1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Girls' Generation
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Girls Generation, also known as SNSD, is a South Korean girl group formed by S. M. The group is composed of eight members, Taeyeon, Sunny, Tiffany, Hyoyeon, Yuri, Sooyoung, Yoona, originally a nine-piece group, Girls Generation debuted in 2007 with their Korean eponymous debut album. Girls Generation further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles Tell Me Your Wish, Oh. and Run Devil Run, in mid-2010, Girls Generation signed with Nayutawave Records to venture into the Japanese music scene. The groups third Korean studio album The Boys was released in October 2011, an English version of the single The Boys was released by Interscope Records in an attempt to expand the groups endeavor to the global music scene. Their fifth Korean studio album, Lion Heart, was released in 2015, Girls Generations signature musical styles are characterized as electropop and bubblegum pop, though their sounds have varied widely, incorporating various genres including hip hop, R&B, and EDM. They have sold over 4.4 million albums and 30 million digital singles as of 2012, the groups immense popularity in their native country South Korea has earned them numerous accolades and the titles The Nations Singers and The Nations Girl Group. Girls Generation is also deemed one of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave and they are the first Asian girl group to achieve five music videos with over 100 million views on YouTube, Gee, I Got a Boy, The Boys, Mr. Taxi, and Oh. Because their name consists of Chinese roots, the name is similar in Chinese and Japanese, in Japan the groups name is pronounced as Shōjo Jidai. Prior to the debut, some of the members were already involved in the entertainment industry. Yoona had gone through about 200 auditions for music videos, dramas, Sooyoung was exposed to the Japanese music scene as a member of a pop duo named Route θ, which disbanded one year after its debut in 2002. The first member of the group to join S. M, entertainments training system was Jessica in 2000, after she and her sister, Krystal Jung, were scouted in a mall in South Korea during a family vacation. That same year, members Sooyoung and Hyoyeon were cast into S. M. s training system through the 2000 S. M, Open Audition, in which Hyoyeon danced for her audition. Yuri was the next Girls Generation member to become an S. M. trainee after coming second in the 2001 S. M, Yoona was cast the following year through the 2002 S. M. Saturday Open Casting Audition, where she sang and danced to her favorite singers, BoA, Seohyun, the groups youngest member, was scouted in the subway by an S. M. scout, she then auditioned in 2003, singing childrens songs. The groups leader, Taeyeon, was cast in 2004 after winning first place in the S. M and that same year, member Tiffany auditioned at S. M. s Starlight Casting System in Los Angeles, and joined the company in October 2004. The final member of the group to be added was Sunny, at Starworld, she trained to debut in a duo named Sugar, which never debuted. In 2007, on the recommendation of Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki, Entertainment and became a member of Girls Generation. In July 2007, Girls Generation had their first stage performance on Mnets School of Rock, on August 5,2007, the group officially made their debut on SBSs Inkigayo, where they performed the same song
3.
Gee (EP)
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Gee is the first extended play by South Korean girl group Girls Generation. It was released on January 5,2009 by S. M, Gee also went to #1 on SBSs 인기가요 a week after their return. Gee first tied with Nobody by the Wonder Girls for the longest-running #1 on music portal M. Net, the song then broke the record by staying on top a seventh week, and remained in the position for an eighth week. It also tied then broke the record for longest-running #1 on KBSs Music Bank, Gee achieved its ninth #1 on the show on March 13,2009 and received its 10th #1 win on June 26,2009. Gee topped Cyworlds hourly music chart on the release day. The song also went number one on all digital music charts within two days. Gee achieved number song of the decade which was given them by one of Korea’s most popular online music websites. According to their agency SM Entertainment, the album sold nearly 65,000 copies, Gee was able to sell more than 100,000 copies. Girls Generation – main and backing vocals Lee Soo Man – producer Gee at Discogs Gee at ManiaDB
4.
Girls' Generation (2011 album)
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Girls Generation is the debut Japanese album by South Korean Girls Generation, released by Nayutawave Records and Universal Music Japan on June 1,2011. A repackaged edition of the album, The Boys, was released on December 28,2011, to promote the album, Girls Generation embarked on their first Japan concert tour, The First Japan Arena Tour. With the aid of their album, the album has officially shipped over 1 million copies as of January 11,2012. After releasing three singles in the Japanese market, including Genie, Gee, and Mr. Taxi/Run Devil Run, a music video for the track Bad Girl was released on August 11. Other tracks in the album, Mr. Taxi and Let It Rain, were used as the music for various versions of Girls Generations CF with Lipton Tea. Girls Generation became the highest earning foreign artist in Japan for the first half of 2011, on December 28, the group released a repackaged version of the album, Re, package Album Girls Generation ~The Boys~. It includes a Japanese version of their international hit The Boys, and remixed versions of The Great Escape, Bad Girl, Mr. Taxi, a music video for Time Machine was released on March 13,2012. The start of the tour was postponed to May 31,2011 because of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, due to overwhelming demand, with up to 300,000 applicants applying for tickets, additional stops were added to the tour. The tour was named as The First Japan Arena Tour, Girls Generation received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Nevertheless, he lauded it as an album and regarded the record as an improvement on the groups previous Korean releases. Hadfield also labelled Girls Generation one of the best J-pop albums, spins editor Chuck Eddy picked Bad Girl as a highlight on the album, calling it over-the-top and Latin-freestyle-emoted track. On Amazon Japan, the edition sold very well and rose quickly to No.1 on the pre-order chart while the limited edition was ranked 7th. On various Japanese album stores, Girls Generation was the No.1 pre-ordered album with over 300,000 units expected to be shipped, one month after the album release, Oricon reported a total sales of 211,972 copies. The album placed second on the Oricon Monthly Album Chart for the month of June, on December 19,2011, Oricon reported that Girls Generation sold over 542,054 copies in the 2011 calendar year to rank 5th place on the Oricon Yearly Album Chart. On June 8,2012, the RIAJ certified the album Million for shipping over a million copies, the previous record holder was the original soundtrack for the Korean drama Winter Sonata, which remained in the Top 10 for 16 weeks. The album was released in three different editions, Deluxe Limited First Press Edition, Limited Pressing Edition, and the Regular Edition. A repackaged Edition was released later, Limited Pressing Edition comes in a slipcase with a 32-page photobook and a bonus DVD featuring the same contents at the Deluxe Limited First Press Edition except Mr. Taxis dance version. Regular Edition comes in a jewel case with a lyrics-only booklet
5.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
6.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
7.
