1.
Anthology series
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An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the third star. The fourth star was initially a guest star, CBS liked the idea, and Four Star Playhouse made its debut in fall of 1952. It ran on alternate weeks only during the first season, alternating with Amos n Andy and it was successful enough to be renewed and became a weekly program from the second season until the end of its run in 1956. Ida Lupino was brought on board as the de facto fourth star, though unlike Powell, Boyer, American television networks would sometimes run summer anthology series which consisted of unsold television pilots. Beginning in 1971, the long-run Masterpiece Theatre drama anthology series brought British productions to American television. k. a. Billy Roses Playbill Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre The Bold Ones Broadway Television Theatre Buick-Electra Playhouse Cameo Theatre Camera Three The Campbell Playhouse, Campbell Soundstage and Campbell Summer Soundstage Cavalcade of America CBS Playhouse CBS Summer Playhouse CBS Television Workshop CBS Workshop, a. k. a. CBS Repertoire Workshop Celanese Theatre Celebrity Playhouse Center Stage Cheer Television Theatre The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre a. k. a, Chevrolet on Broadway Chevron Hall of Stars Chevron Theatre Climax. Gruen Guild Theatre The Gulf Playhouse Hallmark Hall of Fame Hollywood Opening Night Hollywood Premiere Theatre, Hollywood Theatre Time International Playhouse John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You The Joseph Cotten Show, a. k. a. k. a. Max Liebman Presents Medallion Theatre, a. k. a, grimms Fairy Tale Classics Happily Ever After, Fairy Tales for Every Child The Harveytoons Show KaBlam. Late Night, Black and White Legends of Bikini Bottom Liquid Television The Looney Tunes Show Mickey Mouse Works Mickeys Mouse Tracks O Canada Off the Air Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Pink Panther Show The Popeye Show The Porky Pig Show Princes et princesses Random. M. k. a. Terribles House of Horrible The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre El Chapulín Colorado Ripping Yarns George Burns Comedy Week Good Heavens Human Remains Inside No. k. a. k. a. k. a. k. a, orson Welles Great Mysteries Out of the Fog Panic. Way of Life Family Theater Insight Lamp Unto My Feet Look Up, the Fisher Family Alcoa Presents, One Step Beyond Amazing Stories American Horror Story Are You Afraid of the Dark. L. k. a
2.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
3.
Universal Television
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Universal Television is the television production subsidiary of the NBCUniversal Television Group and, by extension, the production arm of the NBC television network. It was formerly known as Revue Studios, MCA/Universal, NBC Studios, NBC Universal Television Studio, both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios. Revue Productions was founded in 1943 by MCA to produce live radio shows, Revue was re-launched as MCAs television production subsidiary in 1950. The partnership of NBC and Revue extends as far back as September 6,1950, with the television broadcast of Armour Theatre, MCA bought the Universal Studios lot in 1958 and was renamed Revue Studios. Following its merger with Decca Records, the then-parent of Universal Pictures, during the early years of television, Revue was responsible for producing and/or distributing many television classics. The most noteworthy included Leave It to Beaver, which ran for one season on CBS before going to ABC from 1958 until 1963. It produced Bachelor Father, for Bachelor Productions, Edmond OBriens syndicated crime drama Johnny Midnight, another of its offerings was the 52-episode Crusader, the first Brian Keith series, which ran on CBS 1955–1956. Also McHales Navy was produced by Revue from 1962 to 1966, in December 1958 MCA/Revue purchased Universal Studioss 367 acre backlot to produce television series, then leased it back to Universal for a million dollars a year for a decade. Wagon Train was the only Revue-produced TV show ever to finish an American television season in first place, NBC Productions was founded in 1947 by RCA. In 1996, the company was renamed NBC Studios, in 2004, NBC Studios was merged with Universal Network Television to form NBC Universal Television Studio. MCA TV was founded in 1951, several years before parent MCAs purchase of the US branch of Decca Records, for more than four decades, it was one of the most active syndicators of television programming. MCA Television and Paramount Domestic Television had formed Premier Advertiser Sales, as a possible outgrowth of this sales joint venture, MCA and Paramount began plans for a new network, Premier Program Service. MCA Television Entertainment was formed in 1987 and it primarily dealt with made-for-TV movies and series like Dream On that were made for cable networks like HBO. Like MCA TV, in 1996 it was renamed Universal Television Entertainment, EMKA, Ltd. is the holding company responsible for a majority of the pre-1950 Paramount Pictures sound library. As an official part of the Universal Pictures library, they are part of the television unit. The first incarnation of Universal Television was reincorporated from Revue Productions in 1966,4 years after MCA bought Universal Pictures, uni TV also co-produced many shows with Jack Webbs Mark VII Limited such as Emergency. Adam-12 and a revival of the 1951 series Dragnet. I, which received critical acclaim and several TV movie spin-offs after their cancellations. In 1990, MCA/Uni TV began the Law & Order franchise, in 1996, MCA was reincorporated as Universal Studios
4.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
5.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
6.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used
7.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
8.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
9.
Public relations
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Public relations is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and this differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications. Public relations is the idea of creating coverage for clients for free, an example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article. Jobs central to public relations include account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organizations target audience, the media, and other opinion leaders. The public relations professional must know how to address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade. Public relations and journalism have similarities in the work they do, followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, in 1948, historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Websters would be disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field. Public Relations Society of America, a trade association, defined public relations in 1982 as, Public relations helps an organization. Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics, most textbooks consider the establishment of the Publicity Bureau in 1900 to be the founding of the public relations profession. Basil Clark is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924, most historians believe public relations became established first in the US by Ivy Lee or Edward Bernays, then spread internationally. Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they created European subsidiaries as a result of the Marshall plan, the second half of the 1900s is considered the professional development building era of public relations. Trade associations, PR news magazines, international PR agencies, in the early 2000s, press release services began offering social media press releases. The U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2014, the top ten percent in the field made around $105,720 and the bottom ten percent made around $31,190. For public relations managers, however, the annual wage in 2011 was $93,310. Workers in the 90th percentile earned around $176,400, and workers in the 10th percentile earned $50,360, according to the U. S. Department of Labor. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics also projects an employment growth of 12 percent between 2012 and 2022 for the profession, where an additional 27,400 jobs will need to be filled. The public relations profession has claimed the No.75 spot on the 2014 U. S. News & World Report list of Best Jobs because of its promising direction. In the United States, public relations professionals earn an annual salary of $49,800 which compares with £40,000 for a practitioner with a similar job in the UK
10.
Dana Andrews
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Carver Dana Andrews was an American film actor. He was one of Hollywoods major stars of the 1940s, and continued acting, though generally in less prestigious roles, into the 1980s. One of his roles, and the one for which he received the most praise, was as war veteran Fred Derry in The Best Years of Our Lives. Andrews was born on a farmstead near Collins, Mississippi, the third of 13 children of Charles Forrest Andrews, a Baptist minister, the family subsequently moved to Huntsville, Texas, the birthplace of his younger siblings, including future Hollywood actor Steve Forrest. Andrews attended college at Sam Houston State University and studied business administration in Houston, in 1931, he traveled to Los Angeles, California, seeking opportunities as a singer. He worked various jobs, such as working at a gas station in Van Nuys, to help Andrews study music at night, The station owners stepped in. with a deal, $50 a week for full-time study, in exchange for a five-year share of possible later earnings. Andrews signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn and nine years after arriving in Los Angeles was offered his first movie role in William Wylers The Westerner and he was also memorable as the gangster in the 1941 comedy Ball of Fire, again teaming with Cooper. In the 1943 movie adaptation of The Ox-Bow Incident with Henry Fonda, often cited as one of his best films, in 1945, he co-starred with Jeanne Crain in the musical State Fair. In 1947, he was voted the 23rd most popular star in the U. S and he played a brutal cop in Where the Sidewalk Ends, also with Tierney. Around this time, alcoholism began to derail Andrews career, by the middle 1950s, Andrews was acting almost exclusively in B-movies. A handful of films he starred in during the late 1950s, however, two movies for Fritz Lang in 1956, While the City Sleeps and Beyond a Reasonable Doubt, and two for Jacques Tourneur, Night of the Demon and The Fearmakers, are well regarded. From 1952 to 1954, Andrews starred in the radio series I Was a Communist for the FBI about the experiences of Matt Cvetic, in 1963, he was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild. Andrews later appeared in a role as college president Tom Boswell on the NBC daytime soap opera Bright Promise from its premiere on September 29,1969 until March 1971. In 1960 he and Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. starred in The Crowded Sky, fifteen years later, Andrews and Zimbalist appeared in Airport 1975, Andrews playing a businessman pilot who has a heart attack and crashes his plane into a 747 that Zimbalist is flying. In the 1970s, Andrews was active in estate, telling a newspaper reporter that he had one hotel that brings in $200,000 a year. Andrews married Janet Murray on December 31,1932 and their son, David, was a musician and composer who died from a cerebral hemorrhage. Murray died in 1935 of pneumonia, on November 17,1939, Andrews married actress Mary Todd, by whom he had three children, Katharine, Stephen, and Susan. For two decades, the family lived in Toluca Lake, California, Andrews eventually brought his alcoholism under control and worked actively with the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence
11.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
12.
