1.
Girls' Generation
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Girls Generation, also known as SNSD, is a South Korean girl group formed by S. M. The group is composed of eight members, Taeyeon, Sunny, Tiffany, Hyoyeon, Yuri, Sooyoung, Yoona, originally a nine-piece group, Girls Generation debuted in 2007 with their Korean eponymous debut album. Girls Generation further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles Tell Me Your Wish, Oh. and Run Devil Run, in mid-2010, Girls Generation signed with Nayutawave Records to venture into the Japanese music scene. The groups third Korean studio album The Boys was released in October 2011, an English version of the single The Boys was released by Interscope Records in an attempt to expand the groups endeavor to the global music scene. Their fifth Korean studio album, Lion Heart, was released in 2015, Girls Generations signature musical styles are characterized as electropop and bubblegum pop, though their sounds have varied widely, incorporating various genres including hip hop, R&B, and EDM. They have sold over 4.4 million albums and 30 million digital singles as of 2012, the groups immense popularity in their native country South Korea has earned them numerous accolades and the titles The Nations Singers and The Nations Girl Group. Girls Generation is also deemed one of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave and they are the first Asian girl group to achieve five music videos with over 100 million views on YouTube, Gee, I Got a Boy, The Boys, Mr. Taxi, and Oh. Because their name consists of Chinese roots, the name is similar in Chinese and Japanese, in Japan the groups name is pronounced as Shōjo Jidai. Prior to the debut, some of the members were already involved in the entertainment industry. Yoona had gone through about 200 auditions for music videos, dramas, Sooyoung was exposed to the Japanese music scene as a member of a pop duo named Route θ, which disbanded one year after its debut in 2002. The first member of the group to join S. M, entertainments training system was Jessica in 2000, after she and her sister, Krystal Jung, were scouted in a mall in South Korea during a family vacation. That same year, members Sooyoung and Hyoyeon were cast into S. M. s training system through the 2000 S. M, Open Audition, in which Hyoyeon danced for her audition. Yuri was the next Girls Generation member to become an S. M. trainee after coming second in the 2001 S. M, Yoona was cast the following year through the 2002 S. M. Saturday Open Casting Audition, where she sang and danced to her favorite singers, BoA, Seohyun, the groups youngest member, was scouted in the subway by an S. M. scout, she then auditioned in 2003, singing childrens songs. The groups leader, Taeyeon, was cast in 2004 after winning first place in the S. M and that same year, member Tiffany auditioned at S. M. s Starlight Casting System in Los Angeles, and joined the company in October 2004. The final member of the group to be added was Sunny, at Starworld, she trained to debut in a duo named Sugar, which never debuted. In 2007, on the recommendation of Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki, Entertainment and became a member of Girls Generation. In July 2007, Girls Generation had their first stage performance on Mnets School of Rock, on August 5,2007, the group officially made their debut on SBSs Inkigayo, where they performed the same song
2.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
3.
K-pop
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K-pop is a music genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. The more modern form of the genre emerged with one of the earliest K-pop groups, Seo Taiji and Boys and their experimentation with different styles of music reshaped Koreas music scene. As a result, the integration of foreign musical elements has now become common practice with K-pop artists, K-pop entered the Japanese market at the turn of the 21st century and rapidly grew into a subculture among teenagers and young adults of East and Southeast Asia. Although K-pop generally refers to South Korean popular music, some consider it to be an all-encompassing genre exhibiting a vast spectrum of musical and visual elements, the French Institut national de laudiovisuel defines K-pop as a fusion of synthesized music, sharp dance routines and fashionable, colorful outfits. Songs typically consist of one or a mixture of pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, Management agencies in South Korea offer binding contracts to potential artists, sometimes at a young age. Trainees live together in an environment and spend many hours a day learning music, dance, foreign languages. This robotic system of training is often criticized by Western media outlets, in 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that the cost of training one Korean pop idol under S. M. K-pop is a product that features “values, identity and meanings that go beyond their strictly commercial value. ”It is characterized by a mixture of Western sounds with an Asian aspect of performance. It has been remarked that there is a vision of modernization inherent in Korean pop culture, for some, the transnational values of K-pop are responsible for its success. Many agencies have presented new idol groups to an audience through a debut showcase, groups are given a name and a concept, along with a marketing hook. Sometimes sub-units or sub-groups are formed among existing members, an example subgroup is Super Junior-K. R. Y. Which consists of members Kyuhyun, Ryeowook, and Yesung, and Super Junior-M, online marketing includes music videos posted to YouTube in order to reach a worldwide audience. Prior to the video, the group releases teaser photos. Promotional cycles of subsequent singles are called comebacks even when the musician or group in question did not go on hiatus, modern K-pop is marked by its use of English phrases. In 1995, the percentage of song titles using English in the top 50 charts was 8% and this fluctuated between 30% in 2000, 18% in 2005, and 44% in 2010. Similarly, increasing numbers of K-pop bands use English names rather than Korean ones and this allows songs and artists to be marketed to a wider audience around the world. An example of a Korean song with a proportion of English lyrics is Kara’s Jumping. Increasingly, foreign songwriters and producers are employed to work on songs for K-pop idols, such as will. i. am, musicians, including rappers such as Akon, Kanye West, Ludacris, and Snoop Dogg, have also featured on K-pop songs
4.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
5.
