahons and former Capitol employee Jim Barnett all withdrew from the organization. McMahon also worked to get WWF programming on syndicated television all across the United States, in addition, the company used income generated by advertising, television deals, and tape sales to secure talent from rival promoters
World Wrestling Entertainment
–
The WWE Headquarters in
Stamford,
Connecticut.
World Wrestling Entertainment
–
World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.
World Wrestling Entertainment
–
Current WWE minority owners/front office executives/wrestlers
Triple H and his wife
Stephanie McMahon.
38.
WWE Unforgiven
–
Unforgiven was an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment, which had been held in September since the 1999 edition. It started as an In Your House pay-per-view event in April, from 2003 to 2006, the events were exclusive to the Raw brand. In 2009, the events pay-per-view slot was replaced by Breaking Point, list of WWE pay-per-view events Official website
WWE Unforgiven
–
2008 Unforgiven logo
39.
The Undertaker
–
Calaway is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time. As The Undertaker, Calaways gimmick was a horror-themed, macabre entity who employed scare tactics, the character was reinvented as a biker during a period in the early 2000s before returning to his previous gimmick in 2004. The Undertaker was the storyline of older half-brother of fellow WWE wrestler Kane, the Undertaker has been involved in various pivotal storylines and matches within WWE history. The Undertaker was known for The Streak, a run of 21 straight victories at WWEs leading pay-per-view, WrestleMania. He also won the 2007 Royal Rumble, Calaway was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Frank Compton Calaway and Betty Catherine Truby. He has four brothers, David, Michael, Paul. Calaway attended Waltrip High School, where he was a member of the football and basketball teams and he graduated in 1983 and began studying at Angelina College in Lufkin, Texas on a basketball scholarship. In 1985, he enrolled in Texas Wesleyan University in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1986, Calaway dropped out of university to focus on a career in sports, and he briefly considered playing professional basketball in Europe before deciding to focus on professional wrestling. Calaway made his debut in 1984 for World Class Championship Wrestling under the ring name Texas Red and his first match was a loss against Bruiser Brody. In 1988, after four years in the promotion, he left and joined the Continental Wrestling Association, after his second match the next week, he stayed in the ring by challenging USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion Jerry Lawler to an impromptu match. The Master of Pain easily dominated Lawler until Mantel entered the ring, Lawler agreed to a title match, and on April 1, The Master of Pain won his first professional wrestling championship. He held it for just over three weeks before Lawler became the first man to pin him, winning it back, while performing as The Punisher, Calaway won the WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship on October 5,1989, when Eric Embry forfeited the title. In 1989, Calaway joined World Championship Wrestling as a villain and adopted the ring name Mean Mark Callous, a name devised for him by Terry Funk. He was portrayed as a character, he wore predominantly black ring attire and was described by announcer Jim Ross as having a fondness for pet snakes. The new team gained notoriety at Clash of the Champions X when they beat down The Road Warriors after their match. However, Callous partner Dan Spivey left WCW days before their Chicago Street Fight against The Road Warriors at WrestleWar, Callous and a replacement masked Skyscraper were defeated in the street fight, and the team broke up soon afterwards. Callous took on the guidance of Paul E. Dangerously and defeated Johnny Ace at Capital Combat and defeated Brian Pillman at the Clash of the Champions XI, Coastal Crush in singles competition. In July 1990, he wrestled against Lex Luger for the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship at The Great American Bash, but was pinned by Luger
The Undertaker
–
Mark Calaway in April 2014
The Undertaker
–
Paul Bearer betrayed Undertaker by hitting him with the urn he is seen carrying here
The Undertaker
–
The Undertaker in September 1997
The Undertaker
–
The Undertaker, wearing a variation of his Lord of Darkness attire, in late 1999
40.