Ronald Colman
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Ronald Charles Colman was an English actor, popular during the 1930s and 1940s. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for A Double Life and received nominations for Random Harvest, Bulldog Drummond, Colman starred in several classic films, including A Tale of Two Cities, Lost Horizon and The Prisoner of Zenda. He also played the role in the Technicolor classic Kismet, with Marlene Dietrich. He was born in Richmond, Surrey, England, as Ronald Charles Colman and his siblings included Eric, Edith and Marjorie. He was educated at boarding school in Littlehampton, where he discovered that he enjoyed acting and he intended to study engineering at Cambridge, but his fathers sudden death from pneumonia in 1907 made it financially impossible. He became an amateur actor and was a member of the West Middlesex Dramatic Society in 1908–09. He made his first appearance on the stage in 1914. On 31 October 1914, at the Battle of Messines, Colman was seriously wounded by shrapnel in his ankle, as a consequence, he was invalided out of the British Army in 1915. His fellow Hollywood actors Claude Rains, Herbert Marshall, Cedric Hardwicke, at the same theatre the following year he appeared in Eugène Brieuxs Damaged Goods. At the Ambassadors Theatre in February 1918 he played George Lubin in The Little Brother, during 1918, he toured as David Goldsmith in The Bubble. In 1920, Colman went to America and toured with Robert Warwick in The Dauntless Three, at the Booth Theatre in New York in January 1921 he played the Temple Priest in William Archers play The Green Goddess. With George Arliss at the 39th Street Theatre in August 1921 he appeared as Charles in The Nightcap, in September 1922 he had great success as Alain Sergyll at the Empire Theatre in La Tendresse. Ronald Colman had first appeared in films in Britain in 1917 and 1919 for director Cecil Hepworth, thereafter Colman virtually abandoned the stage for film. He became a popular silent film star in both romantic and adventure films, among them The Dark Angel, Stella Dallas, Beau Geste. His dark hair and eyes and his athletic and riding ability led reviewers to describe him as a Valentino type and he was often cast in similar, exotic roles. Towards the end of the silent era, Colman was teamed with Hungarian actress Vilma Bánky under Samuel Goldwyn and the two were a popular film team rivalling Greta Garbo and John Gilbert. Although he was a success in silent films, he was unable to capitalise on one of his chief assets until the advent of the talking picture. Also described as a bewitching, finely-modulated, resonant voice, Colman was often viewed as a suave English gentleman, whose voice embodied chivalry and mirrored the image of a Stereotypical English gentleman
13.
Random Harvest
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Random Harvest is a novel written by James Hilton, first published in 1941. Like previous Hilton works, including Lost Horizon and Goodbye, Mr. Chips, the novel was successfully adapted into a film of the same name in 1942 under the direction of Mervyn LeRoy. Claudine West, George Froeschel and Arthur Wimperis adapted the novel for the screen, though the film departs from the novels narrative in several significant ways, the novels surprise ending, cleverly built on inferences drawn by the reader, would not work in a purely visual medium. The novel is divided, not into chapters, but four large parts and it is set in the period immediately preceding the outbreak of the Second World War. The book is prefaced with this quote. German Official Report, According to a British Official report, the novel starts in 1937, and is narrated by Charles Rainiers secretary, Mr. Harrison. Charles and Mrs. Rainier reside at Stourton, their country manor west of London, where she is the hostess. One night Rainier recounts his story to Harrison, from the time he woke up in Liverpool in 1919, Rainiers tale is told in the form of the third person and relates his return to Stourton, where he learns his father is gravely ill. Rainier so he can change his will back and include Charles, shortly afterwards, Charles receives word that his father has died and returns home. The family gathers to pay their last respects, and included is 14-year-old Kitty, prompted by the family lawyer, each of the Rainier heirs agrees to give up a portion of their inheritance to Charles, so he may have an equal share. Under the poor leadership of Charles older brother Chetwynd, Rainier shares dwindle in worth until Charles has to control of the company to save it from bankruptcy. He takes leave from university and throws himself into work and he saves the family business, but at the price of his own scholarly aspirations. In due course, he and Kitty become engaged, but before their wedding, he receives a note from Kitty breaking off the engagement, and telling him she is going abroad. Rainier goes on to disclose to Harrison that Kitty was to die soon after, meantime, war is on the horizon, and Harrison and Rainier spend time together going to music halls and working. On a lark, they go see a vaudeville show. He starts to remember things, including being in a hospital in Melbury and he and Harrison drive there, where he finds the asylum he was in during the final days of World War I. The encounter causes Rainiers memory to flood back and he remembers his life in the hospital, where he had been deposited after being released from a German prison hospital as an unknown soldier. Escaping from the asylum as the end of the Great War is being celebrated, he goes into Melbury, feeling poorly, he is helped by the young woman – Paula Ridgeway – to a nearby hotel, The Owl, where she is staying. Now assigned the pseudonym of Smith, he takes on odd jobs at the hotel, guarded by Biffer and it is not long before his whereabouts become known to the hospital
14.
Cary Grant
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Cary Grant was a British-American actor, known as one of classic Hollywoods definitive leading men. He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s, and became known for his accent, debonair demeanor. He became an American citizen in 1942, Born in Horfield, Bristol, Grant became attracted to theatre at a young age, and began performing with a troupe known as The Penders from the age of six. After attending Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol, he toured the country as a stage performer and he established a name for himself in vaudeville in the 1920s and toured the United States before moving to Hollywood in the early 1930s. Along with the later Arsenic and Old Lace and I Was a Male War Bride, having established himself as a major Hollywood star, he was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor, for Penny Serenade and None but the Lonely Heart. In the 1940s and 1950s, Grant forged a relationship with the director Alfred Hitchcock, appearing in films such as Suspicion, Notorious, To Catch a Thief. Hitchcock admired Grant and considered him to have been the actor that he had ever loved working with. His comic timing and delivery made Grant what Premiere magazine considers to have quite simply. Grant was married five times, three of his marriages were elopements with actresses—Virginia Cherrill, Betsy Drake and Dyan Cannon and he has one daughter with Cannon, Jennifer Grant. After his retirement from acting in 1966, Grant pursued numerous business interests, representing cosmetics firm Fabergé. He was presented with an Honorary Oscar by his friend Frank Sinatra at the 42nd Academy Awards in 1970, in 1999, the American Film Institute named Grant the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema, after Humphrey Bogart. Grant was born Archibald Alec Leach on January 18,1904 at 15 Hughenden Road in the northern Bristol suburb of Horfield and he was the second child of Elias James Leach and Elsie Maria Leach. Elias, the son of a potter, worked as a tailors presser at a factory, while Elsie. Grants elder brother, John William Elias Leach, died of tuberculous meningitis, Grant considered himself to have been partly Jewish. He had an upbringing, his father was an alcoholic. Wanting the best for her son, Elsie taught Grant song and dance when he was four and she would occasionally take him to the cinema where he enjoyed the performances of Charlie Chaplin, Chester Conklin, Fatty Arbuckle, Ford Sterling, Mack Swain and Broncho Billy Anderson. Grant entered education when he was four-and-a-half and was sent to the Bishop Road Primary School, Bristol, another biographer, Geoffrey Wansell, notes that Elsie blamed herself bitterly for the death of Grants older brother John, and never recovered from it. Grant later acknowledged that his experiences with his fiercely independent mother affected his relationships with women later in life
15.
Irene Dunne
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Irene Dunne was an American film actress and singer of the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s. Dunne was nominated five times for the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her performances in Cimarron, Theodora Goes Wild, The Awful Truth, Love Affair, in 1985, Dunne was given Kennedy Center Honors for her services to the arts. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Joseph John Dunn, an inspector for the United States government, and Adelaide Henry. Irene Dunne would later write, No triumph of either my stage or screen career has ever rivalled the excitement of trips down the Mississippi on the boats with my father. She was fourteen when her father died on April 6,1913 and she saved all of his letters and often remembered and lived by what he told her the night before he died, Happiness is never an accident. It is the prize we get when we choose wisely from lifes great stores, following her fathers death, Irene, her mother, and her younger brother Charles moved to her mothers hometown of Madison, Indiana. Dunnes mother taught her to play the piano as a small girl. According to Dunne, Music was as natural as breathing in our house, Dunne was raised as a devout Roman Catholic. Nicknamed Dunnie, she took piano and voice lessons, sang in local churches, Dunne earned a diploma to teach art, but took a chance on a contest and won a prestigious scholarship to the Chicago Musical College, where she graduated in 1926. With a soprano voice, she had hopes of becoming an opera singer, Irene, after adding an e to her surname, turned to musical theater. She toured several cities in 1921–22 playing the lead role in the popular play Irene. The following year, Dunne played a season of opera in Atlanta. Though in her own words Dunne created no great furor, by 1929 she had a successful Broadway career playing leading roles, grateful to be at center stage rather than in the chorus line. On July 16,1927, Dunne married Francis Griffin, a New York dentist, despite differing opinions and battles that raged furiously, Dunne eventually agreed to marry him and leave the theater. She was discovered by Hollywood while starring with the company of Show Boat in 1929. She signed a contract with RKO and appeared in her first movie in 1930, Leathernecking, already in her thirties when she made her first film, she would be in competition with younger actresses for roles, and found it advantageous to evade questions that would reveal her age. Her publicists encouraged the belief that she was born in 1901 or 1904, Dunne moved to Hollywood with her mother and brother and maintained a long-distance marriage with her husband in New York until he joined her in California in 1936. That year, she re-created her role as Magnolia in what is considered the film version of the famous musical Show Boat
16.
