1.
Boulder, Colorado
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Boulder is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County, and the 11th most populous municipality in the U. S. state of Colorado. Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet above sea level, the city is 25 miles northwest of Denver. The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 United States Census, while the population of the Boulder, furthermore, the city of Boulder frequently receives high rankings in art, health, well-being, quality of life, and education. The university officially opened on September 5,1877, Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance in 1907. Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916 and ended with the repeal of prohibition in 1933. As of the census of 2010, there were 97,385 people,41,302 households, the population density is 3,942.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 43,479 housing units at a density of 1,760.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 0% White,0. 9% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 2% some other race, and 2. 6% from two or more races. 8. 7% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,35. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16, and the family size was 2.84. Boulders population is younger than the average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age at the 2010 census was 28.7 years compared to the U. S. median of 37.2 years. In Boulder,13. 9% of the residents were younger than the age of 18,29. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 3% from 45 to 64, for every 100 females there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there were 106.2 males, in 2011 the estimated median household income in Boulder was $57,112, and the median family income was $113,681. Male full-time workers had an income of $71,993 versus $47,574 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,600,24. 8% of the population and 7. 6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the population,17. 4% of those under the age of 18 and 6. 0% of those 65. Boulder housing tends to be priced higher than surrounding areas, for the 2nd quarter of 2006, the median single-family home in Boulder sold for $548,000 and the median attached dwelling sold for $262,000
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
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Harpers Ferry is a historic town in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. It was formerly spelled Harpers Ferry with an apostrophe and that continues to appear in some references. It is situated at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers where the U. S. states of Maryland, Virginia and it is the easternmost town in West Virginia. The towns original, lower section is on a plain created by the two rivers and surrounded by higher ground. Historically, Harpers Ferry is best known for John Browns raid on the Armory in 1859, the population was 286 at the 2010 census. The lower part of Harpers Ferry is within Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, most of the remainder, which includes the more highly populated area, is included in the separate Harpers Ferry Historic District. Two other National Register of Historic Places properties adjoin the town, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy headquarters is in Harpers Ferry and the town is one of only a few through which the Appalachian Trail passes directly. Other popular outdoor activities include white water rafting, fishing, mountain biking, tubing, canoeing, hiking, zip lining, and rock climbing. In 1733, Peter Stephens, a squatter, had settled on land near The Point, fourteen years later, while traveling from Maryland to Virginia, Robert Harper passed through the area which was named The Hole. Harper recognized the potential for industry, given the power the two rivers could generate, and the traffic he could ferry across the Potomac River, Harper paid Stephens 30 British guinea for what was essentially Stephens squatting rights, since the land actually belonged to Lord Fairfax. In April 1751, Harper purchased 126 acres of land from Lord Fairfax, in 1761, the Virginia General Assembly granted Harper the right to establish and maintain a ferry across the Potomac River. In 1763, the Virginia General Assembly established the town of Shenandoah Falls at Mr. Harpers Ferry, on October 25,1783, Thomas Jefferson visited Harpers Ferry. He viewed the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge from a rock that is now named for him and this stop took place as Jefferson was traveling to Philadelphia and passed through Harpers Ferry with his daughter Patsy. Jefferson called the site one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. George Washington, as president of the Patowmack Company, traveled to Harpers Ferry during the summer of 1785 to determine the need for bypass canals, in 1794, Washingtons familiarity with the area led him to propose the site for a new United States armory and arsenal. In 1796, the government purchased a 125-acre parcel of land from the heirs of Robert Harper. Construction began on the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1799 and this was one of only two such facilities in the U. S. the other being Springfield, Massachusetts. Together they produced most of the arms for the U. S. Army
5.
Archibald Geikie
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Sir Archibald Geikie OM KCB PRS FRSE, was a Scottish geologist and writer. Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835, the eldest son of musician and music critic James Stuart Geikie, the elder brother of James Geikie, he was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh. In 1855 was appointed an assistant on the British Geological Survey, wielding the pen with no less facility than the hammer, he inaugurated his long list of works with The Story of a Boulder, or, Gleanings from the Note-Book of a Geologist. His ability at once attracted the notice of his chief, Sir Roderick Murchison, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship, and whose biographer he subsequently became. In 1865 Geikies Scenery of Scotland was published, which was, he claimed, in the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Geikies book, based on personal knowledge of the country, was an able contribution to the doctrines of the Edinburgh school. In 1867, when a branch of the Geological Survey was established for Scotland. On the foundation of the Murchison professorship of geology and mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh in 1871 and he continued to hold these two appointments until 1881. Later he wrote two Survey Memoirs, The Geology of Central and Western Fife and Kinross, and The Geology of Eastern Fife, many difficult problems, however, remained to be solved. Here he was aided by his extensive travels not only throughout Europe. Other results of his travels are collected in Geological Sketches at Home, Geikie wrote a biography of Edward Forbes, and biographies of his predecessors Sir Roderick Impey Murchison and Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay. His book Founders of Geology consists of the course of lectures at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. In 1897 he issued a Geological Map of England and Wales, in 1898 he delivered the Romanes Lectures, which was published under the title of Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature. The study of geography in Great Britain improved largely due to his efforts. Among his works on this subject is The Teaching of Geography and his other books include Scottish Reminiscences and Landscape in History and other Essays. His Birds of Shakespeare was published in 1916, Geikie was Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society from 1890 to 1894, Joint Secretary from 1903 to 1908 and elected President in 1909 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1896. He was President of the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 and he was also President of the British Association in 1892. He received the honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Glasgow in June 1901 and he received the honour of a knighthood in 1891, the Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1907. and the Order of Merit in 1914
6.
Frederick Haynes Newell
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Frederick Haynes Newell, First Director of the United States Reclamation Service, was born in Bradford, Pennsylvania. He was subsequently appointed Chief of the Hydrographic Branch, at the same time, he actively assisted Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada, George H. Immediately after that date Mr. Newell was appointed Chief Engineer under Charles D. Walcott, in 1907 Roosevelt appointed him as a member of the Inland Waterways Commission. Newell was born on March 5,1862, in Bradford, Pennsylvania, a lumber and mining town to father, Augustus William Newell. His father was an early industrialist and real estate mogul in Bradford, Newells mother and Newells sibling died in child birth a year after Newell was born. Newell would spend his childhood and teenage years with extended relatives, living with his uncle in Newton, after receiving his BA in Mining Engineering, Newell returned to Bradford to work or his father. Frederick described his father as always sanguine, full of entrancing schemes. He was surveyor, engineer and he bought and sold coal and timber lands and went into various ventures, characteristic of the time and place. Afterwards, he joined the Ohio Geological Survey in order to study oil–bearing rocks, but in 1888 Newell met John Wesley Powell, the head of the United States Geological Survey in Boston. During the next few years the organization of the Reclamation Service was completed and plans outlined for extensive work in each of the western states, work being initiated in most of these. Special efforts were made to attain the highest practicable economy and efficiency in the execution of the work and to meet the need and he was awarded the Cullum Geographical Medal by the American Geographical Society in 1918. In 1877, Newell married his second wife Miss Phoebe Lewis and they begot Lewis, Henry Foster, and Augustus William Jr. He married Effie Josephine Mackintosh April 3,1890 in Milton and her father was John Sherman Mackintosh, the grandson of John Sherman and the great-grandson of American founding father Roger Sherman. H
7.
