1.
Columbus, Ohio
–
Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
Columbus, Ohio
–
Images, from top left to right:
Downtown Columbus, Ohio Statehouse Capitol Square, University Hall (Ohio State University),
Short North,
Nationwide Arena, Santa Maria replica
Columbus, Ohio
–
Old City Hall, completed in 1872 and burned in 1921
Columbus, Ohio
–
The Great Southern Hotel, located in downtown Columbus was completed in 1897
Columbus, Ohio
–
Legendary Columbus native
James Thurber, subject of
TIME Magazine's July 9, 1951, cover
2.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
3.
Robert Henri
–
Robert Henri was an American painter and teacher. Robert Henri was born Robert Henry Cozad in Cincinnati, Ohio to Theresa Gatewood Cozad and John Jackson Cozad, Henri was a distant cousin of the painter Mary Cassatt. In 1871, Henris father founded the town of Cozaddale, Ohio, in 1873, the family moved west to Nebraska, where John J. Cozad founded the town of Cozad. In October 1882, Henris father became embroiled in a dispute with a rancher, Alfred Pearson, when the dispute turned physical, Cozad shot Pearson fatally with a pistol. Cozad was eventually cleared of wrongdoing, but the mood of the town turned against him and he fled to Denver, Colorado, and the rest of the family followed shortly afterwards. In order to themselves from the scandal, family members changed their names. The father became known as Richard Henry Lee, and his sons posed as adopted children under the names Frank Southern, in 1883, the family moved to New York City, then to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where the young artist completed his first paintings. In 1886, Henri enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, where he studied under Thomas Anshutz, a protege of Thomas Eakins and his European study had helped Henri develop rather catholic tastes in art. He was admitted into the École des Beaux Arts and he visited Brittany and Italy during this period. At the end of 1891, he returned to Philadelphia, studying under Robert Vonnoh at the Pennsylvania Academy, in 1892, he began teaching at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. A born teacher, Henry enjoyed immediate success at the school and they called themselves the Charcoal Club. Their gatherings featured life drawing, raucous socializing, and readings and discussions of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, Émile Zola, Henry David Thoreau, William Morris Hunt, by 1895, Henri had come to reconsider his earlier love of Impressionism, calling it a new academicism. He was urging his friends and proteges to create a new, more realistic art that would speak directly to their own time and he believed that it was the right moment for American painters to seek out fresh, less genteel subjects in the modern American city. The paintings by Henri, Sloan, Glackens, Luks, Shinn and they spurned academic painting and Impressionism as an art of mere surfaces. Art critic Robert Hughes declared that, Henri wanted art to be akin to journalism. He wanted paint to be as real as mud, as the clods of horse-shit and snow, for several years, Henri divided his time between Philadelphia and Paris, where he met the Canadian artist James Wilson Morrice. Morrice introduced Henri to the practice of painting pochades on tiny wood panels that could be carried in a coat pocket along with a kit of brushes. This method facilitated the kind of spontaneous depictions of scenes which would come to be associated with his mature style
Robert Henri
–
Robert Henri, 1897
Robert Henri
–
Snow in New York, 1902, oil on canvas,
National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC
Robert Henri
–
Salome, 1909,
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art,
Sarasota, Florida
Robert Henri
–
Mary Agnes, one of the children of Dooagh (1924)
4.
Painting
–
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
Painting
–
The
Mona Lisa, by
Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.
Painting
–
Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (
Ming Dynasty)
Painting
–
Circus Sideshow (
French: Parade de cirque),
Georges Seurat, 1887–88
Painting
–
Cave painting of aurochs, (
French: Bos primigenius primigenius),
Lascaux,
France,
prehistoric art
5.