Van Johnson
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Charles Van Dell Johnson was an American film and television actor and dancer who was a major star at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer during and after World War II. Johnson made occasional World War II movies through the end of the 1960s, at the time of his death in December 2008, he was one of the last surviving matinee idols of Hollywoods golden age. Charles Van Dell Johnson was born in Newport, Rhode Island, the child of Loretta, a housewife, and Charles E. Johnson. His father was born in Sweden and came to the United States as a young child and his mother, an alcoholic, left the family when her son was a child, Johnsons relationship with his father was chilly. Johnson performed at clubs in Newport while in high school. He moved to New York City after graduating high school in 1935 and joined an off-Broadway revue. After touring New England in a troupe as a substitute dancer. Johnson returned to the chorus after that, and worked in summer resorts near New York City, in 1939, director and playwright George Abbott cast him in Rodgers and Harts Too Many Girls in the role of a college boy and as understudy for all three male leads. After an uncredited role in the adaptation of Too Many Girls, Abbott hired him as a chorus boy. Johnson was about to back to New York when Lucille Ball took him to Chasens Restaurant, where she introduced him to MGM casting director Billy Grady. This led to tests by Hollywood studios. His test at Columbia Pictures was unsuccessful, but Warner Brothers put him on contract at $300 a week and his all-American good looks and easy demeanor were ill-suited to the gritty movies Warner made at the time, and the studio dropped him at the expiration of his six-month contract. Shortly before leaving Warner, he was cast as a cub reporter opposite Faye Emerson in the 1942 film Murder in the Big House and his eyebrows and hair were dyed black for the role. As with other players at MGM, Johnson was provided with classes in acting, speech. Johnson subsequently appeared in Pilot No.5 and in William Saroyans The Human Comedy, which was produced in 1943, and in the role in Two Girls. Johnsons big break was in A Guy Named Joe, starring Spencer Tracy and Irene Dunne, when the crash happened, Johnsons scalp was nearly sheared off. The closest rescue units responded, but because the accident happened just over the county line. Johnson had to slap his scalp into place and literally crawl nearly 50 yards to get to the workers for aid
17.
Jane Wyman
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Jane Wyman was an American actress, singer, dancer and philanthropist whose career spanned seven decades. She was also the first wife of 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan, they married in 1940, Wymans career began in 1932 when she signed with Warner Bros. at age 16. She was also featured opposite Rock Hudson in Magnificent Obsession and All That Heaven Allows and she received an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Johnny Belinda, and was a three-time winner of a Golden Globe. She achieved continuing success in the soap opera Falcon Crest, in which Wyman played the lead role of villainous matriarch. Jane Wyman was born Sarah Jane Mayfield on January 5,1917 in St Joseph, Missouri, to Gladys Hope and her father was a meal company laborer and her mother was a doctors stenographer and office assistant. Wyman was the child of this union and had no biological siblings. This may be in reference to her foster parents children, Wymans biological parents were married in March 1916 in Jackson County, Missouri, and Wyman was born in January 1917. The 1920 census shows her to still be the child from the marriage. The Mayfields divorced the following year, although her birthdate has been widely reported for many years as January 4,1914, research by biographers and genealogists indicates she actually was born 3 years later. The most likely reason for the 1914 year of birth is that she added to her age so as to be able to work and she may have moved her birthday back by one day to January 4 so as to share the same birthday as her daughter, Maureen. The 1920 census, though, has her at three and living in Philadelphia, after Wymans death, a release posted on her official website confirmed these details. In October 1921, her mother filed for divorce, and her father died unexpectedly the following year at age 27. After her fathers death, her moved to Cleveland, Ohio, leaving her to be reared by foster parents, Emma and Richard D. Fulks. She took their surname unofficially, including in her school records and her unsettled family life resulted in few pleasurable memories. Wyman later said, I was raised with such strict discipline that it was years before I could reason out of the bitterness I brought from my childhood. In 1928, aged 11, she moved to southern California with her foster mother, in 1930, the two moved back to Missouri, where Sarah Jane attended Lafayette High School in Saint Joseph. That same year, she began a singing career, calling herself Jane Durrell and adding years to her birthdate to work legally. She signed a contract with Warner Brothers in 1936, by the time she starred in Public Wedding in 1937, she had already changed her professional name to match the name she had acquired from her first marriage, Jane Wyman
18.
William Holden
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William Holden was an American actor who was one of the biggest box-office draws of the 1950s through the 1970s. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1953 for his role in Stalag 17, and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor for his role in the 1973 television film The Blue Knight. He was named one of the Top 10 Stars of the Year six times, Holden was born William Franklin Beedle, Jr. in OFallon, Illinois, the son of Mary Blanche, a schoolteacher, and William Franklin Beedle, an industrial chemist. He had two brothers, Robert Westfield Beedle and Richard P. Beedle. His family moved to South Pasadena when he was three, after graduating from South Pasadena High School, Holden attended Pasadena Junior College, where he became involved in local radio plays. A version of how he obtained his stage name Holden is based on a statement by George Ross of Billboard, William Holden, and here is how he obtained his new movie tag. On the Columbia lot is an assistant director and scout named Harold Winston, not long ago he was divorced from the actress, Gloria Holden, but carried the torch after the marital rift. Winston was one of those who discovered the Golden Boy newcomer, Holdens first starring role was in Golden Boy, costarring Barbara Stanwyck, in which he played a violinist-turned-boxer. He was still an actor at the time, while Stanwyck was already a film star. She liked Holden and went out of her way to help him succeed, devoting her time to coaching and encouraging him. When she received her Honorary Oscar at the 1982 Academy Award ceremony, at the end of her acceptance speech, she paid him a personal tribute, I loved him very much, and I miss him. He always wished that I would get an Oscar, and so tonight, my golden boy, you got your wish. Next he starred with George Raft and Humphrey Bogart in the Warner Bros. gangster epic Invisible Stripes later the same year, Holden earned his first Best Actor Oscar nomination with the part. Getting the part was a break for Holden, as the role was initially cast with Montgomery Clift. Swanson later said, Bill Holden was a man I could have fallen in love with and he was perfection on- and off-screen. And Wilder himself commented, Bill was a guy, a totally honorable friend. Every woman was in love with him and he co-starred as Humphrey Bogarts younger brother, a carefree playboy, in Sabrina, played by Audrey Hepburn. It was Holdens third film with director Billy Wilder, Holden and Hepburn became romantically involved during the filming, unbeknown to Wilder, People on the set told me later that Bill and Audrey were having an affair, and everybody knew
19.
Alan Young
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Alan Young was a British-born Canadian-American actor, voice actor, comedian and radio and television host/personality who TV Guide called The Charlie Chaplin of Television. He was best known for his role as naive Wilbur Post in the comedy series Mister Ed. During the 1940s and 1950s, he starred in his own variety/comedy sketch shows The Alan Young Show on radio and television, Young was born as Angus Young on November 19,1919, in North Shields, Northumberland, England, to Scottish parents. His father was a worker and a tap dancer. The family moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, when Young was a toddler and to West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Young came to love radio when bedridden as a child because of severe asthma. By the time he was in school, Young had his own comedy radio series on the CBC network. He later resigned his Navy commission after learning he would be spending his time writing for a Navy show, according to some sources, the Army rejected him due to his childhood asthma. Youngs first American radio appearances were on the Philco Radio Hall of Fame and this led to his own show, The Alan Young Show, NBCs summer replacement for the series The Eddie Cantor Show. He switched to ABC two years later, then returned to NBC, youngs film debut was in Margie, and he was featured in Chicken Every Sunday. In 1950, the version of The Alan Young Show began. By 1951, the series received not only praise, but also several Primetime Emmy Awards, including Best Actor and Most Outstanding Personality for Young. After its cancellation, Young continued to act in films, among which Androcles and the Lion and Gentlemen Marry Brunettes and he appeared in the NBC espionage drama Five Fingers, starring David Hedison. He also starred as Stanley Beamish in the unaired 1966 pilot episode of Mr. Terrific, in the late 1960s, he retired from acting for several years. During that time, he founded a broadcast division for the Christian Science Church, during the 1970s, Young became active in voice acting. After 1974, he voiced Scrooge McDuck in numerous Disney films, in Mickeys Christmas Carol, he portrayed the characters miserly namesake. He also played Scrooge in video games such as the Kingdom Hearts series, DuckTales, Remastered in 2013, and he also guest starred on The Love Boat, The Incredible Hulk, The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show, and Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. In 1991, Alan Young returned to the stage, starring as Capn Andy Hawkes in The California Music Theatres adaptation of Show Boat and he had been called for the role after Van Johnson, who was initially cast in the part, was hospitalised. He had also appeared in the plays A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, in 1993, he recreated his role as Filby for the mini-sequel to George Pals The Time Machine, reuniting him with Rod Taylor, who had played George, the Time Traveller
20.
