1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
3.
Evanston, Illinois
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It is one of the North Shore communities that adjoin Lake Michigan and is the home of Northwestern University. The boundaries of the city of Evanston are coterminous with those of the former Evanston Township, prior to the 1830s, the area now occupied by Evanston was mainly uninhabited, consisting largely of wetlands and swampy forest. However, Potawatomi Indians used trails along higher lying ridges that ran in a general direction through the area. French explorers referred to the area as Grosse Pointe after a point of land jutting into Lake Michigan about 13 miles north of the mouth of the Chicago River. The area remained sparsely settled, supporting some farming and lumber activity on some of the higher ground. The 1850 census shows a few hundred settlers in this township, in 1851, a group of Methodist business leaders founded Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. They chose a bluffed and wooded site along the lake as Northwesterns home, purchasing several hundred acres of land from Dr. John Foster, a Chicago farm owner. In 1854, the founders of Northwestern submitted to the county judge their plans for a city to be named Evanston after John Evans, in 1857, the request was granted. The township of Evanston was split off from Ridgeville Township, at approximately the same time, the nine founders, including John Evans, Orrington Lunt, and Andrew Brown, hoped their university would attain high standards of intellectual excellence. Today these hopes have been fulfilled, as Northwestern consistently ranks with the best of the nations universities, Evanston was formally incorporated as a town on December 29,1863, but declined in 1869 to become a city despite the Illinois legislature passing a bill for that purpose. Evanston expanded after the Civil War with the annexation of the village of North Evanston, finally, in early 1892, following the annexation of the village of South Evanston, voters elected to organize as a city. The 1892 boundaries are largely those that exist today, during the 1960s, Northwestern University changed the citys shoreline by adding a 74-acre lakefill. In 1939, Evanston hosted the first NCAA basketball championship final at Northwestern Universitys Patten Gymnasium, in August 1954, Evanston hosted the second assembly of the World Council of Churches, still the only WCC assembly to have been held in the United States. President Dwight Eisenhower welcomed the delegates, and Dag Hammarskjöld, secretary-general of the United Nations, Evanston first received power in April 1893. Many people lined the streets on Emerson St. where the first appearance of lights were lined and turned on. Evanston is the birthplace of Tinkertoys, and Evanston, along with Ithaca, New York, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, Evanston was the home of the Clayton Mark and Company, which for many years supplied the most jobs. Evanston was a dry community from 1858 until 1972, when the City Council voted to allow restaurants, in 1984, the Council voted to allow retail liquor outlets within the city limits. According to the 2010 census, Evanston has an area of 7.802 square miles
4.
Culver Academies
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Henry Harrison Culver founded Culver Military Academy 123 years ago in 1894 for the purpose of thoroughly preparing young men for the best colleges, scientific schools and businesses of America. Coeducational since 1971, Culver Girls Academy was founded in year by Mary Francis England for the purpose of encouraging young women to attain the highest degree of self-development. Culver Summer Schools and Camps consists of the Culver Summer Naval School for boys, Culver Summer School for Girls, the Cavalry Troop program, the Aviation School, and the Woodcraft Camp. The summer schools began operations in 1902 and today bring over 1,300 campers from around the world to Culver to learn skills that improve personal confidence. Culver is one of the largest boarding schools in the United States, with over 800 students, an endowment of over $380 million, Culver Military Academy and Culver Girls Academy have a rich sports tradition and offer a variety of athletic programs and sports teams. The hockey team has a history of success, and the boys. The boys Varsity team won in 1999,2000,2002,2004,2007, &2008 and the team has won four times, in 2002,2003,2004,2007. Culver had state champions in golf, wrestling, cross country, Culver was home to the 2006 Youth National Rowing Champion in the Mens Single Scull. CMAs Black Horse Troop is one of the nations elite horsemanship groups for school students and is usually invited to participate in the Presidential Inauguration Parade. The Black Horse Troop participated in the inaugural of the World Equestrian Games in Kentucky in 2010, recently Culvers sailing team went to several national events. The Culver Academies Girls Soccer team is ranked 5th in the state, Culver is also considered one of the top fencing schools in the nation. In 2009, the basketball team will be competing in the State Farm Holiday Classic basketball tournament in Bloomington-Normal. Eppley Foundation donated the funds for three buildings that comprise the Gignilliat Memorial Quadrangle. Eppley Auditorium, built 58 years ago in 1959, seats 1,492 people, the new Steinbrenner Performing Arts Center consists of a scene shop, dance studio, and private dance studio. The ethos of the Culver Academies was augmented with the dedication of the 47,000 sq. ft. Huffington Library on October 1,1993, physically, the building provides a southern terminus to the academic quadrangle while affording library patrons a view of Lake Maxinkuckee. It houses a collection of approximately 55,000 volumes and, with it, henderson Arena is home to Culver Military Academy and Culver Girls Academy hockey teams. Elwood Hillis, US House of Representatives, grandson of Elwood Haynes, hal Holbrook, actor Tim Holt, actor Robert J. Huber, Michigan politician and businessman Michael Huffington, former U
5.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
6.
Sneak Previews
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Sneak Previews was an American film review show, running for over two decades on Public Broadcasting Service. It was created by WTTW, a PBS affiliate in Chicago and it premiered on September 4,1975 as a monthly local-only show called Opening Soon at a Theater Near You, and was renamed in 1977 when it became a biweekly show airing nationally on PBS. By 1979, it was a series airing on over 180 stations. The show came to an end in 1996 and is no longer aired, the show featured two critics who would present short clips of movies in current release then debate the merits of the films, energetically defending their remarks if the other critic disagreed. A designated dog of the week was featured, with Spot the Wonder Dog barking on cue as an introduction. Episodes from the first seven seasons ended with one of the hosts saying See you at the movies, many episodes from season eight ended with the hosts reminder to save us the aisle seats. Some episodes were known as Take 2 shows which replaced the review of recently released films with themed topics such as Women in Danger, on one occasion, Siskel and Ebert invited the viewer into a day in their lives as they screened films. The show first aired in 1975 on a basis under the name Opening Soon at a Theater Near You. The show originally featured Roger Ebert, a critic from the Chicago Sun-Times and Gene Siskel. The two newspapers were competitors, and so were Siskel and Ebert, as Ebert wrote after Siskels death in 1999, We both thought of ourselves as full-service, one-stop film critics. We didnt see why the other one was quite necessary and we had been linked in a Faustian television format that brought us success at the price of autonomy. No sooner had I expressed a verdict on a movie, my verdict, than here came Siskel with the arrogance to say I was wrong, or, for that matter, when we disagreed, there was incredulity, when we agreed, there was a kind of relief. In the television biz, they talk about chemistry, not a thought was given to our chemistry. We just had it, because from the day the Chicago Tribune made Gene its film critic and we never had a single meaningful conversation before we started to work on our TV program. Alone together in an elevator, we would study the numbers changing above the door, the tension between the two men made the shows production difficult and time-consuming at first, Making this rivalry even worse was the tension of our early tapings. It would take eight hours to get one show in the can, with breaks for lunch, dinner and fights. I would break down, or he would break down, or one of us would do something different and throw the other off, there are many witnesses to the terror of those days. Only when we threw away our clipboards and 3x5 cards did we get anything done, we finally started ad-libbing and we found we could tape a show in under an hour
7.
