1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Alexandria, New South Wales
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Alexandria is a suburb in the inner-east of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Alexandria is located 4 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the government area of the City of Sydney. The rough boundaries of Alexandria are Botany Road to the east, Gardeners Road to the south, Mitchell Road and Sydney Park to the west and it is approximately 2 km south of Central Station. The Parish of Alexandria was established in 1835, the naming of Alexandria and neighbouring Waterloo, commemorates the famous British Empire military and naval victories over Napoleon. The Iron Duke Hotel in Alexandria, itself named after the heroic Duke of Wellington, in 1868, the Municipality of Alexandria was formed, after separating from Waterloo. The former Alexandria Town Hall is in Garden Street, land for the building was acquired in 1879, the building was designed by Ferdinand Reuss Snr and completed in 1881. Major alterations took place over the years, right up to 1928, the building is listed on the State Heritage Register. The municipality was abolished upon merger into the City of Sydney in 1949, along with Darlington, Erskineville, Newtown, Redfern, Waterloo, Paddington, in 1968 the boundaries were changed again and Alexandria was part of a new municipality, South Sydney Council. South Sydney was brought back into the City of Sydney in 1982, in 2004, Alexandria moved back into the City of Sydney, when the City of Sydney was merged with the City of South Sydney. The former Alexandria tram line opened in 1902 as an electric line that was duplicated in 1910. The line branched off from the Botany line at the junction of Henderson, the line proceeded down Henderson Road then swung left into Mitchell Road. A turn-back was provided at Ashmore Road for short working, the line turned right into the present day Sydney Park Road before terminating at the junction with the Cooks River line at the Princes Highway near St Peters railway station. Services operated from Circular Quay in a similar to the Botany line as far as the Henderson Road junction. The line was closed in 1959, Sydney Buses route 308 generally follows the route as far as St Peters station. According to 2011 census, the most common ancestries in Alexandria were English 22. 7%, Australian 19. 2%, Irish 10. 6%, Scottish 7. 6%,60. 9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 5. 0%, New Zealand 4. 0%, China 2. 5%, Ireland 1. 4%,74. 2% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Cantonese 2. 2%, Mandarin 1. 8%, Spanish 1. 5%, Indonesian 1. 1% and French 1. 0%. The most common responses for religion in Alexandria were No Religion 39. 1%, Catholic 22. 6%, Anglican 10. 3%, Buddhism 3. 4%, Alexandria is a largely industrial suburb with medium to high density residential areas
3.
Henry George
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Henry George was an American political economist, journalist, and philosopher. His most famous work, Progress and Poverty, sold millions of copies worldwide, George was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a lower-middle-class family, the second of ten children of Richard S. H. George and Catharine Pratt George. His father was a publisher of religious texts and a devout Episcopalian, George chafed at his religious upbringing and left the academy without graduating. Instead he convinced his father to hire a tutor and supplemented this with avid reading and attending lectures at the Franklin institute. His formal education ended at age 14 and he went to sea as a foremast boy at age 15 in April 1855 on the Hindoo, bound for Melbourne and Calcutta. He ended up in the West in 1858 and briefly considered prospecting for gold, in California, George fell in love with Annie Corsina Fox, an eighteen-year-old girl from Sydney who had been orphaned and was living with an uncle. The uncle, a prosperous, strong-minded man, was opposed to his nieces impoverished suitor, but the couple, defying him, eloped and married in late 1861, with Henry dressed in a borrowed suit and Annie bringing only a packet of books. The marriage was a one and four children were born to them. Foxs mother was Irish Catholic, and while George remained an Evangelical Protestant, on November 3,1862 Annie gave birth to future United States Representative from New York, Henry George, Jr. Early on, even with the birth of future sculptor, Richard F. George, which remained required reading in California schools for decades. George climbed the ranks of the Times, eventually becoming managing editor in the summer of 1867, George worked for several papers, including four years as editor of his own newspaper San Francisco Daily Evening Post and time running the Reporter, a Democratic anti-monopoly publication. The George family struggled but Georges increasing reputation and involvement in the newspaper industry lifted them from poverty, Georges other two children were both daughters. The first was Jennie George, later to become Jennie George Atkinson, Georges other daughter was Anna Angela George, who would become mother of both future dancer and choreographer, Agnes de Mille and future actress Peggy George. George began as a Lincoln Republican, but then became a Democrat and he was a strong critic of railroad and mining interests, corrupt politicians, land speculators, and labor contractors. He first articulated his views in an 1868 article entitled What the Railroad Will Bring Us and this had led to him earning the enmity of the Central Pacific Railroads executives, who helped defeat his bid for election to the California State Assembly. One day in 1871 George went for a ride and stopped to rest while overlooking San Francisco Bay. He later wrote of the revelation that he had, I asked a passing teamster, for want of something better to say, what land was worth there. He pointed to some cows grazing so far off that they looked like mice, and said, I dont know exactly, like a flash it came over me that there was the reason of advancing poverty with advancing wealth
4.
Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch)
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The Australian Labor Party also known as NSW Labor is the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party. The parliamentary leader is elected from and by the members of the party caucus, comprising all party members in the Legislative Assembly, the party factions have a strong influence on the election of the leader. The leaders position is dependent on the support of the caucus. By convention, the premier sits in the Legislative Assembly, and is the leader of the party controlling a majority in that house, the party leader also typically is a member of the Assembly, though this is not a strict party constitutional requirement. Barrie Unsworth, for example, was elected party leader while a member of the Legislative Council and he then transferred to the Assembly by winning a seat at a by-election. When the Labor party wins sufficient seats to be able to control a majority in the Legislative Assembly, when the party is not in government, the party leader becomes the Leader of the Opposition. To become a Premier or Opposition Leader, the party leader must be or within a period of time become a member of the Legislative Assembly. Cook left the party in the year when he was obliged to sign a pledge that he would support all caucus decisions in parliament. James McGowen, who signed the pledge, succeeded Cook as party leader in 1894, at the 1894 state election Labor representation was reduced to 18. After the 1898 election, Labor held the balance of power with George Reids Protectionist Government being dependent on Labor to push through New South Wales adoption of Federation. At the 1910 election the Labor Party first won government in New South Wales with a majority of 46 of 90 seats. He was deposed by his deputy William Holman after McGowen attempted to break a gas workers strike by threatening to replace strikers with non-union labour, the conscription issue divided the Labor Party and wider Australian community in 1916. Ernest Durack became state party leader, while Holman formed a coalition on 15 November 1916 with the leader of the opposition Liberal Reform Party, Charles Wade, with himself as Premier. Early in 1917, Holman and his supporters merged with Liberal Reform to form the state branch of the Nationalist Party of Australia, at the 1917 election, the Nationalists won a huge victory. During his leadership of the Nationalist Government, Holman vigorously defended the government-owned enterprises from his fellow conservatives in power, duracks leadership lasted only for about three months, and he was succeeded by John Storey in February 1917. At the 1920 election, Holman and his Nationalists were thrown from office in a swing, being succeeded by a Labor Government led by Storey. Labor won the 1920 election with a majority of one, on Storeys death in October 1921, James Dooley became leader of the party and premier. His government was defeated on the floor of the House on 13 December 1921, but new Premier George Fuller lost a vote within seven hours of his appointment and he lost the 1922 election to Fuller in a highly sectarian election campaign
5.
William Holman
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William Arthur Holman was the second Australian Labor Party Premier of New South Wales, Australia. He later split with the party on the issue in 1916 during World War I. Holman was born in St Pancras, London, England in 1871, the son of William Holman and he was educated at an Anglican school and was apprenticed as a cabinetmaker. He attended night classes and literary societies, there were bad times in the theatrical profession during the 1880s, and the Holmans were glad to obtain an engagement with Brough and Boucicault in Australia. The family migrated to Melbourne, Australia in October 1888, the burning of the Bijou theatre in Melbourne resulted in their move to Sydney. As a cabinet maker in Sydney he was interested in the ideas of John Stuart Mill, William Morris, Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin, and became very active in the Australian labour movement. He joined the Single Tax League, the Australian Socialist League and the newly formed Labor Electoral League, a forerunner to the Australian Labor Party. In the Australian Socialist League he mixed with anarchists and socialists and met future Prime Minister Billy Hughes, Creo Stanley, Ernie Lane, Henry Lawson, Holman and Hughes were associated with Arthur Desmond on the scandal sheet paper, The New Order. In 1893 he became Secretary of the Railways and Tramways Employees’ Union, representing the union on the Sydney Trades, with the support of the Labor Electoral League he unsuccessfully stood for election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1894 and 1895. During this period he was the proprietor of the Daily Post newspaper, sympathetic to the labour movement and he spent nearly two months in jail before the conviction was quashed. He went on to become a journalist for the Grenfell Vedette, from 1896 to 1898 he worked as an organiser for the Australian Workers Union. In 1909 he co-authored with P. A, in the 1920s, when he resumed his legal practice, he was made a Kings Counsel. After a lectureship in Brisbane in 1928, The Australian constitution, its interpretation, in the late 1890s Holman was on the central executive of the embryonic Labor Party, before being elected as the Member for Grenfell in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1898. He became deputy-leader of the Labor party in 1905, and at the 1907 election he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the seat of Cootamundra. In 1910 the Labor Party first won Government in New South Wales with a majority of 46 seats in a parliament of 90 seats, with James McGowen as Premier. On 30 June 1913 McGowen resigned and Holman was named leader of the New South Wales Labor Party, during his government many state-owned enterprises were established to compete with private businesses, as a compromise to the Labor policy on Nationalisation. The Labor Party had a commitment to abolishing the New South Wales Legislative Council. Only 47 per cent of Government bills were passed by the Upper House for the period between 1910 and 1916
6.
Charles Wade
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Sir Charles Gregory Wade KCMG, KC, JP was Premier of New South Wales 2 October 1907 –21 October 1910. According to Percival Serle, Wade was a man of high character. His career as a judge was short, but his sense of justice and grasp of principles and details, Charles Gregory Wade was born in Singleton, New South Wales. He was the son of William Burton Wade, a civil engineer, educated at All Saints College, Bathurst, and The Kings School, Parramatta. Wade won the Broughton and Forrest scholarships and went to Merton College and he had a distinguished career, both as a scholar and an athlete, graduating with honours in classics and representing his university and England at rugby union. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1886 and he married Ella Louise Bell, daughter of a civil engineer, in 1890. He made a reputation as a barrister and was appointed a prosecutor in 1891. From 1902, he represented employers before the new Industrial Arbitration Court, from 1904 to 1917, he represented Gordon. Within a year of his first election he joined the Carruthers ministry as Attorney-General, when Carruthers resigned Wade became Premier on 2 October 1907, but still retained his previous portfolios. There was some remission of taxation and each year the treasurer was able to show a surplus, during the 1909–10 coal strike, Wade appeared to favour the mine-owners and lost significant community support. In spite of his good record Wade was defeated at the election. In November 1916, Labor premier William Holman, a supporter of conscription, formed a coalition with Liberal Reform to stay in office, Wade was prominent in the negotiations for a coalition, but the state of his health did not allow him to seek office. He also declined the office of agent-general for New South Wales, a few months later, finding his health much improved, he became agent-general. A series of seven lectures on Australia delivered at University College, London, was published in 1919 under the title Australia, Problems and Prospects. In December of that year Wade was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales at Sydney and took up his duties in March 1920. Wade died after an illness at his house at the Sydney suburb of Potts Point, New South Wales and was survived by Lady Wade. His funeral was held at St. Andrews Cathedral, Sydney on 22 September 1922 and he was buried at South Head Cemetery on the same day. Wade became a Kings Counsel in 1906, was knighted in 1918 and was created KCMG in 1920, list of Six Nations Championship hat-tricks
7.