Dorothy McGuire
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Dorothy Hackett McGuire was an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Gentlemans Agreement, born in Omaha, Nebraska, McGuire was the only child of Thomas Johnson McGuire and Isabelle Flaherty McGuire. She began her career on the stage at the Omaha Community Playhouse. After her fathers death, McGuire attended a convent school in Indianapolis and she later attended Pine Manor Junior College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, serving as president of that schools drama club. She graduated from Pine Manor when she was 19, McGuire was a member of the casts of Big Sister and Joyce Jordan, M. D. She also appeared in This Is My Best, Screen Directors Playhouse, eventually, she reached Broadway, first appearing as an understudy to Martha Scott in Our Town, and subsequently starring in the domestic comedy, Claudia. Brought to Hollywood by producer David O and her inaugural screen performance was popular with both the public and critics alike and was the catalyst for not only a sequel, Claudia and David, but also for numerous other film roles. By 1945, at the age of 29, she was playing mother roles. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1947 for Gentlemans Agreement, McGuire had a long Hollywood career. Her versatility served her well in taut melodramas, such as The Spiral Staircase and Make Haste to Live, as well as in light, frothy comedies, such as Mother Didnt Tell Me and Mister 880. Married to Life magazine photographer John Swope for more than 35 years, she had a son, photographer Mark Swope, and a daughter Topo, McGuire died of cardiac arrest in 2001 following a brief illness at the age of 85. For her contribution to the picture industry, Dorothy McGuire has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard. It was dedicated February 8,1960
21.
John Hodiak
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John Hodiak was an American actor who worked in radio, stage and film. Hodiak was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Walter Hodiak and he was of Ukrainian and Polish descent. Hodiak grew up in Hamtramck, Michigan, Hodiak had his first theatrical experience at age 11, acting in Ukrainian and Russian plays at the Ukrainian Catholic Church. From the moment he first appeared on the stage, he resolved to become an actor, Hodiak was not even swayed when as a third baseman on his local high school baseball team, he was offered a contract with a St. Louis Cardinals farm club. When Hodiak first tried out for an acting job, he was turned down because of his accent. He became a caddy at a Detroit golf course, then worked at a Chevrolet automobile factory –, when he conquered the diction hurdle, he became a radio actor and moved to Chicago. There Hodiak created the role of the comic strip character Lil Abner on radio, Hodiak also had the role of McCullough in the radio soap opera Girl Alone. Hodiak arrived in Hollywood in 1942 and signed a motion picture contract with MGM and he refused to change his name, saying, I like my name. Hodiak was cast in a few parts at MGM. He then caught the eye of director Alfred Hitchcock and, on loan-out to 20th Century Fox, more big roles followed, notably that of Maj. Joppolo in A Bell For Adano opposite Gene Tierney. Despite his success, in 1949, a string of bad choices in film led to Hodiak being voted box office poison by exhibitors, in 1953, he played the Apache chief Cochise in the film Conquest of Cochise, with Robert Stack, Rico Alaniz, and Carol Thurston. In 1953, Hodiak went to New York and made his Broadway debut in The Chase, the play was a failure, but its star received fantastic critical notices. He then originated the role of Lieutenant Maryk in Paul Gregorys production of the play The Caine Mutiny Court Martial by Herman Wouk adapted from his novel The Caine Mutiny, the play ran for two years and Hodiaks portrayal brought him nationwide acclaim. When the show closed after its U. S. tour, Hodiak began work on Trial at MGM, when it wrapped, he played Major Ward Thomas in On the Threshold of Space at 20th Century Fox. Hodiak and actress Anne Baxter married on July 7,1946 and they had one daughter, Katrina Hodiak, who became an actress. Hodiak was a frequent visitor to the famous King Ranch in Kingsville and he and others were guests of Zachary Scott, whose sister had married into the ranch owners family. At the age of 41, Hodiak suffered a heart attack in the bathroom of the Tarzana. He was shaving and getting ready to go to the studio to complete his scenes in On the Threshold of Space and it was later decided his performance was far enough along to release the movie
22.
Ann Blyth
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Ann Marie Blyth is an American actress and singer, often cast in Hollywood musicals, but also successful in dramatic roles. Her performance as Veda Pierce in the 1945 film Mildred Pierce was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and she is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood. Blyth was born August 16,1928 in Mount Kisco, New York, to Harry, after her parents separated, she, her mother, and sister moved to a walk-up apartment on E31st Street in New York City, where her mother took in ironing. Blyth attended St. Patricks School in Manhattan, Blyth performed on childrens radio shows in New York for six years. Her first acting role was on Broadway in Lillian Hellmans Watch on the Rhine and she played the part of Paul Lukass daughter, Babette. The play ran for 378 performances, and won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, after the New York run, the play went on tour, and while in Los Angeles, Blyth was offered a contract with Universal Studios. Blyth began her career initially as Anne Blyth, but changed the spelling of her first name back to Ann at the beginning of her film career. She made her debut in 1944, teamed with Donald OConnor in the teen-age musical Chip Off the Old Block. In musical films such as Babes on Swing Street, and Bowery to Broadway, she played the part of the sweet, on loan to Warner Brothers Blyth was cast against type as Veda Pierce, the scheming, ungrateful daughter of Joan Crawford in the 1945 film Mildred Pierce. Her dramatic portrayal won her outstanding reviews and she received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Blyth was only 16 when she made the Michael Curtiz film. After Mildred Pierce, Blyth sustained a broken back while tobogganing in Snow Valley and she played the part of Regina Hubbard in Another Part of the Forest, and achieved success playing a mermaid in Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid. Even though her voice was more like the original Helen Morgan and that soundtrack was much more successful than the film itself. During the late 1950s and 1960s Blyth worked in theater, summer stock. She guest-starred on October 8,1958, on NBC The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, the second season finale of the long-running western Wagon Train, broadcast on June 24,1959, she played the dual role of a mother and daughter. She appeared as Martha in Suspected in December 1959 in the CBS anthology series, Blyth also became the spokesperson for Hostess Cupcakes. Her last television appearances were in episodes of Quincy, M. E. in 1983 and Murder, Blyth has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6733 Hollywood Boulevard for her contribution to motion pictures. In 1953, Blyth married obstetrician James McNulty, brother of singer Dennis Day, the bridesmaids were actresses Joan Leslie, Jane Withers, and Betty Lynn. After her marriage, Blyth cut back somewhat to focus on raising their five children, Timothy Patrick, Maureen Ann, Kathleen Mary, Terence Grady, and Eileen Alana
23.
James Mason
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James Neville Mason was an English actor. He was nominated for three Academy Awards and three Golden Globes, Mason was born in Huddersfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to Mabel Hattersley and John Mason. His father was a textile merchant. He was educated at Marlborough College, and earned a first in architecture at Peterhouse, Mason had no formal training in acting and initially embarked upon it for fun. After Cambridge he made his debut in Aldershot in The Rascal in 1931. He joined The Old Vic theatre in London under the guidance of Tyrone Guthrie, in 1933 Alexander Korda gave Mason a small role in The Private Life of Don Juan but sacked him three days into shooting. From 1935-38, he starred in many British quota quickies, Mason became hugely popular for his brooding anti-heroes in the Gainsborough series of melodramas of the 1940s, including The Man in Grey and The Wicked Lady. He also starred with Deborah Kerr and Robert Newton in Hatters Castle and he then took the lead role in the popular The Seventh Veil, which set box office records in post-war Britain and raised him to international stardom. He followed it with a role as a mortally wounded IRA bank robber on the run in Odd Man Out and his first Hollywood film, exhibitors voted him the most popular star in Britain in each year between 1944 and 1947. They also thought he was the most popular star in 1946. He was the most popular star in Canada in 1948. Masons languid but impassioned vocal talent enabled him to play a villain as easily as his good looks assisted him as a leading man. His roles include Brutus in Julius Caesar, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in The Desert Fox, The Story of Rommel and The Desert Rats, in the 1950s, Mason was host of Lux Video Theatre on CBS television. In 1963 he settled in Switzerland, and embarked on a transatlantic career, one of his last roles, that of corrupt lawyer Ed Concannon in The Verdict, earned him his third and final Oscar nomination. Mason had been a neighbour and friend of the comedian. Having completed playing the role in Dr. This was to be Masons final screen performance, in the late 1970s, Mason became a mentor to up-and-coming actor Sam Neill. Mason was a lover of animals, particularly cats
24.
