1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Alexandria, New South Wales
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Alexandria is a suburb in the inner-east of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Alexandria is located 4 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the government area of the City of Sydney. The rough boundaries of Alexandria are Botany Road to the east, Gardeners Road to the south, Mitchell Road and Sydney Park to the west and it is approximately 2 km south of Central Station. The Parish of Alexandria was established in 1835, the naming of Alexandria and neighbouring Waterloo, commemorates the famous British Empire military and naval victories over Napoleon. The Iron Duke Hotel in Alexandria, itself named after the heroic Duke of Wellington, in 1868, the Municipality of Alexandria was formed, after separating from Waterloo. The former Alexandria Town Hall is in Garden Street, land for the building was acquired in 1879, the building was designed by Ferdinand Reuss Snr and completed in 1881. Major alterations took place over the years, right up to 1928, the building is listed on the State Heritage Register. The municipality was abolished upon merger into the City of Sydney in 1949, along with Darlington, Erskineville, Newtown, Redfern, Waterloo, Paddington, in 1968 the boundaries were changed again and Alexandria was part of a new municipality, South Sydney Council. South Sydney was brought back into the City of Sydney in 1982, in 2004, Alexandria moved back into the City of Sydney, when the City of Sydney was merged with the City of South Sydney. The former Alexandria tram line opened in 1902 as an electric line that was duplicated in 1910. The line branched off from the Botany line at the junction of Henderson, the line proceeded down Henderson Road then swung left into Mitchell Road. A turn-back was provided at Ashmore Road for short working, the line turned right into the present day Sydney Park Road before terminating at the junction with the Cooks River line at the Princes Highway near St Peters railway station. Services operated from Circular Quay in a similar to the Botany line as far as the Henderson Road junction. The line was closed in 1959, Sydney Buses route 308 generally follows the route as far as St Peters station. According to 2011 census, the most common ancestries in Alexandria were English 22. 7%, Australian 19. 2%, Irish 10. 6%, Scottish 7. 6%,60. 9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 5. 0%, New Zealand 4. 0%, China 2. 5%, Ireland 1. 4%,74. 2% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Cantonese 2. 2%, Mandarin 1. 8%, Spanish 1. 5%, Indonesian 1. 1% and French 1. 0%. The most common responses for religion in Alexandria were No Religion 39. 1%, Catholic 22. 6%, Anglican 10. 3%, Buddhism 3. 4%, Alexandria is a largely industrial suburb with medium to high density residential areas
3.
Henry George
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Henry George was an American political economist, journalist, and philosopher. His most famous work, Progress and Poverty, sold millions of copies worldwide, George was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a lower-middle-class family, the second of ten children of Richard S. H. George and Catharine Pratt George. His father was a publisher of religious texts and a devout Episcopalian, George chafed at his religious upbringing and left the academy without graduating. Instead he convinced his father to hire a tutor and supplemented this with avid reading and attending lectures at the Franklin institute. His formal education ended at age 14 and he went to sea as a foremast boy at age 15 in April 1855 on the Hindoo, bound for Melbourne and Calcutta. He ended up in the West in 1858 and briefly considered prospecting for gold, in California, George fell in love with Annie Corsina Fox, an eighteen-year-old girl from Sydney who had been orphaned and was living with an uncle. The uncle, a prosperous, strong-minded man, was opposed to his nieces impoverished suitor, but the couple, defying him, eloped and married in late 1861, with Henry dressed in a borrowed suit and Annie bringing only a packet of books. The marriage was a one and four children were born to them. Foxs mother was Irish Catholic, and while George remained an Evangelical Protestant, on November 3,1862 Annie gave birth to future United States Representative from New York, Henry George, Jr. Early on, even with the birth of future sculptor, Richard F. George, which remained required reading in California schools for decades. George climbed the ranks of the Times, eventually becoming managing editor in the summer of 1867, George worked for several papers, including four years as editor of his own newspaper San Francisco Daily Evening Post and time running the Reporter, a Democratic anti-monopoly publication. The George family struggled but Georges increasing reputation and involvement in the newspaper industry lifted them from poverty, Georges other two children were both daughters. The first was Jennie George, later to become Jennie George Atkinson, Georges other daughter was Anna Angela George, who would become mother of both future dancer and choreographer, Agnes de Mille and future actress Peggy George. George began as a Lincoln Republican, but then became a Democrat and he was a strong critic of railroad and mining interests, corrupt politicians, land speculators, and labor contractors. He first articulated his views in an 1868 article entitled What the Railroad Will Bring Us and this had led to him earning the enmity of the Central Pacific Railroads executives, who helped defeat his bid for election to the California State Assembly. One day in 1871 George went for a ride and stopped to rest while overlooking San Francisco Bay. He later wrote of the revelation that he had, I asked a passing teamster, for want of something better to say, what land was worth there. He pointed to some cows grazing so far off that they looked like mice, and said, I dont know exactly, like a flash it came over me that there was the reason of advancing poverty with advancing wealth
4.
Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch)
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The Australian Labor Party also known as NSW Labor is the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party. The parliamentary leader is elected from and by the members of the party caucus, comprising all party members in the Legislative Assembly, the party factions have a strong influence on the election of the leader. The leaders position is dependent on the support of the caucus. By convention, the premier sits in the Legislative Assembly, and is the leader of the party controlling a majority in that house, the party leader also typically is a member of the Assembly, though this is not a strict party constitutional requirement. Barrie Unsworth, for example, was elected party leader while a member of the Legislative Council and he then transferred to the Assembly by winning a seat at a by-election. When the Labor party wins sufficient seats to be able to control a majority in the Legislative Assembly, when the party is not in government, the party leader becomes the Leader of the Opposition. To become a Premier or Opposition Leader, the party leader must be or within a period of time become a member of the Legislative Assembly. Cook left the party in the year when he was obliged to sign a pledge that he would support all caucus decisions in parliament. James McGowen, who signed the pledge, succeeded Cook as party leader in 1894, at the 1894 state election Labor representation was reduced to 18. After the 1898 election, Labor held the balance of power with George Reids Protectionist Government being dependent on Labor to push through New South Wales adoption of Federation. At the 1910 election the Labor Party first won government in New South Wales with a majority of 46 of 90 seats. He was deposed by his deputy William Holman after McGowen attempted to break a gas workers strike by threatening to replace strikers with non-union labour, the conscription issue divided the Labor Party and wider Australian community in 1916. Ernest Durack became state party leader, while Holman formed a coalition on 15 November 1916 with the leader of the opposition Liberal Reform Party, Charles Wade, with himself as Premier. Early in 1917, Holman and his supporters merged with Liberal Reform to form the state branch of the Nationalist Party of Australia, at the 1917 election, the Nationalists won a huge victory. During his leadership of the Nationalist Government, Holman vigorously defended the government-owned enterprises from his fellow conservatives in power, duracks leadership lasted only for about three months, and he was succeeded by John Storey in February 1917. At the 1920 election, Holman and his Nationalists were thrown from office in a swing, being succeeded by a Labor Government led by Storey. Labor won the 1920 election with a majority of one, on Storeys death in October 1921, James Dooley became leader of the party and premier. His government was defeated on the floor of the House on 13 December 1921, but new Premier George Fuller lost a vote within seven hours of his appointment and he lost the 1922 election to Fuller in a highly sectarian election campaign
5.
William Holman
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William Arthur Holman was the second Australian Labor Party Premier of New South Wales, Australia. He later split with the party on the issue in 1916 during World War I. Holman was born in St Pancras, London, England in 1871, the son of William Holman and he was educated at an Anglican school and was apprenticed as a cabinetmaker. He attended night classes and literary societies, there were bad times in the theatrical profession during the 1880s, and the Holmans were glad to obtain an engagement with Brough and Boucicault in Australia. The family migrated to Melbourne, Australia in October 1888, the burning of the Bijou theatre in Melbourne resulted in their move to Sydney. As a cabinet maker in Sydney he was interested in the ideas of John Stuart Mill, William Morris, Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin, and became very active in the Australian labour movement. He joined the Single Tax League, the Australian Socialist League and the newly formed Labor Electoral League, a forerunner to the Australian Labor Party. In the Australian Socialist League he mixed with anarchists and socialists and met future Prime Minister Billy Hughes, Creo Stanley, Ernie Lane, Henry Lawson, Holman and Hughes were associated with Arthur Desmond on the scandal sheet paper, The New Order. In 1893 he became Secretary of the Railways and Tramways Employees’ Union, representing the union on the Sydney Trades, with the support of the Labor Electoral League he unsuccessfully stood for election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1894 and 1895. During this period he was the proprietor of the Daily Post newspaper, sympathetic to the labour movement and he spent nearly two months in jail before the conviction was quashed. He went on to become a journalist for the Grenfell Vedette, from 1896 to 1898 he worked as an organiser for the Australian Workers Union. In 1909 he co-authored with P. A, in the 1920s, when he resumed his legal practice, he was made a Kings Counsel. After a lectureship in Brisbane in 1928, The Australian constitution, its interpretation, in the late 1890s Holman was on the central executive of the embryonic Labor Party, before being elected as the Member for Grenfell in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1898. He became deputy-leader of the Labor party in 1905, and at the 1907 election he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the seat of Cootamundra. In 1910 the Labor Party first won Government in New South Wales with a majority of 46 seats in a parliament of 90 seats, with James McGowen as Premier. On 30 June 1913 McGowen resigned and Holman was named leader of the New South Wales Labor Party, during his government many state-owned enterprises were established to compete with private businesses, as a compromise to the Labor policy on Nationalisation. The Labor Party had a commitment to abolishing the New South Wales Legislative Council. Only 47 per cent of Government bills were passed by the Upper House for the period between 1910 and 1916
6.