At the Movies (U.S. TV series)
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At the Movies is a movie review television program produced by Disney-ABC Domestic Television in which two film critics share their opinions of newly released films. Its original hosts were Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel, the hosts of Sneak Previews on PBS. Following Siskels death in 1999, Ebert worked with various guest critics until choosing Chicago Sun-Times colleague Richard Roeper as his partner in 2000. Ebert suspended his appearances in 2006 for treatment of thyroid cancer, from April to August 2008 Michael Phillips, a successor of Siskel at the Chicago Tribune, co-hosted with Roeper. Starting on September 6,2008, Ben Lyons and Ben Mankiewicz took over as hosts, their partnership lasted only one season. On August 5,2009, it was announced that Phillips would return to the show as a permanent co-host, teaming with A. O. Scott of The New York Times for what would be the programs final season. During its run with Siskel and Ebert as hosts, the series was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards seven times and also for Outstanding Information Series and it was widely known for the thumbs up/thumbs down review summaries given during Siskels and Eberts tenures. The show aired in syndication in the United States and on CTV in Canada, the shows cancellation was announced on March 24,2010, and the last episode was aired during the weekend of August 14–15,2010. The following month, Ebert announced a new version of At the Movies, however, the series has been on an indefinite hiatus since December 2011 and unlikely to return, given Eberts death on April 4,2013. The series itself began in September 1986 as Siskel & Ebert & the Movies, when Siskel and Ebert signed with Buena Vista Entertainment, the title of the show was shortened to simply Siskel and Ebert in mid-1987. The program was recorded in the studios of WBBM-TV, Chicagos CBS owned and operated station. Some time after Disneys 1996 purchase of Capital Cities/ABC, the tapings were moved to ABCs Chicago station, WLS-TV. Siskel and Ebert often had notably divergent tastes, and as a result, many viewers considered such fights to be the highlight of the program. In joint appearances on the show circuit, especially on David Lettermans shows. Widely circulated outtakes from promo-recording sessions show the two both bickering and joking off-air, only once during his long association with Roger Ebert did Gene Siskel ever change his vote on a movie. The 1996 film Broken Arrow had initially given a thumbs up. In 1998, Gene Siskel was hospitalized for treatment of a brain tumor, for a few weeks, the show was taped with Siskel on the telephone and Ebert in the studio. Although Siskel would eventually return to the studio, he seemed noticeably more lethargic, in February 1999, Siskel announced he was taking a leave of absence for further treatment of the tumor, hoping to return
8.
CBS This Morning
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CBS This Morning is an American morning television program that is broadcast on CBS. It is the tenth distinct morning news-features program format that CBS has aired since 1954, the weekday edition of the program is currently anchored by Charlie Rose, Gayle King and Norah ODonnell. The program emphasizes general national and international stories and in-depth reports throughout each edition, although it also includes live in-studio. Sullivan was replaced by Paula Zahn on February 26,1990, despite a far more successful team in Smith, Zahn and McEwen, CBS This Morning continued to languish in third place. It was, however, far more competitive than any of its predecessors, a new set and live format introduced in October 1995 had little effect on the ratings. Smith and Zahn left the program in June 1996, with CBS News correspondents Harold Dow, in August 1996, the program was revamped again, as simply This Morning, with McEwen and Jane Robelot as co-hosts, news anchor Jose Diaz-Balart and Craig Allen serving as weather anchor. Ratings went up slightly, and at one point the program moved ahead of Good Morning America in 1998. But its ratings success was brief, and CBS announced its decision to cancel the program in early 1999. Robelot left This Morning in June 1999 after it was revealed that the program would be replaced, assuras served as co-anchor and Chen as newsreader for the shows remaining five months. McEwen left the show at the end of September 1999 to prepare for the launch of The Early Show and was replaced by new anchor Russ Mitchell, the original This Morning ended in October 1999, after twelve years. It was replaced by The Early Show, which debuted the following Monday, though it had occasional peaks in the ratings, The Early Show was a perennial third-place finisher behind NBCs Today and ABCs Good Morning America. On November 15,2011, CBS News announced that The Early Show would be cancelled, on December 1,2011, the title of the new show was revealed as CBS This Morning. The executive producer of CBS This Morning is Chris Licht, who was hired by CBS in the spring of 2011 after serving as producer of MSNBCs morning news-discussion program Morning Joe. CBS instead tapped a trio of noted television veterans for the editions of This Morning, Early Show holdover Erica Hill, Gayle King. On July 26,2012, CBS announced that its Chief White House Correspondent Norah ODonnell would replace Hill starting in September 2012, Hill was pulled from the program immediately after the announcement, and was eventually released from her CBS contract. Instead, the show begins with introductions and teases by Rose and ODonnell. The first hour of the show, currently co-anchored by Rose, King and ODonnell, is news-intensive and includes more original journalism and analysis, more recently, the program has utilized local meteorologists from CBS stations to provide the forecast during major severe weather events. The first half-hour also includes a 30-second segment following the local weather break, more recently, the remaining time has been filled with a taped story introduced by that days anchor of the CBS Morning News
9.
Good Morning America
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Good Morning America is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC. It debuted on November 3,1975, and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3,1993, the Sunday edition was canceled in 1999, weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4,2004. The weekday program airs from 7,00 to 9,00 a. m. in all U. S. time zones, the Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABCs stations live at 7,00 a. m. Eastern Time, although stations in some markets air them at different times, viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports. A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008, the program features news, interviews, weather forecasts, special-interest stories, and feature segments such as Pop News, the GMA Heat Index and Play of the Day. It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York Citys Times Square district, the primary anchors are Robin Roberts, George Stephanopoulos, Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee. Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers, GMA generally placed second in the ratings, behind NBCs Today from 1995 to 2012. Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Morning Program, sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today, on January 6,1975, ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBCs Today. The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards, with Peter Jennings, because the show could not find an audience against Today, ABC sought a new approach. The network found that one of its affiliates, WEWS in Cleveland, the Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields, including health, entertainment, consumer affairs and travel. Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows, The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set, in the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source, ABC also began looking at another local show, Good Morning. Which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB-TV, Good Morning. was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange, but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather. No legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter, however, the launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name—to Good Day. ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode, after very positive reviews for the pilot, the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America. The first host of the new program was David Hartman, featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host, Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill. Dave Murray provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABCs early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986, on August 30,1976, Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host. Within a year, Today managed to back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley, featuring art. For the first time, Good Morning America became the morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place
10.
Journalist
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A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
11.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
12.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
13.
History of the Jews in Russia
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Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora, the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE, in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471, during the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States, before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917, thousands joined after the Revolution, the chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922,125,000 of them in Ukraine,25,000 in Belarus and these were probably the largest-scale European massacres of Jews to date. The pogroms were perpetrated by anti-communist forces, sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals, the Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, the Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks, following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik governments policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population, in 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East, but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population. Today, the JAO is Russias only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Partys Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalins purges as counterrevolutionaries and reactionary nationalists, the share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, in the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command, Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich and Grigori Shtern. During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish, about 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country, more than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. For many years during this period, Russia had a rate of immigration to Israel than any other country
14.
Philosophy
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Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was coined by Pythagoras. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation, classic philosophical questions include, Is it possible to know anything and to prove it. However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as, is it better to be just or unjust. Historically, philosophy encompassed any body of knowledge, from the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, natural philosophy encompassed astronomy, medicine and physics. For example, Newtons 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics, in the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. In the modern era, some investigations that were part of philosophy became separate academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology. Other investigations closely related to art, science, politics, or other pursuits remained part of philosophy, for example, is beauty objective or subjective. Are there many scientific methods or just one, is political utopia a hopeful dream or hopeless fantasy. Major sub-fields of academic philosophy include metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, logic, philosophy of science, since the 20th century, professional philosophers contribute to society primarily as professors, researchers and writers. Traditionally, the term referred to any body of knowledge. In this sense, philosophy is related to religion, mathematics, natural science, education. This division is not obsolete but has changed, Natural philosophy has split into the various natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology and cosmology. Moral philosophy has birthed the social sciences, but still includes value theory, metaphysical philosophy has birthed formal sciences such as logic, mathematics and philosophy of science, but still includes epistemology, cosmology and others. Many philosophical debates that began in ancient times are still debated today, colin McGinn and others claim that no philosophical progress has occurred during that interval. Chalmers and others, by contrast, see progress in philosophy similar to that in science, in one general sense, philosophy is associated with wisdom, intellectual culture and a search for knowledge. In that sense, all cultures and literate societies ask philosophical questions such as how are we to live, a broad and impartial conception of philosophy then, finds a reasoned inquiry into such matters as reality, morality and life in all world civilizations. Socrates was an influential philosopher, who insisted that he possessed no wisdom but was a pursuer of wisdom
15.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
16.