Joan Fontaine
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Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland known by the stage name Joan Fontaine, was a British-American actress, best known for her starring roles in classic Hollywood films. Fontaine appeared in over 45 feature films in a career spanned five decades. Born in Tokyo to British parents, Fontaine moved with her mother and sister, actress Olivia de Havilland and she was an anaemic child and her childhood was subsequently marred by poor health, which did, however, improve by her teen years. After living and attending school in Japan for a short while, she began her career in 1935. After some minor roles, she received her first starring role in The Man Who Found Himself, however, she failed to make a significant impression, a third Oscar nomination came with the film The Constant Nymph. She appeared mostly in films through the 1940s- including the film Letter from an Unknown Woman. By the next decade, her career began to decline and she moved into stage and she appeared in fewer films into the 1960s, her final feature film being The Witches. Fontaine was active in radio, television, and the stage for most of her middle to later life and she released an autobiography, No Bed of Roses, in 1978, she continued to act until her last performance in 1994. Fontaine lived in Carmel Highlands, California, where she owned a home and she died there of natural causes at the age of 96 in 2013. Having won an Academy Award for her role in Suspicion, Fontaine is the actor to have won an Academy Award for acting in a Hitchcock film. Furthermore, her sister and she remain the only siblings to have won major acting Academy Awards, married four times, she had one child by birth and one child by adoption, from whom she was later estranged. Her relationship with her sister was long known to be acrimonious, Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland was born in Tokyo, Japan, to English parents. Her father, Walter Augustus de Havilland, was educated at the University of Cambridge and served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney. Her mother, Lilian Augusta de Havilland Fontaine, was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and her mother returned to work with the stage name Lillian Fontaine after her daughters achieved prominence in the 1940s. Joans paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, an aircraft known for the De Havilland Mosquito. Her paternal grandfather, the Reverend Charles Richard de Havilland, was from a family from Guernsey, the family settled in Saratoga, California, and Fontaines health improved dramatically. She was educated at nearby Los Gatos High School, and was soon taking diction lessons alongside her elder sister, when she was 16 years old, de Havilland returned to Japan to live with her father. There she attended the Tokyo School for Foreign Children, graduating in 1935, Fontaine made her stage debut in the West Coast production of Call It a Day and was soon signed to an RKO contract
25.
Judy Garland
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Judy Garland was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two films with MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis, The Harvey Girls and Easter Parade. After 15 years, she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, a recording career. Film appearances became fewer in her years, but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born and Judgment at Nuremberg. Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry. She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema, from an early age Garland struggled in her personal life. The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age eighteen and her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce and she also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47. Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10,1922, in Grand Rapids and she was the youngest child of Ethel Marion and Francis Avent Frank Gumm. Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, baby shared her familys flair for song and dance. The Gumm Sisters performed there for the few years, accompanied by their mother on piano. The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926, Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures
26.
Wilbur Hatch
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Wilbur Hatch, was an American music composer who worked primarily in radio and television. He was born in Mokena, Illinois and died in Studio City, Hatch began working in radio in 1922 as a pianist on KYW. Hatch also worked as a conductor and music director for CBS, during the late 1930s and early 1940s he was conductor on The Campbell Soup Radio Show. He was the director and composed the theme for CBS Radios The Whistler. Additionally, he was the director for CBS Radios Broadway Is My Beat, Mayor of the Town. His most lasting on-screen television credit was for composing some of the music and he also conceived and conducted the music for the TV versions of Our Miss Brooks and December Bride, as well as its spin-off, Pete and Gladys. He also composed music for The Mothers-in-Law, until the time of his death Hatch was resident musical director of Desilu Studios, and his work included music director on Star Trek, The Untouchables, and other Desilu productions. In 1970, after Hatch had died, Marl Young became the resident music composer for Lucille Ball Productions and he composed and conducted the music for season 3 episode 11 of The Twilight Zone – Still Valley. As the title credits appear a couple of musical phrases are reminiscent of the Star Trek theme music. Hatch was a member of the board of the Composers Guild of America. Hatch attended the University of Chicago to study engineering, but music fully occupied his life, one of the highlights of his college education was that he wrote the music for the annual Blackfriars show, the Universitys dramatic organization. In 1922, Hatch graduated from the University of Chicago with a degree in engineering and with High Honors. Hatch was married to Margaret Mathews of Grinell, Iowa and they had three children together, Robert Allen, Nancy Margaret and Margaret Ann. He is buried at Mountain View Cemetery, Altadena, Los Angeles County, Wilbur Hatch at the Internet Movie Database Wilbur Hatch at Find a Grave
27.
MCA Inc.
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MCA, Inc. was an American media company. Initially starting in the business, the company next became a dominant force in the film business. MCA, Inc. is the predecessor of NBCUniversal, which since March 2013 is a wholly owned subsidiary of Comcast. MCA was formed in 1924 by Jules Stein and William R. Goodheart, Jr. as Music Corporation of America, MCA helped pioneer modern practices of touring bands and name acts. Early on, MCA booked such prominent artists as King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton for clubs and speakeasies run by legendary notorious Chicago mobsters such as Al Capone and others. Lew Wasserman joined MCA in 1936 at the age of 23 and rose through the ranks of MCA for more than four decades, Wasserman helped create MCAs radio show, Kay Kyser and His Kollege of Musical Knowledge, which debuted on NBC Radio that same year. Following that success, Stein installed Wasserman in New York City in 1937, the company was guided by a codification of Steins pet policies known as The Rules of The Road. The Rules were passed down from the Prohibition era, Chicago–area MCA to the 1940s Los Angeles–area firm, which focused on representing movie actors. The Rules were next passed to the 1950s generation of MCA talent agents, including Jerry Perenchio, Perenchio is well known for his version of the Rules, which vary from year to year and have some internal contradictions. Its aggressive acquisition of its clientele in all entertainment sectors earned MCA the nickname of The Octopus and this behavior led U. S. Department of Justice agents to investigate not only whether MCA was a monopoly breaking anti-trust laws, but also its suspected connections to underworld criminal activities. This investigation continued for the few decades. In 1948, Jules Stein moved up as MCAs first chairman and that year, Stein and Wasserman decided to get into a new medium that would, decades later, change the entertainment landscape forever, television. Although many motion picture studios would not touch this new medium, thinking it was just a fad and would fade away, MCA decided to embrace it. First, however, the company needed to get a waiver from the Screen Actors Guild, thanks to the newly elected SAG president, Ronald Reagan, MCA was granted a waiver to start producing TV shows. After the waiver was granted, the company formed MCA Television Limited for syndication, prior to 1958, all Revues shows were filmed at the old Republic Pictures studio lot in Studio City, California. In February 1958, MCA acquired Paramount Pictures pre-1950 sound feature film library through a newly created MCA subsidiary, EMKA, Ltd. Also in 1958, MCA bought the 423-acre Universal Studios lot from Universal Pictures for $11 million and renamed it, as well as the television unit. Stein, who by this time was the owner of MCA, decided to take the company public by giving 51% of his ownership of MCA to his employees
28.
Novel
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A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction, normally in prose, and typically published as a book. The genre has also described as possessing, a continuous. This view sees the novels origins in Classical Greece and Rome, medieval, early modern romance, the latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The romance is a closely related long prose narrative, Romance, as defined here, should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel. Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel, a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo, a novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. Most European languages use the word romance for extended narratives, fictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion, historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity. Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byrons Don Juan, Alexander Pushkins Yevgeniy Onegin, vikram Seths The Golden Gate, composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel. Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations, on the other hand, verse epics, including the Odyssey and Aeneid, had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of Individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, conduct and gallantry spread with novels, the novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella, short story, and flash fiction. However, in the 17th century critics saw the romance as of epic length, the length of a novel can still be important because most literary awards use length as a criterion in the ranking system. Urbanization and the spread of printed books in Song Dynasty China led to the evolution of oral storytelling into consciously fictional novels by the Ming dynasty, parallel European developments did not occur for centuries, and awaited the time when the availability of paper allowed for similar opportunities. By contrast, Ibn Tufails Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al-Nafis Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy, in this sense, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a philosophical novel, while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel. Epic poetry exhibits some similarities with the novel, and the Western tradition of the novel back into the field of verse epics. Then at the beginning of the 18th century, French prose translations brought Homers works to a wider public, longus is the author of the famous Greek novel, Daphnis and Chloe. Romance or chivalric romance is a type of narrative in prose or verse popular in the circles of High Medieval. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love
29.
Play (theatre)
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A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, there are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read. The term play can refer to both the works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous, comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups, comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, a generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares play The Comedy of Errors, a satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogols The Government Inspector, satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely. This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time, however, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private. It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière’s theories of comedy, the inconsistency between restoration comedy’s morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, however, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance. These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster, often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts, tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares Hamlet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi and these plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are neither of these. History as a genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schillers Demetrius and William Shakespeares King John, ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called “The Disappointment”, however, around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly
30.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
31.