Rollin D. Salisbury
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Rollin Daniel Salisbury was an American geologist and educator. Salisbury was born at Spring Prairie, Wisconsin in 1858 and he studied at Whitewater State Normal School in Whitewater, Wisconsin, graduating in 1877 after completing the four-year course in just two-and-one-half years. He taught in a school in Port Washington, Wisconsin. At Beloit, he studied geology with T. C, after graduating from Beloit in 1881, he spent one year working for the U. S. Geological Survey as Chamberlins field assistant, during which time he lived in the Chamberlin household. In 1892 he was one of the scholars on the Peary Relief Expedition to Greenland, after working at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for one year, he was called to the University of Chicago in 1892. At Chicago he became dean of the Ogden Graduate School of Science in 1899 and he also organized the universitys department of geography in 1903, heading it until 1918. He also served as assistant geologist and geologist for the United States Geological Survey government from 1882 onwards, Salisbury House in the Universitys housing system shares his namesake. Chamberlin, T. C. and Salisbury, R. D.1885, preliminary paper on the driftless area of the upper Mississippi Valley. Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1884-1885, Chamberlin, T. C. and Salisbury, R. D.1891. On the relationship of the Pleistocene to the formations of the Mississippi Basin. The American Journal of Science, 3rd Series,41, 359-377, certain extra-morainic drift phenomena of New Jersey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 3, 173-182, on the northward and eastward extension of the pre-Pleistocene gravels of the Mississippi basin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 3, 183-186, pre-glacial gravels on the quartzite range near Baraboo, Wisconsin. Report on Surface Geology for 1894, from the Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for the year 1894, Trenton, NJ, The John L. Murphy Pub. Co. Printers,149 pp. Salisbury, R. D.1895, the Arctic Expedition of 1895, and Lieutenant Pearys work. Loess in the Wisconsin drift formation, the Philadelphia brick clays, et al. On the origin and age of the sand at Trenton. Drift phenomena in the vicinity of Devils Lake and Baraboo, Wisconsin, the Physical Geography of New Jersey
8.
Harry Fielding Reid
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Harry Fielding Reid was an American geophysicist. He was notable for his contributions to seismology, particularly his theory of elastic rebound that related faults to earthquakes, Harry Fielding Reid was the fourth child of seven born to Andrew Reid and Fanny Brooke Gwathmey Reid. HF Reids mother was a descendant of Betty Washington Lewis, sister of the first US President, the younger Reids early education took him for at least one year to Switzerland, he is also known to have attended and graduated from the Pennsylvania Military Academy. In 1877 Reid enrolled at the newly founded Johns Hopkins University, during the following year, he entered the Hopkins Ph. D. program, which was then revolutionizing American scientific and intellectual life. Reid studied under physicist Henry Rowland and mathematician J. J. Sylvester, while in graduate school Reid married Edith Gittings. Her father, James Gittings, was descended from a long-standing Baltimore County family with connections to the legal and medical communities of Maryland. Her mother was Mary Elizabeth MacGill, whose father was a physician in Hagerstown, together, Reid and his wife would have two children, Francis Fielding Reid, born in 1892, and Doris Fielding Reid, born in 1895. Through the Gittings line the two Reid children were distant cousins to Wallis Warfield, later Duchess of Windsor, through his mother, Harry Fielding Reid was a great-great-grandnephew of George Washington. From the autumn of 1884 through the summer of 1886. During the fall of ‘84 and winter of ‘85, he may have worked at the laboratory of Hermann von Helmholtz in Berlin and his wife was with him throughout his stay, and they were joined for most of their travels by her mother, Mary Elizabeth MacGill Gittings. Among her observations was that her daughter regarded the German language as one of “sneezes and splutters. ”Gittings found the climate of Berlin to be “foggy and dismal, ” noted that the locals still ate dinner in mid-afternoon. During the autumn of 1885, Reid, his wife and mother-in-law settled into a house in Cambridge, UK. Reid was soon introduced to J. J. Thomson, a young physicist who had recently appointed to a professorship at Trinity College. This friendship, both professional and personal, was to continue within the Reid and Thomson families up to the present time, J. J. Thomson was 29 at the time they first met, Harry Fielding Reid was 26. Letters exchanged among the family members reflect an intimacy that was born of their very early years together. Both J. J. Thomson and his son George Paget would go on to win Nobel Prizes for their work in subatomic physics. J. J. still holds a place in the history of physics for his work in making the Cavendish Laboratory perhaps the finest-ever school for training research physicists. In the fall of 1886 Reid accepted an appointment at the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland and he taught physics and mathematics there for eight years before being appointed an Associate at Johns Hopkins, a rank that was the equivalent of today’s Assistant Professor
9.
Charles R. Van Hise
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Charles Richard Van Hise was an American geologist, academic and progressive. He served as president of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin, Charles Van Hise was born in 1857 in Fulton, Wisconsin, the son of William and Mary, who were farmers. At age 13 he moved with his family to a farm near Evansville, Wisconsin, in 1874, he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, where he received his bachelors degree in mechanical engineering in 1879. He received another B. S. in 1880 and a M. S. in 1882, in 1892 he became the first to earn a Ph. D. degree from the school, receiving a doctorate in geology. He married Alice Bushnell Ring in 1881, Van Hise joined the faculty of the university immediately after graduating, as an instructor in chemistry and metallurgy. He then proceeded through the ranks as an assistant professor of metallurgy, professor of mineralogy and petrography, professor of Archaean and applied geology. Within this time period, he taught at the University of Chicago as a nonresident professor of structural geology. Upon joining the faculty in 1879, Van Hise began collaborating with his former geology professor, Roland Irving. In 1882, he and Irving began a study of the Lake Superior region under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey. Four years later, he completed and presented reports to the USGS in seven volumes which served as Van Hises doctoral dissertation. Van Hise retired from teaching and research and was elected by the Board of Regents to become the president of the University of Wisconsin on April 21,1903. He succeeded Charles K. Adams, who had died in 1901, and Edward A. Birge, Van Hise was helped in his election by the support of Governor Robert La Follette. He was instrumental in the formation of the University of Wisconsin-Extension division, during his tenure, UWs medical college was established, the number of faculty doubled and the universitys revenue increased fourfold. In several of his campaign speeches F. D. R, and if ever a man seemed to embrace this philosophy wholeheartedly, that man was Franklin Roosevelt. Van Hise worked as a consulting geologist for the United States Geological Survey from 1909 to 1918 and he was the principal investigator for a team that investigated the possibility of controlling landslides adjacent to the Panama Canal. He died from complications of surgery in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on November 19,1918. Elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905, Van Hise Hall on the University of Wisconsin campus at the intersection of Charter and Linden Streets is named after him. There is a school in Madison named after him
10.