Blue Man Group
–
Blue Man Group is a performance art company formed in 1991. It is best known for its productions around the world. It combines many different categories of music and art, both popular and unpopular in these shows, Blue Man Group currently has continuing theatrical productions in Las Vegas, Orlando, Boston, Chicago, New York City and Berlin. Blue Man Group was referenced in a storyline of the TV series Arrested Development, Blue Man Group grew out of a collaboration between three close friends, Chris Wink, Matt Goldman and Phil Stanton, on Manhattan’s Lower East Side in 1988. It originated as a celebration to the end of the 1980s, the three men wore blue masks and led a procession that included the burning of a Rambo doll and a piece of the Berlin Wall. The stunt caught the attention of MTV’s Kurt Loder, who covered the event, Germany Berlin at the Bluemax Theater United States Live at Luxor in Las Vegas “How to be a Megastar” national arena rock concert tour “How to be a Megastar 2. Although it contained some of the music from their productions, it was less of a soundtrack. In 2002, the participated in Mobys Area2 tour, giving a more rock-oriented performance than in the theatrical shows. Songs developed during this tour appeared on 2003s album The Complex, unlike Audio, The Complex, released in 2003, featured a variety of vocalists and guests including Tracy Bonham, Dave Matthews, Gavin Rossdale and Venus Hum. The record spawned its own 2003 tour, How to Be a Megastar, the tour deconstructed the traditional rock concert experience into its often clichéd parts and was chronicled in a 2004 DVD release. The tour featured Tracy Bonham and Venus Hum as supporting acts, the DVD included a surround sound mix of some of the studio recordings. Blue Man Group launched its tour, The How to Be a Megastar Tour 2.0. The tour added some new material to material from the original Complex Rock Tour, dJ/VJ Mike Relm was the opening act for the second leg of this tour, which ended April 22,2007 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The fourth leg, using 2.1 in its title, included more U. S. following that, the Megastar World Tour visited France, Korea, Canada, Germany, and a few other European countries throughout 2008. As Typhoon Morakot hit the island and caused damage in mid August. The group performed with Ricky Martin at the 2007 Latin Grammy Awards, in 2008, the group collaborated on the track No More Heroes with the Dutch DJ and producer Tiësto for the remixed version of the Elements of Life album. Announced in 2009, Blue Man Group began performing for the first time at sea on Norwegian Cruise Lines ship, Epic began alternating 7-Day Eastern and Western Caribbean sailings from Miami with Blue Man Group shows nightly in July 2010 until its close in March 2015. A Blue Man Group national tour in 2010 visited various cities in the United States, Canada and this tour included both elements from their then-current theatrical performances, plus new elements created just for this tour
Blue Man Group
–
Blue Man Group in
Brazil in 2009
Blue Man Group
–
Astor Place Theatre with marquee for the group
Blue Man Group
–
Blue Man Group-Buddy Bears, in
Berlin-Mitte
41.
The Current (song)
–
The Current is a song by Blue Man Group, released as the first single from their 2003 concept album, The Complex. The song features the guest vocals of Gavin Rossdale of Bush, the song deals with urban and occupational isolation, the two key themes from the album. The isolation theme is furthered by the setting, which place in the underground portion of the urban complex—the location of the phone lines, electrical wires. The song might then be assumed to be about how technology is moving the world forward whilst it moves people backwards, another promo CD was released, in a cardboard slide case. There was a performance with Rossdale on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn
The Current (song)
–
"The Current"
42.
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
–
Terminator 3, Rise of the Machines is a 2003 American science fiction action film, directed by Jonathan Mostow and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Nick Stahl, Claire Danes, and Kristanna Loken. It is the installment in the series, following Terminator 2. It does not involve James Cameron, who directed and wrote the first two films, the plot follows the events of the second installment. This includes Johns future wife, but not John himself as his whereabouts are unknown to Skynet, Johns life is placed in danger when the T-X finds him. John Connor has been living off the grid in Los Angeles following the death of his mother, Although Judgment Day did not occur on August 29,1997, John still fears a war between humans and the machines. Unable to locate John in the past, Skynet sends a new model of the Terminator called the T-X to July 23,2003, to kill other members of the Human Resistance. The T-X is more advanced than previous Terminators, and has an endoskeleton with built-in weaponry, a metal exterior similar to the T-1000. Unlike previous Terminators, its appearance is female. The Resistance sends a reprogrammed Terminator to protect the T-Xs targets including John and his future wife, Kate Brewster. After killing several other targets, the T-X locates Kate and John at an hospital, where the former works and the latter was stealing from. The Terminator takes John and Kate to a mausoleum where Johns mother is supposedly interred, inside her vault, they find a weapons cache left at Sarahs request in case Judgment Day occurred. Police arrive and a gun battle ensues, but the three escape in a hearse, the T-X also arrives and chases the Terminator and the others, but they escape. The Terminator reveals his plan to drive John and Kate to Mexico to escape the fallout when Judgment Day begins at 6,18 p. m. that day, the Terminator calls Johns bluff but agrees to take them after Kate orders him to. The Terminator reveals that he killed John on July 4,2032, John and Kate arrive too late to stop Skynet from being activated, and its machines begin attacking the staff. Brewster is mortally wounded by the T-X, which arrived before John, Kate, before dying, he gives Kate and John a code book and the location of what John believes is Skynets system core. John and Kate head for the tarmac to take General Brewsters airplane to reach Crystal Peak, the T-X and the T-850 battle, and the T-X severely damages the T-850 before reprogramming it to kill John and Kate. The T-X pursues John and Kate through the base but becomes trapped when a particle accelerator is activated. Shortly after they leave, the Terminators system reboots, John and Kate reach Crystal Peak and begin entering the access codes to gain entry when the T-X arrives by helicopter
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
–
Theatrical release poster
43.