Fiction
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Fiction is the classification for any story or similar work derived from imagination—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. Fiction does not refer to a mode or genre, unless used in its narrowest sense to mean a literary narrative. Instead, the context of fiction is generally open to interpretation, characters and events within a fictional work may even be openly set in their own context entirely separate from the known universe, a fictional universe. Science fiction, for example, predicts or supposes technologies that are not realities at the time of the works creation, for example, Jules Vernes novel From the Earth to the Moon was published in 1865 and only in 1969 did astronaut Neil Armstrong first land on the moon. Historical fiction places imaginary characters into real historical events, in the early historical novel Waverley, Sir Walter Scotts fictional character Edward Waverley meets a figure from history, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and takes part in the Battle of Prestonpans. Some works of fiction are slightly or greatly re-imagined based on some originally true story, often, even when the author claims the fictional story is basically true, there may be artificial additions and subtractions from the true story to make it more interesting. One such example would be Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, creators of fantasy sometimes introduce entire imaginary creatures or beings such as dragons and fairies. In terms of the separation between fiction and non-fiction, the lines are now commonly understood as blurred, showing more overlap than mutual exclusion. Even fiction usually has elements of, or grounding in, truth, also, infinite fictional possibilities themselves signal the impossibility of fully knowing reality, provocatively demonstrating that there is no criterion to measure constructs of reality. The Internet has had a impact on the creation and distribution of fiction. Also, digital libraries such as Project Gutenberg make public domain texts more readily available, the combination of inexpensive home computers, the Internet and the creativity of its users has also led to new forms of fiction, such as interactive computer games or computer-generated comics. Countless forums for fan fiction can be online, where loyal followers of specific fictional realms create and distribute derivative stories. Types of literary fiction in prose, Short story, A work of at least 2,000 words, the boundary between a long short story and a novella is vague. Novella, A work of at least 17,500 words, joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is an example of a novella. Novel, A work of 50,000 words or more, cartoonist Character Fiction writing Legend Mythology Non-fiction Pseudohistory Eco, Umberto 2009. On the ontology of fictional characters, A semiotic approach
32.
Fred Waring
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Fredrick Malcolm Waring was a popular musician, bandleader, and radio-television personality, sometimes referred to as Americas Singing Master and The Man Who Taught America How to Sing. He was also a promoter, financial backer and eponym of the Waring Blendor, fredrick Malcolm Waring was born in Tyrone, Pennsylvania, on June 9,1900, to Jesse Calderwood and Frank Waring. During his teenaged years, Fred Waring, his brother Tom, and their friend Poley McClintock founded the Waring-McClintock Snap Orchestra, the band often played at fraternity parties, proms, and dances, and achieved local success. Waring attended Penn State University, where he studied architectural engineering and he also aspired to be in the Penn State Glee Club, but he was rejected with every audition due to college politics and tension between the glee clubs director, Dr. Clarence Robinson, and him. His Banjo Orchestra eventually became so successful that he decided to abandon his education to tour with the band and he married his college sweetheart, Dorothy McAteer, in 1923, but divorced her in 1929. He remarried in 1933 to Evalyn Nair and had three children, but in 1954, they divorced and their children were, Dixie, Fred Waring Jr. William Bill, Paul, and Malcolm. Son Fred Jr. was a conductor and jazz trombonist, grandson Jordan Waring is an orchestral composer. Fred Waring died of stroke at his home on July 29,1984, in State College. From 1923 until late 1932, Warings Pennsylvanians were among Victor Records best-selling bands, in late 1932, he abruptly quit recording, although his band continued to perform on radio. In 1933, You Gotta Be a Football Hero was performed on radio to great acclaim, adding a mens singing group to his ensemble, he recruited Robert Shaw, recently out of the Pomona College glee club, to train his singers. Shaw later founded the Robert Shaw Chorale, directed the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, the Waring glee club sound can be detected in some Robert Shaw Chorale recordings. Pembroke Davenport was Warings pianist and arranger, during World War II, Waring and his ensemble appeared at war bond rallies and entertained the troops at training camps. He composed and/or performed dozens of songs, his most famous being My America. In 1943, Waring acquired the Buckwood Inn in Shawnee on Delaware, Pennsylvania, to promote the inn, Waring centered his musical activities at the inn itself. He created, rehearsed, and broadcast his radio programs from the stage of Shawnees Worthington Hall throughout the 1950s, during the 1940s and early 1950s, Waring and His Pennsylvanians produced a string of hits, selling millions of records. A few of his many choral hits include Sleep, Battle Hymn of the Republic, Smoke Gets in Your Eyes, Button Up Your Overcoat, White Christmas, Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, and Dancing in the Dark. At these sessions, talented musicians learned to sing with precision, sensitivity, when these vocalists returned home and shared what they had learned with fellow musicians, Warings approach to choral singing spread throughout the nation. The first Fred Waring Music Workshop in the western United States was held in June 1968 as part of the University of Nevadas Summer Session curriculum in Reno, Waring taught and supervised these summer workshop for 37 years, continuing until the day he died
33.
Christmas music
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Christmas music comprises a variety of genres of music normally performed or heard around the Christmas season. Music was a feature of the Christmas season and its celebrations. The earliest examples are hymnographic works intended for use in observance of both the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany, many of which are still in use by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The 13th century saw the rise of the written in the vernacular. In the Middle Ages, the English combined circle dances with singing, later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England, Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians. During the Commonwealth of England government under Cromwell, the Rump Parliament prohibited the practice of singing Christmas carols as Pagan, like other customs associated with popular Catholic Christianity, it earned the disapproval of Protestant Puritans. Famously, Cromwells interregnum prohibited all celebrations of the Christmas holiday and this attempt to ban the public celebration of Christmas can also be seen in the early history of Father Christmas. The Westminster Assembly of Divines established Sunday as the holy day in the calendar in 1644. The new liturgy produced for the English church recognised this in 1645 and its celebration was declared an offence by Parliament in 1647. There is some debate as to the effectiveness of this ban, Puritans generally disapproved of the celebration of Christmas—a trend which continually resurfaced in Europe and the USA through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. William Sandyss Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern, contained the first appearance in print of many now-classic English carols, singing carols in church was instituted on Christmas Eve 1880 in Truro Cathedral, Cornwall, England, which is now seen in churches all over the world. Christmas festivities, including music, are celebrated in a more secular fashion by such institutions as the Santa Claus Village, in Rovaniemi. The tradition of singing Christmas carols in return for alms or charity began in England in the century after the Restoration. Also from the century, there was the English custom, predominantly involving women, of taking a wassail bowl to their neighbours to solicit gifts. The status of Christmas as an important feast within the year also means there is a long tradition of music specially composed for celebrating the season. S. This is in due to the efforts of amateur choral societies during the nineteenth century. When it was composed, it was performed during Passiontide, jakub Jan Ryba, Czech Christmas Mass Hey, Master
34.
Rotary International
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It is a non-political and non-sectarian organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 34,282 member clubs worldwide,1.2 million individuals called Rotarians have joined these clubs. Rotarians usually gather weekly for breakfast, lunch, or dinner to fulfill their first guiding principle to develop friendships as an opportunity for service, the Rotarians primary motto is Service Above Self, its secondary motto is One profits most who serves best. This objective is set against the Rotary 4-Way Test, used to see if an action is compatible with the Rotarian spirit. It is still seen as a standard for ethics in business management, the 4-Way Test considers the following questions in respect to thinking, saying or doing, Is it the truth. Is it fair to all concerned, will it build goodwill and better friendships. Will it be beneficial to all concerned, the first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. In addition to Harris and Loehr, Silvester Schiele, and Hiram E. Shorey were the two who attended this first meeting. The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Los Angeles, the National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3,1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America, in April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, in August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered. During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, in 1922, the name was changed to Rotary International. By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members, Rotary Clubs in Spain ceased to operate shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the UN Charter Conference in San Francisco, nearly fifty Rotarians served as delegates, advisors, Rotarys work in promoting peace through education began as early as 1943 with a London conference on international, cultural, and educational exchanges. Rotary International established consultative status with the UN and UNESCO beginning in 1946-47, in one of the first cooperative activities with UNESCO, the Rotary Foundation awarded a $5,000 ‘grant-in-aid’ for fellowships to social service and educational leaders in war-devastated countries. The funds were designed to provide training to those who trained others, in 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the worlds children against polio
35.