John Hersey
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Hersey was born in Tientsin, China, the son of Grace Baird and Roscoe Hersey, Protestant missionaries for the Young Mens Christian Association in Tientsin. Hersey learned to speak Chinese before he spoke English, Herseys novel, The Call, is based on the lives of his parents, John Hersey was a descendant of William Hersey of Reading, Berkshire, England. William Hersey was one of the first settlers of Hingham, Massachusetts in 1635, Hersey returned to the United States with his family when he was ten years old. He attended public school in Briarcliff Manor, New York, including Briarcliff High School for two years, at Briarcliff, he became his troops first Eagle Scout. Later he attended the Hotchkiss School, followed by Yale University, Hersey lettered in football at Yale, was coached by Ducky Pond, Greasy Neale and Gerald Ford and was a teammate of Yales two Heisman Trophy winners, Larry Kelley and Clint Frank. He subsequently was a student at the University of Cambridge as a Mellon Fellow. Two years later he was transferred to Times Chongqing bureau, during World War II, newsweekly correspondent Hersey covered fighting in Europe as well as Asia, writing articles for Time as well as Life magazine. The journalist visited the missionary, who introduced him to other survivors, soon afterward John Hersey began discussions with William Shawn, an editor for The New Yorker, about a lengthy piece about the previous summers bombing. Hersey proposed a story that would convey the narrative through individuals who survived. The next May,1946, Hersey traveled to Japan, where he spent three weeks doing research and interviewing survivors. The result was his most notable work, the 31, 000-word article Hiroshima, the story dealt with the atomic bomb dropped on that Japanese city on August 6,1945, and its effects on the six Japanese citizens. The article occupied almost the entire issue of the magazine – something The New Yorker had never done before, Hersey himself often decried the New Journalism, which in many ways he had helped create. He would have disagreed with a description of his article on the effects of the atomic bomb as New Journalism. Later, the ascetic Hersey came to feel that some elements of the New Journalism of the 1970s were not rigorous enough about fact and reporting. After publication of Hiroshima, Hersey noted that the important flashes, the things we remember are emotions and impressions and illusions and images and characters, the elements of fiction. Shortly before writing Hiroshima, Hersey published his novel Of Men and War, one of the stories in Herseys novel was inspired by President John F. Kennedy and the PT-109. Soon afterward, the war correspondent began publishing mostly fiction. The bestselling book won the National Jewish Book Award during the year of that awards existence
17.
Rascal (film)
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Rascal is a 1969 comedy-drama film adaptation made by Walt Disney Productions based on a book, Rascal by Sterling North, about a young man and his pet raccoon set in Wisconsin. The movie is a dramatization of Sterling Norths 1963 memoir of a better era, born near Edgerton, Wisconsin, North was a former literary editor for newspapers in Chicago and New York City. The movie relates a year in the life of young Sterling North and his ringtailed wonder pet raccoon, although set in Wisconsin, circa 1917, the movie was filmed in California. The film features the song Summer Sweet, Rascal holds the distinction of being the very first print review by Gene Siskel, written in the Chicago Tribune one month before he became the papers film critic in 1969. His review of the film was favorable but received no stars by default since the paper did not use a system for films at the time
18.
United States Army Reserve
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The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
19.
Defense Information School
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The Defense Information School, or DINFOS, is a United States Department of Defense school located at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. DINFOS fulfills the Department of Defenses need for a corps of professional journalists, broadcasters. Members from all branches of the U. S, the American Council on Education recommends college credit for most DINFOS courses. The Army Information School was founded in 1946 at Carlisle Barracks in Carlisle, other branches of the military merged with the Army Information School in 1948 to form the Armed Forces Information School at Fort Slocum, New York. The joint service venture disbanded due to poor enrollment until 1964, DINFOS moved to Fort Benjamin Harrison, just outside Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1965 where it remained until its 1995 move to Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. The Public Affairs Leadership Department is one of four departments in DINFOS, the Public Affairs Leadership Department offers the Qualification Course, the Joint Expeditionary Course, the Joint Intermediate Course, and the Joint Senior Course. In addition, the students are taught the fundamentals of news, journalism, the Public Affairs Expeditionary Course is a ten-day, intensive follow-on course to PAQC. Students are expected to have a working knowledge and experience in PA as the course is focused more on the application of PA skills in a field environment. Journalism classes feature basic writing skills and include a style known at the school as headline-ese. Students are taught a variety of writing styles and formats such as news, sports, photojournalism courses focus on composition, exposure, and general camera operation skills. Flash photography is introduced in the basic photography course, students learn advanced photo-editing, composition and other techniques not taught in basic photojournalism classes. For military print journalists, DINFOS offers the 12-week Basic Public Affairs Specialist Course, U. S. Army students are awarded the Military Occupational Specialty designator of 46Q, and U. S. Marine Corps students are awarded the MOS4341 Combat Correspondent. For military Broadcast journalists, DINFOS offers the Broadcast Communication Specialist Course, broadcasters begin by attending several weeks of BWAS - Basic Writing and Announcing Skills. If the class requirements are met, students may continue into Radio, U. S. Army students are awarded the MOS designator of 46R. Students in all courses hail from all branches of the U. S. military, the Basic Television Equipment Maintenance course includes apprentice level instruction in the repair of all types of studio and transmission equipment. Students also learn how to maintain the AVID non-linear digital editing systems, the U. S. Army MOS 25R and the Air Force AFSC 2E134 is awarded upon completion. Since December 2006 Air Force class graduated, DINFOS no longer trains Air Force personnel in the BTVEM course, both maintenance courses are nationally accredited by the Society of Broadcast Engineers. Upon completion of course with an average GPA of at least 85%
20.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
21.
Hugh Hefner
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Hugh Marston Hefner is an American mens lifestyle magazine publisher, businessman, and a well-known playboy. Hefner is a native of Chicago, Illinois and a former journalist for Esquire and he is best known for being the founder and chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises. A self-made multi-millionaire, his net worth is over $43 million due to his success as the founder of Playboy magazine, Hefner is also a political activist and philanthropist active in several causes and public issues. He is a World War II veteran, Hefner was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 9,1926. He is the first child of Grace Caroline and Glenn Lucius Hefner and he had a younger brother, Keith. Hefners mother was of Swedish descent, and his father had German, through his fathers line, Hefner has stated that he is a direct descendant of Plymouth governor William Bradford. He has described his family as conservative, Midwestern, Methodist and he attended Sayre Elementary School and Steinmetz High School, then during World War II, served as a writer for a military newspaper in the U. S. Army from 1944 to 1946. After graduation, he took a semester of courses in sociology at Northwestern University. While he was working as a copywriter for Esquire, Hefner left in January 1952 after being denied a $5 raise, the first issue, published in December 1953, featured Marilyn Monroe from her 1949 nude calendar shoot and sold over 50,000 copies. After the Charles Beaumont science fiction short story The Crooked Man was rejected by Esquire magazine in 1955, the story highlighted straight men being persecuted in a world where homosexuality was the norm. After the magazine received letters, Hefner wrote a response to criticism where he said, If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a homosexual society then the reverse was wrong. In 1961, Hefner watched Dick Gregory perform at the Herman Roberts Show Bar in Chicago, based on that performance, Hefner hired Gregory to work at the Chicago Playboy Club, Gregory attributes the subsequent launch of his career to that night. On June 4,1963, Hefner was arrested for promoting obscene literature after an issue of Playboy featuring nude shots of Jayne Mansfield was released, the case went to trial and resulted in a hung jury. In the 1993 The Simpsons episode Krusty Gets Kancelled, Hefner guest-voiced himself, in 1999, Hefner financed the Clara Bow documentary, Discovering the It Girl. She defined an era and made her mark on the nation, Hefner guest-starred as himself in a 2006 episode of Seth Greens Robot Chicken on the late-night programming block Adult Swim. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for television and has several movie appearances as himself. In 2009, he received a worst supporting actor nomination for a Razzie award for his performance as himself in Miss March, on his official Twitter account he joked about this nomination, Maybe I didnt understand the character. A documentary by Brigitte Berman, Hugh Hefner, Playboy, Activist and he had previously granted full access to documentary filmmaker and television producer Kevin Burns for the A&E Biography special Hugh Hefner, American Playboy in 1996
22.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
23.