Techno
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Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s. The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a genre of music was in 1988. Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built. Added to this is the influence of futuristic and fictional themes relevant to life in American late capitalist society, pioneering producer Juan Atkins cites Tofflers phrase techno rebels as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the referred to as afrofuturism. To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the body to the machine is often a central preoccupation, in this manner, techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness. Stylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, oftentimes produced for use in a continuous DJ set, the tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute, depending on the style of techno. The creative use of production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound, drum machines from the 1980s such as Rolands TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers. The Electrifying Mojo was the first radio DJ to play music by the Detroit techno producers Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Mojo refused to follow pre-established radio formats or playlists, and he promoted social and cultural awareness of the African American community. In exploring technos origins writer Kodwo Eshun maintains that Kraftwerk are to Techno what Muddy Waters is to the Rolling Stones, the authentic, the origin, the real. Juan Atkins has acknowledged that he had an enthusiasm for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, particularly Moroders work with Donna Summer. Atkins also mentions that around 1980 I had a tape of nothing but Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder and Gary Numan, and Id ride around in my car playing it. Regarding his initial impression of Kraftwerk, Atkins notes that they were clean, Derrick May identified the influence of Kraftwerk and other European synthesizer music in commenting that it was just classy and clean, and to us it was beautiful, like outer space. Living around Detroit, there was so little beauty, everything is an ugly mess in Detroit, and so we were attracted to this music. May has commented that he considered his music a direct continuation of the European synthesizer tradition and he also identified Japanese synthpop act Yellow Magic Orchestra, particularly member Ryuichi Sakamoto, and British band Ultravox, as influences, along with Kraftwerk. In 1980 or 1981 they met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for his show, which they did end up doing the following year. These young promoters developed and nurtured the local music scene by both catering to the tastes of the local audience of young people and by marketing parties with new DJs
6.
Duffy (singer)
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Duffy is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress. Born in Gwynedd, Wales, she was introduced to Jeannette Lee of Rough Trade Records, following the release of the singles Rockferry and Mercy, the latter reaching singles charts worldwide, Duffy released her 2008 debut album Rockferry. The album entered the UK Album Chart at number one, the album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 7 million copies worldwide, spawning further successful singles. In 2009, she won three Brit Awards for British Breakthrough, Best British Female and Best British Album, in 2010, Duffy released her second album Endlessly. She has since appeared in, and contributed music to, the films Secret Love and Legend and she was partly raised in Nefyn with her twin sister, Katy Ann, and older sister Kelly Ann, who was born in 1980. Duffys parents divorced when she was 10 and she moved to Letterston, near the Pembrokeshire town of Fishguard with her mother, Duffy attended Ysgol Nefyn, Gwynedd on the Llyn Peninsula and Sir Thomas Picton School in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire as a child. At the age of 17, she attended the Pwllheli campus of Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor to study for her A levels and she subsequently went to the University of Chester and studied Commercial Music Production on the Warrington campus. From 2004, she studied Performing Arts at the Parkgate campus, smiths ex-wife, Dawn Watson, was sentenced to a 3½-year jail term for soliciting to murder. Smith had previously beaten up Watsons new husband Marc Watson, who had also accused Smith of being violent towards his ex-partner whilst they were together, I felt so ill, Duffy recounted in 2008, as reported by the NME and the Sun. Duffy describes living in the house as a dog-eat-dog, claustrophobic. At age 15, she ran back to her fathers home in Nefyn. Duffy said in retrospect, It was a thing to do. Her mother and her sisters did not speak to her for about a year afterward, in reaction to her parents break-up, the following three years were a rebellious period that included binge drinking and stealing a rowing boat. After finishing her GCSEs in Pembrokeshire, Duffy returned to Nefyn, to live with her father, when she was fifteen, Duffy then spent six weeks in Switzerland, collaborating with the writer-producer Soren Mounir, under the name Soulego. She was advised by a lecturer at Chester University to Go on the dole, love and she also built up a following at Alexanders, a local jazz and blues club in Chester, performing with guitarist David Burton from the band The Invisible Wires. Duffy returned to Wales in 2003 and was invited to appear on Wawffactor and she was expected to win but came second to winner Lisa Pedrick. In 2004, following success on Wawffactor, Duffy recorded a three-song Welsh extended play, titled Aimée Duffy and it later achieved 2008 Welsh chart success, charting at number-one on the Siart C2 music chart. Duffy, now in demand, appeared on Mint Royales See You in the Morning as a back-up singer
7.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
8.