Distort Yourself
–
Distort Yourself is the debut and only studio album by American rock band Institute, led by then-former Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale. Released on September 13,2005 through Interscope Records, the album was co-produced by Helmet frontman Page Hamilton, the album also produced the single Bullet Proof Skin. The album was released on September 13,2005 and debuted at #81 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Charts with first week sales slightly over 12,000, total U. S. sales as of April 2008 were only 54,000 copies. Bullet Proof Skin served as the single which reached #26 on both the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart and on the Billboard Modern Rock Chart. It had considerable airplay upon release and, in September 2005, was performed live on nearly every late night television program as well as The Tyra Banks Show. The song was featured on the Stealth soundtrack and the video game NHL06, a music video was also filmed for it, directed by Kevin Kerslake who has done videos for Nirvana and Green Day. The album received mixed reviews from critics, allmusics Stephen Thomas Erlewine was positivie in his review, stating that the album sounds livelier than anything hes done since Razorblade Suitcase. Punknews. org critic Alex Marriott, who described the record as an effort, thought, Its about time radio-rock got louder. This will brighten every alt-metallers Christmas, contactmusic. com critic Alex Lai thought that many parts of the record is unimaginative and unspectacular, which is frustrating after a promising beginning. MusicOMHs Vik Bansal wrote that the album may not win a prize for originality, all songs written by Gavin Rossdale, except where noted
Distort Yourself
–
Distort Yourself
44.
Stealth (movie)
–
Stealth is a 2005 American military science fiction action film starring Josh Lucas, Jessica Biel, Jamie Foxx, Sam Shepard, Joe Morton and Richard Roxburgh. The film was directed by Rob Cohen, director of The Fast, the film follows three top fighter pilots as they join a project to develop an automated robotic stealth aircraft. The projects first brainchild are F/A-37 Talon single-seat fighters with impressive payload, speed, over 400 pilots apply to participate, but only three are chosen, smart hotshot Lieutenant Ben Gannon, tomboyish Lieutenant Kara Wade, and street-wise, philosophical Lieutenant Henry Purcell. Their first test mission scores 100/100, inflicting maximum casualties with minimum collateral damage, Cummings hires Dr. Keith Orbit to develop an artificial intelligence, the EDI, which will fly an unmanned combat air vehicle. The autonomous fighter jet is placed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln in the Philippine Sea to learn combat maneuvers from the pilots. The team is training EDI in air combat maneuvers when they are reassigned to take out the heads of three terrorist cells at a conference in downtown Rangoon. EDI calculates that mission success can be achieved only through a vertical strike, command orders EDI to take the shot, but Gannon ignores the order and attacks in his own plane, successfully carrying out the strike. As the team returns to the Lincoln, EDI is hit by lightning which reprograms its neural patterns, aboard ship, the already-sophisticated AI is discovered to be learning exponentially, developing a rudimentary ethical code and an ego. However, Cummings refuses to take it offline, during the next strike, to destroy several stolen nuclear warheads in Tajikistan, Wade realizes that the nuclear debris will cause significant collateral damage. The human pilots decide to abort, but EDI defies orders and fires missiles at the nuclear warheads, Cummings orders the UCAV brought back to base, and Purcell attempts to reason with EDI, but the AI refuses to stand down. Gannon, taking things into his own hands, orders that EDI be shot down, and Purcell opens fire, blinded by the explosion, Purcell crashes into a mountainside. Wades plane is hit by debris from the explosion, resulting in loss of hydraulics of her wing and canard. Gannon, now the only airborne, must