1.
Denmark
–
The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
2.
Gentofte
–
Gentofte is a district of Gentofte Municipality in the northern suburbs of Copenhagen, Denmark. Major landmarks include Gentofte Town Hall, Gentofte Hospital and Gentofte Church, Gentofte Lake with surrpunding parkland and nature reserves form the most important greenspace. Gentofte is roughly bounded by Lyngbyvej to the west, theS-train line to Hillerød to the northeast, Bernstorffsvej to the east, the southern border with Hellerup is, however, not clearly defined. Gentofte postal district has a different definition. Gentofte, as defined by Gentofte Municipality, covers circa 335 hectares or 13% of the municipalitys total, on 1 January 2012 the district had 8,289 residents, equaling 11% of the total population of Gentofte Municipality. Gentofte Lake is a dominant geographical feature, the most urban part of the district is centred on the central part of Gentoftegade, Gentofte Torv and part of Baunegårdsvej. Secondary centre are located in the periphery of the district at Bernstorffsvej, the area around Gentofte Lake has been inhabited since the Stone Age. The name Gentofte is first seen in a letter from Absalon to the Bishop of Roskilde from 11186. The gift comprises extensive parts of what is now Copenhagen, including. mansionem de Gefnetofte cum omnibus pertenentiis suis, Gentofte is most likely considerably older since place names with the suffix -tofte have usually emerged during the 9th century. The area was confiscated by the crown during the Reformation and it was placed under Ibstrup Ladegård which was renamed Jægersborg by Christian V. Tax records show that Gentofte had approximately 450 residents in 1645, in 1685 the village consisted of 19 farms. One of them had given to Queen Charlotte Amalie as a wedding present. A cavalry school, the first of its kund in Denmark, the entire area was acquired by Foreign Minister Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff in 1752 and his new Bernstorff Palace was completed in 1765. Bernstorffsvej, a new road linking Lyngby Kongevej with the palace, Bernstorff was a driving force behind the agricultural reforms of the 1780s and the farmers were there the first in Denmark to get to own their own land. Most of the farms were moved out of the village to be closer to their land, a parish counvil was established in 1842. The opening of the railway to Lyngby in 1863 resulted in increased growth in Gentofte. In the 1870s, the population increased from 4,158 to 5,106 In 1887 and his plan was to sell it off in lots to developers and private citizens. He purchased Smakkegård, Rygård, Lundegård and Stengård in Gentofte, in 1916, Ibsen placed his remaining land in a company, A/S De Ibsenske Grunde i Gjentofte Sogn, which existed until 1945
3.
Skovshoved
–
Skovshoved is a former fishing village on the Øresund coast north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The area is part of Charlottenlund postal district and Gentofte Municipality, local landmarks include Skovshoved Church, Sjovshoved Hotel and the listed Arne Jacobsen-designed Skovshoved Petrol Station from 1938. The first known reference to Skovshoved is from 1275 and it was originally a small fishing village with just a few houses. An inn, Skovshoved Kro, opened in the village in 1660, in 1620 it ontained status of royal privileged inn, enabling it to brew its own beer. Skovshoved was known for its fish wives, Skovserkoner, who would carry the days catch in caskets on their back to the market at Gammel Strand in Copenhagen. The first harbor was built in 1869, in the middle of the 19th century, Skovshoved, like the other fishing villages along the Øresund coast, began to attract summer visitors from Copenhagen. Some visitors stayed at the inn while others rented rooms with the local fishermen, with the opening of the Klampenborg Railway in 1863 and the Coast Line the area became more accessible. The more wealthy summer visitors began to build country houses, Skovshoved Inn was converted into a modern beach hotel by the architects Viggo Klein and Andreas Thejll in 1895. Skovshoved Parish was disjoined from that of Ordrup in 1915, with the construction of the new Coastal Road in 1936-38, Skovshoved gradually developed into a suburb of Copenhagen. A new and larger harbor was built in 1938, much of the old fishing village has survived. Rydhave, now the residence of the United States Ambassador to Denmark, is an example of the country houses that was built in the area in the late 19th. It was built in 1885 for E. Schackenborg, the owner of a brickyard, the 22-rom Skovshoved Hotel was been listed as one of the worlds 50 top hotels by Condé Nast in 2003. Skovshoved Church is from 1915 and was designed by Alfred Brandt, the listed Skovshoved Petrol Station was completed to a Modernist design by Arne Jacobsen in 1936. Skovshoved Petrol Station is from 1936 and was designed by Arne Jacobsen, in the 2014–15 DR documentary series I Am the Ambassador, which followed the US ambassador Rufus Gifford, Ruhave featured prominently. Kasper Eistrup, musician, was born in Skovshoved Skovshoved Hotel
4.