James McGowen
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James Sinclair Taylor McGowen was an Australian politician and the first Labor Premier of New South Wales from 21 October 1910 to 30 June 1913. McGowen was the son of James McGowen, a boilermaker, and his wife Eliza Ditchfield, immigrants from Lancashire and was born at sea, on the Western Bride and his father worked building in bridges, initially in Victoria, and later in New South Wales. After limited schooling he was apprenticed as a boiler maker in 1870 and he became a member of the United Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders of New South Wales on its establishment in 1873, he became secretary in 1874. He entered the department and in 1888 was elected president of the executive of Trades Hall committee. He worked hard and successfully to raise funds to build the Trades Hall at Sydney and he held the seat continuously to 1917. While the Australian Labor Party eventually became the most disciplined in the world, McGowen was one of three to sign the pledge to abide by party discipline. As a result of his increasingly skillfulness as a parliamentarian and his relative seniority he became Labors parliamentary leader in 1894, after the 1898 election George Reids Protectionist Government was dependent on Labor to push through New South Wales adoption of Federation. McGowen stood for the Federal seat of South Sydney in 1901, mcGowens honesty and judiciousness were reassuring the public and were a major factor in Labors 1910 election win. While he was Premier from to 1913, he was not a director of the parliamentary party. As well as Premier, he was also Colonial Treasurer during most of 1911 and Colonial Secretary from December 1911, in 1913, while Holman was in England, he attempted to settle a gas workers strike by threatening to replace them with non-union labour. This alienated the party and Holman deposed him as leader on his return in June 1913, McGowen became Minister for Labour and Industry until January 1914. As a result of the state Labour governments efforts, improved low-cost medical services were widely available throughout New South Wales. In addition, public works were expanded, and important educational reforms were enacted, together with reforms in law, income tax, arbitration. Three of his sons served in World War I, including one killed at Gallipoli in 1915, the 1916 Labor conference decided to oppose conscription. McGowen disagreed and was expelled along with most of the parliamentary party, at the 1917 election he was defeated by the official Labor candidate William McKell, but, now Nationalist, Premier Holman appointed him to the then unelected Legislative Council in July 1917. He died of disease in Petersham and was survived by his wife, five of their seven sons. His largely attended funeral was held at St. Pauls Church, Redfern, New South Wales on 8 April 1922, and he was then buried at Rookwood Cemetery
8.
Barrister
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A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation and their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert legal opinions. Often, barristers are also recognised as legal scholars, Barristers are distinguished from solicitors, who have more direct access to clients, and may do transactional-type legal work. It is mainly barristers who are appointed as judges, and they are hired by clients directly. In England and Wales, barristers may seek authorisation from the Bar Standards Board to conduct litigation and this allows a barrister to practise in a dual capacity, fulfilling the role of both barrister and solicitor. A barrister, who can be considered as a jurist, is a lawyer who represents a litigant as advocate before a court of appropriate jurisdiction, a barrister speaks in court and presents the case before a judge or jury. In some jurisdictions, a barrister receives additional training in law, ethics. In contrast, a solicitor generally meets with clients, does preparatory and administrative work, in this role, he or she may draft and review legal documents, interact with the client as necessary, prepare evidence, and generally manage the day-to-day administration of a lawsuit. Barristers usually have particular knowledge of law, precedent. When a solicitor in general practice is confronted with a point of law. In most countries, barristers operate as sole practitioners, and are prohibited from forming partnerships or from working as a barrister as part of a corporation, however, barristers normally band together into chambers to share clerks and operating expenses. Some chambers grow to be large and sophisticated, and have a corporate feel. In some jurisdictions, they may be employed by firms of solicitors, banks, in contrast, solicitors and attorneys work directly with the clients and are responsible for engaging a barrister with the appropriate expertise for the case. Barristers generally have little or no contact with their lay clients. All correspondence, inquiries, invoices, and so on, will be addressed to the solicitor, in court, barristers are often visibly distinguished from solicitors by their apparel. For example, in Ireland, England, and Wales, a barrister usually wears a wig, stiff collar, bands. Since January 2008, solicitor advocates have also been entitled to wear wigs, in many countries the traditional divisions between barristers and solicitors are breaking down. Barristers once enjoyed a monopoly on appearances before the courts, but in Great Britain this has now been abolished
9.