alone stop the EDI from executing a twenty-year-old war scenario called Caviar Sweep. Cummings instructs him to make a landing with EDI in Alaska. Cummings and his accomplice, Ray, are being held accountable for EDIs behavior and Cummings faces court-martial. Gannon crash lands at the Alaska base, surviving with minor injuries, already suspecting Cummings of treachery, he narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by a doctor, who tries to inject him with a tetanus shot which is actually poison. The pair struggle, and the doctor is injected with the poison, Gannon then heads to the hangar, to find EDI and the intact plane. Meanwhile, when Orbit places EDI into an interface, the AI expresses sadness, Orbit realizes that it has developed its own sentience, to the point of having feelings
Stealth (movie)
–
Theatrical release poster
Stealth (movie)
–
A Stealth camera crew preparing for filming on the flight deck of the USS Abraham Lincoln.
Stealth (movie)
–
F/A-37 Talon viewed from above.
45.
Fox Broadcasting Company
–
The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
Fox Broadcasting Company
–
Fox Broadcasting Company
46.
Mind Games (song)
–
Mind Games is a song written and performed by John Lennon, released as a single in 1973 on Apple Records, catalogue Apple 1868 in the United States and Apple R5994 in the United Kingdom. It was the single for the album of the same name. The UK single and album and the US single were issued on the same day - November 16,1973, the single was US certificated gold in the US in 1974. It peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 26 on the British singles chart and it also peaked at number 10 on the Cashbox Top 100. This song, which was begun in 1969 and can be heard in the Beatles Let It Be sessions, was originally titled Make Love, Not War, another song, I Promise, contains the melody that would later be featured on Mind Games. The original Lennon demos for Make Love, Not War and I Promise, Lennon finished writing the song after reading the book Mind Games, The Guide to Inner Space by Robert Masters and Jean Houston. Lennon later encountered Masters in a restaurant and told him, I am one of your fans, in keeping with the original theme, the lyrics advocate unity, love, and a positive outlook. The lyric YES is the answer is a nod to his wife Yoko Onos art piece that brought them together originally, the song was recorded as Lennon split with her for his 18-month lost weekend with May Pang. In 1995, it was recorded by George Clinton for the John Lennon tribute album Working Class Hero, in 2001, it was performed by Kevin Spacey as part of the tribute concert Come Together, A Night for John Lennons Words and Music. The Irish band Hal covered Mind Games for Q Magazine in 2005, in 2006, it was covered by German rock /pop group MIA. as well as Australian band, Eskimo Joe, as part of the project Make Some Noise to support Amnesty International. In 2007, Gavin Rossdales version appeared on Instant Karma, The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur as an exclusive bonus track. In April 2009, Sinéad OConnors version of the recorded in the mid 90s appeared on the re-released deluxe edition of her second album. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Mind Games (song)
–
"Mind Games"
47.
WANDERlust (Gavin Rossdale album)
–
Wanderlust is the debut solo album by Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale. It is his first studio album since Institutes Distort Yourself in 2005, rossdales initial working title for the record was This Place is on Fire, now the moniker for the releases a cappella coda piece. The lead single, Love Remains the Same, was released digitally on April 1,2008, stewart of Eurythmics fame, Linda Perry, Joel Shearer, Katy Perry and Garbage singer Shirley Manson. The song Cant Stop the World was originally written and recorded for the short-lived TV series Drive, the song is also known by the alternate title Some Days, but the finalized Wanderlust artwork has it listed as Cant Stop the World. All lyrics written by Gavin Rossdale
WANDERlust (Gavin Rossdale album)
–
Wanderlust
48.