Loyal Order of Moose
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The Loyal Order of Moose is a fraternal and service organization founded in 1888, with nearly 1 million men in roughly 2,400 Lodges, in all 50 U. S. It is headquartered in Mooseheart, Illinois, also, Moose Lodges and Chapters conduct approximately $75 million worth of community service annually. The Loyal Order of Moose was founded in Louisville, Kentucky, originally intended purely as a mens social club, lodges were soon founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, St. Louis, Missouri and Crawfordsville and Frankfort, Indiana. The early order was not prosperous, Dr. Wilson himself was dissatisfied and left the order of the Moose before the turn of the century. When Albert C. Stevens was compiling his Cyclopedia of Fraternities in the late 1890s, in the fall of 1906 the Order had only the two Indiana lodges remaining. On October 27 of that year James J. Davis became the 247th member of the Order, Davis was a Welsh immigrant who had come to the US as a youth and worked as an iron puddler in the steel mills of Pennsylvania, and an active labor organizer. He saw the Order as a way to provide a safety net for a working class membership. After giving an address to the seven delegates of the 1906 Moose national convention. Davis and a group of organizers set out to members and establish lodges throughout the US. He was quite successful and the Order grew to half a million members in 1,000 lodges by 1912. For months offers came in and a number of meetings were held regarding the project and it was eventually agreed that the center should be located somewhere near the center of population, adjacent to both rail and river transportation and within a days travel to a major city. On December 14,1912 the leaders of the decided to purchase the 750-acre Brookline Farm. Brookline was a farm near Batavia, Illinois. It was close to the Fox River, two lines and the Lincoln Highway. The leadership also wished to buy real estate to the west. Negotiations for the purchases were held in January and February 1913, Mooseheart was dedicated on July 27,1913. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall gave a speech for the occasion, while Mooseheart began as a school, it soon grew to become a small incorporated village and hub of the organization, housing the headquarters of the LOOM, as well as the Women of the Moose. The population of Mooseheart would grow to 1,000 by 1920, reach a peak of 1,300 during the Great Depression and go down to approximately 500, in addition to Mooseheart, the LOOM also runs a retirement center, Moosehaven, located in Orange Park Florida
36.
Edie Adams
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Edie Adams was an American businesswoman, singer, Broadway, television and film actress, and comedian. Adams was an Emmy and Tony Award winner and she was well known for her impersonations of sexy stars on stage and television, especially Marilyn Monroe. She was the wife and frequent television partner of Ernie Kovacs until his death in a 1962 car accident, Adams was born as Edith Elizabeth Enke in Kingston, Pennsylvania, the only daughter of Sheldon Alonzo Enke and his wife, Ada Dorothy. She had a brother, Sheldon Adams Enke. The family moved to areas such as Shavertown, Grove City and Trucksville and spent a year in New York City before settling in Tenafly, New Jersey. Ada Enke taught her singing and piano, mother and daughter were members of the Grove City Presbyterian church choir. Adams grandmother, a seamstress, taught her how to sew and she made her own clothing beginning in the sixth grade and Adams would later have her own designer line of clothing, called Bonham, Inc. She earned a degree from Juilliard, then graduated from Columbia School of Drama. She studied at the Actors Studio in New York and at the Traphagen School of Fashion Design, initially, Adams could not decide whether to pursue a career in fashion design or music, so she tossed a coin, and music won. In 1949-50, she appeared in the live television show Bonnie Maids Versatile Varieties as one of the original Bonnie Maids doing live commercials for the sponsor. In 1950, she won the Miss U. S, Television beauty contest, which led to an appearance with Milton Berle on his television show. Her earliest television work billed her as Edith Adams, one of her early appearances was on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts. She was seen by the producer of the Ernie Kovacs show Three To Get Ready, Edie, who was well-trained in classical music, had very little experience with popular music and could perform only three songs. She later stated, I sang them all during the audition and she became part of the show in July 1951. Adams had never seen the program she was hired for, when he saw his daughter on the show, Adams father was upset to find her role involved trying to avoid pies in the face. In one of his last interviews, Ernie Kovacs looked back on the days, saying, I wish I could say I was the big shot that hired her. Later on I did have something to say and I said it, Adams began working regularly on television with comedian Ernie Kovacs and talk show pioneer Jack Paar. After a courtship that included mariachi bands and a diamond engagement ring, Adams and Ernie Kovacs eloped, they were married on September 12,1954
37.
Louis Jourdan
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Louis Jourdan was a French film and television actor. He was known for his roles in several Hollywood films, including The Paradine Case, Letter from an Unknown Woman, Gigi, The Best of Everything, The V. I. P. s. He played Dracula in the 1977 BBC television production Count Dracula, Jourdan was born Louis Robert Gendre in Marseille, France, in 1921, one of three sons of Yvonne and Henry Gendre, a hotel owner. He was educated in France, Turkey, and the UK, while there, he began acting on the professional stage, where he was brought to the attention of director Marc Allegret, who hired him to work as an assistant camera operator on Entrée des Artistes. Allegret then cast Jourdan in what should have been his first movie, filming was interrupted by the Second World War and was never resumed. Jourdan was too young for service and was hired by Julien Duvivier along with his brother Pierre to appear in Untel Père et Fils in Rome. This was interrupted by the declaration of war between France and Italy, he returned to France, made films and spent a year on a work gang. Jourdan was ordered to make German propaganda films which he refused to do, there he started making movies again, ten films in two years. His father was arrested by the Gestapo, months later he escaped, I was given work to do and I did it, said Jourdan later of his time in the resistance. I worked on illegal leaflets, helping to print and distribute them, after the liberation of France in 1945, he returned to Paris with his childhood sweetheart, Berthe Frederique. Cited by author James McKay as the epitome of the suave Continental, Jourdan was spotted in a French film by a talent scout working for David O. Selznick and his first American film was The Paradine Case starring Gregory Peck. The movie is a directed by Alfred Hitchcock, who did not want Jourdan cast as the valet in the film. Jourdan frequently argued with Selznick, who put him on suspension a number of times for refusing roles, with Joan Fontaine, Jourdan starred in the Max Ophüls film Letter from an Unknown Woman. David Thomson in 2010 observed how his performance as Stefan Brand altered as the character aged over the period of the films narrative. The younger Stefan was boyish, eager and open, ten years later, the man is filled with self-loathing and fake ironies. It was a performance from Jourdan, Thomson wrote in Have You Seen. He was handsome yet an empty, romantic yet not entirely there. John Houseman, the producer, felt he lacked sex appeal, but that shortcoming serves very well as his defect of memory
38.
Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)
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Nick Adams was an American film and television actor and screenwriter. He was noted for his roles in several Hollywood films during the 1950s and 1960s along with his role in the ABC television series The Rebel. Adams was born Nicholas Aloysius Adamshock in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania to Peter Adamshock and his father was a Ukrainian-born anthracite coal miner. In 1958 he told columnist Hedda Hopper, We lived in those little company houses -- they were terrible and we had to buy from the company store and were always in debt and could never leave. The family did leave when he was five years old, after Adams uncle was killed in a mining accident and my father piled all our belongings into an old jalopy, with our bedding on top, Adams recalled. We didnt know where we were going and he started driving, and ran out of gas and money in Jersey City, New Jersey at Audubon Park. A man came over and started talking to us, a Mr. Cohn and he said to my father You look like you need a job, and my father said I do. Adams father was given a job as janitor of an apartment building along with living quarters in the basement, eventually, they moved to Van Nostrand Avenue between Ocean Avenue and Rutgers Avenue. His mother worked for Western Electric in Kearny, New Jersey, while still in high school Adams was offered a playing position in minor league baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals but turned it down because he was uninterested in the low pay. He briefly worked as a bat boy for the Jersey City Giants, some sources recount Adams made money as a teenager by hustling pool games. In 1948, while visiting New York, 17-year-old Adams wandered into an audition for Seán OCaseys play, The Silver Tassie, when Palance, whose father was also a Ukrainian coal miner from Northeastern Pennsylvania, asked why he wanted to act, Adams replied, For the money. Palance introduced him to the director of The Silver Tassie as Nick Adams, after the director declined to hire him as an extra, Palance sent Adams to a nearby junior theater group where he got his first acting job playing the role of Muff Potter in Tom Sawyer. While trying to get a role in the play Mister Roberts, Adams friends teased him about his acting ambitions. Everybody thought I was crazy, he recalled and my father said, Nick, get a trade, be a barber or something. I said, But, Pop, I want to do something where I can make lots of money and you cant make lots of money with just a trade. After a year of acting in New York, Adams hitchiked to Los Angeles. Adams was a reader of fan magazines and came to believe he could meet agents. He got a job there as doorman, usher, and maintenance man and he was fired after he put his own name up as a publicity stunt
39.