New South Wales Legislative Council
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The New South Wales Legislative Council, or upper house, is one of the two chambers of the parliament of the Australian state of New South Wales. The other is the Legislative Assembly, both sit at Parliament House in the state capital, Sydney. The Assembly is referred to as the house and the Council as the upper house. It is normal for legislation to be first deliberated on and enacted in the house, and then considered in the upper house. The Council has 42 members, elected by proportional representation in which the state is treated as a single electorate. Members serve eight-year terms, which are staggered so half the Council is up for election every four years—roughly coinciding with elections to the Legislative Assembly. The parliament of New South Wales is Australias oldest legislature and it had its beginnings when New South Wales was a British colony under the control of the Governor and was first established in 1823 by the New South Wales Act. A small, 5-member appointed Legislative Council began meeting on 24 August 1824 to advise the Governor on legislative matters and it grew to seven members in 1825, and between ten and fifteen in 1829. In 1851 the Council was enlarged to 54 members with 36 of its members elected by adult males who met property requirements and 18 appointed members. The right to vote was extended to all males in 1858. On 22 May 1856, the newly constituted New South Wales Parliament opened, with the new 54-member Legislative Assembly taking over the council chamber, a second meeting chamber for the 21-member upper house had to be added to the Parliament building in Macquarie Street. In 1901, New South Wales became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia. In 1902, women gained the right to vote and the current Constitution of New South Wales was adopted, and in 1918, reforms permitted women to be members of parliament. In 1925,1926 and 1929, Premier Jack Lang made attempts to abolish the Legislative Council, following the example of the Queensland Legislative Council in 1922, in 1962 Indigenous Australians gained the right to vote in all state elections. In 1978, the Council became an elected body in a program of electoral reform introduced by the Wran Labor government. The number of members was reduced to 45, although transitional arrangements meant that there were 43 members from 1978 to 1981, further reform in 1991 by the Greiner Liberal-National government saw the size of the Legislative Council cut to 42 members, with half being elected every 4 years. In 1991, the Legislative Assembly reduced from 109 to 99 Members, as with the federal parliament and other Australian states and territories, voting in the election to select members for the Council is compulsory for all New South Wales citizens over the age of 18. As the result of a 1995 referendum, every four years half the seats in the Council come up for election on the fourth Saturday in March, barring exceptional circumstances
10.
Electoral district of Wagga Wagga
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Wagga Wagga is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Daryl Maguire of the Liberal Party of Australia, Wagga Wagga is a regional electorate. It covers three local government areas, the City of Wagga Wagga, Lockhart Shire and Tumut Shire, Wagga Wagga was created in 1894. In 1920, Wagga Wagga, Albury and Corowa was absorbed into Murray, at the end of proportional representation in 1927, Wagga Wagga was recreated, with Mr Matthew Kilpatrick, the Country party candidate, winning the October election. According to Daily Advertiser, the vote against a continuance of the Labor Government was very decisive
11.
Proportional representation
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Proportional representation characterizes electoral systems by which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the support an particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result, not just a plurality, or a bare majority, Proportional representation requires the use of multiple-member voting districts, it is not possible using single-member districts alone. In fact, the most proportional representation is achieved when just one super-district is used, the two most widely used families of PR voting systems are party list PR and single transferable vote. Mixed member proportional representation, also known as the Additional Member System, is a hybrid Mixed Electoral System that uses party list PR as its proportional component, with party list PR, political parties define candidate lists and voters vote for a list. The relative vote for each list determines how many candidates from each list are actually elected, lists can be closed or open, open lists allow voters to indicate individual candidate preferences and vote for independent candidates. Voting districts can be small or as large as a province or an entire nation, the single transferable vote uses small districts, with voters ranking individual candidates in order of preference. During the count, as candidates are elected or eliminated, surplus or discarded votes that would otherwise be wasted are transferred to other candidates according to the preferences, STV enables voters to vote across party lines and to elect independent candidates. Voters have two votes, one for their district and one for the party list, the party list vote determining the balance of the parties in the elected body. Biproportional apportionment, first used in Zurich in 2006, is a method for adjusting an elections result to achieve overall proportionality. Some form of representation is used for national lower house elections in 94 countries, party list PR. As with all systems, there are overlapping and contentious claims in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. But does it follow that the minority should have no representatives at all, is it necessary that the minority should not even be heard. Nothing but habit and old association can reconcile any reasonable being to the needless injustice, in a really equal democracy, every or any section would be represented, not disproportionately, but proportionately. A majority of the electors would always have a majority of the representatives, man for man, they would be as fully represented as the majority. Unless they are, there is not equal government, many academic political theorists agree with Mill, that in a representative democracy the representatives should represent all segments of society. The established parties in UK elections can win formal control of the parliament with as little as 35% of votes, in Canada, majority governments are regularly formed by parties with the support of under 40% of votes cast. Coupled with turnout levels in the electorate of less than 60%, in the 2005 general election, for example, the Labour Party under Tony Blair won a comfortable parliamentary majority with the votes of only 21. 6% of the total electorate
12.