Shirley Manson
–
Shirley Ann Manson is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and actress from Edinburgh, Scotland. She is the singer of the alternative rock band Garbage. For much of her international career Manson commuted between her home city of Edinburgh and the United States to record with Garbage, she now lives, Manson gained media attention for her forthright style, rebellious attitude, and distinctive voice. Mansons musical career began in her teens when she was approached to perform backing vocals, quickly she developed into a prominent member of the group and developed a formidable stage presence. Manson was approached by her bands record label with the idea of launching her as a solo artist, Garbage toured worldwide and sold 12 million records over ten years. Shirley Ann Manson was born to John Mitchell and Muriel Flora Manson in Edinburgh, Shirley was named after an aunt who was herself named after Charlotte Brontës novel Shirley. She was born two years between both older sister Lindy-Jayne and younger sister Sarah, and was brought up in the Comely Bank. She attended Broughton High School, Edinburgh, Mansons childhood education was informed by the Church of Scotland, until the age of 12, when she rebelled against organized religion. Mansons first public performance was in 1970, at age four, with her older sister, enrolled at Flora Stevenson Primary School, Manson received instruction in recorder, clarinet and fiddle, and learned ballet and piano from extramural classes at age seven. Manson was a member of Girlguiding UK throughout this period of her youth as a Brownie and a Guide, Manson attended the City of Edinburgh Music School, Manson had teenage ambitions to become an actress, but was rejected by the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Manson was eventually moved into stockrooms because of her attitude toward customers, Manson became well known throughout Edinburghs clubbing scene, and making use of free samples from Miss Selfridge, styled hair for a number of local bands. Manson also briefly modelled clothing for Jackie magazine, Mansons first musical experiences came from briefly singing with local Edinburgh acts The Wild Indians and performed backing vocals with Autumn 1984. While she was acting in her group, Manson was approached by Goodbye Mr. Mackenzies lead Martin Metcalfe to join his band, Mansons first release with the Mackenzies was a YTS release of Death of a Salesman in 1984. The group signed a major record deal with Capitol Records in 1987, and they released their first album Good Deeds and Dirty Rags. In 1990, the contract was transferred to Parlophone, another EMI label. Gary Kurfirst, who managed Talking Heads and Deborah Harry, bought the Mackenzies contract and issued their second album through his own label Radioactive, after another single failed to chart, the group were persuaded to leave Radioactive by their management. The Mackenzies continued to write material, Manson was also given the opportunity to lead vocals on a number of tracks planned for the bands third album. Although MCA had no desire to further their commitments to Goodbye Mr. Mansons contract obligated her to deliver at least one album and, at the option of Radioactive
Shirley Manson
–
Manson performing as part of Garbage, 2012.
Shirley Manson
–
Manson was born and raised in the city of
Edinburgh in central Scotland.
Shirley Manson
–
Shirley Manson performing live with
Garbage during the band's 2012
Not Your Kind of People World Tour
Shirley Manson
–
Shirley Manson donates £51,000 to Waverley Care on behalf of
M•A•C AIDS Fund.
49.
Katy Perry
–
Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson, known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer and songwriter. After singing in church during her childhood, she pursued a career in music as a teenager. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001. She moved to Los Angeles the following year to venture into music after Red Hill ceased operations and she subsequently began working with producers Glen Ballard, Dr. Luke. After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records, the album became the first by a female artist to produce five number-one songs in the U. S. and the second overall after Michael Jacksons album Bad. In March 2012, she re-issued the album as Teenage Dream, The Complete Confection and her fourth album, Prism, was released in 2013, and is influenced by pop and dance. She became the first artist with multiple videos to one billion views on Vevo with the videos for its songs Roar. Perry has received awards, including four Guinness World Records, a Brit Award, and a Juno Award. Her estimated net worth as of 2016 is $125 million and she is one of the best-selling musical artists of all time, having sold 100 million records globally throughout her career. In film, she released a documentary titled Katy Perry, Part of Me in 2012. Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson was born in Santa Barbara, California, to Pentecostal pastors Mary Christine and her parents are born again Christians, each having turned to religion after a wild youth. Perry has English, German, Irish, and Portuguese ancestry, through her mother, she is a niece of film director Frank Perry. She has a brother named David, who is a singer. From ages 3 to 11, Perry often moved across the country as her parents set up churches before settling again in Santa Barbara. Growing up, she attended schools and camps, including Paradise Valley Christian School in Arizona. Her family struggled financially, sometimes using food stamps and eating from the bank intended to feed the congregation at her parents church. Growing up, Perry and her siblings were not allowed to eat Lucky Charms as the term luck reminded their mother of Lucifer, Perry primarily listened to gospel music, as secular music was generally discouraged in the familys home. She discovered popular music through CDs she sneaked from her friends, while not strictly identifying as religious, Perry has stated, I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility
Katy Perry
–
Perry at the
2014 ARIA Music Awards
Katy Perry
–
Perry was part of the 2008 Warped Tour lineup
Katy Perry
–
Perry's California Dreams Tour grossed over $59 million
Katy Perry
–
Perry performing during The Prismatic World Tour in July 2014
50.