Klampenborg
–
Klampenborg is a northern suburb to Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located in Gentofte Municipality, directly on Øresund, between Taarbæk and Skovshoved, like other neighbourhoods along the Øresund coast, Klampenborg is an affluent area with many large houses. Klampenborg is known for a cluster of building projects by the Functionalist Danish architect Arne Jacobsen and these include Bellevue Beach, the Bellavista housing estate and the Bellevue Theatre, all completed between 1932–36 as some of the earliest Danish examples of Modernism. The area also includes a Jacobsen-designed restaurant, now called Jacobsen, Klampenborg is also the main gateway to the extensive Deer Garden forest park, one of the most popular natural areas in the Copenhagen area, known for its large deer population and ancient oak trees. The entrance, one of many, is located next to Klampenborg Station and is marked by a red-painted wooden gate. In connection with the lies the oldest operating amusement park in the world, Dyrehavsbakken
5.
Copenhagen
–
Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
6.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
7.
Bellavista housing estate
–
The Bellavista housing estate designed by Arne Jacobsen is the clearest example of Bauhaus architecture in Denmark. Completed in 1934, the estate is located just north of Copenhagen, in Klampenborg, Gentofte Municipality, next to Jacobsens Bellevue Beach, which had been completed a couple of years earlier. While still a student, Jacobsen travelled to Germany where he was attracted by the Modernist architecture of Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius, both pioneers of the Bauhaus school. This encouraged him to collaborate with his old friend Flemming Lassen in designing the House of the Future which won the Danish Architects Associations competition in 1929. In 1930, Jacobsen designed the Functionalist, white-plastered Rothenborg House on Klampenborgvej in Klampenborg, the building was warmly received, not only by the Danish press but by its occupants. Shortly after he had completed the Bellevue Beach bathing centre, Jacobsen received a commission from Gentofte Municipality to build an apartment complex in the same area, Jacobsen decided to construct his 68 modern, well-fitted apartments in a U-shaped configuration consisting of three wings overlooking a central lawn. The name Bellavista stemmed from the Bella Vista villa which had stood on the site. The Bellavista development has been listed since 1987, the buildings are built of brick with a whitewashed finish and iron girders between the floors. The roofs are tar-papered, the frames are teak and the balconies have reinforced concrete fencing. In order to full advantage of the sea view, Jacobsen staggered the facades of the north and south wings so that each apartment has two rooms with views over the sea. The sea can also be seen from the balconies which are integrated into the structure of the rather than protruding outwards as was the usual practice at the time. The south wing which stands on lower ground has a basement with garages, the largest apartments are those in the west wing, behind the two others and parallel to the coast road, where there is no requirement for a staggered facade. A few shops were also included in the complex, Jacobsen succeeded in creating interesting effects with his floor displacements, rounded corners, and the latticework over the balconies. The shadows over the surface of the buildings create ever changing impressions as the day progresses. With their white-washed facades and corner windows, the buildings instill an atmosphere of exotic, elegant modernity, Bellavista allowed Jacobsen to realize his dream of a modern town. In the immediate vicinity of the Bellavista estate, Jacobsen also designed the Bellevue Theatre, Jacobsens Skovshoved Filling Station, with its unique mushroom-like canopy, is located on the coast road some 2 km to the north. Mattssons Riding Hall is a whitewashed, reinforced-concrete riding arena near Klampenborg Station behind the estate, in 1934, at the request of its owner, Axel Mattsson, Jacobsen transformed older buildings into a luxurious riding centre better suited to its demanding clientele. After the war, Jacobsen designed the Søholm terraced houses located some 400 metres to the south of Bellavista and he lived and worked in the house closest to the sea from 1951 until his death in 1971
8.