Ashcan School
–
The movement has been seen as emblematic of the spirit of political rebellion of the period. The Ashcan School was not an organized movement, the artists who worked in this style did not issue manifestos or even see themselves as a unified group with identical intentions or career goals. Some were politically minded, and others were apolitical and their unity consisted of a desire to tell certain truths about the city and modern life they felt had been ignored by the suffocating influence of the Genteel Tradition in the visual arts. Robert Henri, in ways the spiritual father of this school. He wanted paint to be as real as mud, as the clods of horse-shit and snow and he urged his younger friends and students to paint in the robust, unfettered, ungenteel spirit of his favorite poet, Walt Whitman, and to be unafraid of offending contemporary taste. He believed that working-class and middle-class urban settings would provide material for modern painters than drawing rooms. The first known use of the ash can art is credited to artist Art Young in 1916. Photographers like Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine were also discussed as Ashcan artists, like many art-historical terms, Ashcan art has sometimes been applied to so many different artists that its meaning has become diluted. The advent of modernism in the United States spelled the end of the Ashcan schools provocative reputation and their rebellion was over not long after it had begun. It was the fate of the Ashcan realists to be seen by art lovers as too radical in 1910 and, by many more. The Ashcan school is linked to the group known as The Eight. The other three – Arthur B, reviews were mixed, but interest was high. Sales and exhibition opportunities for these painters increased significantly in the ensuing years, American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression. New Haven, Yale University Press,1992, william Glackens and the Ashcan School, The Emergence of Realism in American Art. American Visions, The Epic Story of Art in America, Chicago, University of Chicago Press,2009. ISBN 0-8050-5221-6 Perlman, Bennard, introduction by Mrs. John Sloan, revolutionaries of Realism, The Letters of John Sloan and Robert Henri. Documenting the Gilded Age, New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century A New York Art Resources Consortium project, exhibition catalogs, checklists, and photoarchive material
Ashcan School
–
John French Sloan,
Self-portrait, 1890, oil on window shade, 14 x 11 7/8 inches,
Delaware Art Museum, Gift of Helen Farr Sloan, 1970. John Sloan was a leading member of the Ashcan School.
Ashcan School
–
Ashcan School artists and friends at John French Sloan's Philadelphia Studio, 1898
Ashcan School
–
Ashcan School artists, c. 1896, left to right,
Everett Shinn,
Robert Henri,
John French Sloan
Ashcan School
–
Thomas Pollock Anshutz, The Farmer and His Son at Harvesting, 1879. Five members of the Ashcan School studied with him, but went on to create quite different styles.
6.
The Eight (Ashcan School)
–
Robert Henri was an American painter and teacher. Robert Henri was born Robert Henry Cozad in Cincinnati, Ohio to Theresa Gatewood Cozad and John Jackson Cozad, Henri was a distant cousin of the painter Mary Cassatt. In 1871, Henris father founded the town of Cozaddale, Ohio, in 1873, the family moved west to Nebraska, where John J. Cozad founded the town of Cozad. In October 1882, Henris father became embroiled in a dispute with a rancher, Alfred Pearson, when the dispute turned physical, Cozad shot Pearson fatally with a pistol. Cozad was eventually cleared of wrongdoing, but the mood of the town turned against him and he fled to Denver, Colorado, and the rest of the family followed shortly afterwards. In order to themselves from the scandal, family members changed their names. The father became known as Richard Henry Lee, and his sons posed as adopted children under the names Frank Southern, in 1883, the family moved to New York City, then to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where the young artist completed his first paintings. In 1886, Henri enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, where he studied under Thomas Anshutz, a protege of Thomas Eakins and his European study had helped Henri develop rather catholic tastes in art. He was admitted into the École des Beaux Arts and he visited Brittany and Italy during this period. At the end of 1891, he returned to Philadelphia, studying under Robert Vonnoh at the Pennsylvania Academy, in 1892, he began teaching at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. A born teacher, Henry enjoyed immediate success at the school and they called themselves the Charcoal Club. Their gatherings featured life drawing, raucous socializing, and readings and discussions of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, Émile Zola, Henry David Thoreau, William Morris Hunt, by 1895, Henri had come to reconsider his earlier love of Impressionism, calling it a new academicism. He was urging his friends and proteges to create a new, more realistic art that would speak directly to their own time and he believed that it was the right moment for American painters to seek out fresh, less genteel subjects in the modern American city. The paintings by Henri, Sloan, Glackens, Luks, Shinn and they spurned academic painting and Impressionism as an art of mere surfaces. Art critic Robert Hughes declared that, Henri wanted art to be akin to journalism. He wanted paint to be as real as mud, as the clods of horse-shit and snow, for several years, Henri divided his time between Philadelphia and Paris, where he met the Canadian artist James Wilson Morrice. Morrice introduced Henri to the practice of painting pochades on tiny wood panels that could be carried in a coat pocket along with a kit of brushes. This method facilitated the kind of spontaneous depictions of scenes which would come to be associated with his mature style
The Eight (Ashcan School)
–
Robert Henri, 1897
The Eight (Ashcan School)
–
Snow in New York, 1902, oil on canvas,
National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC
The Eight (Ashcan School)
–
Salome, 1909,
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art,
Sarasota, Florida
The Eight (Ashcan School)
–
Mary Agnes, one of the children of Dooagh (1924)
7.
