1.
Anne of the Thousand Days
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Anne of the Thousand Days is a 1969 British costume drama made by Hal Wallis Productions and distributed by Universal Pictures. It was directed by Charles Jarrott and produced by Hal B, the film tells the story of Anne Boleyn. The film stars Richard Burton as King Henry VIII and Geneviève Bujold as Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth Taylor makes a brief, uncredited appearance. Irene Papas plays Catherine of Aragon, Geneviève Bujolds portrayal of Anne, her first in an English-speaking film, was, however, very highly praised, even by Time magazine, which otherwise skewered the movie. The play Anne of the Thousand Days, the basis, was first enacted on Broadway in the Shubert Theatre on 8 December 1948. Potter, with Rex Harrison and Joyce Redman as Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn respectively, running 288 performances, Harrison won a Tony Award for his performance. Cinematically, Anne of the Thousand Days took twenty years to reach the screen because its themes – adultery, illegitimacy, the film was made on such locations as Penshurst Place and Hever Castle, and at Pinewood and Shepperton Studios. Hever Castle was one of the settings for the film. The stunning formal Tudor gardens provided the setting for the film. Starting in 1527, Henry has a problem, he reveals his dissatisfaction with his wife and he is currently enjoying a discreet affair with Mary Boleyn, a daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn who is one of his courtiers, but the King is bored with her too. At a court ball, he notices Marys 18-year-old sister Anne and she is engaged to the son of the Earl of Northumberland and they have received their parents permission to marry. The King, however, is enraptured with Annes beauty and orders his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, when news of this decision is carried to Anne, she reacts furiously. She blames the Cardinal and the King for ruining her happiness, when Henry makes a rather clumsy attempt to seduce her, Anne bluntly informs him how she finds him, Ive heard what your courtiers say and Ive seen what you are. Youre spoiled and vengeful and bloody and your poetry is sour and your music is worse. You make love as you eat with a deal of noise. Henry brings her back to Court with him, whilst she continues to resist his advances out of a mixture of repugnance for Henry, however, she becomes intoxicated with the power that the Kings love gives her. Power is as exciting as love, she tells her brother George Boleyn, using this power, she continually undermines Cardinal Wolsey, who at first sees Anne as just a passing love interest for the King. When Henry again presses Anne to become his mistress, she repeats that she never give birth to a child who is illegitimate
2.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
3.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
4.
Paul Almond
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Paul Almond OC was a Canadian former television and motion picture screenwriter, director, producer, and novelist. At the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, he worked primarily as a director and producer and he did similar work in England for the BBC and Associated British Corporation and Granada TV before embarking on a career as a feature-length film-maker. At the time, these films were met with some resistance in Canada. In recent years, Almond authored eight novels in the Alford Saga and it was published in April 2015 by Red Deer Press. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2001 and he is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Almond was first married to National Ballet of Canada leading dancer Angela Leigh, then to Geneviève Bujold from 1967 to 1973, their son and he has since married the photographer Joan Harwood Elkins. He maintained a home in Malibu, California, in addition to his family farm in Shigawake. He died on April 9,2015, in Beverly Hills, California, from complications arising from heart problems he had suffered for several years
5.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
6.
Anne Boleyn
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Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII, and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right. Henrys marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, in February/March 1526, Henry VIII began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress – which her sister Mary had been and it soon became the one absorbing object of Henrys desires to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine so he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not annul the marriage, in 1532, Henry granted Anne the Marquessate of Pembroke. Henry and Anne married on 25 January 1533, after a marriage on 14 November 1532. On 23 May 1533, newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherines marriage null and void, five days later, he declared Henry, shortly afterwards, the Pope decreed sentences of excommunication against Henry and Cranmer. As a result of marriage and these excommunications, the first break between the Church of England and Rome took place and the Church of England was brought under the Kings control. Anne was crowned Queen of England on 1 June 1533, on 7 September, she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I. Henry was disappointed to have a rather than a son but hoped a son would follow. Anne subsequently had three miscarriages, and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour, in order to marry Jane Seymour, Henry had to find reasons for his marriage with Anne to end. Henry had Anne investigated for treason in April 1536. She was beheaded four days later, modern historians view the charges against her, which included adultery, incest, and plotting to kill the king, as unconvincing. Some say that Anne was accused of witchcraft but the indictments make no mention of this charge, after the coronation of her daughter, Elizabeth, as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe. Over the centuries, she has inspired, or been mentioned, in artistic and cultural works. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, Thomas Boleyn was a well respected diplomat with a gift for languages, he was also a favourite of King Henry VII, who sent him on many diplomatic missions abroad. Anne and her siblings grew up at Hever Castle in Kent, however, the siblings were born in Norfolk at the Boleyn home at Blickling. A lack of records from the period has made it impossible to establish Annes date of birth
7.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
8.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
9.
Obsession (1976 film)
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Obsession is a 1976 psychological thriller/mystery film directed by Brian De Palma, starring Cliff Robertson, Geneviève Bujold, John Lithgow, and Stocker Fontelieu. The screenplay was by Paul Schrader, from a story by De Palma, Bernard Herrmann provided the films soundtrack. The story is about a New Orleans businessman who is haunted by guilt following the death of his wife, years after the tragedy, he meets and falls in love with a young woman who is the exact look-alike of his long dead wife. Both De Palma and Schrader have pointed to Alfred Hitchcocks Vertigo as the inspiration for Obsessions narrative. Completed in 1975, Columbia Pictures picked up the distribution rights, when finally released in the late summer of 1976, it became De Palmas first substantial box office success and received a mixed response from critics. In 1959, Michael Courtland, a New Orleans real estate developer, has his life shattered when his wife Elizabeth and this leads to a bungled car chase in which both kidnappers and victims are killed in a spectacular explosion. Courtland blames himself for the deaths of his wife and daughter, Courtland is morbidly obsessed with his dead wife, and regularly visits a monument he has had built in her memory. The monument is a replica of the church where he and Elizabeth had met years before in Florence. His real estate partner Robert LaSalle convinces Courtland to tag along on a trip back to Florence. While there, Courtland revisits the church, and suddenly comes face to face with a woman named Sandra who looks exactly like his late wife. The already slightly unhinged Courtland begins to court the young woman, Courtland returns to New Orleans with Sandra so they can marry. On their wedding night, Sandra is kidnapped and a note is left behind by her abductors. It is a replica of the kidnappers message from fifteen years before. This time, Courtland decides to deliver the demanded cash and he withdraws massive quantities of money from his accounts and business holdings, financially ruining him and forcing him to sign over his interest in the real estate business to LaSalle. In the process, he discovers that his ordeal, including the original kidnapping, had been engineered by LaSalle as a way to gain sole control of Courtlands company share holdings. The now nearly insane Courtland stabs LaSalle to death, knowing that Sandra must have been a willing accomplice in the plot against him, he goes to the airport to kill the escaping woman. Over the years, LaSalle has told her lies about Courtland, Sandra, who has come to love Courtland, attempts suicide on the plane and is taken off the flight in a wheelchair. Courtland sees her and runs toward her, gun drawn, a security guard attempts to stop him but Courtland smashes the briefcase full of money against the guards head, knocking him unconscious
10.