Bernstorff Palace
–
Bernstorff Palace in Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark, was built in the middle of the 18th century for Foreign Minister Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff. It remained in the possession of the Bernstorff family until 1812, in 1842, it was bought by Christian VIII. For many years, it was used as a residence by Christian IX until his death in 1906. Since then and until recently, it was used by the Danish Emergency Management Agency as an academy for non-commissioned officers, but it has now opened as a hotel and conference centre. The palace was designed by the French architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin, who had brought to Denmark to complete Fredericks Church in Copenhagen after the death of Nicolai Eigtved in 1754. It is one of the earliest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Denmark, the elaborately decorated two-storeyed building was completed in May 1765 at considerable cost. At the time, it had four small decorative garrets, attics with decorative vases, on the garden side, there is a dome-covered projection rising the full height of the building. The palaces many rooms were modest in size and intended primarily for use rather than for display. Most are panelled with parquet floors, large mirrors and decorated ceilings, the four rooms on the south side have overdoors decorated by Johan Edvard Mandelberg. Bernstorff left Denmark in 1770, after being dismissed by the regent, the estate remained in his family’s hands until 1812 but was then sold on several occasions. It was about to be demolished in 1842 when Christian VIII bought it, a mezzanine was added and the layout of the first-floor rooms was changed. Fitting Jardins decorative style, Norwegian marble fireplaces are to be found in three of the larger rooms, a sign above the entrance reads, Honesto inter Labores otio sacrum or Reserved for honest rest during periods of work. In 1854, Bernstorff Palace was placed at the disposal of Crown Prince Christian who adopted it as his summer residence. Indeed, it was to become a popular retreat for the royal couple, visitors included Tsar Alexander III of Russia and Edward VII of the United Kingdom. In 1888, after the Nordic Exhibition, Queen Louise bought the timbered Swedish pavilion and had it fitted out as guest quarters. On Christian IXs death in 1906, Prince Valdemar of Denmark inherited the palace, since then and until very recently, it was used by the Danish Emergency Management Agency as an academy for non-commissioned officers. On 1 May 2009, after an agreement with Gitte Jensen and Kirsten Nielsen, Bernstorff Palace opened as a hotel, the palaces extensive gardens were laid out are in the Romantic landscape style which had just been introduced to Denmark in the 1760s. In addition to the lawns and woods, they include a garden, an orchard
9.
Ordrupgaard
–
Ordrupgaard is a state-owned art museum situated near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The museum houses one of Northern Europe’s most considerable collections of Danish and French art from the 19th, Ordrupgaard was founded 1916–1918 by former Hafnia managing director, titular Councillor of State Wilhelm Hansen and his wife Henny Hansen. Wilhelm Hansen established his collection of Danish art covering the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century during the period of 1892 to 1916. The Danish Golden Age is comprehensively represented by works by, amongst others, Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, Christen Købke, Johan Thomas Lundbye, during World War I, Wilhelm Hansen focused his interest on French art. From 1916 to 1918 he purchased French paintings, pastels, drawings and sculptures and it was Wilhelm Hansen’s great wish to acquaint the Danes with French 19th-century art. His first purchases were paintings by Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet, Wilhelm Hansen’s main focus was on French Impressionism. In order, however, to put Impressionism into perspective, his collection also comprised the genres immediately preceding and following, thus, Ordrupgaard is able to show Eugène Delacroix, representing Romanticism, Théodore Rousseau, Gustave Courbet, Édouard Manet, and Paul Gauguin. When purchasing French art, Wilhelm Hansen often took advice from the French art critic Théodore Duret, parallel to Wilhelm Hansen’s interest in Danish and French art was his interest for furniture and handicrafts. He was especially interested in ceramics, chandeliers and furniture executed by Thorvald Bindesbøll and this consortium, founded in 1918 by Wilhelm Hansen together with the collector Herman Heilbuth and art dealers Winkel & Magnussen, was of great importance to the French purchases. Their declared goal was Buying and selling works of art with the purpose of bringing good, for this reason they bought several collections en bloc in Paris. Wilhelm and Henny Hansen bought a piece of land by Ordrup Krat, near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen. Between 1916 and 1918 they built their stately home Ordrupgaard, designed by architect Gotfred Tvede, at the same time an extensive park was laid out by landscape gardener Valdemar Fabricius Hansen. Ordrupgaard was inaugurated on 14 September 1918, in his opening speech Wilhelm Hansen declared that the collection would be left to the Danish State. Ordrupgaard was originally built as a three-winged trellised country mansion in the neo-classical style, the gallery which houses the French collection is connected to the main building by a small conservatory. Additionally a porter’s lodge, a residence and a coach house were erected. A shed and a small half-timbered summerhouse comprise the rest of the buildings on the estate. The Park at Ordrupgaard is laid out in the English style with a smaller French-inspired rose garden, the Park at Ordrupgaard originally functioned as a kitchen garden as well as a flower garden. The extensive produce and the fruit trees sustained the family with fresh fruit and vegetables throughout the year while the rest of the grounds were used for leisure
10.
Association football
–
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
.jpg)