Second City Television
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SCTV is a Canadian television sketch comedy show offshoot from Torontos Second City troupe that ran between 1976 and 1984. Through multiple changes to format and casting the series maintained a consistent reputation as a spotlight on some of the best up and coming talent in Canadian and US comedy. Its general feeling of working within a budget of space, time, the premise of the show is the broadcast day of a fictitious TV station in the town of Melonville. The location of Melonville is left unspecified, the very earliest episodes imply its somewhere in Canada, a typical episode of SCTV presents a compendium of programming seen on the station throughout its broadcast day. A given episode could contain everything from SCTV news broadcasts to sitcoms, dramas, movies, talk shows, kid shows, commercial send-ups hawking non-existent products, also seen fairly frequently, particularly in later episodes, are behind-the-scenes plots focusing on life at the station. These often feature Guy Caballero, the cheap, tyrannical owner and president of SCTV, also seen regularly are weaselly, sweating station manager Maurice Moe Green, succeeded in the position by flamboyant, leopard-skin clad, foul-mouthed Mrs. The small cast, typically six to eight members at any given time and they also impersonate numerous popular celebrities appearing on the stations programming. SCTV was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame in 2002, there is much dispute as to who actually created the SCTV series. The show itself bears no created by credit, although it developed by credits to Bernard Sahlins. What is clear is that, in 1976, Andrew Alexander was looking to expand his company into the realm of TV production and he called together the current cast of the stage show to discuss a format for a Second City TV series. Also in attendance at the meeting were Second City vets Harold Ramis, Sheldon Patinkin, from there, the actual content of the show was all the work of the cast, with contributions from producers Alexander and Sahlins. Alexander remained as producer throughout SCTVs run. Sahlins stayed for the first two seasons as a producer, Patinkin was a first-season writer and de facto editor and post-production supervisor. Close had no involvement with the series. SCTV was initially produced in 1976 at the Toronto studios of the Global Television Network, for the first six episodes, new episodes were seen once a month. For the next seven episodes new episodes were seen bi-weekly, in September 1977, Global ordered 13 additional episodes, which were seen once a week from September through December. These irregularly scheduled 26 episodes were considered one season for syndication purposes, all of the original cast were from the Toronto branch of The Second City theatre improv troupe, and many had previously worked together on The David Steinberg Show. Ramis was a Second City vet, but with the Chicago troupe, the original SCTV cast consisted of John Candy, Joe Flaherty, Eugene Levy, Andrea Martin, Catherine OHara, Harold Ramis, and Dave Thomas
24.
In Living Color
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In Living Color is an American sketch comedy television series that originally ran on Fox from April 15,1990, to May 19,1994. Brothers Keenen and Damon Wayans created, wrote and starred in the program, the show was produced by Ivory Way Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television and was taped at stage 7 at the Fox Television Center on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. The title of the series was inspired by the NBC announcement of broadcasts being presented in living color during the 1960s, prior to mainstream color television. It also refers to the fact that most of the shows cast were black, other members of the Wayans family—Kim, Shawn, and Marlon—had regular roles, while brother Dwayne frequently appeared as an extra. The show also starred the rising stand-up comic/actor Jim Carrey alongside previously unknown actor/comedians Jamie Foxx, Tommy Davidson, David Alan Grier, and TKeyah Crystal Keymáh. The show launched the careers of Carrey, Foxx, Davidson, Grier, Keymáh, Inaba, the series won the Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series in 1990. Following Keenen Ivory Wayans success with Hollywood Shuffle and Im Gonna Git You Sucka, Wayans wanted to produce a variety show similar to Saturday Night Live, but with a cast of people of color that took chances with its content. Fox gave Wayans a lot of freedom with the show, although Fox executives were a bit concerned about the content prior to its television debut. In announcing its debut, Fox described In Living Color as a comedy variety show. In its preview, the Christian Science Monitor warned that its raw tone may offend some, Keenen Ivory Wayans said, I wanted to do a show that reflects different points of view. Weve added an Asian and a Hispanic minority to the show, were trying in some way to represent all the voices. Minority talent is not in the system and you have to go outside and we found Crystal doing her act in the lobby of a theater in Chicago. We went beyond the Comedy Stores and Improvs, which are not showcase places for minorities, the first episode aired on Sunday, April 15,1990, following an episode of Married. The first episode was watched by 22.7 million people, the Miami Herald said the show was as smart and saucy as it is self-aware and audacious and frequently tasteless, but terrific fun. The Philadelphia Inquirer called it the fastest, funniest half-hour in a long time, the Seattle Times said it had the free-wheeling, pointed sense of humor that connects with a large slice of todays audience. The Columbus Dispatch described it as a marvelously inventive show that has catapulted television back to the cutting edge, the series strove to produce comedy with a strong emphasis on modern black subject matter. It became renowned for parody, especially of race relations in the United States, for instance, Carrey was frequently used to ridicule white musicians such as Snow and Vanilla Ice, who performed in genres more commonly associated with black people. The Wayans themselves often played exaggerated black ghetto stereotypes for humor, a sketch parodying Soul Train mocked the show as Old Train, suggesting the show was out of touch and only appealed to the elderly and the dead
25.