Coma (1978 film)
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Coma is a 1978 American suspense film based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Robin Cook. The film rights were acquired by director Michael Crichton, and the movie was produced by Martin Erlichmann for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the cast includes Geneviève Bujold, Michael Douglas, Elizabeth Ashley, Richard Widmark, and Rip Torn. Among the actors in roles are Tom Selleck, Lois Chiles. The story was adapted again into a television miniseries broadcast September 2012 on A&E television network. Dr. Susan Wheeler is a resident at Boston Memorial Hospital. Wheeler is devastated when a patient, who happens to be her best friend, is pronounced brain dead, looking at the records, Susan finds that over the previous year a number of other fit young people have ended up the same way. She comes across two similarities to the cases, they all took place in the operating theatre. She continues to investigate, increasingly alone, starting to wonder if she can trust even her own boyfriend, eventually she discovers that the Jefferson Institute is a front for black-market organ sales, where the patients organs are sold to the highest bidder. Boston Memorial is in on this, purposely inducing comas in patients whose organs match those of potential buyers, the patients are rendered brain dead via covert carbon monoxide poisoning, through a pipe that leads from the basement to the OR. Susans investigation then reveals the mastermind behind all of it - Dr. George Harris, Chief of Surgery, whom she has been confiding in all along. Dr. Harris tries to stop Susan from exposing the truth, however, Mark, now having realized the truth as well, manages to find and disconnect the pipe before it can poison Susan. Susan, now awake, is wheeled out of the room holding Marks hand. Meanwhile, Dr. Harris stands defeated in the operating room and they met when Crichton was doing post-doctoral work in biology at La Jollas Salk Institute and Cook was a Navy physician stationed at San Diego. Crichton described the film as like a Western, if the doctors are the bad guys they are also the good guys. Crichton says that though the lead in the book was a female the studio talked about getting Paul Newman to play it. If a man had done the movie it would be a more conventional thing. Shooting took place at Boston City Hospital and the University of Southern Californias dissection room, Michael Douglas called the film the first time Ive been offered a project with a good story laid out well, a good cast and a good director. Tom Selleck would later work with Crichton again in the 1984 sci-fi thriller Runaway, composer Jerry Goldsmith would also work with Crichton on Runaway, contributing his first—and only—all-electronic score
11.
Dead Ringers (film)
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Dead Ringers is a 1988 Canadian-American psychological body horror film starring Jeremy Irons in a dual role as identical twin gynecologists. David Cronenberg directed and co-wrote the screenplay with Norman Snider and their script was based on the lives of Stewart and Cyril Marcus and on the novel Twins by Bari Wood and Jack Geasland, a highly fictionalized version of the Marcus story. Elliot and Beverly Mantle are identical twins and gynecologists who jointly operate a successful clinical practice in Toronto that specializes in the treatment of female fertility problems. Elliot, the confident and cynical of the two, seduces women who come to the Mantle Clinic. When he tires of them, the women are passed on to the shy and passive Beverly, an actress, Claire Niveau, comes to the clinic for her infertility. It turns out that Claire has a trifurcated cervix, which means she probably will not be able to have children, Elliot seduces Claire and then urges Beverly to sleep with her. However, Beverly becomes emotionally attached to Claire, and this upsets the equilibrium between the twins, Beverly also begins sharing Claires abuse of prescription drugs, which he abets through his doctors authority. Eventually, Claire leaves town to work on another film and this sends Beverly into clinical depression, more prescription drug abuse, and paranoid delusions about mutant women with abnormal genitalia. Beverly seeks out metallurgical artist Anders Wolleck and commissions a set of bizarre gynecological instruments for operating on these mutant women, after Beverly assaults a patient during surgery with one of Wollecks tools, both brothers are immediately suspended from practice and put on administrative leave by the hospital board. With their medical career now ruined, Elliot locks Beverly into the clinic and tries to him up. When Claire returns, Beverly leaves the clinic to be with her, after recovering his sobriety, he is concerned about his brother, and goes back to the clinic. There he finds the clinic in a shambles and Elliot despondent and their positions are reversed as Beverly cares for Elliot. Drugged and despairing, they celebrate their birthday and Elliot volunteers to be killed. Beverly disembowels Elliot on a couch with the same claw-like instrument of Wollecks that he had used to assault his patient in the operating room. Shortly after, Beverly pulls himself together, leaves the clinic, when she asks, Who is this. Beverly leaves the payphone, walks back into the clinic and dies in Elliots dead arms and this movie marked the screen debut of actress Jill Hennessy, both she and her real life twin sister Jacqueline play prostitutes in one scene of the film. Jill later followed this up by her role as Claire Kincaid on the TV show Law & Order. Initially, Irons had two dressing rooms and two separate wardrobes which he would use depending on which character he was playing at the time
12.
French Canadian
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French Canadians are an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada from the 17th century onward. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population in Canada, today, French Canadians live across North America. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French-Canadian descent, though smaller communities exist throughout Canada, between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States, mostly to the New England region. Other terms for French Canadians who continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebecers or Québécois, the other major group of French Canadians are the Acadians who reside in the Maritime Provinces. In total, those who identify as French Canadian, French, Québécois, the French Canadians get their name from Canada, the most developed and densely populated region of New France during the period of French colonization in the 17th and 18th century. The original use of the term Canada referred to the area along the St. From 1535 to the 1690s, the French word Canadien had referred to the First Nations the French had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at Stadacona, at the end of the 17th century, Canadien became an ethnonym distinguishing the inhabitants of Canada from those of France. French Canadians living in Canada express their identity using a number of terms. The Ethnic Diversity Survey of the 2006 Canadian census found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as French, French Canadians, Québécois, the latter three were grouped together by Jantzen as French New World ancestries because they originate in Canada. Canadien was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century, the English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called Anglais. This usage continued until Canadian Confederation in 1867 and those reporting French New World ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their group, with 70% and 61%, respectively. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker, for example, only 50% of third generation Canadians strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities and these identities include French New World ancestries such as Québécois, Acadian. Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used Québécois or Québécoise to express their cultural and national identity, rather than Canadien français, francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as French Canadian. Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty and this is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebeckers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as French Canadian, identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do
13.