K-pop
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K-pop is a music genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. The more modern form of the genre emerged with one of the earliest K-pop groups, Seo Taiji and Boys and their experimentation with different styles of music reshaped Koreas music scene. As a result, the integration of foreign musical elements has now become common practice with K-pop artists, K-pop entered the Japanese market at the turn of the 21st century and rapidly grew into a subculture among teenagers and young adults of East and Southeast Asia. Although K-pop generally refers to South Korean popular music, some consider it to be an all-encompassing genre exhibiting a vast spectrum of musical and visual elements, the French Institut national de laudiovisuel defines K-pop as a fusion of synthesized music, sharp dance routines and fashionable, colorful outfits. Songs typically consist of one or a mixture of pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, Management agencies in South Korea offer binding contracts to potential artists, sometimes at a young age. Trainees live together in an environment and spend many hours a day learning music, dance, foreign languages. This robotic system of training is often criticized by Western media outlets, in 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that the cost of training one Korean pop idol under S. M. K-pop is a product that features “values, identity and meanings that go beyond their strictly commercial value. ”It is characterized by a mixture of Western sounds with an Asian aspect of performance. It has been remarked that there is a vision of modernization inherent in Korean pop culture, for some, the transnational values of K-pop are responsible for its success. Many agencies have presented new idol groups to an audience through a debut showcase, groups are given a name and a concept, along with a marketing hook. Sometimes sub-units or sub-groups are formed among existing members, an example subgroup is Super Junior-K. R. Y. Which consists of members Kyuhyun, Ryeowook, and Yesung, and Super Junior-M, online marketing includes music videos posted to YouTube in order to reach a worldwide audience. Prior to the video, the group releases teaser photos. Promotional cycles of subsequent singles are called comebacks even when the musician or group in question did not go on hiatus, modern K-pop is marked by its use of English phrases. In 1995, the percentage of song titles using English in the top 50 charts was 8% and this fluctuated between 30% in 2000, 18% in 2005, and 44% in 2010. Similarly, increasing numbers of K-pop bands use English names rather than Korean ones and this allows songs and artists to be marketed to a wider audience around the world. An example of a Korean song with a proportion of English lyrics is Kara’s Jumping. Increasingly, foreign songwriters and producers are employed to work on songs for K-pop idols, such as will. i. am, musicians, including rappers such as Akon, Kanye West, Ludacris, and Snoop Dogg, have also featured on K-pop songs
8.
Bubblegum pop
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Bubblegums classic period ran from 1967 to 1972. A second wave of bubblegum started two years later and ran until 1977 when disco took over and punk rock emerged, the genre was predominantly a singles phenomenon rather than an album-oriented one. Because many acts were manufactured in the studio using session musicians, singer Tommy Roe, arguably, had the most bubblegum hits of any artist during this period, notably 1969s Dizzy. The songs typically have singalong choruses, seemingly childlike themes and a contrived innocence, bubblegum songs are also defined as having a catchy melody, simple chords, simple harmonies, dancy beats, repetitive riffs or hooks and a vocally-multiplied refrain. The song lyrics often feature themes of love and personal happiness, with references to sunshine, platonic love, toys, colors, nonsense words. They are also notable for their frequent reference to food, including sugar, honey, butterscotch, jelly. Cross-marketing with cereal and bubblegum manufacturers also strengthened the link between bubblegum songs and confectionery, cardboard records by The Archies, The Banana Splits, The Jackson 5, The Monkees, Bobby Sherman, Josie and the Pussycats, H. R. Producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeff Katz have claimed credit for coining the term pop, saying that when they discussed their target audience, they decided it was teenagers. And at the time we used to be chewing bubblegum, and my partner and I used to look at it and laugh and say, Ah, the term was seized upon by Buddah Records label executive Neil Bogart. Music writer and bubblegum historian Bill Pitzonka confirmed the claim, telling Goldmine magazine, Kasenetz and Katz really crystallized it when they came up with the term themselves and that nice little analogy. And Neil Bogart, being the person he was, just crammed it down the throats of people. Thats really the point at which bubblegum took off, a breeding ground for the genre has also been found in the field of 1960s garage rock, the songs of which shared an overriding simplicity with bubblegum. Garage and bubblegum groups were also both generally singles acts, between those two camps emerged Florida group The Royal Guardsmen, who scored a US No.2 hit in 1966 with their novelty hit Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron, and The Fifth Estate, whose 1967 song Ding-Dong, the Witch Is Dead reached No.11 in the US. Although the band began as a prefabricated, fictional rock group concocted to sell records and TV advertising time, in May 1968, The Ohio Express also scored a No.4 hit with Yummy Yummy Yummy. The song was released as an Ohio Express single without Levines knowledge, two follow-ups, Down at Lulus and Chewy Chewy, also charted – both featuring vocals by Levine, and neither featuring any members of Ohio Express. The real Ohio Express toured, supporting The Who and Hermans Hermits, with bassist Dean Kastran performing the vocals for the hits, Kasenetz and Katz also scored on Bell Records in early 1969 with Gimme Gimme Good Lovin by another manufactured band, Crazy Elephant. The dominance of the Kasenetz–Katz team was challenged in 1969 by music publisher Don Kirshner and Hanky Pankys co-author, a battered and resentful Kirshner envisioned a manufactured group over which he could have permanent and total control, Filmations cartoon band The Archies, based on the Archie Comics characters
9.
Dance-pop
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Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable, the genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions. Dance-pop borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producer, artist, such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, new jack swing, funk, synthpop, electropop and some forms of europop. Dance-pop is a mainstream style of music and there have been numerous pop artists. As the term started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as post-disco, club. Dance-pop music emerged in the 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs. In the beginning of the 80s disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, according to prominent Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna launched dance-pop and set the standard for the genre for the two decades. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album drew the blueprint for future dance-pop, in the 1980s dance-pop was closely aligned to other up-tempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, during the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk, new jack swing, and contemporary R&B. Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, by the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, during the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music, as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a song called Believe which made usage of a technological innovation of the time. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch, since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music. Celine Dion also released a dance-pop song Thats the Way It Is by the end of 1999 and it has a moderately slow tempo but an up-beat song. At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop often borrowed a lot of its influences from urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson, in Madonnas case, her album Music contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single. Britney Spears album Blackout contained influences of Euro disco, the mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry
10.