Waterside Workers Federation of Australia
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The Waterside Workers Federation of Australia was an Australian trade union that existed from 1902 to 1993. After a period of negotiations between other Australian maritime unions, it was federated in 1902 and first federally registered in 1907, in 1993 the WWF merged with the Seamens Union of Australia to form the Maritime Union of Australia. With Federation in 1901 and the introduction of an arbitration system. Hughes had been a member of parliament and became Prime Minister in 1915. Hughes was expelled from the party and the union in 1916 over conscription in Australia, in Sydney, workers would walk from wharf to wharf in search of a job, often failing to find one. The impending arrival of strikebreakers from Sydney resulted in the calling off of the strike, the strike action led to the formation in 1917 of the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers Union of Australia in opposition to the Waterside Workers Federation. Immediate problems followed when a new award for waterside workers in 1928 worsened conditions for workers on economic grounds, wharfies were to be paid less for evening and night shifts than they would for the horror shifts making these dangerously attractive. All appeals for safeguards against excessive strain and overwork were rejected, the union rejected the award and organised strike action, which later resulted in riots and violence. Bruce pushed the Transport Workers Act through parliament in September, which gave the government unprecedented regulatory power in industrial relations, all waterfront workers now required federal licences, or dog collars as they were derisively known, to work. Employment of non-union labour and members of the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers Union almost killed off the Waterside Workers Federation and he then called the 1928 election for November, reviving the red scare pitch for the campaign. The stalwarts of the Waterside Workers Federation were subject to official suspicion, in 1936 the union shifted its head office from Melbourne to Sydney. The union consolidated its strength with the shortages during World War II. In 1950, the WWF finally absorbed the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers Union of Australia as a distinct branch, the Waterside Workers Federation went on strike for a fortnight in November 1954. Although the changes were passed, the new legislation proved unworkable, in early 1955 a new recruiting agreement was drawn up protecting the unions right to recruit labour with Harold Holt, Minister for Labour and National Service. The government pressed ahead in 1956 with new legislation aimed at weakening the federation, in the 1960s containerisation began to replace break bulk as the main means of transporting cargo, dramatically reducing the need for waterfront labour. In 1971 the WWF affiliated with the International Transport Workers Federation, in 1991, the WWF amalgamated with the Australian Foremen Stevedore Association but retained the name Waterside Workers Federation of Australia. The Communist Party of Australia was formed in October 1920, and achieved significant influence in the Australian trade union movement, Healy had joined the CPA in 1934, after he had been the Queensland branch president since 1929. He was elected national General Secretary in October 1937, a position he held until his death in 1961
13.
Parliament of New South Wales
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The Parliament of New South Wales, located in Parliament House on Macquarie Street, Sydney, is the main legislative body in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a parliament elected by the people of the state in general elections. The parliament shares law making powers with the Australian Federal Parliament, the New South Wales Parliament follows the Westminster parliamentary traditions of dress, Green–Red chamber colours and protocol. The Parliament derives its authority from the Queen of Australia, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor of New South Wales and it consists of a lower house, the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and an upper house, the New South Wales Legislative Council. Each house is elected by the people of New South Wales at elections held approximately every four years. The Parliament of New South Wales is Australias oldest legislature and it had its beginnings when New South Wales was a British colony under the control of the Governor. A small, appointed Legislative Council began meeting in 1824 to advise the Governor on legislative matters, by 1843, this had been enlarged with two-thirds of its members elected by adult males who met certain property requirements. The right to vote was extended to all males in 1858. In 1850 the Australian Colonies Government Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament and this expanded the New South Wales Legislative Council so that by 1851 there were 54 members – again, with two-thirds elected. In 1853, a committee chaired by William Wentworth began drawing up a Constitution for responsible self-government. The Committee’s proposed Constitution was placed before the Legislative Council in August that year and, for the most part, the Constitution, with an upper house whose members were appointed for life, was sent to the Imperial Parliament and was passed into law on 16 July 1855. The new Parliament of New South Wales was to be a bicameral legislature, on 22 May 1856, the newly constituted New South Wales Parliament opened and sat for the first time. With the new 54-member Legislative Assembly taking over the council chamber, in 1859 Queensland was made a colony separate from New South Wales. The Legislative Assembly was reduced from 80 to 72 members by the loss of the Queensland seats, in 1901, New South Wales became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia and many government functions were transferred to the new Commonwealth government. The current Constitution of New South Wales was adopted in 1902, women gained the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in April 1902 and in New South Wales state elections in August 1902. In 1918, reforms permitted women to be Members of Parliament and that same year, a proportional representation system was introduced for the Legislative Assembly with multiple representatives from each electorate, this system lasted until it was abolished in 1926. In 1925,1926 and 1929, Premier Jack Lang made attempts at abolishing the Legislative Council, following the example of the Queensland Legislative Council in 1922, in 1962 Indigenous Australians gained the right to vote in all state elections. In 1978, the Council became an elected body in a program of electoral reform introduced by the Wran Labor government
14.
The Sydney Morning Herald
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The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014
15.
H. V. Evatt
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Herbert Vere Evatt, QC KStJ, usually known as H. V. Evatt or Bert Evatt, and often as Doc Evatt on account of his Doctor of Laws degree, was an Australian judge, lawyer, parliamentarian and writer. Evatt was born in Maitland, New South Wales, the fifth of eight sons of John Ashmore Evatt, an English publican from British India and his younger brother was the politician and lawyer Clive Evatt. Their father died when Bert was seven years old, and his mother shouldered the task of encouraging an intellectually gifted family, Evatt played cricket, rugby league football, hockey and baseball. He was also the Editor of Hermes, the student literary journal, was a Tutor at St Andrews College. He graduated Legum Doctor in 1924 from the University of Sydney with a thesis on the royal prerogative, because of poor eyesight, Evatt was unable to serve in the First World War, in which two of his brothers were killed. He became a prominent industrial lawyer in Sydney, working mainly for trade union clients, in 1925 Evatt was elected as an Australian Labor Party member for Balmain in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Re-elected as an Independent Labor candidate in 1927, Evatt served in the Legislative Assembly until 1930, in 1930 the Labor government headed by James Scullin appointed Evatt as the youngest-ever justice of the High Court of Australia. Regarded by some as a brilliant and innovative judge, he delivered a number of minority judgments, Evatt could, however, be partial on the bench. Sir Owen Dixon noted in Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v F. S, Ltd that Evatt was on that occasion full of antagonism to the respondent. Whenever Evatt was not particularly interested in a case he appears to have gone along with Dixon. Evatt was one of six justices of the High Court who had served in the Parliament of New South Wales, along with Edmund Barton, Richard OConnor, Adrian Knox, Albert Piddington and Edward McTiernan. In 1940 Evatt resigned from the High Court to return to politics, when Labor came to power under John Curtin in 1941, Evatt became Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs. He became deputy leader of the Labor Party after the 1946 election, Evatt joined the diplomatic councils of the allies during World War II. In 1945, he played a role in the founding of the UN. He was President of the U. N. General Assembly from 1948 to 1949 and he wrote in his memoirs, I regard the establishment of Israel as a great victory of the United Nations. He helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and he put forward convincing arguments as to the need to re-establish sporting relations and the financial benefits of the tour and the MCC agreed to the 1946–47 Ashes series. Don Bradman would later aver that the resumption of Anglo-Australian Tests had justified itself in every way. In the 1949 election, Labor was defeated by Menzies new Liberal Party
16.