Convent
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A convent is either a community of priests, religious brothers or religious sisters, or the building used by the community, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion. The term derives via Old French from Latin conventus, perfect participle of the verb convenio, meaning to convene, the original reference was to the gathering of mendicants who spent much of their time travelling. Technically, a monastery or nunnery is a community of monastics, whereas a friary or convent is a community of mendicants, and a canonry a community of canons regular. The terms abbey and priory can be applied to both monasteries and canonries, an abbey is headed by an Abbot, and a priory is a dependent house headed by a Prior. In English usage since about the 19th century the term convent almost invariably refers to a community of women, in historical usage they are often interchangeable, with convent especially likely to be used for a friary. When applied to houses in Eastern Orthodoxy and Buddhism, English refers to all houses of male religious as monasteries. Christian monasticism Enclosed religious orders Herbermann, Charles, ed. Convent, carmelite Monastery of the Sacred Hearts —- an example of a modern-day convent Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Convent
14.
Alain Resnais
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Alain Resnais was a French film director and screenwriter whose career extended over more than six decades. After training as an editor in the mid-1940s, he went on to direct a number of short films which included Night and Fog. These films were contemporary with, and associated with, the French New Wave and he had closer links to the Left Bank group of authors and filmmakers who shared a commitment to modernism and an interest in left-wing politics. This led to adaptations of plays by Alan Ayckbourn, Henri Bernstein and Jean Anouilh. His films frequently explore the relationship between consciousness, memory, and the imagination, and he was noted for devising innovative formal structures for his narratives, throughout his career, he won many awards from international film festivals and academies. Resnais was born in 1922 at Vannes in Brittany, where his father was a pharmacist, an only child, he was often ill with asthma in childhood, which led to his being withdrawn from school and educated at home. He was a reader, in a range that extended from classics to comic books. For his twelfth birthday his parents gave him a Kodak 8mm camera with which he began to make his own short films, around the age of 14, he discovered surrealism and through that an interest in the works of André Breton. Visits to the theatre in Paris gave Resnais the desire to be an actor, from 1940 to 1942 he studied acting in the Cours René-Simon, but he then decided in 1943 to apply to the newly formed film school IDHEC to study film editing. The film-maker Jean Grémillon was one of the teachers who had the most influence on him at that period and he returned to Paris in 1946 to start his career as a film editor, but also began making short films of his own. Finding himself to be a neighbour of the actor Gérard Philipe, he persuaded him to appear in a 16mm surrealist short, a more ambitious feature-length work, Ouvert pour cause dinventaire, has also vanished without trace. He filmed it at first in 16mm, but when the producer Pierre Braunberger saw the results, van Gogh received a prize at the Venice Biennale in 1948, and also won an Oscar for Best 2-reel Short in 1949. Nuit et Brouillard was one of the first documentaries about the Nazi concentration camps, the accompanying narration was intentionally understated to add to the distancing effect. Although the film encountered problems with the French government, its impact was immense. In 1958 Resnais undertook a commission from the Pechiney company to make short film, in colour and wide-screen, extolling the merits of plastics, poetry was brought to the project, literally, by Raymond Queneau who wrote the narration for the film in rhyming couplets. Similar collaborations underpinned his work in feature films. Resnaiss first feature film was Hiroshima mon amour, in the film, the themes of memory and forgetting are explored via new narrative techniques which balance images with narrated text and ignore conventional notions of plot and story development. The film was shown at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival, alongside Truffauts Les Quatre Cents Coups, Resnaiss next film was LAnnée dernière à Marienbad, which he made in collaboration with the novelist Alain Robbe-Grillet
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Yves Montand
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Ivo Livi, better known as Yves Montand, was an Italian-French actor and singer. Montand was born Ivo Livi in Monsummano Terme, Italy, to Giuseppina and Giovanni Livi, Giuseppina was a devout Catholic, while Giovanni held strong Communist beliefs. Montands family left for France in 1923 because of Italys Fascist regime and he grew up in Marseille, where, as a young man, he worked in his sisters beauty salon, and later on the docks. He began a career in business as a music-hall singer. In 1944, he was discovered by Édith Piaf in Paris, Montand went on to international recognition as a singer and actor, starring in numerous films. His recognizably crooner songs, especially those about Paris, became instant classics and he was one of the most famous performers at Bruno Coquatrixs famous Paris Olympia music hall, and toured with musicians including Didi Duprat. In October 1947, he sang Mais quest-ce que jai. at the Théâtre de lÉtoile, the composer of this song had him offer also sing Cest si bon he had written but Yves Montand refused. Following the success of the recording of song by the Sœurs Étienne in 1948. During his career, Montand acted in a number of American motion pictures as well as on Broadway and he was nominated for a César Award for Best Actor in 1980 for I comme Icare and again in 1984 for Garçon. The film was a critical hit and raised Montands profile in the US. In 1951, he married Simone Signoret, and they co-starred in several films throughout their careers, Montands only child, Valentin, his son by his second wife, Carole Amiel, was born in 1988. In a paternity suit that rocked France, another woman accused Montand of being the father of her daughter, Montand refused, but the woman persisted after his death. In a court ruling that made headlines, the woman won the right to have Montand exhumed. The results indicated that he was not the girls biological father. In an interview, Jean-Jacques Beineix said, e died on the set, on the very last day, after his very last shot. It was the very last night and we were doing retakes and he finished what he was doing and then he just died. And the film tells the story of an old man who dies from a heart attack, Montand is interred next to his first wife, Simone Signoret, in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation Yves Montand at the Internet Movie Database Yves Montand at the Internet Broadway Database Yves Montand at Find a Grave
16.
The War Is Over (film)
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The War is Over is a French drama film about a leftist in Francos Spain, directed by Alain Resnais and starring Yves Montand, Ingrid Thulin, and Geneviève Bujold. Joseph Losey directed a sequel, Roads to the South, in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, the communist veteran Diego has dedicated his life to continuing the struggle against the Franco regime while living in exile in Paris. Lately, however, he has become war-weary and skeptical about the tactics of the revolutionary underground, after meeting Nadine, whose fathers passport he is using, he learns that she is involved with an alternative revolutionary group that is planning an armed attack in Spain. When he meets the young revolutionaries who execute the plan, he tries to persuade them to abandon the action as misconceived. The leaders of the underground, meanwhile, send Diego on a mission to Barcelona along with a new recruit, perhaps as a way of getting rid of him and his lover Marianne, who has received a warning from Nadine, attempts to intercept him before he is arrested. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for its script, the War Is Over at the Internet Movie Database
17.