Cleveland Abbe Jr.
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Cleveland Abbe, Jr. was an American geographer. He was born in Washington, D. C. on March 25,1872 and he graduated from Harvard University in 1894. He took post-graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University, from which he received a Ph. D. in 1898, from 1901 to 1903 he studied geography at the Imperial University, Vienna. Afterwards, he worked in various occupations at locations in the part of the United States. He was assistant editor of the Monthly Weather Review from 1908 to 1910 and he was dismissed from the government position in 1918 for sympathies for the Imperial German Government, a charge which he indignantly denied. He died of disease in Ithaca, New York, at age 62
11.
Louis Agricola Bauer
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Louis Agricola Bauer was an American geophysicist, astronomer and magnetician, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1888, and immediately started work for the United States Coast, during 1895-1896 he was instructor in mathematical physics at the University of Chicago, after which he worked in various positions at different locations. The most important of these was as the first director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in 1910, Bauer received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and he died in Washington, D. C. at the age of 67
12.
William John McGee
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William John McGee, LL. D. was an American inventor, geologist, anthropologist, and ethnologist, born in Farley, Iowa. While largely self-taught, McGee attended a rural one-room schoolhouse north of Farley during the four months from about 1858 to 1867. He devoting his early years to reading law and to surveying and he invented and patented several improvements on agricultural implements. He subsequently turned his attention to geology, in 1877–1881, he executed a topographic and geological survey of 17,000 square miles in northeastern Iowa. He was appointed geologist for the United States Geological Survey in 1881, in 1884 McGee authored the article Map of the United States exhibiting the present status of knowledge relating to the areal distribution of geologic groups for the USGS Journal. While with the USGS, McGee travelled to Charleston, South Carolina, McGee was ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1893 to 1903. In 1895, he explored the Isla del Tiburón, Gulf of California, home of the Seri Indians
13.
William Bullock Clark
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For other people named William Clark, see William Clark For the Lewis and Clark Expedition, see Lewis and Clark Expedition William Bullock Clark, Ph. D. LL. D, was an American geologist. He was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, and educated at Amherst College, in 1888 he became connected with the United States Geological Survey. One of these was the first PhD in meteorology ever earned in the United States awarded to Oliver Lanard Fassig, for his work at the Johns Hopkins University, one of the dormitories in the Alumni Memorial Residences has been named after him. The building Clark Hall, however, is not named after him, Clark died in 1917 from a stroke at the age of 57. The Johns Hopkins University Works by or about William Bullock Clark at Internet Archive Clark at The Johns Hopkins Housing Record site National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
14.
Robert T. Hill
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Robert Thomas Hill was a significant figure in the development of American geology during the late nineteenth century and in the early part of the twentieth century. Hill was born on 11 August 1858 in Nashville, Tennessee and he was orphaned at the age of five during the American Civil War and then raised in the home of his grandmother. In 1874, at the age of 16, Hill boarded a train and traveled to where the tracks ended in east Waco, Texas. From there he found his way to the town of Comanche, Texas, located 89 mi to the west of Waco where he joined his brother, Joe. Robert worked as a printer for the newspaper and performed other duties including writing, bookbinding. During the summer of 1876, Hill joined a crew headed to the rolling plains between the eastern edge of the Llano Estacado and Fort Griffin, Texas. The work, although somewhat tedious at times, provided an opportunity for Hill to explore the “redbed country” of west-central Texas. This land of reddish brown sediments and rock has been carved by years of leaving behind scenic mesas. In 1877, at the age of 19, Hill accepted an offer to work as a driving a large herd of cattle from Uvalde, Texas, to Dodge City. Returning to work again at The Comanche Chief newspaper, Hill began to spend time exploring the local terrain. His interest in geology grew as he took special interest in the many flat-topped mesas, one butte in particular, named Round Mountain, was located only 6 mi to the northwest of Comanche and he often climbed to the top to enjoy the view. Although he had knowledge of geology at this point, he found the fossils along its rocky slopes to be fascinating. Hill’s collection of fossils grew and soon cluttered the windowsills and filled the corners of the newspaper office, through a friend, Hill obtained a copy of Wilson’s Fifth Reader that contained chapters on various subjects, including a chapter on geology. Hill studied this book and the more he learned the more he wanted to know about geology and he then ordered, through his local drug store, a copy of the Manual of Geology by James Dwight Dana, one of the leading geologists in North America. Hill carefully studied book and attempted to place the local stratigraphy into Dana’s scheme of classification. It became apparent that he was dealing with rocks and fossils that had not as yet been described by modern science and this discovery propelled Hill into a lifelong interest in the Cretaceous period – a period when Central Texas was covered by a shallow sea. At some point Hill recognized that the logical step in his pursuit of geological knowledge was to attend university. Through his newspaper connections, Hill found acceptance at Cornell University, in February 1882, Hill left Comanche for Ithaca, New York, to study geology at Cornell
15.
Heinrich Ries
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Heinrich Ries, Ph. D. was an American economic geologist, born in Brooklyn, New York, and educated at Columbia University and at the University of Berlin. He was employed principally at Cornell University, initially as an instructor, as an assistant professor, as professor, Professor Ries made numerous reports on clay published by the United States Geological Survey, the New York State Geological Survey and the Canadian Geological Survey. His first wife, Mrs. Millie Timmerman Ries, died in 1942 and he remarried in 1948, but his second wife, Mrs. Adelyn Halsy Gregg Ries, died early in 1950. He had two sons, Professor Victor H. Reis of Ohio State University, and Professor Donald T. Ries of Illinois State Normal University
16.