Electropop
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Electropop is a variant of synth-pop that places more emphasis on a harder, electronic sound. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 2000s, the media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars and indeed, saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, lady Gaga had major commercial success since 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, the second album by British singer Lily Allen released in 2009 called Its Not Me, Its You is largely electropop as opposed to her first ska album. Other female electropop acts that emerged were Ladyhawke, Kesha, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears, Selena Gomez, Elly Jackson of La Roux and Perfume. The Korean pop music scene has become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, F. Male acts that have emerged included British writer and producer Taio Cruz, who charted well in the U. S. along with one-man act Owl City, who had a U. S. number-one single, DJ Kaskade, and LMFAO. Singer Michael Angelakos of the Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, so everything weve been put on to is electronic in nature. Music Projects with Propellerhead Reason, Grooves, Beats and Styles from Trip Hop to Techno
11.
S.M. Entertainment
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Entertainment is a South Korean entertainment company established in 1995 by Lee Soo-man. It is currently one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea, the company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. The label is home to prominent K-pop artists such as BoA, TVXQ, TRAX, The Grace, Super Junior, Girls Generation, SHINee, f, EXO, Red Velvet, NCT, and formerly to pioneering groups H. O. T. Fly to the Sky, and Shinhwa and it also manages a number of actors, including Kim Min-jong and Lee Yeon-hee. Entertainment co-publishes Avex Trax releases for artists including Ayumi Hamasaki, Namie Amuro, Entertainment had reported revenues of KR₩325 billion and a net income of KR₩21.7 billion. After graduating from California State University, Northridge in the United States, Lee Soo-man returned to Korea and established SM Studio in Apgujeong-dong, Gangnam, the business changed its name to S. M. Entertainment and set up its capital fund in February 1995 with Jung Hae-ik as CEO, Kim Kyung-wook became CEO of the company in 1998. In December 2000, S. M. became affiliated with Fandago Korea, in January 2001, the company founded an overseas division, S. M. Around the same time, the company was approved for listing on KOSDAQ, the subsidiaries BM Entertainment and Cid. K Entertainment were also formed, but later became defunct as the groups disbanded, April 2002 saw shares increase by 1,341,180, and in June, an additional 61,048 as a result of third-party capital. In late 2002, S. M. was awarded the Grand Prix of Ministry of Culture, in 2003, S. M. became affiliated with Starlight Corporation Ltd. and C-Cube Entertainment Corporation. The same year, the company debuted five-member boy group TVXQ, the following years saw the debuts of artists such as TRAX, The Grace, and Super Junior. In 2005, Kim Young-min became the companys third CEO, under whom several artists debuted with a view to promoting outside of South Korea. Artists debuting under S. M. at this time were solo singer of Chinese descent Zhang Liyin, Japanese-language soloist J-Min, Girls Generation, SHINee, in April 2008, a Mandarin-language subunit of Super Junior was formed, Super Junior-M. In October 2008, S. M. announced plans for a debut in the United States for BoA under subsidiary label SM Entertainment USA, in May 2008 the SM Art Company was formed with Pyo In-bong as co-CEO, aiming to produce musical and theatre works. Its first production was of Xanadu, which starred Super Junior members Heechul, in March, KMP Holdings was established as a joint venture between S. M. Entertainment, YG Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, Star Empire, Medialine, CAN Entertainment, the firms first release from S. M. was Super Juniors fifth studio album, Mr. Simple, which marked the end of S. M. s self-distribution. In May, S. M. announced its highest ever first quarter operating profits, at KR₩10.4 billion, gross revenue was reported at KR₩22.7 billion, a 58% increase on the previous year
12.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
13.
Baby Baby (Girls' Generation song)
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Baby Baby is the fourth single from album Girls Generation and later became a title track of its repackaged version with the same name by South Korean girl group Girls Generation. It was released on March 17,2008 through SM Entertainment and it was the lead single of the repackage of Girls Generation, titled Baby Baby who was released on March 17,2008. The album was released in two versions, each features the same contents, however the cover art used for one of them was used as back cover for the other one. A MV for Baby Baby was released as well, containing scenes of the Making of video of the Girls Generation MV, the song was written and produced by Hwang Seong Je and Yoo Jenny. Girls Generation had their performance on Music Bank, on March 21,2008. The group also performed Baby Baby on various shows such as Music Core, Inkigayo and M. Countdown in March. The album promotions was concluded on April 13,2008 at Inkigayo, the music video for Baby Baby was released on March 17. The Music Video consists of behind the scene footage from music videos
14.
Tell Me Your Wish (Genie) (song)
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Tell Me Your Wish is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls Generation for their second extended play of the same name. It was released on June 22,2009 as a single from the EP, musically, Genie carried on the groups phase of bubblegum pop music from their debut. Lyrically, the song discusses the elements of love and relationships and it received generally positive reviews from music critics, many of whom highlighted the track as one of the highlights on the EP. The single was well received domestically, achieving the top spots on music programs Inkigayo, a Japanese-language version of the song was recorded for the groups eponymous Japanese debut album and was released as their debut single in Japan in August 2011. It was a success in the country, peaking at number four on the Oricon Singles Chart. The single received certifications by the Recording Industry Association of Japan on three platforms–physical sales, digital sales, and chaku-uta. The song was included on the setlists of Girls Generations several concert tours, including Into the New World, The First Japan Arena Tour, there are two versions of Tell Me Your Wish, a Korean version, and a Japanese version. The Korean and Japanese version was written by Yoo Young-jin, whilst the latter having co-written by Kanata Nakamura, Young-jin had originally composed a demo melody for an undisclosed artist outside of the groups label S. M. Entertainment purchased the rights for the song and decided to recommend it to Girls Generation, as a result, the song was originally composed in English as I Just Wanna Dance, but Young-Jin decided to scrap the idea after both sets of lyrics were written. Both versions were the groups first singles to be composed and produced by Western producers, musically, both versions carried on the groups phase of bubblegum pop music since their debut in 2007. According to Chucky Eddy from Spin, he found that the composition was inspired by super-light-footed Italo disco, a staff reviewer from CD Journal noticed musical elements of electropop and said the lyrics incorporates metaphorical uses of a lamp, genie, and Aladdan as themes of love and lust. The song features a synthesized intro performed by TVXQs Micky Yoochun, heard at the start of the Korean version, with the line, Just turn it up, thats right, come on. His voice is used in the Korean music video, with the lines Hey. Critic Lee Mun-won says that the song employs inspirations from trance, Tell Me Your Wish was released digital on June 22,2009 in South Korea, addressed through the titled. In Japan, the song, using the title Genie, was released on September 8,2010 as the groups debut Japanese single, the Japanese Maxi CD and DVD format of the single contains the Japanese version, the Korean version, and the karaoke version of the former. The cover sleeve for both formats features Girls Generation in different black and gold dresses, all standing in front of a white backdrop, Tell Me Your Wish and Genie received positive reviews from most music critics. Chucky Eddy from Spin highlighted Genie as one of the best tracks from their self-titled album, a staff reviewer from CD Journal reviewed the groups debut greatest hits album The Best. The reviewer commended the track by labelling it an impressive lets dance track with high quality performances by each member
15.