National Party of Australia
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The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers, and rural voters generally, it began as the Australian Country Party in 1920 at a federal level and it would later briefly adopt the name National Country Party in 1975, before adopting its current name in 1982. In Opposition the Coalition was usually maintained, but otherwise still generally continued to work in co-operation with the Liberal Party of Australia. In Queensland however, they were the coalition party between 1925 and 2008, after which they merged with the junior Liberal Party of Australia to form the Liberal National Party. The current federal leader and Deputy Prime Minister is Barnaby Joyce, both were elected in a party-room ballot on 11 February 2016, following the retirement of former leader and Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss and the elevation of former deputy leader Joyce. Australias first Country Party was founded in 1912 by Harry J. Stephens, editor of The Farmer & Settler, the VFU won a seat in the House of Representatives at the Corangamite by-election held in December 1918, with the help of the newly-introduced preferential voting system. At the 1919 federal election the state-based Country Parties won federal seats in New South Wales, Victoria and they also began to win seats in state parliaments. In 1920 the Country Party was established as a party led by William McWilliams from Tasmania. McWilliams would later leave the Country Party to sit as an Independent, according to historian B. D. Graham, the graziers who operated the sheep stations were politically conservative. They disliked the Labor Party, which represented their workers, and feared that Labor governments would pass legislation and listen to foreigners. The graziers were satisfied with the organisation of their industry, opposed any change in land tenure and labour relations, and advocated lower tariffs, low freight rates. On the other hand, Graham reports, the farmers, not the graziers. The farmers advocated government intervention in the market price support schemes. The graziers often politically and financially supported the Country party, which in turn made the Country party more conservative, at the 1922 election, it won enough seats to deny the Nationalists an overall majority, and was the Nationalists only realistic coalition partner. However, Page let it be known that his party would not serve under Hughes, Page then entered negotiations with the Nationalists new leader, Stanley Bruce, for a coalition government. Pages terms were stiff—five seats in a Cabinet of 11, including the Treasurer portfolio, nonetheless, Bruce readily agreed, and the Bruce-Page Ministry was formed—thus beginning the tradition of the partys leader ranking second in Coalition cabinets. The coalition was re-formed under Archie Cameron in 1940, and continued until October 1941 despite the election of Arthur Fadden as leader after the 1940 Election, Fadden was well regarded within conservative circles and proved to be a loyal deputy to Menzies in the difficult circumstances of 1941. When Menzies was forced to resign as Prime Minister, the UAP was so bereft of leadership that Fadden briefly succeeded him, however, the two independents who had been propping up the government rejected Faddens budget and brought the government down
17.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
18.
Michael Bruxner
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Lieutenant Colonel Sir Michael Frederick Bruxner KBE, DSO, JP was an Australian politician and soldier, serving for many years as Leader of the Country Party and its predecessors. After serving in the Citizen Military Forces from 1911, Bruxner enlisted into the Australian Light Horse upon the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, serving with distinction in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Returning to Australia in 1919, Bruxner sold his business and joined the Progressive Party, Bruxner emerged as the leader of the reduced Progressive Party, which consisted of the members of his faction, but they nevertheless joined with Fullers Nationalists to form government in 1922. Bruxner also became involved in the New England New State Movement, Bruxner resigned the party leadership, now for the renamed Country Party, at the end of 1925. At the 1927 election, with the abandonment of proportional representation, Bruxner was included in new Premier Thomas Bavins cabinet as Minister for Local Government, which included the responsibility for transport. He served until Labor won the 1930 election, in April 1932 Bruxner was elected again as the new party Country Party Leader, which he would hold continuously until 1958. Bruxner was also sworn in as Minister for Transport and briefly resumed his former Local Government portfolio, Bruxner was central in ensuring Alexander Mair became Premier after Stevens was defeated in the house in August 1939. The Coalition lost government at the 10 May 1941 election and Bruxner would never serve in government. On 6 May 1958, Bruxner formally resigned as Leader of the Country Party and he continued to serve in his capacity as Member for Tenterfield for one more term before retiring from politics before the 1962 election. Bruxner was Knighted as a KBE in 1962 and thereafter served in various capacities on boards, Bruxner was born in Tabulum, near the Clarence River in Northern New South Wales, the second son of English-born grazier Charles Augustus Bruxner and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Barnes. From 1901 to 1903, he studied arts and law at the University of Sydney while resident at St Pauls College, returning to home to work as a grazier, Bruxner eventually moved to Tenterfield and set up business as a Stock and station agent. He also purchased Roseneath, a property near Tenterfield, where he bred Hereford cattle. On 17 June 1908 at Christ Church, Kiama, he married Winifred Catherine Hay Caird, Bruxner became vice-president of the local agricultural society and of the Cricket and Rugby clubs in Tenterfield. Being a racehorse owner, Bruxner also rose to be President of the Tenterfield Jockey Club from 1909 to 1911 and he was commissioned as a Justice of the Peace in 1914. When the First World War broke out in September 1914, Bruxner joined up soon after on 10 October 1914 with the 6th Light Horse Regiment in the Australian Imperial Force. Promoted to captain, Bruxner was sent with his unit to take part in the Gallipoli Campaign, being wounded several times. Later, in 1916, he commanded the 6th during part of the Battle of Romani and served with distinction in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, for which he was mentioned in despatches twice. On 30 May 1917 was appointed by the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, also in 1917, Bruxner was appointed to General Headquarters and rose to be assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the ANZAC Mounted Division
19.