Frank Dawson Adams
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Frank Dawson Adams FRS FRSC was a Canadian geologist. Frank Dawson Adams was born into a prosperous, middle-class family in Montreal, Adams attended the Montreal High School, a private school founded in 1843, and after 1852, closely associated with McGill University. As a pupil there, Adams received an education. At the age of sixteen he entered the Applied Science Program at McGill University, in unpublished notes he described Harrington as the professor who influenced me chiefly. He graduated with first class honors in Applied Science in 1878, then spent a year at the Yale Scientific School, where he studied German, French and it was there that he met George Wessel Hawes a pioneer American petrologist, who had worked with Harry Rosenbusch in Germany. He also met a fellow-student, Andrew Cowper Lawson, and in 1888 they published a joint paper on their investigation of the mineral scapolite, returning to Montreal, he was appointed Assistant Chemist at the Geological Survey of Canada, and the following year, Assistant Chemist and Petrographer. Rosenbusch attracted students from different countries. While Adams was in Heidelberg he met G. H, diller, both of whom later became leading American petrologists, as well as Victor Goldschmidt and Alfred Osann, who became famous geochemists in Europe. He received a degree from McGill in 1884, and his Ph. D. from Heidelberg University in 1892. In 1889 Adams was appointed Lecturer in Geology at McGill University and he was appointed Logan Professor of Geology after the retirement of John William Dawson in 1892 and held this position until his own retirement in 1924. Though he was working full-time at McGill, he continued to spend summers in the field, in 1891 he began working on the Grenville of eastern Ontario, and by the following year had started to work on the Haliburton, Ontario area. His work there, carried out after 1896 with Alfred Barlow of the GSC, was published as a GSC Memoir in 1908, and became a classic of Canadian geology. At the same time, Adams was also studying the peculiar characteristics of a group of alkaline intrusions of much later geological age. This work would be continued by his students, notably Joseph Austin Bancroft and this was well before comparable work was carried out in Germany or the United States. Though the experimental apparatus was primitive compared with that later developed at Harvard University, Adams work was highly regarded by the newly founded Carnegie Institution for Science, which supported him financially, and attempted to persuade him to move to the Institution. Adams remained at McGill, where he served as the Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science and he served as President of the International Geological Congress held in Toronto in 1913, and was President of the Geological Society of America in 1918. The Frank Dawson Adams Building at McGill University is named in his honor, a plaque in his honor was erected on the Redpath Museum on the McGill campus in 1950. He retired from McGill in 1924, and began to travel widely, collecting books on the history of geology, as well as rocks and minerals for McGill
17.
Arthur Philemon Coleman
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Arthur Philemon Coleman was a Canadian geologist and academic. Born in Lachute, Quebec, the son of Rev. Francis Coleman and Emmeline Maria Adams, he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1876 and Master of Arts in 1880 from Victoria College in Cobourg, Ontario. He received a Ph. D. at the University of Breslau in 1881 and he joined the department of geology and natural history at Victoria College in 1882 as a Professor. From 1891 to 1901, he was a Professor of Geology at the School of Practical Science in Toronto, from 1893 to 1909, he was a geologist at the Bureau of Mines of the Government of Ontario. From 1901 to 1922, he was a Professor of Geology at the University of Toronto and was Dean of the Faculty of Arts from 1919 to 1922, from 1931 to 1934, he was a geologist with the Department of Mines of the Government of Ontario. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1900 and was its President in 1921 and he was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1910 and in 1928 was awarded the Royal Society of Canadas Flavelle Medal. In 1902, he was elected President of the Royal Canadian Institute and in 1910, in 1915, he was President of the Geological Society of America. In 1929, he was appointed Honorary Vice-President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. The Last Million Years Edited by George F. Kay He achieved the first ascent of Castle Mountain in 1884 and he made a total of eight exploratory trips to the Canadian Rockies, wholly four of them looking for the mythical giants of Hooker and Brown. Mount Coleman and Coleman Glacier in Banff National Park is named in his honour and he was awarded the Penrose Medal in 1936. The Arthur P. Coleman Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto Arthur Philemon Coleman, 1852-1939. A. P. Coleman, Geologist, Explorer – Science, Art & Discovery, a Virtual Exhibit Works written by or about Arthur Philemon Coleman at Wikisource Works by A. P. Coleman at Faded Page
18.
Oliver Lanard Fassig
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Oliver Lanard Fassig was born at Columbus, Ohio, on April 5,1860, son of Mathias and Elizabeth Fassig. He attended Ohio State University and received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1882 and he then studied at Johns Hopkins University under the guidance of American geologist William Bullock Clark, where in 1899 he received the first PhD in meteorology ever earned in the United States. His doctoral thesis was on the broad pressure relations of distinctive types of March weather over North America, on September 14,1898, he married Ann Green McCoy, of Annapolis, Maryland. Dr. Fassigs official meteorological service began on January 12,1883, in May 1883, he was assigned to Fort Myer in Arlington County, Virginia for instruction, but returned to the Central Office for duty in January 1884. In December 1885, he was sent to New Haven, Connecticut to work as an assistant, in August 1887 he returned to the Central Office in Washington, D. C. where he worked as a bibliographer and librarian from June 1888 to February 1896. He then served as an assistant in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and at Mount Weather and he was made chairman of the section on History and Bibliography of the International Meteorological Congress, Chicago in 1893. He was in charge of the Baltimore station from June 5,1900 to July 14,1905, May 31,1907 to April 2,1909, while in Baltimore, he gave instruction in meteorology at the Johns Hopkins University and wrote The Climate and Weather of Baltimore. On leaving San Juan he came more to the Central Office, this time as Chief of the Climatological Division. Dr. Fassig was a quiet, unassuming, unhurried scientist and his interests embraced many phases of science. Absolute fairness and sympathetic understanding characterized his dealings not only with his equals and he had the courage to do what he thought right even at considerable personal sacrifice, as when he refused to enter politics on behalf of his chief. Dr. Fassig died at the Emergency Hospital in Washington, D. C. on Sunday evening, December 6,1936, United States of America War Department, Signal Office, Washington DC,475 pp. Fassig, O. L. Proceedings of the congress held at Chicago August 21–24,1893. Monthly Weather Review 23, 209-212 Fassig, O. L, report of the International Meteorological Congress, held at Chicago, Il1inois, August 21–24,1893, under the auspices of the Congress Auxiliary of the Worlds Columbian Exposition. United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau Bulletin No,11, Part 2,378 pp. Fassig, O. L. The Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of German Agricultural Experiment Stations,1896, United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Experiment Station Record 8, 447-453. Types of March weather in the United States, the relations existing between mean atmospheric pressure, the prevailing character of the weather, and the paths of storms. Doctoral thesis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,340 pp. Fassig, types of March weather in the United States. The relations existing between mean atmospheric pressure, the character of the weather, and the paths of storms
19.
Samuel Franklin Emmons
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Samuel Franklin Emmons was an American geologist. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and he graduated from Harvard University in 1861 and studied at the Ecole des Mines in Paris, France, from 1862 to 1864 and at the Frieberg mining school in 1865. The largest glacier in the contiguous United States, Emmons Glacier, is located along their route and is named after Emmons. During the autumn of 1872, with Clarence King, Emmons discovered the locality of the diamond fields in Colorado. Emmons is the namesake of Mount Emmons, Colorado, and Mount Emmons, extracted from the Tenth United States Census Geology and mining industry of Leadville, Colorado, with atlas with William Francis Hillebrand, Antony Guyard, and Whitman Cross. US Geological Survey No.12 Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado with Whitman Cross and George Homans Eldridge
20.