Hollywood Shuffle
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Hollywood Shuffle is a 1987 satirical comedy film about the racial stereotypes of African Americans in film and television. The film tracks the attempts of Bobby Taylor to become a successful actor, Bobby Taylor is a middle class black male aspiring to become an actor. He practices his lines in the bathroom, with his younger brother Stevie watching as he plays a stereotypical “jive” character for the audition for Jivetime Jimmys Revenge, Bobbys grandmother overhears the “jive talk” and shows her disapproval. His mother, is supportive, telling Bobby that he is going to be late for the audition. Bobby assures his mother if he lands the part, everything will change. After the audition, Bobby talks with his boss Mr. Jones, a limo then pulls up and the man inside is revealed to be B. B. Sanders, who plays Batty Boy in Theres a Bat in My House. Ecstatic, Bobby asks Sanders how to tell a good part, Sanders tells him that if his character does not die in the script, then its good part. Sanders also says that it is not about art, it is about the sequel, Bobby gets a call from his agent and learns that his audition went well, but they wanted an “Eddie Murphy-type. That night, he has a nightmare in which the director, writer, waiting in line with a group of Eddie Murphy clones, Bobby starts turning into Eddie Murphy himself until he wakes up in shock. The next day, Bobbys co-workers, Donald and Tiny, belittle Bobbys career as an actor and his constant excuses for missing work, later that night, Bobby visits his uncle Ray and expresses his doubts in pursuing his acting career. Ray encourages Bobby to try to follow his dreams, during his callback, the director, writer, and casting director are thrilled at Bobbys performance, calling it “very black” and give him the eponymous lead role. At home, Bobby celebrates getting the part with his girlfriend Lydia, when his grandmother comes home early, Bobby has another fantasy of him playing the lead in his own film noir, called Death of a Breakdancer. That night, Bobby dreams of the roles that he wants to play, from a Shakespearean king, to a black superhero and his final dream is that of him winning his fifth Oscar. Bobby returns to the studio the day to start filming Jivetime Jimmys Revenge with his family in the audience. Due to his guilt of playing such a stereotypical character. With his grandmother steadfastly telling him there is work at the post office, Robert Townsend as Bobby Taylor, an aspiring young black actor who dreams of making it big in Hollywood. Townsend was also the producer, director, and co-writer of the film, Townsend appears in his daydreaming vignettes as Jasper, the butler, Speed, the film critic, Sam Ace, private investigator, Rambro, war hero. Anne-Marie Johnson as Lydia, Bobbys girlfriend who supports him and gives him a scarf for good luck and she also appears in the runaway slave segment of the film as Willie Mae and in Attack of the Street Pimps as a hooker
26.
Godzilla (1998 film)
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Godzilla is a 1998 American monster film directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich that is a reimagining of Tohos Godzilla franchise. It is the 23rd film in the Godzilla franchise and the first Godzilla film to be produced by a Hollywood studio. It stars Matthew Broderick, Jean Reno, Maria Pitillo, Hank Azaria, Kevin Dunn, Arabella Field, Michael Lerner and it also marks the only time that producer Devlin and director Emmerich worked on an intellectual property they did not own. The film is dedicated to the memory of Godzilla franchise producer and creator Tomoyuki Tanaka, despite turning in a profit, it was considered a box office disappointment. The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 1999, with two wins for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actress and was nominated for Worst Picture, Worst Director, two planned sequels were abandoned and an animated series, Godzilla, The Series, was produced instead. The character has appeared in other media as Zilla. Following a nuclear test in French Polynesia back between the 1940s and 1950s, the fallout irradiates a lizards nest, decades later, an enormous sea creature suddenly attacks a Japanese fishing vessel in the South Pacific, leaving only one fisherman alive. Dr. Niko Nick Tatopoulos, an NRC biologist, is sent to Panama and Jamaica, where a village, footprints. Nick collects skin samples that lead him to believe the creature is a mutant created by nuclear testing. It travels to New York City during the rainiest week of the season, the city is evacuated before the military attempts to kill it but fails in an initial attempt. Nick later collects a sample, and after performing a pregnancy test. Aspiring journalist and ex-girlfriend of Nicks, Audrey Timmonds, uncovers a tape in his possession containing classified information about the creature, with the classified information now released, Nick is removed from the operation, and abandons Audrey. Soon, he is kidnapped by Philippe Roaché, a guy he met before coming to Manhattan. Suspecting a nest somewhere in the city, they cooperate with Nick to trace, following the militarys second attempt to kill Godzilla, the creature dives into the Hudson River to escape. Attacked by US Navy submarines, including USS Utah, it sinks to the river bed, meanwhile, Nick and Philippes strike team, followed by Audrey and her cameraman Victor Animal Palotti, find the nest inside Madison Square Garden and locate over 200 eggs. Before the French can succeed in destroying them, the eggs suddenly hatch, Nick, Animal, Audrey and Philippe take refuge in the Gardens broadcast booth and send out a live news-report to alert the military of what will happen if the offspring escape. A prompt response involving an airstrike is initiated as the four escape moments before Air Force jets bomb the arena, Audrey and Nick reunite, before the adult Godzilla, having survived, emerges from the Gardens ruins. It chases the four across Manhattan, believing them responsible for the deaths of its young, after a taxi chase, they manage to trap Godzilla within the Brooklyn Bridge where the returning Air Force jets manage to shoot it down
27.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
28.
Tribune Broadcasting
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Tribune Broadcasting is an American media company which operates as a subsidiary of Tribune Media, a media conglomerate based in Chicago, Illinois. Tribune Broadcastings development originated with the June 1924 purchase of Chicago, the new owners changed the stations call letters to WGN, to match the Tribunes slogan, Worlds Greatest Newspaper. The Tribune would launch a station in Chicago, WGN-TV, in April 1948 as a dual affiliate of CBS. WGN-TV and WPIX are the stations that Tribune has owned since their inceptions. Tribune also operated local cable television systems from 1977 to 1985. From January 1995 to September 2006, Tribune Broadcasting was a partner in The WB Television Network, on July 2,1996, Tribune acquired Renaissance Broadcasting, which owned Fox- and WB-affiliated stations in several large and mid-sized markets. In April 2007, Tribunes broadcasting interests were included in the sale of the company to Chicago investor Sam Zell. The deal was completed on December 20,2007, on December 8,2008, Tribune announced that it would voluntarily restructure its debt obligations, as part of its filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court. As the company had sufficient funds to do so, Tribune continued to operate its newspaper publishing and broadcasting, the Federal Communications Commission approved the acquisition on December 20, and the sale was completed one week later on December 27. Tribune Entertainment was Tribunes television production, syndication and advertising sales subsidiary, founded in 1981, this subsidiary produced and/or distributed several first-run syndicated programs including most notably Geraldo, Soul Train and the U. S. Farm Report, Tribune Entertainments production and syndication divisions were shut down in December 2007, on March 19,2013, Tribune Company announced its return to television production with the formation of Tribune Studios. The new company will produce programs primarily for Tribune Broadcastings television stations and WGN America, as of April 2015, Tribune Broadcasting currently owns 39 television stations located in 33 markets. 31 of its stations are affiliated with each of the current post-1986 broadcast networks,14 are affiliated with Fox,12 with The CW, in addition, the company owns five CBS affiliates, two ABC affiliates, two NBC affiliates and one independent station. WGN Radio is the sole remaining radio station, and serves as the flagship station for a regional distribution service known as the Tribune Radio Network. Its primary features are farm reports from longtime WGN agriculture broadcasters Orion Samuelson, WGN also maintains a second online-only service known as WGN. FM. Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license, note, – Indicates a station that was built and signed-on by Tribune. – Indicates a station owned by Renaissance Broadcasting prior to its acquisition by Tribune in 1997, KDVR and WCCT were divested by Renaissance years prior, only to be acquired by Tribune in future acquisitions. – Indicates a station owned by Local TV LLC prior to its acquisition by Tribune in 2013, – Indicates a station owned by Dreamcatcher Broadcasting, LLC, Tribune operates these stations through shared services agreements
29.