King of Hearts (1966 film)
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King of Hearts is a 1966 French comedy-drama film directed by Philippe de Broca and starring Alan Bates. The film is set in a town in France near the end of World War I. As the Imperial German Army retreats they booby trap the whole town to explode, charles Plumpick is a kilt-wearing French born Scottish soldier who is sent by his commanding officer to disarm a bomb placed in the town square by the retreating Germans. As the fighting closer to the town, its inhabitants—including those who run the insane asylum—abandon it. The asylum gates are open, and the inmates leave the asylum. Plumpick has no reason to think they are not who they appear to be—other than the colorful and playful way in which theyre living their lives, so at odds with the fearful and war-ravaged times. The lunatics crown Plumpick King of Hearts with surreal pageantry as he tries to find the bomb before it goes off. When it was released in France in 1966, King of Hearts was not especially successful critically or at the box office with only 141,035 admissions. However, it achieved bona fide cult-film status, when United States distribution rights were picked up by Randy Finley and it was paired with Marv Newlands Bambi Meets Godzilla and John Magnusons Thank You Mask Man and marketed under the heading The King of Hearts and His Loyal Short Subjects
18.
Alan Bates
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In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson. He also continued to appear on the stage, notably in the plays of Simon Gray, such as Butley, the family briefly moved to Mickleover, then returned to Allestree. He also saw productions at Derbys Little Theatre, batess stage debut was in 1955, in You and Your Wife, in Coventry. In 1956 he made his West End debut as Cliff in Look Back in Anger, a role he had originated at the Royal Court and he also played the role on television and on Broadway. In the late 1950s Bates appeared in plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in The Entertainer opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role, Bates worked for the Padded Wagon Moving Company in the early 1960s while acting at the Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City. In 1969 he starred in Women in Love, Bates was handpicked by director John Schlesinger to star in the film Sunday Bloody Sunday to play Dr. Daniel Hirsh. Bates was held up filming The Go-Between for director Joseph Losey, and had become a father around that time. Around this time he appeared as Col. Vershinin in the National Theatres film of Three Sisters, directed by and he later worked with Olivier for television in the Laurence Olivier Presents version of Harold Pinters The Collection and A Voyage Round My Father. Bates starred in international films as An Unmarried Woman and Nijinsky. On television, his parts included Michael Henchard, the lead in The Mayor of Casterbridge - which he described as his favourite role - in the serial adaptation by Dennis Potter. He continued working in film and television in the 1990s, including the role of Claudius in Mel Gibsons version of Hamlet, in 2001 Bates joined an all-star cast in Robert Altmans critically acclaimed period drama Gosford Park, in which he played the butler Jennings. He later played Antonius Agrippa in the 2004 TV film Spartacus, the film was dedicated to his memory and that of writer Howard Fast, who wrote the original novel that inspired the film Spartacus by Stanley Kubrick. In Otherwise Engaged, his co-star was Ian Charleson, who became a friend, Bates was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1996, and was knighted in 2003. He was an Associate Member of RADA and was a patron of the Actors Centre, Covent Garden, London, Bates was married to Victoria Ward from 1970 until her death in 1992, although they had separated many years earlier. They had twin sons, born in November 1970, the actors Benedick Bates, Tristan died following an asthma attack in Tokyo in 1990. Other sources report Tristan died of an overdose in a public toilet. Bates had numerous homosexual relationships throughout his life, including those with actors Nickolas Grace and Peter Wyngarde, in 1994 Curry died from AIDS in Bates arms
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Louis Malle
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Louis Marie Malle was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. He was later nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career, Malle is also one of the few directors to have won the Golden Lion multiple times. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films, Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Francoise and Pierre Malle. He initially studied political science at Sciences Po before turning to studies at IDHEC instead. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped before making his first feature, a taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour léchafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malles The Lovers, which also starred Moreau, caused controversy due to its sexual content. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, an owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement, the second film earned Malle his first Academy Award nominations for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced. In 1968 Malle visited India and made a documentary series LInde fantôme, Reflexions sur un voyage and a documentary film Calcutta. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film, Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby, Atlantic City, My Dinner with Andre, Crackers, Alamo Bay, Damage and Vanya on 42nd Street in English, Au revoir les enfants and Milou en Mai in French. Just as his films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter, in 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porters book Through Parisian Eyes, Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Malle was married to Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967 and he had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle with German actress Gila von Weitershausen and a daughter, filmmaker Justine Malle, with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart. He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980 and they had one child, a daughter, Chloe Francoise Malle, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma at their home in Beverly Hills, California, at 63 on Thanksgiving Day 23 November 1995
20.
The Thief of Paris
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The Thief of Paris is a 1967 French crime film directed by Louis Malle and starring Jean-Paul Belmondo as a professional thief at the turn of the century in Paris. The film is based on a book of the title by Georges Darien. The story centers on his burglaries as well as his relationship with his cousin Charlotte. It also features other well-known French actors including Marie Dubois, Charles Denner, the film had 1,225,555 admissions in France. It was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival, in the opening scene, Georges Randal, the thief of the title, breaks into a big house and begins to steal the valuable objects on display. A series of flashbacks then narrates the story of Randals life, an orphan, he is raised by his uncle along with his cousin Charlotte, who grows into an attractive young woman with whom he falls in love. When Georges reaches twenty-one and asks for the money his parents left him and he is rejected as a suitor for Charlotte because he is poor. She is then betrothed by her father to a dim-witted aristocrat. Georges steals the family jewels and from then on, motivated by a sense of justice and desire for revenge, follows a successful career as a gentleman thief. Charlotte says to him You dont need to steal any more and it is apparent that he has a compulsion to go on, knowing that he will eventually be caught. The final scene shows him boarding the train back to Paris with the haul from his latest robbery, the Thief of Paris at the Internet Movie Database The Thief of Paris at Le Film Guide The Thief of Paris at Rotten Tomatoes
21.