Mannequin
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A mannequin is an often articulated doll used by artists, tailors, dressmakers, windowdressers and others especially to display or fit clothing. During the 1950s, mannequins were used in tests to help show the effects of nuclear weapons on humans. Mannequin comes from the French word mannequin, which had acquired the meaning an artists jointed model, in early use in the United Kingdom, it referred to fashion models themselves, the meaning as a dummy dating from the start of World War II. Shop mannequins are derived from forms used by fashion houses for dress making. The use of mannequins originated in the 15th century, when miniature milliners mannequins were used to demonstrate fashions for customers, full-scale, wickerwork mannequins came into use in the mid-18th century. Wirework mannequins were manufactured in Paris from 1835, the first fashion mannequins, made of papier-mâché, were made in France in the mid-19th century. Mannequins were later made of wax to produce a more lifelike appearance, in the 1920s, wax was supplanted by a more durable composite made with plaster. Modern day mannequins are made from a variety of materials, the ones being fiberglass. The fiberglass mannequins are usually more expensive than the ones, tend to be not as durable. Mannequins are used primarily by retail stores as in-store displays or window decoration, however, many online sellers also use them to display their products for their product photos. Historically, artists have often used articulated mannequins as an aid in drawing draped figures, the advantage of this is that clothing or drapery arranged on a mannequin may be kept immobile for far longer than would be possible by using a living model. Medical simulation mannequins, models or related artefacts such as SimMan and these are sometimes also referred to as virtual patients. The term manikin refers exclusively to these types of models, though mannequin is often also used, in first aid courses manikins may be used to demonstrate methods of giving first aid. Fire and coastguard services use mannequins to practice life-saving procedures, the mannequins have similar weight distribution to a human. Special obese mannequins and horse mannequins have also made for similar purposes. Mannequins were a frequent motif in the many early 20th-century artists, notably the Metaphysical painters Giorgio de Chirico, Alberto Savinio. Shop windows displaying mannequins were a frequent photographic subject for Eugene Atget, the Twilight Zone episode The After Hours involves mannequins taking turns living in the real world as people. Mannequins are a theme in horror fiction
9.
Shinee
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Shinee is a South Korean boy group formed by S. M. The group is composed of five members, Onew, Jonghyun, Key, Minho, the group gained attention for starting a fashion trend amongst students, which the media dubbed the Shinee Trend. In August,2008, the released their first Korean studio album The Shinee World. Shinee further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles Ring Ding Dong, Ring Ding Dong charted on top of several Korean music charts and gained popularity all over Asia. Lucifer was nominated for the Best Dance Performance Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards in 2010 for its outstanding choreography, in 2012 the group released Sherlock, which became the fifth most sold album of the year with over 180,000 copies sold. The group has also included in the Forbes list of Korea Power Celebrity multiple times, once in 2014. In mid-2011, Shinee signed with EMI Records Japan to venture into the Japanese music scene. Their Japanese version of their single Replay sold over 100,000 copies and it was followed by their first Japanese studio album, The First, on December 7,2011 — both were certified Gold by RIAJ for selling over 100,000 copies. In 2011 the group held their Japan Debut Premium Reception at Abbey Road Studios in London making them the first Asian artists to perform there. Two years later released their second Japanese album Boys Meet U, followed by Im Your Boy, D×D×D. Shinees signature musical style is contemporary R&B but the group is known for their sound, incorporating various genres including funk rock, hip hop. The groups popularity in their native country South Korea has earned numerous accolades and titles like Princes of K-pop. Prior to the debut, the label company, SM Entertainment, introduced an upcoming contemporary R&B boy group with its goal to be trendsetters in all areas of music, fashion. The groups Korean name, Shinee is a new coined word and explained as a combination of shine meaning light, and the suffix ee, therefore meaning one who receives the light. On May 22,2008, the groups first EP, Replay, was released, in May 2008, Shinee had their first stage performance on SBSs Inkigayo with their single Replay. In the same month, Shinee subsequently released their first full-length album, The Shinee World, which debuted at number three, selling 30,000 copies. Its title track Sanso Gateun Neo is a cover of Show the World by Martin Hoberg Hedegaard, originally written by the Danish songwriting and production team of Thomas Troelsen, Remee and Lucas Secon. On September 18,2008, the song won first place on M. Countdown making it the groups first win on Korean music shows since debut
10.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
11.