WGN-TV
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WGN-TV, virtual channel 9, is an independent television station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the television property of the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of Tribune Media. WGN-TV is also a pioneering superstation, and formerly programmed an alternate feed for cable and satellite throughout the United States. However, WGN-TV regained national availability as the Chicago area feed was included as part of the offerings of Channel Masters LinearTV service. WGNs longtime slogan, Chicagos Very Own, was the basis for an image campaign of the 1980s and 1990s. WGN Television began test broadcasts in February 1948 and began programming on April 5 with a two-hour special, WGN-TV Salute to Chicago. It was founded by the Chicago Tribune – whose slogan Worlds Greatest Newspaper was the basis for the letters used by the television station. WGN-TV originally held dual primary affiliations with CBS and the DuMont Television Network, for its first 13 years on the air, WGN-TV had operated from the Tribune Tower at 435 North Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago. S. Supreme Court order forced Paramount Pictures to divest its chain of movie theaters – for $6, following a two-month cancellation clause, all of the CBS programs that WGN-TV had been airing were moved to the rechristened WBBM-TV, leaving channel 9 exclusively with DuMont. WGN-TV soon became one of DuMonts strongest affiliates, as well as a production center for that network. WGN-TV had also telecast performances of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, beginning in 1953, the station lost the DuMont affiliation when the network ceased operations on August 6,1956, at that point, WGN-TV became an independent station. For much of its existence, WGN-TV produced a number of its own programs at its studios. During the late 1950s, the station was affiliated with the NTA Film Network. In 1957, WGN-TV became one of the first television stations in the Chicago market to broadcast live programming in color, WGN-TV served as the Chicago affiliate of the United Network for its one month of existence in 1967, airing The Las Vegas Show. From 1974 to 1982, Phil Donahues syndicated daytime talk show Donahue originated from the WGN-TV studios, in 1975, the agriculture program U. S. Farm Report debuted in syndication, also originating from WGN-TVs studios.7 FM. WGN-TV began to be distributed across the United States through cable television in October 1978, after Tulsa, as WGN-TV gained national exposure, the station became vulnerable in the Chicago area and underestimated the ability of UHF competitor WFLD to acquire top-rated syndicated programs. As a result, WFLD edged ahead of WGN-TV in the ratings by the end of 1979, WGN-TV continued with its programming format, competing with WFLD and another UHF independent station, WSNS-TV
30.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
31.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
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One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, considered to be one of the greatest films ever made, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is No.33 on the American Film Institutes 100 Years. The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards following It Happened One Night in 1934 and it also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards. In 1993, the film was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1963, Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to an institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15-year-old. Though not actually mentally ill, McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor, Ratched soon sees McMurphy’s lively, rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority, confiscating and rationing the patients’ cigarettes. During his time in the ward, McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched, stealing the hospital with several patients, for a fishing trip, encouraging them thus to become more self-confident. Ratched sends them to the “shock shop”, where McMurphy discovers Chief can actually hear and speak, after being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy, McMurphy decides to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night. Bribing the night guard, he sneaks some bottles and two women into the ward, Candy and Rose, intending to escape once the party is over. They invite Billy to come with them, which he refuses, Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients unconsciously drunk, and Billy with Candy together in his bed. The boy is now free of his stutter, but only until threatened by Ratched to inform his mother about his escapade. Overwhelmed with fear, Billy locks himself in the office and commits suicide, whereas the enraged McMurphy strangles Ratched. Ratched is back at work with her neck braced, and a scratchy voice, later that night, Chief Bromden sees McMurphy being returned asleep to his bed, and discovers he has lobotomy scars on his forehead. Bromden then smothers his friend with a pillow, sneaks to the ward, pulls the fountain cart from its piping, throwing the heavy piece out the smashed window. Filming began in January 1975 and concluded three months later, and was shot on location in Salem, Oregon and the surrounding area. It was also shot at Oregon State Hospital in Salem, Oregon, haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler. However, Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over mere artistic differences. ”According to Butler, Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman. never talked to Miloš at all, he only talked to me. But it does go wrong, insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry, so that at the end, and yet there are those moments of brilliance
32.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)
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One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey. It was adapted into the Broadway play One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Dale Wasserman in 1963, bo Goldman adapted the novel into a 1975 film directed by Miloš Forman, which won five Academy Awards. Time Magazine included the novel in its 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005 list, the book is narrated by Chief Bromden, a gigantic and docile half-Native American patient at a psychiatric hospital, who presents himself as deaf and mute. The head administrative nurse, Mildred Ratched, rules the ward with an iron fist and she is assisted by her three day-shift orderlies, and her assistant doctors. McMurphy constantly antagonizes Nurse Ratched and upsets the routines of the ward, the Chief opens up to McMurphy, revealing late one night that he can speak and hear. A disturbance after the fishing trip results in McMurphy and the Chief being sent for electroshock therapy sessions, McMurphy persuades one of the women to seduce Billy Bibbit, a timid, boyish patient with a terrible stutter and little experience with women, so he can lose his virginity. Nurse Ratched finds Billy and the prostitute in each others arms, partially dressed, Billy asserts himself for the first time, answering Nurse Ratched without stuttering. Ratched calmly threatens to tell Billys mother what she has seen, Billy has an emotional breakdown, and once left alone in the doctors office, commits suicide by cutting his throat. Nurse Ratched blames McMurphy for the loss of Billys life, enraged at what she has done to Billy, McMurphy attacks Ratched, attempting to strangle her to death, tearing off her uniform and revealing her breasts to the patients and aides who are watching. McMurphy is physically restrained and moved to the Disturbed ward, Nurse Ratched misses a week of work due to her injuries, during which time many of the patients either transfer to other wards or check out of the hospital forever. When she returns she cannot speak, and is deprived of her most potent tool to keep the men in line. With Bromden, Martini, and Scanlon the only patients who attended the trip left on the ward. He has received a lobotomy, and is now in a state, rendering him silent. The 1960s began the movement towards deinstitutionalization, an act that would have affected the characters in Keseys novel. The novel is a product of Keseys time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in Menlo Park. Not only did he speak to the patients and witness the workings of the institution, in addition to his work with Project MKUltra, Kesey experimented with LSD recreationally. He advocated for use as a path to individual freedom. In the 1960s LSD was thought to offer the best access to the human mind, each individuals experiences were said to vary, emotions and experiences ranged from transformations into other life forms, religious experiences, and extreme empathy
33.
The Critic
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The Critic is an American prime time animated series revolving around the life of New York film critic Jay Sherman, voiced by actor Jon Lovitz. It was created by writing partners Al Jean and Mike Reiss, the Critic had 23 episodes produced, first broadcast on ABC in 1994, and finishing its original run on Fox in 1995. According to PopMatters, the creators they intended the series as their letter to New York. The show often referenced popular movies such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and The Godfather and they also spoofed Dudley Moore, usually as his character Arthur Bach from the 1981 film Arthur. Despite the ratings improving, The Critic was cancelled after two seasons and it continued to air through reruns on Comedy Central and then on Locomotion. From February 1,2000 to 2001, ten webisodes were produced using Adobe Shockwave. In 2004, the DVD box set was released, which includes all 23 TV episodes, in the late 2000s, reruns of the show aired again on ReelzChannel in the US and on Teletoons programming block Teletoon at Night in Canada. As of 2016, the first season can be viewed for free on Crackle, the show follows the life of 36-year-old film critic from New York named Jay Prescott Sherman. His televised review show is called Coming Attractions, which airs on the Philips Broadcasting cable network and he is also cold, mean-spirited, and elitist. His signature line, upon seeing a movie, is It stinks. Each episode was full of references and parodies. In the second season, Jay acquired a love interest — a Southern woman named Alice Tompkins, the show was created by Al Jean and Mike Reiss, who along with James L. Brooks served as executive producers. The Critic was produced by Gracie Films in association with Columbia Pictures, the shows animation was done by Film Roman. It was co-produced by Patric Verrone, the show sometimes included appearances of real life critics, such as Gene Shallit, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert, who provided their own voices. When choosing things to parody, Reiss and Jean made a decision to find the right balance between current pop culture, and references that would stand the test of time. The Critic was the first major non-family sitcom animated program to appear in primetime, the show started out on ABC on January 26,1994, where it aired 13 episodes. It was cancelled by the network after half a season, and was moved onto Fox the following year where it ran for another 10 episode season. Around this time, it was included in a shameless plug crossover with The Simpsons and assumed the timeslot immediately after the show in the TV schedule, in an attempt to popularise it
34.
Sesame Street
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Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
35.