Charles Wade
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Sir Charles Gregory Wade KCMG, KC, JP was Premier of New South Wales 2 October 1907 –21 October 1910. According to Percival Serle, Wade was a man of high character. His career as a judge was short, but his sense of justice and grasp of principles and details, Charles Gregory Wade was born in Singleton, New South Wales. He was the son of William Burton Wade, a civil engineer, educated at All Saints College, Bathurst, and The Kings School, Parramatta. Wade won the Broughton and Forrest scholarships and went to Merton College and he had a distinguished career, both as a scholar and an athlete, graduating with honours in classics and representing his university and England at rugby union. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1886 and he married Ella Louise Bell, daughter of a civil engineer, in 1890. He made a reputation as a barrister and was appointed a prosecutor in 1891. From 1902, he represented employers before the new Industrial Arbitration Court, from 1904 to 1917, he represented Gordon. Within a year of his first election he joined the Carruthers ministry as Attorney-General, when Carruthers resigned Wade became Premier on 2 October 1907, but still retained his previous portfolios. There was some remission of taxation and each year the treasurer was able to show a surplus, during the 1909–10 coal strike, Wade appeared to favour the mine-owners and lost significant community support. In spite of his good record Wade was defeated at the election. In November 1916, Labor premier William Holman, a supporter of conscription, formed a coalition with Liberal Reform to stay in office, Wade was prominent in the negotiations for a coalition, but the state of his health did not allow him to seek office. He also declined the office of agent-general for New South Wales, a few months later, finding his health much improved, he became agent-general. A series of seven lectures on Australia delivered at University College, London, was published in 1919 under the title Australia, Problems and Prospects. In December of that year Wade was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales at Sydney and took up his duties in March 1920. Wade died after an illness at his house at the Sydney suburb of Potts Point, New South Wales and was survived by Lady Wade. His funeral was held at St. Andrews Cathedral, Sydney on 22 September 1922 and he was buried at South Head Cemetery on the same day. Wade became a Kings Counsel in 1906, was knighted in 1918 and was created KCMG in 1920, list of Six Nations Championship hat-tricks
7.
James McGowen
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James Sinclair Taylor McGowen was an Australian politician and the first Labor Premier of New South Wales from 21 October 1910 to 30 June 1913. McGowen was the son of James McGowen, a boilermaker, and his wife Eliza Ditchfield, immigrants from Lancashire and was born at sea, on the Western Bride and his father worked building in bridges, initially in Victoria, and later in New South Wales. After limited schooling he was apprenticed as a boiler maker in 1870 and he became a member of the United Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders of New South Wales on its establishment in 1873, he became secretary in 1874. He entered the department and in 1888 was elected president of the executive of Trades Hall committee. He worked hard and successfully to raise funds to build the Trades Hall at Sydney and he held the seat continuously to 1917. While the Australian Labor Party eventually became the most disciplined in the world, McGowen was one of three to sign the pledge to abide by party discipline. As a result of his increasingly skillfulness as a parliamentarian and his relative seniority he became Labors parliamentary leader in 1894, after the 1898 election George Reids Protectionist Government was dependent on Labor to push through New South Wales adoption of Federation. McGowen stood for the Federal seat of South Sydney in 1901, mcGowens honesty and judiciousness were reassuring the public and were a major factor in Labors 1910 election win. While he was Premier from to 1913, he was not a director of the parliamentary party. As well as Premier, he was also Colonial Treasurer during most of 1911 and Colonial Secretary from December 1911, in 1913, while Holman was in England, he attempted to settle a gas workers strike by threatening to replace them with non-union labour. This alienated the party and Holman deposed him as leader on his return in June 1913, McGowen became Minister for Labour and Industry until January 1914. As a result of the state Labour governments efforts, improved low-cost medical services were widely available throughout New South Wales. In addition, public works were expanded, and important educational reforms were enacted, together with reforms in law, income tax, arbitration. Three of his sons served in World War I, including one killed at Gallipoli in 1915, the 1916 Labor conference decided to oppose conscription. McGowen disagreed and was expelled along with most of the parliamentary party, at the 1917 election he was defeated by the official Labor candidate William McKell, but, now Nationalist, Premier Holman appointed him to the then unelected Legislative Council in July 1917. He died of disease in Petersham and was survived by his wife, five of their seven sons. His largely attended funeral was held at St. Pauls Church, Redfern, New South Wales on 8 April 1922, and he was then buried at Rookwood Cemetery