George Ferdinand Becker
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George Ferdinand Becker was an American geologist. His most important work was in connection with the origin and mode of occurrence of ore deposits, Becker was born in New York City,5 January 1847. He was the son of Alexander Christian Becker and Sarah Carey Tuckerman Becker of Boston, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University in 1868, studied at, Heidelberg, receiving the degree of Ph. D. in 1869, and, two years later, passed the final examination of the Royal School of Mines in Berlin. In 1880 he was appointed agent of the 10th census. Becker was a leader in mining geology and geophysics, and for years was the chief of the Division of Chemical and Physical Research in the United States Geological Survey. The investigations under his direction led to the establishment of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He died on 20 April 1919 in Washington, D. C. F. Emmons Geological sketches of the precious metal deposits of the western United States by Samuel Franklin Emmons, extracted from the Tenth United States Census Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope. 6, Publication 1936 Mechanics of the Panama Canal slides Becker, national Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
21.
George Otis Smith
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George Otis Smith was an American geologist. Smith was born in Hodgdon, Maine and he graduated from Colby College in 1893 and earned a Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1896. He served as director of United States Geological Survey from 1907 to 1922 and 1923 to 1930 and he also served as the first chairman of the Federal Power Commission under Herbert Hoover from 1930 to 1933. Smith was the Geologist-in-charge of the Section of Petrography of the Geologic Branch, succeeded Charles Doolittle Walcott as Director in May 1907 and continued as Director until December 1930. Smith had joined the Survey after receiving his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University in 1896, Smith was particularly interested in a business policy for the public domain. He also believed that the work of the Survey should be primarily although not exclusively practical, Director Smith was a member of the Commission, and the Geological Surveys resource data provided the basis for much of the Commissions report. In 1924, Smith unsuccessfully urged resumption of research in much the same terms as Walcott had used in 1898. In December 1930, Hoover appointed Smith as chairman of the newly reorganized Federal Power Commission, in January 1931 the Senate purported to reconsider its consent to the appointment of Smith, and other members of the Commission, because it did not approve of their choice of subordinates. President Hoover did not recognise the Senates authority to withdraw its consent to the appointment of officials after they had been commissioned, in May 1932 the US Supreme Court held that the appointments were effective. Notes on crystals of scapolite, gypsum, and fayalite, Johns Hopkins University Circular, pp. 81–83 Smith, George Otis. The volcanic series of the Fox Islands, ME Johns Hopkins University Circular, pp. 12–13 Smith, the rocks of Mount Rainier United States Geological Survey Annual Report, vol.18, Part 2, pp. 416–423 Smith, George Otis. Description of the Tintic special district, Utah Geological Atlas Folio, Report, GF-0065,8 pp. Smith, George Otis. Contributions to the geology of Washington, geology and physiography of central Washington U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Report, P0019,101 pp. Smith, work of the United States Geological Survey Mining World, pp. 136–137 Smith, George Otis. The policy of the Geological Survey Science, pp. 401–403 Smith, Military contribution of civilian engineers Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.30, no.3, pp. 399–404 Smith, George Otis. Topographic and geologic maps The Military Engineer, vol.17, no.95, pp. 381–395 Rickard, George Otis Smith an appreciation Mining and Metallurgy, vol.25, no.447, pp.191 Smith, Philip Sidney. Memorial to George Otis Smith Proceedings of the Geological Society of America, pp
22.
James Furman Kemp
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He was born in New York City and graduated from Amherst in 1881 and from the Columbia School of Mines in 1884. Amherst gave him an honorary Sc. D. in 1906, professor Kemp taught at Cornell University from 1886 to 1891 and then at Columbia and served as geologist of the United States and New York State geological surveys of the Adirondack Mountains. He served as manager and scientific director of the New York Botanical Gardens, and lectured on geology at Johns Hopkins, MIT, besides numerous articles, reports, and monographs, he published Ore Deposits of the United States and Canada and Handbook of Rocks. Kemp was president of the Geological Society of America in 1921 and he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1911. Works written by or about James Furman Kemp at Wikisource Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
23.
Bailey Willis
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Bailey Willis was a geological engineer who worked for the United States Geological Survey, and lectured at two prominent American universities. He also played a key role in getting Mount Rainier designated as a park in 1899. After later focusing more on seismology, he one of the worlds leading earthquake experts of his time. Bailey Willis was born March 31,1857, the son of poet and publisher Nathaniel Parker Willis, at the age of thirteen he was taken to England and Germany for four years of schooling. And thus acquired fluency in German at a time when many scientific texts were available in that language. He entered Columbia University and in five years completed his studies with the degrees of mechanical, Willis married his cousin, Miss Altona Grinnell, in 1882, but she died in 1896. The couple had two children, Marion, who died in infancy, and Hope, later Mrs. Seward H. Rathbun. In 1898 he married Margaret Baker, daughter of Dr. Frank Baker of Georgetown University, the children of his second marriage are Cornelius G. Willis, Robin Willis and Margaret Smith. The family lived for years on the Stanford University campus. After receiving degrees in mining engineering and civil engineering, Willis worked from 1881 to 1884 as a survey geologist for Northern Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1915, he worked for the USGS, being named director of the Appalachian division in 1889. In 1893 he published The Mechanics of Appalachian Structure in the Report of the United States Geological Survey, from 1895 to 1902 he lectured on geology at Johns Hopkins University. In 1900 he was appointed as head of the Division of Areal Geology of the USGS, from 1910 until 1914 he consulted for the government of Argentina an experience later recorded in his book a Yanqui in Patagonia. He led a public campaign in the 1920s to raise awareness of earthquake hazards. After finishing his work with the USGS, he was appointed as a professor and chairman of the department at Stanford University. In 1920, he was elected to the National Academy of the Sciences and he was president of the Seismological Society of America from 1921 to 1926, during which time he published his Geologic Structures. In 1928, he published Continental Drift in the SP2, Theory of Continental Drift, by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, in 1932, he published Isthmian Links in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Among the numerous honors which came to Willis during his life, were an honorary Ph. D. The Willis Wall on the face of Mount Rainier is named for him
24.
David White (geologist)
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Charles David White, who normally went by the name David White, was an American geologist, born in Palmyra, New York. He graduated from Cornell University in 1886, and in 1889 became a member of the United States Geological Survey, eventually, he rose to be chief geologist. In 1903 he became a curator of paleobotany at the Smithsonian Institution. He wrote numerous papers on geological and paleontological subjects, the David White House, his home for 15 years, is a U. S. National Historic Landmark. He made one of the most comprehensive studies on the Glossopteris Flora, David White won the Thompson Medal in 1931 and the Walcott Medal in 1934. He himself considered that his structure-carbon ratio for the occurrence of oil, New York Times, October 7,1919, page 26. Algal deposits of Unkar Proterozoic age in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.14, 597–600
25.