Korean language
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It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
16.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
17.
Techno
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Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s. The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a genre of music was in 1988. Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built. Added to this is the influence of futuristic and fictional themes relevant to life in American late capitalist society, pioneering producer Juan Atkins cites Tofflers phrase techno rebels as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the referred to as afrofuturism. To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the body to the machine is often a central preoccupation, in this manner, techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness. Stylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, oftentimes produced for use in a continuous DJ set, the tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute, depending on the style of techno. The creative use of production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound, drum machines from the 1980s such as Rolands TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers. The Electrifying Mojo was the first radio DJ to play music by the Detroit techno producers Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Mojo refused to follow pre-established radio formats or playlists, and he promoted social and cultural awareness of the African American community. In exploring technos origins writer Kodwo Eshun maintains that Kraftwerk are to Techno what Muddy Waters is to the Rolling Stones, the authentic, the origin, the real. Juan Atkins has acknowledged that he had an enthusiasm for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, particularly Moroders work with Donna Summer. Atkins also mentions that around 1980 I had a tape of nothing but Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder and Gary Numan, and Id ride around in my car playing it. Regarding his initial impression of Kraftwerk, Atkins notes that they were clean, Derrick May identified the influence of Kraftwerk and other European synthesizer music in commenting that it was just classy and clean, and to us it was beautiful, like outer space. Living around Detroit, there was so little beauty, everything is an ugly mess in Detroit, and so we were attracted to this music. May has commented that he considered his music a direct continuation of the European synthesizer tradition and he also identified Japanese synthpop act Yellow Magic Orchestra, particularly member Ryuichi Sakamoto, and British band Ultravox, as influences, along with Kraftwerk. In 1980 or 1981 they met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for his show, which they did end up doing the following year. These young promoters developed and nurtured the local music scene by both catering to the tastes of the local audience of young people and by marketing parties with new DJs
18.
Music Bank (TV series)
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Music Bank is a South Korean music program which airs every Friday at 17,00 KST on KBS2. As of 2015, the show is also broadcast in more than a hundred countries through KBS World, episodes are filmed at the KBS New Wing Open Hall in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu. Since November 2016, it is hosted by Lee Seo-won and Laboums Solbin, past hosts include Song Hye-kyo, Rain, Ji Sung, Song Joong-ki, Uee, Yoon Bo-ra, Park Seo-joon, Irene and Park Bo-gum. Prior to Music Bank, Top 10 Songs debuted in 1981 airing live at 6, 30PM on Fridays and aired until 1998. For the first few months of 1998, Bravo New Generation took its place, the chart format that was used since Top 10 Songs was abandoned in late 2001 due to controversy and was changed into a request format. In 2005, the show was moved to Sunday afternoons at 12, 45PM, due to sinking ratings, in September 2007, the show returned to its original timeslot of Fridays evenings at 6,30 PM and returned to a live format. The charts were revived as category-based charts, in January 2008, the category-based charts were combined into the K-Chart which is the familiar countdown chart and the only program to do so. In June 2008, the show extended to 70 minutes, airing from 6,30 PM to 7,40 PM making it the longest music program on air. In November 2008, as part of the Autumn format changes, in May 2010, as part of the Spring format changes, the show began airing from 5,50 PM to 7,10 PM for 80 minutes. On August 27,2010, Music Bank began airing live to 54 different countries around the world through KBS World, and included new interactive features for international viewers through Twitter. On November 11,2011, as part of the Autumn format changes, in August 2012, Asian American cable network Myx TV began airing the first English dubbed version of Music Bank. Since October 25,2013, the show airing for 80 minutes from 6, 30pm to 7, 50pm, following KBS Global 24. K-Chart is the charts of Music Bank. The charts are calculated by combining the Digital Music Charts, Album Sales, Number of times broadcast on KBS TV only, and Viewers Choice Charts. The Top 50 songs of the week are featured on the show, where the Top 21-50 songs are shown via marquee, the hosts then showcase the Top Two songs and announce who will be the winner of the week. The Number 1 song on the chart is the winner of that weeks chart, during the last week of June, the most popular song of the first half of the year is awarded the Music Bank First Half 1st Place award. During the last week of December, the Music Bank 1st Place award is awarded to the most popular song of the entire year, prior to the combined K-Charts, category-based charts were used. From September to December 2007, every week a different category was featured, technically, each category would only be featured once a month
19.