Jean-Paul Belmondo
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Jean-Paul Belmondo is a French actor initially associated with the New Wave of the 1960s and one of the biggest French film stars of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. His best known credits include Breathless and That Man from Rio, Belmondo was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, west of Paris. Belmondos father, Paul Belmondo, was a Pied-Noir sculptor who was born in Algeria of Italian descent, whose parents were of Sicilian, as a boy he was more interested in sport than school, developing a particular interest in boxing and soccer. Belmondo made his boxing debut on 10 May 1949 in Paris when he knocked out Rene DesMarais in one round. Belmondos boxing career was undefeated, but brief and he won three straight first round knockout victories from 1949 to 1950. I stopped when the face I saw in the begin to change. As part of his military service, he served in Algeria as a private for six months. His last teenage years were spent at a drama school. He studied under Raymond Giraud then when to the Conservatoire of Dramatic Arts when he was twenty and he studied there for three years. The incident did make front page news, Belmondos acting career properly began in 1953, with two performances at Theatre deAtelier in Paris, Jean Anouilhs Medee and Georges Neveuxs Zamore. Belmondo began touring the provinces with friends including Annie Girardot and Guy Bedos, Belmondo first appeared in the short Moliere. Belmondo had a role in the comedy Be Beautiful But Shut Up, followed by a role as a gangster in Young Sinners. Jean Luc Godard directed him in a short, Charlotte and Her Boyfriend and he supported Bourvil and Arletty in Sunday Encounter. Belmondos first lead role was in Les copains du dimanche and he had a supporting part in An Angel on Wheels with Romy Schneider then appeared in Web of Passion for Claude Chabrol. He played Dartgnan in The Three Musketeers for French television, around this time he had a notable success on stage in Oscar in Paris which led to being offered the leads in star parts. The first of these was Consider All Risks, a story with Lino Ventura. The second was in Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, which him a major figure in the French New Wave. In the words of the New York Times it led to his having more acting assignments than he can handle and he followed it with Trapped by Fear, then the Italian film Letters By a Novice
22.
Michel Brault
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Michel Brault, OQ was a Canadian cinematographer, cameraman, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a figure of Direct Cinema, characteristic of the French branch of the National Film Board of Canada in the 1960s. Brault was a pioneer of the hand-held camera aesthetic, in the 1960s, Brault collaborated with the French Nouvelle Vague, notably with Jean Rouch, and introduced the cinéma vérité techniques in Europe. He directed his first documentary film for the National Film Board. He was also the cinematographer for a number of key Canadian films of the 1970s such as Claude Jutras Kamouraska and Mon Oncle Antoine and Francis Mankiewiczs Les Bons débarras. In 1974, Brault directed Les Ordres, about the 1970 October crisis and shared the 1975 Cannes Film Festival award for best director and his 1989 film The Paper Wedding was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival. Brault died of an attack on the afternoon of 21 September 2013, while en route to the Film North – Huntsville International Film Festival. According to festival founder Lucy Wing, Brault had arrived at Pearson International Airport after a flight from his home in Montreal, accompanied by his son, Sylvain. Brault had begun the drive north to Huntsville by limousine when he began to feel ill,1964 - Film of the Year, Canadian Film Awards 1974 - Prix L. -E. My Friend Max Quand je serai parti
23.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
24.
Hallmark Hall of Fame
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Hallmark Hall of Fame is an anthology program on American television, sponsored by Hallmark Cards, a Kansas City-based greeting card company. The longest-running primetime series in the history of television, it has a long run, beginning in 1951. From 1954 onward, all of its productions have been broadcast in color and it holds a place in television history as one of the first video productions to telecast in color, a rarity in the 1950s. The series has received eighty Emmy Awards, twenty-four Christopher Awards, eleven Peabody Awards, nine Golden Globes, once a common practice in American television, it is the last remaining television program where the title includes the name of its sponsor. Unlike other long-running TV series still on the air, it differs in that it only occasionally. The Hallmark Playhouse changed to more serious literature from all genres and it was the first time a major corporation developed a television project specifically as a means of promoting its products to the viewing public. The program was such a success that it was restaged by Hallmark several times during a period of fifteen years, amahl was also staged by other NBC television anthologies. Early productions included some of the works of Shakespeare, Hamlet, Richard II, The Taming of the Shrew, Macbeth, Twelfth Night. Biographical subjects were very eclectic, ranging from Florence Nightingale to Father Flanagan to Joan of Arc, in a few cases, the actors repeated their original Broadway roles. Two different productions of Hamlet have been broadcast on the Hallmark Hall of Fame, one featuring Maurice Evans, neither one was more than two hours long. Evans and actress Judith Anderson performed their famous stage Macbeth on the Hallmark Hall of Fame on two occasions, each time with a different supporting cast. It may have set a record for the most-nominated Shakespeare production to ever be televised and it was left to National Educational Television and Public Broadcasting Service to be the pioneers in presenting nearly complete Shakespeare productions on American television. As a result of Foote, Cone, and Belding Advertising executive, a Tale of Two Cities was the first Hallmark production to run three hours. The late 1980s featured productions such as Foxfire, My Name is Bill W. Sarah, Plain and Tall, to Dance With the White Dog, The Piano Lesson, and What the Deaf Man Heard. One installment, Promise, featuring James Garner and James Woods, won five Emmys, through the 1980s and 1990s, Hallmark Hall of Fame movies often had twice the budget of other network movies. Hallmark movies also ran approximately 10–15 minutes longer because Hallmark Cards fully sponsored the movies and had commercial breaks. Unlike most network movies of the period, Hallmark always filmed on location, for nearly three decades the series was broadcast by NBC, but the network cancelled it in late 1978 due to declining ratings. Since then, the series has been televised by CBS from 1979 to 1989, then on ABC from 1989 to 1995, then CBS again from 1995 until 2011, when that network cancelled the series due to low ratings
25.
George Bernard Shaw
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He wrote more than sixty plays, including major works such as Man and Superman, Pygmalion and Saint Joan. With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory, Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, born in Dublin, Shaw moved to London in 1873, where he established himself as a writer and novelist. By the mid-1880s he was a theatre and music critic. Following a political awakening, he joined the gradualist Fabian Society, Shaw had been writing plays for years before his first public success, 1894s Arms and the Man. Influenced by Henrik Ibsen, he sought to introduce a new realism into English-language drama, using his plays as vehicles to disseminate his political, social and religious ideas. By the early twentieth century his reputation as a dramatist was secured with a series of critical and popular successes that included Major Barbara, The Doctors Dilemma and Caesar, Shaws expressed views were often contentious, he promoted eugenics and alphabet reform while opposing vaccination and organised religion. He courted unpopularity by denouncing both sides in the First World War as equally culpable and he castigated British policy on Ireland in the postwar period, and became a citizen of the Irish Free State in 1934, maintaining dual citizenship. He was prolific, finishing during the years a series of often ambitious plays which achieved varying degrees of popular success. Since Shaws death, opinion has varied about his works and he has at times been rated as second only to William Shakespeare among English-language dramatists, analysts recognise his extensive influence on generations of playwrights. The word Shavian has entered the language as encapsulating Shaws ideas, Shaw was born at 3 Upper Synge Street in Portobello, a lower-middle-class part of Dublin. He was the youngest child and only son of George Carr Shaw and his elder siblings were Lucinda Frances and Elinor Agnes. The Shaw family was of English descent and belonged to the dominant Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, George Carr Shaw and his relatives secured him a sinecure in the civil service, from which he was pensioned off in the early 1850s, thereafter he worked irregularly as a corn merchant. In 1852 he married Bessie Gurly, in the view of Shaws biographer Michael Holroyd she married to escape a tyrannical great-aunt, if, as Holroyd and others surmise, Georges motives were mercenary, then he was disappointed, as Bessie brought him little of her familys money. She came to despise her ineffectual and often drunken husband, with whom she shared what their son later described as a life of shabby-genteel poverty. By the time of Shaws birth, his mother had become close to George John Lee, Shaw retained a lifelong obsession that Lee might have been his biological father, there is no consensus among Shavian scholars on the likelihood of this. The young Shaw suffered no harshness from his mother, but he recalled that her indifference. He found solace in the music that abounded in the house, Lee was a conductor and teacher of singing, Bessie had a fine mezzo-soprano voice and was much influenced by Lees unorthodox method of vocal production. The Shaws house was filled with music, with frequent gatherings of singers and players
26.