Charles Doolittle Walcott
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Charles Doolittle Walcott was an American paleontologist, administrator of the Smithsonian Institution from 1907 to 1927, and geologist. He became known for his discovery in 1909 of well-preserved fossils in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada and he was described by Stephen Jay Gould as the finest symbol that I have ever encountered for the embodiment of conventional beliefs. Walcott was born in New York Mills, New York and his grandfather, Benjamin S. Walcott, moved from Rhode Island in 1822. His father, also Charles Doolittle Walcott, died when Charles Jr. was only two, Walcott was the youngest of four children. He was interested in nature from an age, collecting minerals and bird eggs and, eventually. He attended various schools in the Utica area but left at the age of eighteen without completing high school and his interest in fossils solidified as he became a commercial fossil collector. On January 9,1872, Walcott married Lura Ann Rust and she died on January 23,1876. He lost this job after two years but was recruited to the newly formed US Geological Survey as a geological assistant. In 1876, he became the assistant to James Hall, State Geologist of New York, Walcott also became a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1879, Walcott joined the US Geological Survey and rose to become its director in 1894 and he married Helena Breese Stevens in 1888. They had four children between 1889 and 1896, Charles Doolittle Walcott, Sydney Stevens Walcott, Helena Breese Walcott, Walcott was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1896. In 1902, he met with Andrew Carnegie and became one of the founders and incorporators of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and he served in various administrative and research positions in that organization. In 1921 Walcott was awarded the inaugural Mary Clark Thompson Medal from the National Academy of Sciences, Walcott became Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in 1907 after the death of Samuel Pierpont Langley, holding the latter post until his own death. He was succeeded by Charles Greeley Abbot, because of Walcotts responsibilities at the Smithsonian, he resigned as director of the United States Geological Survey. As part of the celebration of Darwins birth, Walcott was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cambridge in 1909. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1923 and he was an advisor to then-president, Theodore Roosevelt. Walcott had an interest in the movement and assisted its efforts. In 1910, the year after his discovery of Cambrian fossils in the Burgess shale, Walcott returned to the area accompanied by his sons Stuart and Sidney
26.
John Wesley Powell
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John Wesley Wes Powell was a U. S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, professor at Illinois Wesleyan University, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition, a river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers. Powell served as director of the U. S. Geological Survey and proposed, for development of the arid West. Powell was born in Mount Morris, New York, in 1834 and his father, a poor itinerant preacher, had emigrated to the U. S. from Shrewsbury, England, in 1830. His family moved westward to Jackson, Ohio, then Walworth County, Wisconsin, before settling in rural Boone County, as a young man he undertook a series of adventures through the Mississippi River valley. In 1855, he spent four months walking across Wisconsin, during 1856, he rowed the Mississippi from St. Anthony, Minnesota, to the sea. In 1857, he rowed down the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi River, in 1858 he rowed down the Illinois River, then up the Mississippi and the Des Moines River to central Iowa. At age 25, he was elected in 1859 to the Illinois Natural History Society, Powell studied at Illinois College, Illinois Institute, and Oberlin College, over a period of seven years while teaching, but was unable to attain his degree. During his studies Powell acquired a knowledge of Ancient Greek and Latin, Powell had a restless nature and a deep interest in the natural sciences. This desire to learn natural sciences was against the wishes of his father. In 1860 when Powell was on a tour he decided that the Civil War was inevitable, he decided to study military science. Powells loyalties remained with the Union and the cause of abolishing slavery, on May 8,1861, he enlisted at Hennepin, Illinois, as a private in the 20th Illinois Infantry. He was described as age 27, height 5 6-1/2 tall, light complected, gray eyes, auburn hair and he was elected sergeant-major of the regiment, and when the 20th Illinois was mustered into the Federal service a month later, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant. He enlisted in the Union Army as a cartographer, topographer, during the Civil War, he served first with the 20th Illinois Volunteers. While stationed at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, he recruited a company that became Battery F of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery with Powell as captain. On November 28,1861, Powell took a leave to marry the former Emma Dean. At the Battle of Shiloh, he lost most of his arm when struck by a minie ball while in the process of giving the order to fire. The raw nerve endings in his arm would continue to cause him pain for the rest of his life
27.
Henry Shaler Williams
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Henry Shaler Williams was an American geologist. He was the son of State Senator Josiah B. Williams and he graduated from Yale College and studied with Louis Agassiz at Cornell University. In 1871, he taught for a year at Transylvania University and then worked in business with his father in Ithaca, from 1892 to 1904 he was Professor of Geology at Yale University and Professor of Geology at Cornell University from 1904 until 1912 when he was named Emeritus Professor. He was a leader in and early member of Sigma Xi honorary society,1886 and he was particularly influential in the development of Sigma Xi, serving as a mentor to the founders and as president of the fledgling organization at Cornell University. State Senator Timothy S. Williams was his uncle, lumber magnate Henry W. Sage was his first cousin. Geological Biology Additions to the reference list, BRICE, William R.2000, Henry Shaler Williams, BRICE, William R. 2004c, Henry Shaler Williams and punctuated equilibria, Earth Sciences History, v.23, no. Henry Shaler Williams Papers from the Smithsonian Institution Archives Henry Shaler Williams at Find a Grave
28.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
29.
Earth science
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Earth science or geoscience is a widely embraced term for the fields of science related to the planet Earth. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, there are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the structure of the Earths interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, Geology describes the rocky parts of the Earths crust and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are mineralogy and petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, structural geology, engineering geology, geophysics and geodesy investigate the shape of the Earth, its reaction to forces and its magnetic and gravity fields. Geophysicists explore the Earths core and mantle as well as the tectonic and seismic activity of the lithosphere, geophysics is commonly used to supplement the work of geologists in developing a comprehensive understanding of crustal geology, particularly in mineral and petroleum exploration. Soil science covers the outermost layer of the Earths crust that is subject to soil formation processes, major subdisciplines include edaphology and pedology. Ecology covers the interactions between the biota, with their natural environment and this field of study differentiates the study of the Earth, from the study of other planets in the Solar System, the Earth being the only planet teeming with life. Hydrology is a study revolved around the movement, distribution, and quality of the water and involves all the components of the cycle on the earth. Sub-disciplines of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, watershed science, forest hydrology. Glaciology covers the icy parts of the Earth, atmospheric sciences cover the gaseous parts of the Earth between the surface and the exosphere. Major subdisciplines include meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics, plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earths crust. Beneath the Earths crust lies the mantle which is heated by the decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of magma which is in a state of semi-perpetual convection and this convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics, plate tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the Earth is resurfaced. As the result of spreading, new crust and lithosphere is created by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through fissures. Through subduction, oceanic crust and lithosphere returns to the convecting mantle, volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material. Crust material that is forced into the asthenosphere melts, and some portion of the material becomes light enough to rise to the surface—giving birth to volcanoes
30.