Korean Broadcasting System
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Korean Broadcasting System is the national public broadcaster of South Korea. It was founded in 1927, and operates radio, television and online services, KBS began as Kyeongseong Broadcasting Corporation that was established by the Governor-General of Korea on 16 February 1927. This second radio station started using the call sign HLKA in 1947 after the Republic of Korea got the call sign HL of the International Telecommunication Union, after doing a national broadcast, the radio was renamed Seoul Central Broadcasting Station in 1948. Television broadcasts in South Korea began on 12 May 1956 with the first television station HLKZ-TV and it was sold to KBS in 1961. KBS station status changed from government to public broadcasting station on 3 March 1973, construction of KBS headquarters in Yeouido started in 1976. In 1979, KBS radio began broadcasting on the FM wave with the launch of KBS Stereo, in 1981, KBS launched KBS 3TV and Educational FM, and on 27 December 1990, the channels split from KBS to form the Educational Broadcasting System. After a revision of the licensing fee system in 1994. KBS is a public corporation funded by the South Korean government and license fees, as part of the Constitution, the president of KBS is chosen by the President of South Korea, after being recommended by its board of directors. Political parties in South Korea also have the right to name members of the KBS board of directors, around 37. 8% of KBS revenue comes from a mandatory television licence fee of 2,200 won, with another 47. 6% coming from commercial advertisement sales. KBS international output such as KBS World, as well as specialised services such as KBS Radio 3 for the disabled, KBS1 - KBS flagship channel, it broadcasts news and current affairs, education, sports and culture. It launched in 1961 as HLKA-TV and is funded by the license fee. It is available nationally on channel 9, broadcasting via digital terrestrial television, KBS1 also airs public information films and minor entertainment programming, but the majority of which is on KBS2. KBS2 - KBS entertainment and drama channel, it was launched in 1980 as a replacement for the Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation and it is available on digital channel 7 via digital terrestrial television. KBS2 also airs public information films and less news and current affairs programming, KBS UHD - The Ultra High Definition channel. Airs music videos and re-runs of dramas and it is on national terrestrial digital channel 66. KBS1 and KBS2 phased out analogue services on December 31,2012 as part of the switchover to digital television, KBS Prime - A culture and drama channel, launched in 1995 as KBS Satellite 2. It was renamed as KBS Korea in 2002, before becoming Prime, KBS Drama - formerly KBS Sky Drama, it was launched in 2002. KBS N Sports - formerly KBS Sports/KBS Sky Sports, it was launched in 2002
12.
Mercy (Duffy song)
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Mercy is a song performed by Welsh singer Duffy, released as the second single from her debut studio album, Rockferry. Co-written by Duffy and Steve Booker and produced by Booker, it was released worldwide in 2008 to critical acclaim, as Duffys first international release, the song is credited with firmly establishing her career and is now considered her signature song. Mercy received comparisons to Duffys previous single, Rockferry, Mercy peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart in February 2008, remaining at the top of the chart for five weeks. Mercy was nominated for awards in 2008, including the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards. Well received by the public, Mercy went on to become the single of 2008 in the United Kingdom. The song achieved chart success, with Duffy attributing this to the fact that everyone is searching for liberty. From themselves or from the world created around them and everyone would like to be set free. It is Duffys best-selling single to date, the Glee version charted on the UK Singles Chart and in Ireland, and Duffy herself performed the song for the Live Lounge. The song was performed live at music festivals as well as on Duffys 2008–09 tour. The main-release music video, directed by Daniel Wolfe, has been viewed on video sharing website YouTube over 60 million times, Mercy was written by Duffy and Steve Booker during the final stages of completion for Rockferry. Duffy first met Booker by chance because she bought the flat in Ladbroke Grove that Booker had been renting, bookers girlfriend met Duffy and then introduced the pair. Duffy has later noted of the experience, We went for coffee, I asked Jeanette what she thought and she just said, we’ve made this record so go and have fun, be creative. By the end of hanging out in the studio for two weeks we had Mercy and Stepping Stone. Duffy had already written the lyrics to Mercy before her meeting with Steve Booker, although she has said that she never a plan as that always fails. Duffy has noted that recording with Booker, Mercy was like this melodic poem in my mind, which I just had to get out. She has also said that they built the song from the bottom up, also noting that it is important that my songs start from an organic source. According to Duffy, Mercy is autobiographical and is about sexual liberty, Duffy has also said in an interview with Observer Music Monthly that she sings Mercy several times a day and its just like having sex every time. According to Mark Edward Nero of About. com, the song is a tale of lust, in an interview with HitQuarters Booker said he searching for a song that you could imagine sending the audience crazy on the 1960s UK pop show Ready Steady Go