Saint Joan (play)
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Saint Joan is a play by George Bernard Shaw about 15th Century French military figure Joan of Arc. Premiering in 1923, three years after her canonization by the Roman Catholic Church, the play dramatises what is known of her based on the substantial records of her trial. Shaw studied the transcripts and decided that the people acted in good faith according to their beliefs. He wrote in his preface to the play, There are no villains in the piece, crime, like disease, is not interesting, it is something to be done away with by general consent, and that is all about it. It is what men do at their best, with good intentions, and what men and women find that they must and will do in spite of their intentions. Michael Holroyd has characterised the play as a tragedy without villains, John Fielden has discussed further the appropriateness of characterising Saint Joan as a tragedy. The text of the play includes a long Preface by Shaw. Shaw characterised Saint Joan as A Chronicle Play in 6 Scenes, Joan, a simple peasant girl, claims to experience visions of Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine, and the archangel Michael, which she says were sent by God to guide her conduct. Scene 1, Robert de Baudricourt complains about the inability of the hens on his farm to produce eggs, Joan claims that her voices are telling her to lift the siege of Orléans, and to allow her several of his men for this purpose. Joan also says that she will crown the Dauphin in Reims Cathedral, de Baudricourt ridicules Joan, but his Steward feels inspired by her words. De Baudricourt eventually begins to feel the sense of inspiration. The Steward enters at the end of the scene to exclaim that the hens have begun to lay eggs again, de Baudricourt interprets this as a sign from God of Joans divine inspiration. Scene 2, Joan talks her way into being received at the court of the weak, There, she tells him that her voices have commanded her to help him become a true king by rallying his troops to drive out the English occupiers and restore France to greatness. Joan succeeds in doing this through her excellent powers of flattery, negotiation, leadership, scene 3, Dunois and his page are waiting for the wind to turn so that he and his forces can lay siege to Orléans. Joan and Dunois commiserate, and Dunois attempts to explain to her more pragmatic realities of an attack and her replies eventually inspire Dunois to rally the forces, and at the scenes end, the wind turns in their favour. Scene 4, Warwick and de Stogumber discuss Joans stunning series of victories, joined by the Bishop of Beauvais, they are at a loss to explain her success. De Stogumber decides Joan is a witch, Beauvais sees Joan as a threat to the Church, as she claims to receive instructions from God directly. He fears she wants to instill pride in the people
27.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
28.
Caesar and Cleopatra (play)
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Caesar and Cleopatra is a play written in 1898 by George Bernard Shaw that depicts a fictionalized account of the relationship between Julius Caesar and Cleopatra. It was first published with Captain Brassbounds Conversion and The Devils Disciple in Shaws 1901 collection Three Plays for Puritans and it was first performed in a single staged reading at Newcastle upon Tyne on 15 March 1899, to secure the copyright. The play was produced in New York in 1906 and in London at the Savoy Theatre in 1907, the play has a prologue and an Alternative to the Prologue. The prologue consists of the Egyptian god Ra addressing the audience directly and he says that Pompey represents the old Rome and Caesar represents the new Rome. The gods favored Caesar, according to Ra, because he lived the life they had given him boldly, Ra recounts the conflict between Caesar and Pompey, their battle at Pharsalia, and Pompeys eventual assassination in Egypt at the hands of Lucius Septimius. In An Alternative to the Prologue, the captain of Cleopatras guard is warned that Caesar has landed and is invading Egypt, Cleopatra has been driven into Syria by her brother, Ptolemy, with whom she is vying for the Egyptian throne. The messenger warns that Caesars conquest is inevitable and irresistible, a Nubian watchman flees to Cleopatras palace and warns those inside that Caesar and his armies are less than an hour away. The guards, knowing of Caesars weakness for women, plan to him to proclaim Cleopatra—who may be controllable—Egypts ruler instead of Ptolemy. They try to locate her, but are told by Cleopatras nurse, Ftatateeta, act I opens with Cleopatra sleeping between the paws of a Sphinx. Caesar, wandering lonely in the night, comes upon the sphinx. Cleopatra wakes and, still unseen, replies, at first Caesar imagines the sphinx is speaking in a girlish voice, then, when Cleopatra appears, that he is experiencing a dream or, if he is awake, a touch of madness. She, not recognizing Caesar, thinks him an old man and tells him of her childish fear of Caesar. Caesar urges bravery when she must face the conquerors, then escorts her to her palace, Cleopatra reluctantly agrees to maintain a queenly presence, but greatly fears that Caesar will eat her anyway. When the Roman guards arrive and hail Caesar, Cleopatra suddenly realizes he has been with her all along and she sobs in relief, and falls into his arms. In a hall on the first floor of the palace in Alexandria, Caesar meets King Ptolemy, his tutor Theodotus, Achillas. Caesar greets all with courtesy and kindness, but inflexibly demands a tribute whose amount disconcerts the Egyptians, as an inducement, Caesar says he will settle the dispute between the claimants for the Egyptian throne by letting Cleopatra and Ptolemy reign jointly. Caesars solution is acceptable to none and his concern for Ptolemy makes Cleopatra fiercely jealous, the conference deteriorates into a dispute, with the Egyptians threatening military action. From Pharos, which has a lighthouse at its eastmost tip
29.