The Larry Sanders Show
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The Larry Sanders Show is an American television sitcom set in the office and studio of a fictional late-night talk show. The series was created by Garry Shandling and Dennis Klein and aired from August 1992 to May 1998 on the HBO cable television network, the series stars Shandling, Jeffrey Tambor, and Rip Torn and features celebrities playing exaggerated, self-parodying versions of themselves. The show has its roots in Shandlings stand-up comedy background, his experience as a guest host on The Tonight Show and his earlier sitcom Its Garry Shandlings Show. The program has had a marked and long-lasting influence on HBO as well as on shows in the US and Britain such as Curb Your Enthusiasm,30 Rock. The supporting cast includes Janeane Garofalo, Wallace Langham, Penny Johnson, Linda Doucett, Scott Thompson, Garry Shandling took a slightly different path with the cable network sitcoms The Larry Sanders Show and its forerunner Its Garry Shandlings Show. In Its Garry Shandlings Show, Shandling makes use of the George Burns technique of addressing the audience. He speaks to the studio and home audiences as well as the other actors, in both shows celebrity guests appear as themselves and Shandling essentially plays himself, a star of a television show and stand-up comedian with a distinctive comic persona and rhythm. I thought I could make the show look very real so the audience would buy that part. In 1981, Shandling performed a routine on The Tonight Show and subsequently became a regular guest. He also began appearing as a guest host and, in 1986 and he was considered to be a possible, although unlikely, successor to Johnny Carson. After Jay Leno replaced Carson in 1992, Shandling was offered his own talk show but preferred instead to create a show about a talk-show. Alex Pareene commented Shandling turned down hosting a late night show to do a brilliant cult hit sitcom about a version of himself who took the deal. The show follows the production of a late night talk show The Larry Sanders Show. It chronicles the life of host Larry, producer Arthur Artie, sidekick Hank Kingsley and their interaction with celebrity guests. Episodes focus on the professional and personal lives of the principal characters, ancillary characters are also featured, among them the writers Phil and Jerry, talent bookers Paula and Mary Lou, and the personal assistants Beverly, Darlene and Brian. Larrys wife, ex-wife and girlfriends are frequent sources of conflict, a typical early episode opens to the titles with the sound of Hanks audience warm-up routine in the background. This is followed by the shows titles and an excerpt from Larrys monologue. Episodes vary after this, sometimes continuing with the studio recording, the Larry Sanders Show is a satire on show business that mixes fact with fiction
36.
Richard Roeper
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Richard E. Roeper is an American columnist and film critic for The Chicago Sun-Times. He co-hosted the television series At the Movies with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008, from 2010 until 2014 he co-hosted The Roe and Roeper Show with Roe Conn on WLS-AM. On October 19,2015, Roeper was selected as the new host for the FOX32 morning show Good Day Chicago, Roeper was born in Chicago, Illinois. He grew up in south suburban Dolton, Illinois, and attended Thornridge High School, Roeper began working as a columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times in 1987. The topics of his columns range from politics to media to entertainment and he has also written seven books, on topics from movies to urban legends to conspiracy theories to the Chicago White Sox. In 2009 Roeper appeared on Howard Sterns show and said he had written a book on gambling, entitled Bet the House, Roeper also was a radio host on WLS AM890 in Chicago. He also hosted shows on WLUP-FM, WLS-FM and WMVP-AM in Chicago and he won three Emmy awards for his news commentaries on Fox in the 1990s, and was the film critic for CBS in Chicago for three years in the early 2000s. He won the National Headliner Award as the top newspaper columnist in the country in 1992 and his columns have been syndicated by the New York Times to publications around the world. Roeper has written for a number of magazines, including Esquire, Spy, TV Guide, Playboy, Maxim and he was once named as one of People magazines most eligible bachelors. Roeper has been a frequent guest on The Tonight Show, Live with Regis and Kelly, The OReilly Factor and he is currently the host of Starz Inside, a monthly documentary series airing on the Starz network since the fall of 2007. Roeper appeared on the first episode of the season of Entourage reviewing the fake movie Medellin starring fictional movie star Vincent Chase. In April 2008, Roeper was the figure on an episode of Top Chef, in which the contestants served up movie themed dishes to Roeper and his friends. In February 2009, Roeper launched his own web site, which features reviews, blog entries about politics, sports and movies, photos. For most of the year Roeper was posting print reviews and blog entries, in December 2009, he launched a video section, with on-camera reviews of movies. The video segments are produced in partnership with the Starz premium cable channel, Roeper announced the reviews will appear first on his site, then on the Starz channel. In December 2009, it was reported that Roeper had signed a deal with ReelzChannel to be a regular contributor. He co-hosted the Roe and Roeper show with Roe Conn from April 12,2010 until October 7,2014 on Chicagos WLS-AM890 radio station from 2-6pm CST. Roeper stopped reviewing movies for ReelzChannel in February of 2015, his review was for the Jude Law disaster film Black Sea
37.
The Theory of Flight
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For the science of flight see Aerodynamics. The Theory of Flight is a 1998 film directed by Paul Greengrass from a written by Richard Hawkins, starring Helena Bonham Carter. It premiered at the 23rd Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 1998, Bonham Carter plays a woman with motor neurone disease, and the film deals with the sexuality of people with disabilities. Over time, Richard and Jane become friends, and eventually Jane asks Richard to help her find someone to lose her virginity to, reluctantly Richard helps her search for an appropriate partner, while spending his free time building yet another experimental flying machine. Eventually the two settle on a high-priced male gigolo for Jane, who agrees to sleep with her for two thousand pounds, as neither of them have that amount of money, they conclude that Richard must rob a bank to secure the needed cash. Richard books a hotel suite for Jane and pays the gigolo five hundred pounds, as Richard leaves for the bank job, the gigolo lays a very nervous Jane on the bed, but she begins panicking and decides she no longer wants to go through with it. Meanwhile, Richard likewise changes his mind, drawing his gun in the bank but then fleeing immediately and he returns to the room and drives off the unhappy gigolo. Richard and Jane are seen taking a flight in Richards flying machine. The pair are seen in bed, implying that Richard has taken Janes virginity. Jane dies soon after, and the ends with Richard placing a commemorative sign honoring Janes memory on the wreckage of his flying machine. This was the last film reviewed on-air by film critic Gene Siskel on Siskel, Siskel gave the film a thumbs up, while his critic partner Roger Ebert gave the film a thumbs down. The Theory of Flight at the Internet Movie Database The Theory of Flight at Rotten Tomatoes
38.
Freddie Prinze Jr.
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Freddie James Prinze Jr. is an American actor. He starred in films, such as I Know What You Did Last Summer, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer, Shes All That, Scooby-Doo. He is currently the voice of Kanan Jarrus in the Disney XD series Star Wars Rebels and he is the husband of Sarah Michelle Gellar and worked for WWE as a producer and director. Prinze was born in Los Angeles, California and he is the only child of actor-comedian Freddie Prinze and real estate agent Katherine Elaine Barber. On January 29,1977, Prinzes father died due to a gunshot wound. Prinze grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico and he was raised Roman Catholic, embraces his Hispanic heritage, and speaks Spanish. After graduating from school in 1994, Prinze moved to Los Angeles to audition for television roles. Prinze was cast in a guest role on the ABC TV series Family Matters in 1995 and he then appeared in a few programs and made-for-TV movies, before making his motion picture debut in To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday in 1996. In subsequent years, Prinze experienced success with appearances in youth-oriented movies, I Know What You Did Last Summer and its sequel, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer, made him well-known among teenage audiences. In his first leading role, the romantic comedy Shes All That, the film grossed $63 million in the United States. He guest starred on the popular NBC show, Friends, as a male nanny named Sandy on the series 200th episode. He also appeared as Donny Crane, a character believed to be Denny Cranes son in the ABC legal drama-comedy Boston Legal, Prinze starred in his own television sitcom, titled Freddie. The sitcom is said to some actual events from his life. He guest starred on George Lopez for a crossover with Freddie, in 2004, Prinze accepted a special award from TV Land on behalf of his late father. He thanked his fathers former co-star, Della Reese, for her continued advice, in 2006, he lent his voice to the character of Pi in the computer-animated film Shark Bait. Also in 2007, he lent his voice to the character of Rick in Happily NEver After along with his wife Gellar, Wallace Shawn, Andy Dick, George Carlin, and Sigourney Weaver. In 2008, he auditioned for Jigsaw in Punisher, War Zone and he later voice titular character in animation movie Delgo. In 2010, Prinze guest starred on Psych as Dennis, a school friend of Shawn Spencer
39.