Inkigayo
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Inkigayo is a South Korean music program broadcast by SBS. It airs live every Sunday at 12,10 PM KST, the show features some of the latest and most popular artists who perform on stage. Since February 5,2017, it is hosted by Park Jin-young, Kim Ji-soo and it is broadcast from the SBS Open Hall in Deungchon-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul. Inkigayo debuted as SBS Popular Song in 1991 as a chart show and it was later revived in 1998 with its original title and format. In 2003, the format was removed and was replaced by Take 7, where seven of the most popular artists from the week are featured. In spring 2007, the changed from a recorded broadcast to a live broadcast in an effort to boost ratings. On November 2,2008, the program moved from 3,20 pm to 4,10 pm Sunday afternoons, airing before Good Sunday, in spring 2010, the program expanded to 70 minutes beginning at 3,50 pm every Sunday. Therefore, we have decided to abolish the system after much discussion, there’s really no meaning behind a ranking system. We have decided to undergo this change in hopes that viewers can just enjoy the music, there are a lot of K-Pop stars in the music industry that have talent. We wanted to free from the repetitive system, in which artists release new songs and perform. For viewers to enjoy the music, we will have more collaboration stages, the revamped show, without Take 7 and Mutizen Song award, began on July 15,2012. On March 3,2013, the announced the revival of the chart system with Inkigayo Chart. The new chart is a collaboration with the Music Industry Association of Koreas Gaon Chart, starting on October 2,2016, the program changed its broadcasting time from 3,50 pm to 12,10 pm. Along with the time change, the program changed its logo. Every week, a rookie artist or group performed live on stage, at the end of the month, a Super Rookie was chosen, through votes from the Inkigayo homepage, and was featured that month. This segment ended at the end of 2010, formerly known as Mobile Ranking, the Digital Music Charts takes into consideration the popularity of songs through downloads on mobile phones as well as downloads on music sites. Every week, it features five ranks with a special guest to host the segment, throughout each episode, various artists are featured in campaign songs that raise awareness for certain topics or issues. Such campaigns include, safe driving, drinking milk, piracy, Take 7 is the representative segment of Inkigayo
20.
Japanese language
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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
21.
Recording Industry Association of Japan
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The Recording Industry Association of Japan is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry. It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association, the RIAJs activities include promotion of music sales, enforcement of copyright law, and research related to the Japanese music industry. It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book, a summary of each years music sales. The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan, in 1989, the Recording Industry Association of Japan introduced the music recording certification systems. It is awarded based on shipment figures of compact disc or cassette tape which was reported by record labels, in principle, the criteria are limitedly applied to the materials released after January 21,1989. Currently, all music sales including singles, albums, digital download singles are on the same criteria, unlike many countries, the highest certification is not called Diamond or Platinum, but Million. Before the unification of criteria and introduction of music videos category in July 2003, certifications for songs and albums released digitally began on September 20,2006, using download data collected since the early 2000s. From 2006 until 2013, there were three categories for certifications, Chaku-uta, Chaku-uta Full and PC Haishin for songs purchased on services such as iTunes, on February 28,2014, the Chaku-uta Full and PC categories were merged to create the Single Track category. And Hikaru Utadas sixth studio album Fantôme among others, Avex Group¹ Avex Entertainment Being Inc
22.
Girls' Generation (2007 album)
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Girls Generation is the self-titled debut album by South Korean girl group Girls Generation. A reissue titled Baby Baby was subsequently released on March 13,2008, into the New World, was initially released as Girls Generations debut single, on August 2,2007. The group started promoting the song on the SBSs music show The Music Trend on August 5, the second single, Girls Generation, written and produced by Lee Seung-Chul and Song Jae Jun, was released on November 1,2007. The song was sung by Lee Seung-Chul in the 1980s. The original singer later appeared on KMs M. Countdown with the group to perform the song together, in early 2008, Girls Generation began promoting their third single, Kissing You. The song won the group their first K-chart win, after achieving the number one position on the KBSs Music Bank February chart and it also achieved the number one spot on three major TV music rankings, SBSs Inkigayo, Mnets M. Countdown. and KBSs Music Bank. The music video for the song contained scenes of the Making of video of the Girls Generation MV, the fourth single, Baby Baby was released on March 17,2008. It was the single of the repackaged album of the same name. Within its first month of release, the album sold 49,438 copies and was the 2nd best-selling album of November 2007 in South Korea, the album sold a total of 56,804 copies in 2007, becoming the 12th best-selling album of the year in the country. The album surpassed 100,000 sales mark in March 2008, in doing so, as of September 2008, the albums total sales figures combined with those of the reissue Baby Baby have exceeded 126,269 units. Credits for Girls Generation are adapted from AllMusic
23.
Dancing Queen (Girls' Generation song)
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Dancing Queen is a Korean song by South Korean girl group Girls Generation. It was released on December 21,2012 as the single from their fourth Korean studio album. Recorded in 2008, the song was scheduled to be released as the title track for the groups first extended play. Nevertheless, the plan was withdrawn, and Gee and the titular EP was released instead, Dancing Queen is a remake of the 2008 single Mercy by Duffy. It is the first Korean material released by the group after a hiatus from the South Korean music scene to focus on the Japanese music market with their 2012 album Girls & Peace. The song received positive reviews from music critics, who favored its funky pop production as opposed to the groups signature electropop styles. Commercially, the single peaked atop the Gaon Digital Chart and at two on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100, and has sold over 500,000 digital units. Girls Generation performed Dancing Queen and I Got a Boy live on M. Countdown on January 3,2013, the group also performed it on their MBC comeback special, Girls Generations Romantic Fantasy. Dancing Queen sold 139,344 copies after its first day of sales and it also debuted at number two on K-Pop Hot 100. It has sold over 580,428 copies, the music video was released on December 21,2012 at 10 a. m. KST via Korean music site Naver, most of the video was originally filmed in 2008, while being bookended with scenes from the music video for I Got A Boy. The outfits and the featured in the music video were instead reworked into what would become Gee. The music video, with a time of 4 minutes,23 seconds, has a time machine plot. The video begins with the members in a pink doll-like room, yoona opens up a present to find a small device. The group quickly gathers around and finds out it is a machine which brings them back to the year 2008 from 2013. The room transforms into a retro-style diner, Tiffany turns on a jukebox with Jessica while they sing the intro. The first verse mainly focuses on the diner, while in the diner, the video transitions from each members line in a pan-order around the diner. The second verse is focused on the set, wearing white shirts
24.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
25.