Ithaca, New York
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Ithaca /ˈɪθəkə/ is a city in the Southern Tier-Finger Lakes region of New York. It is the seat of Tompkins County, as well as the largest community in the Ithaca-Tompkins County metropolitan area and this area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca, the village of Cayuga Heights, and other towns and villages in Tompkins County. The city of Ithaca is located on the shore of Cayuga Lake. It is named for the Greek island of Ithaca, Ithaca is home to Cornell University, an Ivy League school of over 20,000 students, most of whom study at its local campus. Ithaca College is located just south of the city in the Town of Ithaca, nearby is Tompkins Cortland Community College. These three colleges bring tens of thousands of students who increase Ithacas seasonal population during the school year, some students settle in the area after graduation. The citys voters are more liberal than those in the remainder of Tompkins County or in upstate New York. In 2010, the population was 30,014. Namgyal Monastery in Ithaca is the North American seat of Tenzin Gyatso, indigenous people occupied this area for thousands of years. At the time of European contact, this area was controlled by the Cayuga Indians, jesuit missionaries from New France are said to have had a mission to the Cayuga as early as 1657. Saponi and Tutelo Indians, Algonquian-speaking tribes, later occupied lands at the end of Cayuga Lake. Remnants of these tribes had been forced from North Carolina by tribal conflicts, during the Revolutionary War, four of the then six Iroquois nations were allied with the British, although bands made decisions on fighting in a highly decentralized way. Conflict with the colonists was fierce throughout the Mohawk Valley. In retaliation for conflicts to the east, the 1779 Sullivan Expedition was conducted against the Iroquois peoples in the west of the state, destroying more than 40 villages and stored winter crops. It destroyed the Tutelo village of Coregonal, located near what is now the junction of state routes 13, most Iroquois were forced from the state after the Revolutionary War, but some remnants remained. The state sold off the former Iroquois lands to development and settlement by European Americans. Within the current boundaries of the City of Ithaca, Native Americans maintained only a temporary hunting camp at the base of Cascadilla Gorge, in 1788 eleven men from Kingston, New York came to the area with two Delaware people guides, to explore what they considered wilderness. The following year Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumond, and Peter Hinepaw returned with their families and that same year Abraham Bloodgood of Albany obtained a patent from the state for 1400 acres, which included all of the present downtown west of Tioga Street
31.
Alexander Winchell
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Alexander Winchell was a United States geologist, who contributed to this field mainly as an educator, and a popular lecturer and author. His views on evolution aroused controversy among his contemporaries, today the racism of these views is more cause for comment, Winchell graduated from the Wesleyan University of Middletown, Connecticut, in 1847. He became president of the Masonic University at Selma, Alabama, in 1854 Winchell entered the service of the University of Michigan as professor of physics and civil engineering. Eventually he became professor of geology and paleontology at Michigan, in 1859, Winchell was appointed as State Geologist of Michigan for the newly formed second geological survey of the state. He held the post until 1863 when the state did not appropriate funding to continue the survey, the survey was resumed in 1869, and Winchell was reappointed in April. Owing to conflicting opinions between Winchell and his superiors, he resigned in 1871 and he stayed at Michigan until 1872. Winchell organized the Ann Arbor Cotton Company and sold stock to the university’s president, general Thomas set wages at a low level. Even then, many lessees defrauded the freedmen of their earnings. Winchell complained that the Treasury’s regulations were “framed in the exclusive interest of the negro and in the non-recognition of the sense and patriotism of the white man. ”Needless to say, the venture brought him nothing but problems, and after Winchell returned to Michigan in 1864, his brother Martin. F In 1872, he was appointed chancellor of Syracuse University, the depression of 1873 affected both his personal finances and those of Syracuse, and these troubles led him to resign this position in 1874. The year 1875 found him a professor of geology and zoology at Vanderbilt University, today the views on the inferiority of the Negro would probably have been the focus of controversy. In any case, he was obligated to resign in 1878 and he then returned to the University of Michigan, where he was professor of geology and paleontology. His work in geology was not so significant as his teaching and popular lectures and he was much concerned with reconciling science and religion
32.
Charles Henry Hitchcock
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Charles Henry Hitchcock was an American geologist. Hitchcock was born August 23,1836, in Amherst, Massachusetts and his father was Edward Hitchcock who was a professor of geology and natural theology and then president of Amherst College. His mother was Orra White Hitchcock, who illustrated much of his fathers work and he graduated from Amherst College in 1856, and considered entering the ministry. He was assistant state geologist of Vermont 1857-61 and state geologist of Maine 1861-62, in 1866 and 1867, Hitchcock studied at the Royal School of Mines in London, examined fossils in the British Museum, and visited glaciers in Switzerland. Hitchcock served as New Hampshire state geologist from 1868 to 1878 and his survey produced a three volume report, and an atlas of maps. It was the first set of detailed maps of the geology of the state, in connection with his survey of New Hampshire, he maintained, during the winter of 1870, a meteorological station on Mount Washington, the earliest high-mountain observatory in the United States. He taught at Dartmouth College in 1868 and from 1869-1908 held the Hall Professorship of Geology and Mineralogy and he used the tetrahedral hypothesis which had been first published in 1875 by William Lowthian Green to explain the formation of the Earths land masses. His distant cousin was Harvey Rexford Hitchcock, who was a missionary to Hawaii. This led to a publication of a book the volcanoes of Hawaii, Hitchcock was a founder of the Geological Society of America, and in 1883 vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He left a collection of specimens to the University of North Carolina Herbarium. Elementary Geology Mt. Washington in Winter Footprints in the Rocks, the World Before the Introduction of Life. Atlas to Accompany the Report on the Geology of New Hampshire, North America in the Ice Period
33.
John Robert Procter
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John Robert Procter, was an American geologist and civil service reformer. He was the Kentucky state geologist from 1880 to 1893, and his mother died when he was very young, and he was brought up by an aunt. When he showed an inclination to enlist in the Confederate Army and he spent freshman year in a science program there, and then left and enlisted as a Confederate in 1863. He served until the end of the war, at the close of the war, he returned to his home farm in Kentucky, where he remained until 1873. In 1873 he met Kentucky state geologist Nathaniel Shaler, also a Harvard professor, Procter became assistant in the Kentucky Geological Survey, and also studied geology during 1875 at Harvard. In 1880 he succeeded Shaler as state geologist, allegedly the Governor wanted to make some appointments for political and personal reasons. Procters criticism of the system was based not only on its evil moral and social effects. He presented this view constantly and effectively and his work as president of the Commission was the means of increasing the effectiveness of the civil service, and of gaining for it recognition in political life. During Procters service on the Commission, the number of subject to the merit system increased from 43,000 to 120,000. In 1896, Procter secured the release of the positions of chief clerks, Procter served as a member of the Jury of Awards at the Chicago Worlds Fair, and was a frequent contributor to magazines and journals on geologic, economic, international and political subjects. He was a member of the Century Club of New York City and he died of angina pectoris while at the Cosmos Club in Washington, D. C. where he was attending the annual meeting of the National Civil Service Reform League. Rines, George Edwin, ed. Procter, John Robert, wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds
34.
Edward Orton Sr.