She's All That
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Shes All That is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Robert Iscove and starring Freddie Prinze, Jr. Rachael Leigh Cook, Paul Walker and Matthew Lillard. It is a adaptation of George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion. It was one of the most popular teen films of the 1990s, in April 2015, it was announced that the film will be remade by The Weinstein Company. Zack Siler is the big man on campus at his Southern California high school and his popular but narcissistic girlfriend, Taylor Vaughan, ditches him for a faded reality TV star from The Real World, Brock Hudson, whom she met on spring break in Florida. Although bitter over the break-up, Zack consoles himself by claiming that Taylor is replaceable by any girl from the school, Dean picks out Laney Boggs, a dorky, solitary, unpopular art student, as his choice for Zack. Zack approaches and attempts to befriend Laney in the hope of transforming her into prom queen material. His first encounter with her is a failure, when she pointedly ignores his advance. With help from Laneys friend, Jesse Jackson, Zack eventually is successful in getting Laney to take him to a theater lounge frequented by artists, intending to deter him, Laney arranges for Zack to be called onto the stage and perform to his surprise. Zack manages to improvise a show with the Hacky Sack he happens to carry in his pocket, Laney is impressed by the performance, but rejects him again after he attempts to charm her. Zack befriends her brother, Simon, and in an attempt to stop this and she starts to make friends in the popular crowd as they get a chance to know her. Zack then successfully persuades her to attend a party at Prestons house the same night, Laneys attendance at Prestons party sparks jealousy in Taylor, who then humiliates Laney, but Laney is consoled by Zack, who has by now developed a true affection for her. As a result of her new appearance and Zacks interest, Laney is nominated for Prom Queen, Taylor faces humiliation of her own when Brock informs her their relationship is over, and that he only used her to increase his own popularity. In the meantime, Dean begins to show an interest in Laney as her popularity begins to soar, Dean tries to invite Laney as his prom partner in an attempt to ruin Zacks attempt to boost Laneys winning chance with his own popularity, but Laney refuses. After falling out with Zack, Dean deliberately tells Laney about the bet, feeling objectified and betrayed, Laney refuses to see Zack again. Unable to reconcile with Laney, Zack ends up attending the prom with his sister, while Taylor arrives alone, at the prom, after a dance scene presided over by the schools resident DJ, Mac meets Jesse and they become friends. Dean boasts to Preston and others in the bathroom that he is succeeding in seducing Laney and has rented a room with intention of having sex with her. Jesse overhears this and warns Mac and Zack, Taylor is then crowned Prom Queen with just over half the votes, she begins a long berating speech which is interrupted by the microphone being turned off by a teacher. By now, the students have seen Taylor for who she is, thanks to Mac revealing her actions against Laney, as a result, Taylor is further humiliated when she loses her popularity and her friends
40.
Chicago Bulls
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The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago. The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference Central Division. The team was founded on January 16,1966, the team plays its home games at the United Center, an arena shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League. The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s and they are known for having one of the NBAs greatest dynasties, winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats. All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, the Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history. The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995–96 NBA season, setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015–16 NBA season. The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a season. Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history, Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls, for a total of six MVP awards. The Bulls share rivalries with the Detroit Pistons, New York Knicks, Miami Heat, the Bulls rivalry with the Pistons was highlighted heavily during the late 1980s and early 1990s. On January 16,1966 Chicago was granted an NBA franchise to be called the Bulls, the Chicago Bulls became the third NBA franchise in the city, after the Chicago Stags and the Chicago Packers/Zephyrs. The Bulls founder, Dick Klein, was the Bulls only owner to play professional basketball. He served as the Bulls president and general manager in their initial years, after the 1966 NBA Expansion Draft, the newly founded Chicago Bulls were allowed to acquire players from the previously established teams in the league for the upcoming 1966–67 season. The team started in the 1966–67 NBA season, and posted the best record by a team in NBA history. In their first two seasons, the Bulls played most of their games at the International Amphitheatre, before moving to Chicago Stadium. Fan interest was diminishing after four seasons, with one game in the 1967–68 NBA season having an attendance of 891. The Bulls under Williams and head coach Dick Motta qualified for four straight playoffs and had attendances grow to over 10,000, in 1972, the Bulls set a franchise win-loss record at 57 wins and 25 losses. During the 1970s, the Bulls relied on Jerry Sloan, forwards Bob Love and Chet Walker, point guard Norm Van Lier, the team made the conference finals in 1975 but lost to the Golden State Warriors,4 games to 3. After four 50-win seasons, Williams returned to Philadelphia, and Motta decided to become GM as well, the Bulls ended up declining, winning only 24 games in the 1975–1976 season
41.
WBBM-TV
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WBBM-TV, virtual channel 2, is a CBS owned-and-operated television station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, WBBM-TV traces its history to 1940 when Balaban and Katz, a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures, signed on experimental station W9XBK, the first all-electronic television facility in Chicago. Balaban and Katz was already known for owning several movie theaters in the Chicago area. In order to establish the station, the company hired television pioneer William C, Bill Eddy away from RCAs experimental station W2XBS in New York City. When World War II began, Eddy used the W9XBK facilities as a school for training Navy electronics technicians. While operating the Navy school, Eddy continued to lead W9XBK, WBKB aired some of the earliest CBS programs, including the 1947 debut of Junior Jamboree. One of the early highlights was its telecast of the National Football Leagues championship game between the Chicago Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles on December 28,1947. In April 1948, WBKB began sharing the markets CBS affiliation with WGN-TV, in 1949, Balaban and Katz became part of United Paramount Theatres, after Paramount Pictures was forced to divest its chain of movie theaters by order of the United States Supreme Court. WBKB played a role in the demise of the DuMont Television Network. At the time, Paramount Pictures owned a stake in DuMont, in February 1953, United Paramount Theaters merged with the American Broadcasting Company, which already owned WENR-TV.75 million. On February 12, one day after the merger was finalized, the changed its call letters to WBBM-TV, after WBBM radio. The WBKB call letters were assumed by channel 7. While the old WBKBs talent remained with the new WBBM-TV under the stations longtime general manager. Leslie Atlass, the UPT-era management of the old WBKB moved to channel 7, wTMJ-TV concurrently moved to VHF channel 4 – from channel 3 – to avoid interference with fellow CBS affiliate WKZO-TV in Kalamazoo, Michigan, which itself broadcast on channel 3. That year, an episode of Whats My Line, originated from the WBBM studios, airing one day prior to the start of the 1956 Democratic National Convention. Between the late 1940s and early 1970s, Columbia Records housed an office, on September 26,1960, WBBMs McClurg Court studios served as the site of the first televised presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. WBBM-TV also served as home to the syndicated programs Donahue. In October 1987, Center City Communications – a locally based investor group led by attorney Brenda Minor – filed a challenge to the FCCs renewal of WBBM-TVs station license