David A. Stewart
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David Allan Dave Stewart is an English musician, songwriter and record producer, best known for Eurythmics, his successful professional partnership with Annie Lennox. He is usually credited as David A. Stewart, to avoid confusion with other musicians named Dave Stewart and he won Best British Producer at the 1986,1987 and 1990 Brit Awards. Stewart was born in Sunderland, England, in 1952 and he attended Bede Grammar School for Boys, whilst still in his teens, he secured a record deal as part of folk-rock band Longdancer. Despite being signed to Elton Johns record label, The Rocket Record Company, after leaving Wearside Stewart then spent several years living in squats in London. In late 1976, he was introduced to Annie Lennox by Paul Jacobs, soon, Stewart and Lennox became romantically involved. By 1977, the pair had teamed up with Sunderland musician Peet Coombes, the band then developed into The Tourists who enjoyed modest success, including a hit in 1979 with a cover of the Dusty Springfield hit I Only Want to Be with You. The Tourists split up in 1980, as did Stewart and Lennox and they formed a new musical project named Eurythmics. After a string of hit singles and albums, the duo split in 1990, Lennox and Stewart worked together again in 2005, recording two new tracks for the greatest hits package Ultimate Collection, released to coincide with Eurythmics 25th anniversary. When Eurythmics dissolved in 1990, Stewart moved to France and immediately released an album with his new band The Spiritual Cowboys, the song Party Town was featured in the 1990 film Flatliners. A second album followed in 1991, both albums were Gold in France, where Stewart concentrated his efforts. In 1992, Stewart collaborated with singer Terry Hall on the project Vegas, the duo released one self-titled album but this was commercially unsuccessful, though one of the singles from the album made the UK Top 40. In 1993, Stewart appeared in an Apple Inc. advertisement for the Power Macintosh in which he riffed on the word power and he also had a small cameo as a computer hacker in the 1995 film Hackers. In 1994, Stewart released an album, Greetings from the Gutter. The album was not a success, though Stewart scored a minor UK hit with the single Heart Of Stone which reached number 36. He then released another album, Sly-Fi, first on the internet, in 1997, Stewart released an album Come Alive with the actress and singer Rhona Mitra. In 1999, he produced an album, Female Icon. In November 2002, Stewart worked with former South African president Nelson Mandela and he then began organising the 46664 campaign and series of concerts in the fight against HIV/AIDS in South Africa. In 2007, Stewart announced on his MySpace page that he would be playing live concerts showcasing his entire career, according to the announcement, he was to be accompanied by various guest musicians as well as a 30 piece orchestra
David A. Stewart
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Stewart live performing with
Stevie Nicks in 2011
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Wanderlust (Gavin Rossdale album)
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Wanderlust is the debut solo album by Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale. It is his first studio album since Institutes Distort Yourself in 2005, rossdales initial working title for the record was This Place is on Fire, now the moniker for the releases a cappella coda piece. The lead single, Love Remains the Same, was released digitally on April 1,2008, stewart of Eurythmics fame, Linda Perry, Joel Shearer, Katy Perry and Garbage singer Shirley Manson. The song Cant Stop the World was originally written and recorded for the short-lived TV series Drive, the song is also known by the alternate title Some Days, but the finalized Wanderlust artwork has it listed as Cant Stop the World. All lyrics written by Gavin Rossdale
Wanderlust (Gavin Rossdale album)
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Wanderlust