Duffy (singer)
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Duffy is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress. Born in Gwynedd, Wales, she was introduced to Jeannette Lee of Rough Trade Records, following the release of the singles Rockferry and Mercy, the latter reaching singles charts worldwide, Duffy released her 2008 debut album Rockferry. The album entered the UK Album Chart at number one, the album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 7 million copies worldwide, spawning further successful singles. In 2009, she won three Brit Awards for British Breakthrough, Best British Female and Best British Album, in 2010, Duffy released her second album Endlessly. She has since appeared in, and contributed music to, the films Secret Love and Legend and she was partly raised in Nefyn with her twin sister, Katy Ann, and older sister Kelly Ann, who was born in 1980. Duffys parents divorced when she was 10 and she moved to Letterston, near the Pembrokeshire town of Fishguard with her mother, Duffy attended Ysgol Nefyn, Gwynedd on the Llyn Peninsula and Sir Thomas Picton School in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire as a child. At the age of 17, she attended the Pwllheli campus of Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor to study for her A levels and she subsequently went to the University of Chester and studied Commercial Music Production on the Warrington campus. From 2004, she studied Performing Arts at the Parkgate campus, smiths ex-wife, Dawn Watson, was sentenced to a 3½-year jail term for soliciting to murder. Smith had previously beaten up Watsons new husband Marc Watson, who had also accused Smith of being violent towards his ex-partner whilst they were together, I felt so ill, Duffy recounted in 2008, as reported by the NME and the Sun. Duffy describes living in the house as a dog-eat-dog, claustrophobic. At age 15, she ran back to her fathers home in Nefyn. Duffy said in retrospect, It was a thing to do. Her mother and her sisters did not speak to her for about a year afterward, in reaction to her parents break-up, the following three years were a rebellious period that included binge drinking and stealing a rowing boat. After finishing her GCSEs in Pembrokeshire, Duffy returned to Nefyn, to live with her father, when she was fifteen, Duffy then spent six weeks in Switzerland, collaborating with the writer-producer Soren Mounir, under the name Soulego. She was advised by a lecturer at Chester University to Go on the dole, love and she also built up a following at Alexanders, a local jazz and blues club in Chester, performing with guitarist David Burton from the band The Invisible Wires. Duffy returned to Wales in 2003 and was invited to appear on Wawffactor and she was expected to win but came second to winner Lisa Pedrick. In 2004, following success on Wawffactor, Duffy recorded a three-song Welsh extended play, titled Aimée Duffy and it later achieved 2008 Welsh chart success, charting at number-one on the Siart C2 music chart. Duffy, now in demand, appeared on Mint Royales See You in the Morning as a back-up singer
26.
Mercy (Duffy song)
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Mercy is a song performed by Welsh singer Duffy, released as the second single from her debut studio album, Rockferry. Co-written by Duffy and Steve Booker and produced by Booker, it was released worldwide in 2008 to critical acclaim, as Duffys first international release, the song is credited with firmly establishing her career and is now considered her signature song. Mercy received comparisons to Duffys previous single, Rockferry, Mercy peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart in February 2008, remaining at the top of the chart for five weeks. Mercy was nominated for awards in 2008, including the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards. Well received by the public, Mercy went on to become the single of 2008 in the United Kingdom. The song achieved chart success, with Duffy attributing this to the fact that everyone is searching for liberty. From themselves or from the world created around them and everyone would like to be set free. It is Duffys best-selling single to date, the Glee version charted on the UK Singles Chart and in Ireland, and Duffy herself performed the song for the Live Lounge. The song was performed live at music festivals as well as on Duffys 2008–09 tour. The main-release music video, directed by Daniel Wolfe, has been viewed on video sharing website YouTube over 60 million times, Mercy was written by Duffy and Steve Booker during the final stages of completion for Rockferry. Duffy first met Booker by chance because she bought the flat in Ladbroke Grove that Booker had been renting, bookers girlfriend met Duffy and then introduced the pair. Duffy has later noted of the experience, We went for coffee, I asked Jeanette what she thought and she just said, we’ve made this record so go and have fun, be creative. By the end of hanging out in the studio for two weeks we had Mercy and Stepping Stone. Duffy had already written the lyrics to Mercy before her meeting with Steve Booker, although she has said that she never a plan as that always fails. Duffy has noted that recording with Booker, Mercy was like this melodic poem in my mind, which I just had to get out. She has also said that they built the song from the bottom up, also noting that it is important that my songs start from an organic source. According to Duffy, Mercy is autobiographical and is about sexual liberty, Duffy has also said in an interview with Observer Music Monthly that she sings Mercy several times a day and its just like having sex every time. According to Mark Edward Nero of About. com, the song is a tale of lust, in an interview with HitQuarters Booker said he searching for a song that you could imagine sending the audience crazy on the 1960s UK pop show Ready Steady Go
27.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
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Mannequin
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A mannequin is an often articulated doll used by artists, tailors, dressmakers, windowdressers and others especially to display or fit clothing. During the 1950s, mannequins were used in tests to help show the effects of nuclear weapons on humans. Mannequin comes from the French word mannequin, which had acquired the meaning an artists jointed model, in early use in the United Kingdom, it referred to fashion models themselves, the meaning as a dummy dating from the start of World War II. Shop mannequins are derived from forms used by fashion houses for dress making. The use of mannequins originated in the 15th century, when miniature milliners mannequins were used to demonstrate fashions for customers, full-scale, wickerwork mannequins came into use in the mid-18th century. Wirework mannequins were manufactured in Paris from 1835, the first fashion mannequins, made of papier-mâché, were made in France in the mid-19th century. Mannequins were later made of wax to produce a more lifelike appearance, in the 1920s, wax was supplanted by a more durable composite made with plaster. Modern day mannequins are made from a variety of materials, the ones being fiberglass. The fiberglass mannequins are usually more expensive than the ones, tend to be not as durable. Mannequins are used primarily by retail stores as in-store displays or window decoration, however, many online sellers also use them to display their products for their product photos. Historically, artists have often used articulated mannequins as an aid in drawing draped figures, the advantage of this is that clothing or drapery arranged on a mannequin may be kept immobile for far longer than would be possible by using a living model. Medical simulation mannequins, models or related artefacts such as SimMan and these are sometimes also referred to as virtual patients. The term manikin refers exclusively to these types of models, though mannequin is often also used, in first aid courses manikins may be used to demonstrate methods of giving first aid. Fire and coastguard services use mannequins to practice life-saving procedures, the mannequins have similar weight distribution to a human. Special obese mannequins and horse mannequins have also made for similar purposes. Mannequins were a frequent motif in the many early 20th-century artists, notably the Metaphysical painters Giorgio de Chirico, Alberto Savinio. Shop windows displaying mannequins were a frequent photographic subject for Eugene Atget, the Twilight Zone episode The After Hours involves mannequins taking turns living in the real world as people. Mannequins are a theme in horror fiction
29.