Sir Alec Guinness
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Sir Alec Guinness CH CBE was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, he was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including The Ladykillers and he is also known for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucass original Star Wars trilogy, receiving a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won a BAFTA Award, Golden Globe and a Tony Award, in 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, the Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement in 1980, Guinness was born at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South, Lauderdale Road, Maida Vale, as Alec Guinness de Cuffe. His mothers maiden name was Agnes Cuff and she was born 8 December 1890 to Edward Cuff and Mary Ann Benfield. On Guinnesss birth certificate, the space for the name shows Agnes de Cuffe. The space for the name says Alec Guinness. The column for name and surname of father is blank, the identity of Guinnesss father has never been officially confirmed. From 1875, under English law, when the birth of a child was registered. Guinness himself believed that his father was a Scottish banker, Andrew Geddes, Geddes occasionally visited Guinness and his mother, posing as an uncle. Guinnesss mother later had a marriage to a British soldier who had survived the Irish War of Independence. His behaviour was erratic or even violent. Guinness first worked writing advertising copy and he appeared at the Albery Theatre in 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric in John Gielguds successful production of Hamlet. Also in 1936, Guinness signed on with the Old Vic, in 1939, he took over for Michael Redgrave as Charleston in a road-show production of Robert Ardreys Thunder Rock. An early influence from afar was Stan Laurel, whom Guinness admired, Guinness continued playing Shakespearean roles throughout his career. In 1937, he played Aumerle in Richard II and Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice under the direction of John Gielgud and he starred in a 1938 production of Hamlet which won him acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1939, he adapted Great Expectations for the stage, playing Herbert Pocket, one of its viewers was a young British film editor, David Lean, who would later have Guinness reprise his role in Leans 1946 film adaptation of the play. Guinness served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War, initially as a seaman in 1941 and he commanded a landing craft at the Allied invasion of Sicily, and later ferried supplies and agents to the Yugoslav partisans in the eastern Mediterranean theatre
30.
Jean Anouilh
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Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh was a French dramatist whose career spanned five decades. One of Frances most prolific writers after World War II, much of Anouilhs work deals with themes of maintaining integrity in a world of moral compromise, Anouilh was born in Cérisole, a small village on the outskirts of Bordeaux, and had Basque ancestry. His father, François Anouilh, was a tailor, and Anouilh maintained that he inherited from him a pride in conscientious craftmanship and he often attended rehearsals and solicited the resident authors to let him read scripts until bedtime. He first tried his hand at playwriting here, at the age of 12, in 1918 the family moved to Paris where the young Anouilh received his secondary education at the Lycée Chaptal. He liked the work, and spoke more than once with wry approval of the lessons in the virtues of brevity. Anouilhs financial troubles continued after he was called up to service in 1929. Supported by only his meager salary, Anouilh married the actress Monelle Valentin in 1931. Though she would go on to star in many of his plays, Anouilhs daughter Caroline, Anouilhs youngest daughter Colombe even claims that there was never an official marriage between Anouilh and Valentin. She allegedly had multiple affairs, which caused Anouilh much pain. The infidelity weighed heavily on the dramatist as a result of the uncertainty about his own parentage, according to Caroline, Anouilh had learned that his mother had had a lover at the theatre in Arcachon who was actually his biological father. In spite of this, Anouilh and Valentin had a daughter, Catherine, Anouilhs growing family placed further strain on his already limited finances. Determined to break into writing full-time, he began to write scenes for the cinema to supplement their income. At the age of 25, Anouilh found work as a secretary to the French actor and director Louis Jouvet at the Comédie des Champs-Elysées, Giraudoux was an inspiration to Anouilh and, with the encouragement of the acclaimed playwright, he began writing again in 1929. Before the end of the year he made his debut with Humulus le muet. Ruled by the philosophy, the word creates the decor, Lugné-Poe let Anouilhs lyrical prose shine in front of a backdrop of simple compositions of line and color created a unity of style. The plays were not great successes, closing after 37 and 13 performances respectively, in subsequent years, there was rarely a season in Paris that did not prominently feature a new Anouilh play and many of these were also being exported to England and America. Barsacq was a champion for Anouilh and their affiliation was a factor in the playwrights continued success after the war. In the 1940s, Anouilh turned from contemporary tales to more mythical, classic, pièces noires or Black plays were tragedies or realistic dramas and included Antigone, Jézabel, and La Sauvage
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Public Broadcasting Service
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule
32.
Richard Burton
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Richard Burton, CBE was a Welsh actor who was noted for his mellifluous baritone voice. Burton established himself as a formidable Shakespearean actor in the 1950s and he was called the natural successor to Olivier by critic and dramaturge Kenneth Tynan. An alcoholic, Burtons failure to live up to those expectations disappointed critics and colleagues, Burton was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won an Oscar. He was a recipient of BAFTAs, Golden Globes, and Tony Awards for Best Actor, Burton remains closely associated in the public consciousness with his second wife, actress Elizabeth Taylor. The couples turbulent relationship was rarely out of the news, Burton was born Richard Walter Jenkins, Jr. on 10 November 1925 in a house at 2 Dan-y-bont in Pontrhydyfen, Neath Port Talbot. He was the twelfth of thirteen born to Richard Walter Jenkins Sr. Jenkins Sr. called Daddy Ni by the family, was a miner, while his mother worked as a bartender at a pub called the Miners Arms. He remembered his mother to be a strong woman and a religious soul with fair hair. Richard was barely two years old when his mother died on 31 October, six days after the birth of Graham, Ediths death was a result of postpartum infections, Richard believed it occurred due to hygiene neglect. According to biographer Michael Munn, Edith was fastidiously clean, following Ediths death, Richards elder sister Cecilia, whom he affectionately addressed as Cis, and her husband Elfed James, also a miner, took him under their care. I was immensely proud of her and she felt all tragedies except her own. Daddy Ni would occasionally visit the homes of his daughters but was otherwise absent. Another important figure in Richards early life was Ifor, his brother,19 years his senior, a miner and rugby union player, Ifor ruled the household with the proverbial firm hand. He was also responsible for nurturing a passion for Rugby in young Richard, although Richard also played cricket, tennis, and table tennis, biographer Bragg notes rugby union football to be his greatest interest. On rugby, Richard said he would rather have played for Wales at Cardiff Arms Park than Hamlet at The Old Vic, the Welsh rugby union centre, Bleddyn Williams believed Richard had distinct possibilities as a player. From the age of five to eight, Richard was educated at the Eastern Primary School while he attended the Boys segment of the school from eight to twelve years old. He took an exam for admission into Port Talbot Secondary School in March 1937. Biographer Hollis Alpert notes that both Daddy Ni and Ifor considered Richards education to be of paramount importance and planned to send him to the University of Oxford, Richard became the first member of his family to go to secondary school
33.