Elinor Donahue
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Donahue was born in Tacoma, Washington, the daughter of Doris Genevieve and Thomas William Donahue. Appearing in dancing-chorus film roles from the age of five, Donahue was at one point a ballet-school classmate of future Fred Astaire partner Barrie Chase. She was an actress working in vaudeville and had several bit parts in movies as a teenager, including Love Is Better Than Ever. She played one of the daughters in Three Daring Daughters in 1948, Donahue achieved stardom for her role as the elder daughter, Betty, on the television family series Father Knows Best. Her co-stars were Robert Young, Jane Wyatt, Billy Gray as her brother, James Bud Anderson, Jr. and Lauren Chapin as her younger sister. Donahue was a judge in ABCs Jukebox Jury. While in the first season of Father Knows Best she also appeared on The Ray Bolger Show, thereafter, she was cast with James Best, Ann Doran, and J. Carrol Naish in the 1956 episode The White Carnation of the religion anthology series, Crossroads. She guest starred on an episode of U. S. Marshal and she also appeared as a new bride in the The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show episode titled The Newlyweds that aired April 2,1956. She played Georgiana Balanger in the episode Dennis and the Wedding on Dennis the Menace, Donahue was also cast, in 1960, with Marion Ross in an episode of The Brothers Brannagan. She played Miriam Welby on ABCs The Odd Couple, Jane Mulligan on Mulligans Stew and she was featured in 12 episodes of CBSs The Andy Griffith Show as pharmacist Ellie Walker, even getting a mention in the opening credits. The character was intended to be a love interest for Sheriff Andy Taylor, additionally, on February 9,1963, she played Letty May in the episode The Burning Tree on Have Gun Will Travel. She guest-appeared on Star Trek in the second-season episode Metamorphosis as commissioner Nancy Hedford, in 1966, she guest starred on the A Man Called Shenahdoah TV series, episode 8, Town On Fire. Donahue portrayed Miriam Welby in 17 episodes of The Odd Couple, Donahue appeared in One Day at a Time, as Alexs mother Felicia. Donahue portrayed the sister of Sister Bertrille in three episodes of ABCs The Flying Nun, in 1977, she appeared in an episode of the ABC crime drama The Feather and Father Gang. In 1978, Donahue starred in the NBC sitcom Please Stand By, in 1984, she made an appearance as Mrs. Broderick, the mother of a teenaged drug addict on the last season of Happy Days. In 1987, she played the characters mother in the short-lived Fox series The New Adventures of Beans Baxter. In 1988, she appeared in a Newhart episode and appeared on The Golden Girls as the newest wife of Dorothy Zbornaks ex-husband, in 1990, she played Bridget, a Beverly Hills clothing-store manager, in the film Pretty Woman. Donahue played Gladys, the mother of Chris Peterson, in all 35 episodes of the sitcom Get a Life, in 1992, she voiced the mother on the Fox Kids animated series Eek. the Cat
40.
Bud Abbott
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William Alexander Abbott, known professionally as Bud Abbott, was an American actor, producer, and comedian. He is best remembered as the man of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. Abbott was born in Asbury Park, New Jersey on October 2,1897 and his parents, Rae Fisher and Harry Abbott, had worked for the Barnum and Bailey Circus. Several years after the family relocated to Brooklyn, Abbott dropped out of school to begin working with his father at Dreamland Park on Coney Island. When he was 15, Abbott signed on as a boy on a Norwegian steamer. He eventually worked his way back to the United States after a year, by then his father was an employee of the Columbia Burlesque Wheel, and installed Bud in the box office of the Casino Theater in Brooklyn. Bud spent the few years in burlesque box offices. In 1918, working in Washington D. C. he met and married Jenny Mae Pratt and they remained together until his death 55 years later. In 1923 Abbott produced a cut-rate vaudeville tab show called Broadway Flashes, Abbott began performing as a straight man in the show when he could no longer afford to pay one. He continued producing and performing in shows on the Mutual Burlesque wheel. Abbott suffered from epilepsy starting from about 1926, in 1964, he suffered the first in a series of strokes. Abbott crossed paths with Lou Costello in burlesque a few times in the early 1930s when Abbott was producing and performing in Minskys Burlesque shows and they first worked together in 1935 at the Eltinge Theatre on 42nd Street, after an illness sidelined Costellos regular partner. They formally teamed up in 1936, and went on to perform together in burlesque, vaudeville, minstrel shows, in 1938, they received national exposure as regulars on the Kate Smith Hour radio show, which led to roles in a Broadway musical, The Streets of Paris. In 1940, Universal signed the team for their first film, despite having minor roles, Abbott and Costello stole the film with several classic routines, including an abbreviated version of Whos On First. During World War II, Abbott and Costello were among the most popular, between 1940 and 1956 they made 36 films and earned a percentage of the profits on each. They had their own radio program throughout the 1940s, first on NBC from 1942 to 1947, in the 1950s, they introduced their comedy to live television on The Colgate Comedy Hour, and launched their own half-hour series, The Abbott and Costello Show. Abbott was very supportive of his relatives, Norman and Betty Abbott, the children of Buds older sister, Olive, started their careers working behind the scenes on Abbott and Costello films. Betty became Blake Edwards longtime script supervisor, and Norman directed many television sitcoms, including the Jack Benny Show and Sanford, relations between Abbott and Costello were strained by egos and salary disputes
41.
Claude Akins
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Claude Marion Akins was an American actor with a long career on stage, screen, and television. Powerful in appearance and voice, Akins could be counted on to play the tough guy, on the side of good or bad, in movies. He is remembered as Sheriff Lobo in the 1970s television series B. J. and the Bear, and later The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo, Akins was born in Nelson, Georgia, but he grew up in Bedford, Indiana. He served with the U. S. Army Signal Corps in World War II in Burma, after the war, he graduated in 1949 from Northwestern University, where he had majored in Theatre and became a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. As a film actor, Akins first appeared in 1953s From Here to Eternity and he appeared as a seaman and shipmate of Lee Marvin in the 1954 The Caine Mutiny. He portrayed prisoner Joe Burdette in Rio Bravo, Naval Lt. Commander Farber in Dont Give Up the Ship, Sgt Kolowicz in Merrills Marauders and he had a tiny part in the movie The Sea Chase with John Wayne. He appeared with Yul Brynner and Robert Fuller in the film Return of the Seven, Akins was cast in a large number of television series, including The Adventures of Superman, in which he plays a villainous conspirator, Crusader, and I Love Lucy. He appeared once on Richard Diamond, Private Detective, Empire, Laredo, the series, Pony Express. He was cast as Jarret Sutton in Escape to Memphis and as Beaudry Rawlins in Duel on the River in Darren McGavins NBC series, the episode was later broadcast on the regular series as Rodeo Rough House. Beverly Garland also appeared in the episode as Nellie Austin, a sharpshooter, Akins and Garland much later appeared together in the 1963 episode The Chooser of the Slain on the ABC/Warner Bros. western series, The Dakotas. Dark had foiled a robbery by the Reeves brothers, one of whom was killed, but his hand was severely injured. June avoided her husband for his own protection when the outlaw brothers pursued them, clem Reeves was portrayed by Tony Young, later cast as Cord in the short-lived Gunslinger series on CBS. Ultimately, the gang was captured, and the Darks were reconciled, Akins was featured in two episodes of the original CBS series The Twilight Zone. He guest-starred in three each of Combat. and The Untouchables. He appeared on Rod Camerons early syndicated series, City Detective, Meet McGraw with Frank Lovejoy, the ABC/WB drama, The Roaring 20s, Akins other early appearances included a role as a policeman on Alfred Hitchcock Presents in Place of Shadows and Reward to Finder. Akins played another television cop, good-natured Sheriffs Detective Phillip Dix and he was in a first-season episode of Maverick titled Burial Ground of the Gods that starred Jack Kelly. In 1965 Akins played El Supremo in The Man from U. N. C. L. E, episode, The Very Important Zombie Affair. In 1967 Akins played Lt. Finch in The Lucy Show episode, Lucy Meets the Law, Lucy is eventually cleared of the crime when the actual redhead confesses to it
42.
Eddie Albert
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Edward Albert Heimberger, known professionally as Eddie Albert, was an American actor and activist. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1954 for his performance in Roman Holiday, other well-known screen roles of his include Bing Edwards in the Brother Rat films, traveling salesman Ali Hakim in the musical Oklahoma. And the sadistic prison warden in 1974s The Longest Yard and he starred as Oliver Wendell Douglas in the 1960s television sitcom Green Acres and as Frank MacBride in the 1970s crime drama Switch. He also had a role as Carlton Travis on Falcon Crest. Edward Albert Heimberger was born in Rock Island, Illinois, on April 22,1906, the oldest of the five children of Frank Daniel Heimberger, a realtor and his year of birth is often given as 1908, but this is incorrect. His parents were not married when Albert was born, and his mother altered his birth certificate after her marriage, when he was one year old, his family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Young Edward secured his first job as a boy when he was only six. During World War I, his German name led to taunts as the enemy by his classmates and he studied at Central High School in Minneapolis and joined the drama club. His schoolmate Harriet Lake graduated in the same class, finishing high school in 1926, he entered the University of Minnesota, where he majored in business. When he graduated, he embarked on a business career, however, the stock market crash in 1929 left him essentially unemployed. He then took odd jobs, working as a performer, an insurance salesman. Albert stopped using his last name professionally, since it invariably was mispronounced as Hamburger and he moved to New York City in 1933, where he co-hosted a radio show, The Honeymooners - Grace and Eddie Show, which ran for three years. At the shows end, he was offered a contract by Warner Bros. In the 1930s, Albert performed in Broadway stage productions, including Brother Rat and he had lead roles in Room Service and The Boys from Syracuse. Performing regularly on television, Albert wrote and performed in the first teleplay, The Love Nest. Hosted by Betty Goodwin, The Love Nest starred Albert, Hildegarde, The Ink Spots, Ed Wynn, before this time, television productions were adaptations of stage plays. In 1938, he made his debut in the Hollywood version of Brother Rat with Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman. The next year, he starred in On Your Toes, adapted for the screen from the Broadway smash by Rodgers and Hart