Charles Cutler
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Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Benjamin Cutler KBE, ED was an Australian politician, holding office for 28 years as an elected member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Orange. Cutler was Country Party leader for sixteen years and became Minister for Education, Charles Cutler was born in Forbes in 1918, the son of George Cutler and Elizabeth Booth Cutler. His cousin, Sir Arthur Roden Cutler, was a Victoria Cross recipient, at an early age, Charles moved to the nearby regional city of Orange with his family, where he was educated at Orange Rural School and Orange High School. After completing his schooling he gained employment from 1934 until 1939 as a worker with the Producers Co-Operative Distributing Society Limited of Orange. Cutler served in World War II, first as a member of the Citizens Military Force from 1938 to 1940 and he went on to serve with the 2nd Australian Imperial Force from 1940 until 1945 and also the 2/17th Battalion in Tobruk and Syria. He was wounded at El Alamein, following the war, Charles Cutler was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the CMF from 1948 to 1960 at which time he transferred to the Reserve Forces. Cutler was awarded the Efficiency Decoration in 1959, Charles Cutler married Dorothy Pascoe on 4 March 1943 in the Holy Trinity Church at Orange, they had one daughter and three sons. Following World War II, Cutler returned to his employment at Producers Co-operative Distributing Society Limited in Orange from 1946 to 1947, during this time, he was also a sportswriter for the Bathurst Times newspaper. He also became the vice-president of the Orange Returned Servicemans League Club and also president of the Orange Apex Club, Charles Cutler joined the Country Party in 1944. He was elected as the Member for the Electoral district of Orange at the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on 3 May 1947 and he was re-elected in 1950,1953,1956,1959,1962,1965,1968,1971 and 1973 – ten times in total. In 1958, he was elected as the Deputy Leader of the Country Party, and in 1959, he became party leader, on 13 May 1965, he became Deputy Premier, Minister for Education and Minister for Science under the newly elected Liberal Party Premier Robert Askin. In later years, he also held portfolios as Minister for Local Government, Minister for Highways, for several months in 1968 and 1972, he was Acting Premier and Treasurer in the absence of Robert Askin. In 1973, Cutler was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in 1974, Sir Charles led New South Wales at the Premiers Conference and Loan Council. On 16 December 1975, Sir Charles retired from the New South Wales Parliament after serving continuously as a member for 28 years,7 months and 14 days, Sir Charles Cutler retired to his home at Orange. He became a member of the Former Members of New South Wales Parliament Association, from 1976 to 1978, he was a director of the Sun Alliance Insurance Group. From 1978 to 1988, he was the Chairman of that organisation, Sir Charles, who had been suffering from cancer, died at the age of 88 on 23 September 2006 in hospital in Orange. New South Wales National Party of Australia Leader Andrew Stoner said that Sir Charles Cutlers commitment to building stronger rural communities was legendary and he was responsible for creating a separate Department of Decentralisation and Development and helping strengthen country communities through the establishment of a Country Industries Assistance Fund. Former Nationals Leader and Deputy Prime Minister Tim Fischer, who served under Sir Charles Cutler, says his contribution to education and he made a giant contribution to the educational resources of the state of New South Wales, Mr Fischer said
20.
Leon Punch
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Leon Ashton Punch was a New South Wales politician, Deputy Premier, and Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of Sir Robert Askin, Tom Lewis and Sir Eric Willis. From 1975 to 1976 he was the Deputy Premier of New South Wales, Punch was born in Inverell, New South Wales in 1928, the son of Thomas Sydney Punch, a local physician. He attended Inverell High School and The Kings School, Parramatta and he worked on his familys properties in northeastern New South Wales from 1947 to 1959, first at Jerrys Plains and then at Barraba. At Barraba, he first entered politics in 1956 when he was elected as a Councillor on Barraba Shire Council, on 15 September 1960 he married Suzette Meyers and together had two sons. On 16 February 1959, the Member for Upper Hunter, DArcy Rose, retired, at the election on 21 March 1959, he won the seat, gaining 52. 48% of the vote. Punch contested preselection for Gloucester against Alan Borthwick, who had contested Gloucester three years earlier, as an independent candidate, Borthwick won the ballot, but Punch appealed to the State Executive, claiming irregularities in the vote. The party eventually resolved the matter by endorsing both Borthwick and Punch for the election, creating the unusual situation where two Country Party candidates contested the same seat, despite this, Borthwick was excluded on the second count and Punch was elected with 64. 09% against Labor. Punch was re-elected a further eight times with a significant majority, in 1966 he was appointed as a Councillor for the University of Newcastle, an office which he held until 1974. During his early years he remained on the backbench and gained parliamentary experience as Chairman of Committees from 26 March 1968 to 13 January 1971 and 16 March 1971 to 17 January 1973. On 3 January 1975, the new Premier, Tom Lewis, when Cutler retired on 16 December 1975, Punch was elected to succeed him as Leader of the National Country Party and as Deputy Premier the next day. He served as Deputy Premier of New South Wales, Minister for Public Works, Punch remained as leader of the National Country Party under successive Opposition Leaders but did not hold any shadow ministry. Following the landslide loss at the September 1981 election, the National Country Party, Punch had a reputation as a strong debater and was recognised as one of the few people who could match the style of Premier Neville Wran. On 6 April 1984 Nick Greiner, who the year had deposed Dowd as Opposition Leader, appointed Punch the Shadow Minister for Public Works. Possessing socially conservative views, Punch was vehemently opposed to the Gay liberation movement that pushed for reform of laws which criminalised homosexuality, Punch held his shadow portfolio until his retirement from politics on 2 July 1985. Following his retirement he was made a NSW National Party life member, a staunch monarchist, Punch had been permitted on 13 July 1976 by Queen Elizabeth II, on the Governors recommendation, to retain use of the title The Honourable. Punch died in the Sydney suburb of Church Point on 28 December 1991
21.