Cassandra
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Cassandra, also known as Alexandra or Kassandra, was a daughter of King Priam and of Queen Hecuba of Troy in Greek mythology. In modern usage her name is employed as a device to indicate someone whose accurate prophecies are not believed by those around them. In an alternative version, she fell asleep in a temple, Cassandra became a figure of epic tradition and of tragedy. Hjalmar Frisk notes unexplained etymology, citing various hypotheses found in Wilhelm Schulze, Edgar Howard Sturtevant, J. Davreux, R. S. P. Beekes cites García Ramóns derivation of the name from the Proto-Indo-European root *kend- raise. Cassandra was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba and the twin sister of Helenus. According to legend, Cassandra had dark curly hair and dark brown eyes and was both beautiful and clever, but considered insane. However, her perceived insanity is the result of being cursed by the god Apollo, many versions of the myth relate that she incurred the gods wrath by refusing him sex, sometimes after first promising herself in exchange for the power of prophecy. Hyginus says, In another version, Cassandra consented to have sex with Apollo in exchange for the gift of prophecy and her punishment was the curse of never being believed. In some versions of the myth, Apollo curses her by spitting into her mouth during a kiss, in Aeschylus Agamemnon, she foretells the betrayal of Clytemnestra. She also bemoans her relationship with Apollo, Cassandra had served as a priestess of Apollo and her cursed gift from Apollo became a source of endless pain and frustration to Cassandra. Cassandra was seen as a liar and a madwoman by her family, in some versions of the story, she was often locked up in a pyramidal building on the citadel on her father King Priam’s orders. She was accompanied there by the wardress who cared for her under orders to inform the King of all of his daughters prophetic utterances. She was driven insane by this in the versions where she was incarcerated, though in the versions where she was not. According to legend, Cassandra had instructed her twin brother Helenus in the power of prophecy so he could be a prophet, like her, Helenus was always correct whenever he had made his predictions, but unlike his sister, people believed him. Cassandra made many predictions, with all of her prophecies being disbelieved except for one and she was believed when she foresaw who Paris was and proclaimed that he was her abandoned brother. This took place after he had sought refuge in the altar of Zeus from their brothers’ wrath, Cassandra foresaw that Paris’ abduction of Helen for his wife would bring about the Trojan War and cause the destruction of Troy. She did warn Paris not to go to Sparta along with Helenus who echoed her prophecy, Cassandra saw Helen coming into Troy at Paris return home from Sparta. She furiously snatched away Helens golden veil and tore at her hair, for she had foreseen that Helens arrival would bring the calamities of the Trojan War, the Trojan people, however, welcomed Helen into their city
34.
Michael Cacoyannis
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Michael Cacoyannis was a Greek Cypriot filmmaker, best known for his 1964 film Zorba the Greek. He directed the 1983 Broadway revival of the based on the film. Much of his work was rooted in classical texts, especially those of the Greek tragedian Euripides and he was nominated for an Academy Award five times, a record for any Cypriot film artist. He received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations for Zorba the Greek, Cacoyannis was born in 1921 in Limassol, Cyprus. His father, Sir Panayotis Loizou Cacoyannis, had been knighted in 1936 by the United Kingdom government for services in Cyprus. In 1939, he was sent by his father to London to become a lawyer and he graduated from law school and joined the BBC World Service, soon taking charge of its new Cyprus Service. His deputy was Beba Clerides, sister of the RAF fighter pilot and future President of Cyprus, after having trouble finding a directing job in the British film industry, Cacoyannis moved to Greece, and in 1953 he made his first film, Windfall in Athens. He was offered the chance to direct Elizabeth Taylor and Marlon Brando in the film Reflections in a Golden Eye, between 1959 and 1967, he was in a relationship with Yael Dayan, a progressive Israeli politician and author. Cacoyannis translated some of Shakespeares plays Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus and Hamlet into Greek, Michael Cacoyannis died on 25 July 2011 in Athens, aged 90. From Stella to Iphigenia, The Woman-Centered Films of Michael Cacoyannis, Films and Filming, July 1960, p.5. Mihalis Kakogiannis at the Internet Movie Database Obituary of Michael Cacoyannis, The Daily Telegraph,25 July, 2011]
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The Trojan Women (film)
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The Trojan Women is a 1971 American drama film directed by Michael Cacoyannis and starring Katharine Hepburn and Vanessa Redgrave. The Trojan Women was one of a trilogy of plays dealing with the created by the Trojan Wars. In fact the actresses got on well, talking about painting, politics, Cacoyannis first staged The Trojan Women in Italy in 1963, with Rod Steiger, Claire Bloom, and Mildred Dunnock in the leading roles. Later in the year he took the production to New York and in 1965. For me, he said in a 1971 magazine interview, the play is particularly pertinent, what the play is saying is as important today as it was when it was written. I feel very strongly about war, militarism, killing people, and I havent found a better writer who makes that point more clearly than Euripides. The play is about the folly of war, the folly of people killing others, Katharine Hepburns costume was designed by Nicholas Georgiadis of Covent Garden. Cacoyannis hand-picked Italys Franco Freda and Adalgisa Favella as make-up artist, both were veterans of the films of Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni and Luchino Visconti. Hepburn said of her acting for this part, My acting has always been a little flamboyant, but for this part, Ive had to pare right down to the bare essentials. Her acting voice dropped, after training, by an octave and was almost accentless
36.
Katharine Hepburn
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Katharine Houghton Hepburn was an American actress. Known for her independence and spirited personality, Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from comedy to literary drama. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema, raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents, Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College. After four years in the theatre, favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood. Hepburn masterminded her own comeback, buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the rights to The Philadelphia Story. In the 1940s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy, the screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies. Hepburn challenged herself in the half of her life, as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions. She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters, such as in The African Queen, three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, The Lion in Winter, and On Golden Pond. In the 1970s, she began appearing in films, which became the focus of her career in later life. She remained active into old age, making her screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87. After a period of inactivity and ill health, Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96, Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to societys expectations of women. She was outspoken, assertive, athletic, and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so and she married once, as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public, Hepburn was born on May 12,1907 in Hartford, Connecticut, the second of six children. Her parents were Thomas Norval Hepburn, a urologist at Hartford Hospital, and Katharine Martha Houghton, as a child, Hepburn joined her mother on several Votes For Women demonstrations. The Hepburn children were raised to exercise freedom of speech and encouraged to think and her parents were criticized by the community for their progressive views, which stimulated Hepburn to fight against barriers she encountered. Hepburn said she realized from an age that she was the product of two very remarkable parents, and credited her enormously lucky upbringing with providing the foundation for her success. She remained close to her throughout her life