Choi Min-ho (entertainer)
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Choi Min-ho, better known by the mononym Minho, is a South Korean singer, actor, presenter and promotional model. He debuted as the rapper of the group Shinee in May 2008. Minho debuted as an actor in November 2010 in a KBS2s drama special and he has since had roles in SBSs sitcom, Salamander Guru and The Shadows, To the Beautiful You, Medical Top Team, Because Its The First Time and Hwarang, The Poet Warrior Youth. He made his big debut in 2016 with the movie Canola. Minho was discovered at the 2006 S. M, Minho modeled for Ha Sang Baeks Seoul Collection F/W 08-09 in March 2008. In 2008, he was chosen as a member of the group Shinee, for Shinees first studio album The Shinee World, he co-wrote the raps to Replay, Love Like Oxygen, Loves Way, One for Me, Graze, and Best Place. One year later, he wrote the rap lyrics for their 2nd mini-album Romeo, he also co-wrote Talk to You, Juliette, Hit Me, in 2009 and 2010 Minho appeared in both the Korean and Japanese versions of Girls Generations music video Gee. He was also featured in the video of VNTs debut song Sound in 2010. In 2009, Minho joined the popular show Lets Go, Dream Team as a regular member. In Shinees third mini-album,2009, Year of Us, he along with fellow member Key, and lyricist JQ, wrote the song Get Down, which features fellow label mate Luna of f. In Shinees second studio album, Lucifer, released in July 2010, he wrote the raps to Up & Down and he co-wrote the songs WOWOWOW with JQ and Shout Out with the fellow members and MISFIT. In the repackaged album Hello, he wrote the rap for the title track Hello, Minho debuted as an actor on 20 November 2010 in a KBS2s drama special, entitled Pianist with actress Han Ji-hye. On 7 December 2011, it was announced that Minho would be taking on an acting role in SBS‘s new sitcom, Salamander Guru and The Shadows. Minho played the role of Min-hyuk, a hacker, alongside actors Im Won-hee. Salamander Guru and The Shadows was SBSs first sitcom in 5 years, the sitcom aired in January 2012. On 26 April 2012, Minho was confirmed to be the role, alongside fs Sulli and Lee Hyun-woo, for the Korean drama To the Beautiful You. The drama started broadcasting on 15 August 2012 on SBS, Minhos character is Kang Tae Joon, a high jump gold medalist who gives up high jumping after being injured. His personal record at the moment is 175 cm, in addition to Shinees second EP Romeo he assisted JQ with Talk to You and Juliette in the raps
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Shinee
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Shinee is a South Korean boy group formed by S. M. The group is composed of five members, Onew, Jonghyun, Key, Minho, the group gained attention for starting a fashion trend amongst students, which the media dubbed the Shinee Trend. In August,2008, the released their first Korean studio album The Shinee World. Shinee further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles Ring Ding Dong, Ring Ding Dong charted on top of several Korean music charts and gained popularity all over Asia. Lucifer was nominated for the Best Dance Performance Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards in 2010 for its outstanding choreography, in 2012 the group released Sherlock, which became the fifth most sold album of the year with over 180,000 copies sold. The group has also included in the Forbes list of Korea Power Celebrity multiple times, once in 2014. In mid-2011, Shinee signed with EMI Records Japan to venture into the Japanese music scene. Their Japanese version of their single Replay sold over 100,000 copies and it was followed by their first Japanese studio album, The First, on December 7,2011 — both were certified Gold by RIAJ for selling over 100,000 copies. In 2011 the group held their Japan Debut Premium Reception at Abbey Road Studios in London making them the first Asian artists to perform there. Two years later released their second Japanese album Boys Meet U, followed by Im Your Boy, D×D×D. Shinees signature musical style is contemporary R&B but the group is known for their sound, incorporating various genres including funk rock, hip hop. The groups popularity in their native country South Korea has earned numerous accolades and titles like Princes of K-pop. Prior to the debut, the label company, SM Entertainment, introduced an upcoming contemporary R&B boy group with its goal to be trendsetters in all areas of music, fashion. The groups Korean name, Shinee is a new coined word and explained as a combination of shine meaning light, and the suffix ee, therefore meaning one who receives the light. On May 22,2008, the groups first EP, Replay, was released, in May 2008, Shinee had their first stage performance on SBSs Inkigayo with their single Replay. In the same month, Shinee subsequently released their first full-length album, The Shinee World, which debuted at number three, selling 30,000 copies. Its title track Sanso Gateun Neo is a cover of Show the World by Martin Hoberg Hedegaard, originally written by the Danish songwriting and production team of Thomas Troelsen, Remee and Lucas Secon. On September 18,2008, the song won first place on M. Countdown making it the groups first win on Korean music shows since debut
31.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
32.
Golden Disc Awards
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The Golden Disc Awards is an awards show founded in 1986 that is presented annually by the Music Industry Association of Korea for outstanding achievements in the music industry in South Korea. It was originally called the Korea Visual and Records Grand Prize Award, the trophy is called Statue of a Woman Playing a Reed Instrument that was designed by professor Kim Soo-hyun. Currently there are seven awards which are not restricted by genre, Grand Prize in Album Releasing, is awarded to the performer of the best of the best full-length album, mini-album from the Records of the Year. Grand Prize in Digital Releasing, is awarded to the performer of the best of the best single, Records of the Year are awarded to the performers of best full-length albums, mini-albums of the year. Records of the Year in Digital Releasing are awarded to the performers of best singles of the year, Record Producer of the Year is awarded to a record producer of the year. Hip Hop Record of the Year is awarded to the performer of the hip hop album of the year, rock Record of the Year is awarded to the performer of the rock album of the year. Pop Record of the Year is awarded to the performer of the pop album of the year, Trot Record of the Year is awarded to the performer of the trot album of the year. Popularity Awards of the Year are awarded to the performers who gained popularity of the year, newcomer Awards of the Year are awarded to the newcomer performers of the year. Special Award is awarded to the performer or the team who gained popularity or outstanding achievement in miscellaneous topics of Korean music industry. Popular M/V of the Year are awarded to the Music Video who gained popularity of the year, @ = Mnet Asian Music Awards Winner § = MelOn Music Awards Winner $ = Nominated Mnet Asian Music Awards. = Nominated MelOn Music Awards Note,2011 did not have an award show, order is listed correctly as announced Note,2011 did not have an award show, it was later moved to 2012 instead. Order is listed correctly as announced, Note,2011 did not have an award show, it was later moved to 2012 instead. Order is listed correctly as announced, Note,2011 did not have an award show, it was later moved to 2012 instead. Order is listed correctly as announced, Note,2011 did not have an award show, it was later moved to 2012 instead. Order is listed correctly as announced, Note,2011 did not have an award show, it was later moved to 2012 instead. Order is listed correctly as announced, the artists with the most awards won in a single category is Super Junior with 7 Popularity Awards,7 Disc Bonsang and 3 Disc Daesang, followed by Jang Yun-jeong for the 4 Trot Award. Kim Gun-mo has won the Disc grand award for three consecutive years, girls Generation has won the grand award for three consecutive years, Digital Daesang, Disc Daesang and Digital Daesang. SG Wannabe has won the award for three consecutive years, Disc Daesang, Digital Daesang, and Disc Daesang
33.