George Souris
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George Souris AM is an Australian politician and former member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing Upper Hunter for the Nationals from 1988 to 2015. Souris is a leader of the National Party in NSW. He was born at Gunnedah and was educated at The Armidale School and he has practised as a qualified public accountant, company auditor and taxation consultant. He is married with two sons, Souris has represented Upper Hunter for the National Party of Australia since 1988. He was Minister for Finance and Minister for Ethnic Affairs from July 1992 to May 1993 and Minister for Land and he was the leader of the Parliamentary National Party from January 1999 to March 2003. Souris was previously deputy leader of the Nationals from 1993 to 1999 when he ousted Ian Armstrong as leader, when he stood down as National Party leader he became the first person to leave the National Party leadership without becoming deputy premier since Sir Davis Hughes. Souris was the Minister for Tourism, Major Events, Hospitality and Racing and he was also Minister for the Hunter between December 2013 and April 2014. When OFarrell was succeeded as Premier by Mike Baird, Souris was dumped from Cabinet, on 27 September he announced that he will retire and not recontest Upper Hunter at the 2015 election. On his retirement announcement he revealed that it was the decision of Deputy Premier and his successor as Nationals leader Andrew Stoner for him to be removed from Cabinet, not Premier Bairds
22.
Andrew Stoner
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Andrew John Stoner, a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Oxley from 1999 state election to 2015. Stoner was the Leader of the New South Wales National Party from 2003 to 2014, Stoner was born in 1960 in Brisbane, Queensland, before his family moved to Wauchope, New South Wales. He became an employment agency manager and a manager in the Australian Public Service before entering parliament. Stoner joined the National Party of Australia and was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on 27 March 1999 for Oxley. He was appointed the National Party Deputy Whip in his first term in office and rose to become Shadow Minister for Emergency Services and Shadow Minister for Sport and Recreation from 2002 to 2003. However, after the Liberal-National Coalition lost the 2003 election, the then Nationals leader George Souris stood aside, Stoner helped lead the Coalition to a landslide victory in the 2011 state election. The Liberals won a majority in their own right --the first time that the main party in New South Wales had won an outright majority under the Liberal banner. Although OFarrell could have governed alone, he chose to retain the coalition with the Nationals. In a departure from practice, OFarrell and Stoner were sworn in as an interim two-man government on 28 March even though counting was still underway. On 15 October, Stoner stood down as National Party leader and as deputy premier and he also announced he would retire from politics at the next election. Troy Grant was elected unopposed as his successor, a keen surfer and father of six, Stoner resides in the neighbouring electorate of Port Macquarie on the Mid North Coast
23.
Troy Grant
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Troy Wayne Grant, an Australian politician, is the Minister for Police and the Minister for Emergency Services since January 2017 in the Berejiklian government. Grant has been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Dubbo for the Nationals since 2011 and he is a former Deputy Premier of New South Wales and New South Wales Leader of The Nationals from October 2014 to November 2016. Grant was the Minister for Justice and Police, the Minister for Racing, in April 2014, Grant was appointed as the Minister for Hospitality, Gaming and Racing and the Minister for the Arts in the first Baird government. Grant stood down as Nationals leader and Deputy Premier on 15 November 2016, a police officer for 22 years, Grant has twice has been decorated with Commendations for Courage by the Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Force. He has implemented a number of community-based policing initiatives in Gilgandra and Brewarrina and he has received other awards, including the Premier’s Public Sector Award. Grant led the investigation into Catholic priest Vincent Ryan, and has said there is nothing I would not do in order to protect the children of NSW from sexual abuse. Grant can speak the Wiradjuri language, the language of a large part of inland NSW. Grant was endorsed by the National Party as its candidate in Dubbo in June 2010, after a battle with one other candidate. At the March 2011 elections, Grant was elected and received a swing of 14. 5% in the traditionally strong Nationals seat, Grant actually won 60 per cent of the primary vote, enough to take the seat without the need for preferences. Grant defeated the incumbent independent politician Dawn Fardell, ending a 12-year hold by independent candidates, in accordance with electoral procedures, he resigned his commission as a police officer. On 15 October 2014, state Nationals leader and Deputy Premier Andrew Stoner stood down for family reasons, on 14 November 2016, Grant, facing a leadership spill, announced his resignation as Nationals leader and Deputy Premier, effective the following day. His resignation followed a period of speculation which came to a head after the Nationals poor performance at the Orange state by-election on 12 November. Following the resignation of Mike Baird as Premier, Gladys Berejiklian was elected as Liberal leader, and also that Mr Grant, who has always tried to ram home road safety messages — including the dangers of using mobiles behind the wheel. First Baird ministry Second Baird ministry Berejiklian ministry National Party – Troy Grant, Candidate for Dubbo The Hon. Troy Wayne GRANT, MP at NSW Parliament
24.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