American realism
–
American Realism was a style in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people. The movement began in literature in the century, and became an important tendency in visual art in the early 20th century. Whether a cultural portrayal or a view of downtown New York City. In America at the beginning of the 20th century a new generation of painters, writers, however they were interested in creating new and more urbane works that reflected city life and a population that was more urban than rural in America as it entered the new century. From the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, the United States experienced enormous industrial, economic, a continuous wave of European immigration and the rising potential for international trade brought increasing growth and prosperity to America. Through art and artistic expression, American Realism attempted to portray the exhaustion and cultural exuberance of the figurative American landscape, artists used the feelings, textures and sounds of the city to influence the color, texture and look of their creative projects. Musicians noticed the quick and fast paced nature of the early 20th century and responded with a fresh, writers and authors told a new story about Americans, boys and girls real Americans could have grown up with. Pulling away from fantasy and focusing on the now, American Realism presented a new gateway and a breakthrough—introducing modernism, the Ashcan School also known as The Eight and the group called Ten American Painters created the core of the new American Modernism in the visual arts. The Ashcan School was a group of New York City artists who sought to capture the feel of early-20th-century New York City and these artists preferred to depict the richly and culturally textured lower class immigrants, rather than the rich and promising Fifth Avenue socialites. One critic of the time did not like their choice of subjects, which included alleys, tenements, slum dwellers and they became known as the revolutionary black gang and apostles of ugliness. George Bellows, painted city life in New York City and his paintings had an expressionist boldness and a willingness to take risks. He had a fascination with violence as seen in his painting, Both Members of this Club, in his painting titled Cliff Dwellers, we find a city-scape that is not one particular view but a composite of many views. Robert Henri was an important American Realist and a member of The Ashcan School, Henri was interested in the spectacle of common life. He focused on individuals, strangers, quickly passing in the streets in towns and his was a sympathetic rather than a comic portrayal of people, often using a dark background to add to the warmth of the person depicted. Henris works were characterized by vigorous brushstrokes and bold impasto which stressed the materiality of the paint, Henri influenced Glackens, Luks, Shinn and Sloan. He would later refer to the Academy as a cemetery of art and he painted theater scenes from London, Paris and New York. He found interest in the spectacle of life, drawing parallels between the theater and crowded seats and life. Unlike Degas, Shinn depicted interaction between the audience and performer, Luks was an Ashcan school artist who lived on the Lower East Side of Manhattan
American realism
–
George Bellows, Dempsey and Firpo (1924),
Whitney Museum of American Art
American realism
–
George Bellows, New York (1911)
American realism
–
Ashcan School artists & friends at
John French Sloan 's Philadelphia Studio, 1898
American realism
–
The
Ten American Painters in 1908. The 10 were
Childe Hassam,
J. Alden Weir,
William Merritt Chase,
Robert Reid,
Willard Metcalf,
Frank Weston Benson,
Edmund Charles Tarbell,
Thomas Wilmer Dewing,
Joseph DeCamp, and
Edward Simmons.
8.