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Edward Francis Baxter Orton Sr. was a United States geologist, and the first president of The Ohio State University. He entered Hamilton College in 1845, graduating in 1848 and he then spent time at Lane Theological Seminary, Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard, and then Andover Theological Seminary. During those times he taught to get income, but was interested in entering the ministry, from 1856 to 1859, he was professor of natural science in the New York state normal school at Albany. From 1859 to 1865, he was principal of the academy of Chester. He became professor of history at Antioch College in 1865. A year later, Orton became president of what was then the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College and he resigned the presidency in 1881, but continued as professor of geology until his death. Orton was assistant state geologist of Ohio from 1869 to 1875 and he was named state geologist in 1882, and continued in that position until his death in 1899. He was a member of scientific societies, and was president of the state association of Ohio in 1884–85. He suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1891, but continued to work. OSU constructed a building in 1893, and named it Orton Hall. In 1920, his son Edward Orton Jr, Geology of Ohio, in part Economic Geology of Ohio Petroleum and Inflammable Gas Baynes, T. S. Smith, W. R. eds. With OSU professor of history John Thomas Short and he was also the author of various addresses, scientific papers, and contributions. Past Presidents of the Ohio State University, wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds, rines, George Edwin, ed. Orton, Edward
35.
James Hall (paleontologist)
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James Hall was an American geologist and paleontologist. He was an authority on stratigraphy and had an influential role in the development of paleontology in the United States. Hall was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, the oldest of four children and his parents, James Hall Sr. and Sousanna Dourdain Hall, had emigrated from England two years earlier. Hall developed an early interest in science and enrolled in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and he was a student of Amos Eaton and Ebenezer Emmons, both notable geologists. Hall graduated with honors in 1832, received his masters degree in 1833, in 1836 a multi-year survey was established to collect information on the geology and natural history of New York. For purposes of the survey, the state was divided into four districts, hall’s initial assignment was to study iron deposits in the Adirondack Mountains. The following year the survey was reorganized, Hall was put in charge of the Fourth District, other notable geologists working on the survey included Lardner Vanuxem and Timothy Conrad. Working together, the staff developed a stratigraphy for New York. At the end of the survey in 1841, Hall was named the first state paleontologist, in 1843 he made his final report on the survey of the fourth geological district, which was published as Geology of New York, Part IV. It was received much acclaim and became a classic in the field. Hall had built a reputation and was to devote the rest of his life to stratigraphic geology. Hall built a laboratory in Albany, New York, which became an important center of study, many notable scientists began their career serving an apprenticeship with Hall, including Fielding Meek, Charles Walcott, Charles Beecher and Josiah Whitney. Now known as the James Hall Office, the laboratory was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, after his work in New York, Hall extended his studies to other regions of the country. In 1850 Hall participated in a survey of northern Michigan and Wisconsin. He was appointed state geologist for Iowa and Wisconsin, in addition, several other state survey programs sought out Hall for his expertise and advice. In 1866 he was director of the New York State Museum of Natural History in Albany. In 1893 he was appointed the State Geologist of New York, between 1847 and 1894 Hall published 13 volumes of The Palaeontology of New York, his principal contribution in the field. This massive work consisted of over 4500 pages and 1000 full-page illustrations, in addition, Hall wrote more than 30 other books, published over 200 papers, and contributed sections to several federal and state publications on geology
36.
R. A. F. Penrose Jr.
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Richard Alexander Fullerton Penrose Jr. better known throughout his career as R. A. F. Penrose Jr. was an American mining geologist and entrepreneur. Penrose graduated in 1885 with a Ph. D. from Harvard for work on phosphates and he was from a prominent Philadelphia family of Cornish descent. His brothers were Boies Penrose and Spencer Penrose—Spencer was also active in mining, later, he performed geological surveys in Texas and Arkansas until 1892, and then traveled the country as a mining surveyor. Most notable was his survey of Cripple Creek, Colorado, for the U. S. Geological Survey, in 1903 his brothers and father were investors who formed the Utah Copper Company. After his father died in 1908, Penrose made a career change, using his knowledge as a mining geologist to succeed as a mining investor. Having amassed considerable wealth in these efforts, Penrose established the Penrose Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1927, the Penrose bequest serves to support the research grants program of the Geological Society of America. Penrose was President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1922-26, together with Dr. Francis West Lewis and Dr. T. Hewson Bachehe he founded the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. Penrose was inducted into the US National Mining Hall of Fame in 2006
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North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
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Peer review
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Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work. It constitutes a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field, peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is used to determine an academic papers suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement, a prototype professional peer-review process was recommended in the Ethics of the Physician written by Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al-Ruhāwī. He stated that a physician had to make duplicate notes of a patients condition on every visit. Professional peer review is common in the field of health care, further, since peer review activity is commonly segmented by clinical discipline, there is also physician peer review, nursing peer review, dentistry peer review, etc. Many other professional fields have some level of peer review process, accounting, law, engineering, aviation, and even forest fire management. Peer review is used in education to achieve certain learning objectives and this may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine. The peer review helps the publisher decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, peer review requires a community of experts in a given field, who are qualified and able to perform reasonably impartial review. Peer review is generally considered necessary to academic quality and is used in most major scientific journals, the European Union has been using peer review in the Open Method of Co-ordination of policies in the fields of active labour market policy since 1999. In 2004, a program of peer reviews started in social inclusion and these usually meet over two days and include visits to local sites where the policy can be seen in operation. The meeting is preceded by the compilation of a report on which participating peer countries submit comments. The results are published on the web, the State of California is the only U. S. state to mandate scientific peer review. This requirement is incorporated into the California Health and Safety Code Section 57004, thus, the terminology has poor standardization and specificity, particularly as a database search term
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Geological Society of America
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The Geological Society of America is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences. The society was founded in New York in 1888 by Alexander Winchell, John J. Stevenson, Charles H. Hitchcock, procter and Edward Orton and has been headquartered at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado, USA, since 1968. The society has six sections in North America, an international section. GSA began with 100 members under its first president, James Hall, over the next 43 years it grew slowly but steadily to 600 members until 1931, when a $4 million endowment from 1930 president R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. jumpstarted the GSAs growth, as of April 2013, GSA has more than 25,000 members in over 100 countries. The stated mission of GSA is to advance research and discovery, service to society, stewardship of Earth. Its main activities are sponsoring scientific meetings and publishing scientific literature, particularly the journals Geological Society of America Bulletin, a more recent publication endeavor is the online-only journal Geosphere. In February 2009, GSA began publishing Lithosphere, GSAs monthly news and science magazine, GSA Today, is open access online. Furthermore, the implications of global climate change and the time scale over which such changes will likely occur require active, effective. While the precise magnitude and rate of change cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, significant change will affect the planet. Past presidents of the Geological Society of America, American Geophysical Union Penrose Medal Arthur L. Day Medal Meinzer Award Kirk Bryan Award GSA Official Website
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Geology (journal)
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Geology is a publication of the Geological Society of America. The GSA claims that it is the most widely read journal in the field of earth science. It is published monthly, with each issue containing 20 or more articles, one of the goals of the journal is to provide a forum for shorter articles and less focus on pure academic research type articles. List of scientific journals List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences Official website Archives Table of contents for current edition
41.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
42.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
43.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
44.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