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation
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Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is one of the leading South Korean television and radio networks. Munhwa is the Korean word for culture and its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 11 for Digital. Established on December 2,1961, MBC is a Korean terrestrial broadcaster which has a network of 17 regional stations. Though it operates on advertising, MBC is a broadcaster, as its largest shareholder is a public organization. Today, it is a group with one terrestrial TV channel. ▲ Radio era Launching the first radio broadcast signal from Seoul, ▲ Black & White TV era MBC launched TV broadcasting on August 8,1969, and started to broadcast its main news program MBC Newsdesk on October 5,1970. It reached affiliation deal with 7 commercial stations between 1968 and 1969, and started nationwide TV broadcasting through its 13 affiliated or regional stations, in 1974, FM radio was launched, as MBC took over The Kyunghyang Shinmun. ▲ Color TV Era The first color TV broadcasting was started in December,1980, MBC was separated from The Kyunghyang Shinmun according to the 1981 Basic Press Act. In 1982, it moved into the Yoido headquarters and founded professional baseball team MBC Cheong-ryong, with the live coverage of the 1986 Seoul Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, MBC made a great advancement in scale and technology. ※ MBC Production and MBC Media Tech were merged into MBC C&I in August,2011, ▲ Digital Era As the convergence of broadcasting and communications becomes full-fledged, MBC made its subsidiary iMBC an independent corporation and pursued various internet-related business. Furthermore, it started cable TV satellite TV and new DMB broadcasting, in 2007, MBC established digital production center Ilsan Dream Center, which is equipped with high-tech production facilities. In September 2014, it competed the construction of new headquarters building, in 2001, MBC launched satellite and cable television broadcasting. As part of expansion it created MBC America, a subsidiary based in Los Angeles, United States. On August 1,2008 MBC America launched MBC-D, a television network carried on the subchannels of KSCI-TV, KTSF-TV. The service was planned to be launched in Atlanta, Chicago, in northeast metro Atlanta, it aired on WKTB-CD channel 47.3, but as of 2011 is on WSKC-CD channel 22.1. Corp. established and registered 10/2/1961 – Changed corporate name into Hankuk Munhwa Broadcasting Corp, 9/1/1986 – Unmanned TV relay station established in Ulleungdo Island 12/15/1987 -MBC Standard FM broadcasting launched 1988.9. MBC is devoted to entering foreign markets and expanding the business area and it maintains a close relationship with foreign buyers by participating in major content markets every year such as MIP-TV, MIPCOM, NATPE, BCWW and ATF. In addition, it operates an English web site which introduces various MBC content to the buyers and viewers so that they can easily access its content
34.
Korean Broadcasting System
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Korean Broadcasting System is the national public broadcaster of South Korea. It was founded in 1927, and operates radio, television and online services, KBS began as Kyeongseong Broadcasting Corporation that was established by the Governor-General of Korea on 16 February 1927. This second radio station started using the call sign HLKA in 1947 after the Republic of Korea got the call sign HL of the International Telecommunication Union, after doing a national broadcast, the radio was renamed Seoul Central Broadcasting Station in 1948. Television broadcasts in South Korea began on 12 May 1956 with the first television station HLKZ-TV and it was sold to KBS in 1961. KBS station status changed from government to public broadcasting station on 3 March 1973, construction of KBS headquarters in Yeouido started in 1976. In 1979, KBS radio began broadcasting on the FM wave with the launch of KBS Stereo, in 1981, KBS launched KBS 3TV and Educational FM, and on 27 December 1990, the channels split from KBS to form the Educational Broadcasting System. After a revision of the licensing fee system in 1994. KBS is a public corporation funded by the South Korean government and license fees, as part of the Constitution, the president of KBS is chosen by the President of South Korea, after being recommended by its board of directors. Political parties in South Korea also have the right to name members of the KBS board of directors, around 37. 8% of KBS revenue comes from a mandatory television licence fee of 2,200 won, with another 47. 6% coming from commercial advertisement sales. KBS international output such as KBS World, as well as specialised services such as KBS Radio 3 for the disabled, KBS1 - KBS flagship channel, it broadcasts news and current affairs, education, sports and culture. It launched in 1961 as HLKA-TV and is funded by the license fee. It is available nationally on channel 9, broadcasting via digital terrestrial television, KBS1 also airs public information films and minor entertainment programming, but the majority of which is on KBS2. KBS2 - KBS entertainment and drama channel, it was launched in 1980 as a replacement for the Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation and it is available on digital channel 7 via digital terrestrial television. KBS2 also airs public information films and less news and current affairs programming, KBS UHD - The Ultra High Definition channel. Airs music videos and re-runs of dramas and it is on national terrestrial digital channel 66. KBS1 and KBS2 phased out analogue services on December 31,2012 as part of the switchover to digital television, KBS Prime - A culture and drama channel, launched in 1995 as KBS Satellite 2. It was renamed as KBS Korea in 2002, before becoming Prime, KBS Drama - formerly KBS Sky Drama, it was launched in 2002. KBS N Sports - formerly KBS Sports/KBS Sky Sports, it was launched in 2002