Columbus Museum of Art
–
The Columbus Museum of Art is an art museum located in downtown Columbus, Ohio. Formed in 1878 as the Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts, it was the first art museum to register its charter with the state of Ohio and its original building was the Sessions Mansion. It was replaced on the site by the current building. It was designed by Columbus architects Richards, McCarty and Bulford, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 19,1992, under its original name. Highlights of its permanent collection include early Cubist paintings by Picasso and Juan Gris, and works by Cézanne, Boucher, Ingres, Degas, Matisse, Monet, Edward Hopper, the Museum also has a substantial collection of paintings by Columbus native George Bellows. Its photography collection includes works by Berenice Abbott and Eugène Atget, most of the Museums galleries are traditionally decorated with walls of various colors, rather than the stark white cubes of contemporary galleries. Temporary and traveling shows are regularly featured. The Museum also features a sculpture gallery, a cafe, and Eye Spy, Adventures in Art. In front of the entrance is a reclining figure by Henry Moore. The museum launched a massive reconstruction and expansion in 2007 and it began a fundraising campaign with a goal of $80 million. Part of the funds would be placed in the endowment with the remainder used for expansion. The plan included constructing a parking garage and increasing the facility too, the first phase opened January 1,2011, after 13-months of construction. The $6.9 million project consisted primarily of renovations to the existing building, the auditorium received new lighting and sound systems and new seating. An 18,000 sq ft Center for Creativity that includes gathering spaces and places for workshops that allow visitors to engage in hands-on activities. The museum is in the stages of the next phase which will be the $30 million expansion that is expected to take three-years to complete. On October 25,2015, the museum and the new Margaret M. Walter wing was opened to the public. Columbus Museum of Art official site Columbus Museum of Art, Art, in May 2005 the Columbus Museum of Art acquired the Philip J. and Suzanne Schiller Collection which chronicles art through social commentary from 1930–1970s. This section of their website provides images, descriptions, artist biographies, Columbus Museum of Art YouTube channel
Columbus Museum of Art
–
Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts
Columbus Museum of Art
–
Anthony van Dyck, Christian Bruce, 1635
Columbus Museum of Art
–
Camille Corot, The Little Bird Nesters, 1873
Columbus Museum of Art
–
Theodore Robinson, Nantucket, 1882
9.
Sag Harbor, New York
–
Sag Harbor is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, in the towns of East Hampton and Southampton. The population was 2,169 at the 2010 census, the entire business district of the whaling port and writers colony is listed as Sag Harbor Village District on the National Register of Historic Places. Sag Harbor is about three fifths in Southampton and two fifths in East Hampton, the dividing line is Division Street which becomes Town Line Road just south of the village. Sag Harbor was settled sometime between 1707 and 1730, the first bill of lading using the name Sag Harbor was recorded in 1730. While some accounts say it was named for neighboring Sagaponack, which at the time was called Sagg, Sagaponack, one of the first crops that was sent back to England, the tuber-producing vine is now called the Apios americana. That is how the harbor and neighboring village got its name, tuckahoe in Westchester County, about 80 miles from Sag Harbor, got its name from the aboriginal term for the Peltandra virginica, the Arrow Arum. The port supplanted the East Hampton community of Northwest which is about 5 miles east of Sag Harbor, international ships and the whaling industry had started in Northwest, but its port was too shallow. The most valuable product was whale oil which was used in lamps. By 1789 Sag Harbor had had more tons of square-rigged vessels engaged in commerce than even New York City and it had become an international port. After the Second Session of Congress on July 31,1789 Sag Harbor was declared the first official port on entering the United States and this turned Sag Harbor into a melting pot of different cultures. With Sag Harbor being the first stop on entering United States territory, with all the ships coming in and out of Sag Harbor the United States government decided that they should place a customs house in the town. Long Island did not have a house before the one in Sag Harbor. During the War of 1812, it was claimed that the British attacked the village on July 11,1813, Claxton R. N. later described his youthful misadventures years later as editor of The Naval Monitor. Upon landing on the wharf and planning some mischief they heard a gun fired before they could set fire to the coasting vessel docked there. There were no injuries, and Claxton and his men made it back to HMS Ramillies anchored off Gardiners Island. The whaling industry in Sag Harbor peaked in the 1840s, relics of this period include the Old Whalers Church, a Presbyterian church that sported a 168-foot-high steeple which was claimed to be the tallest structure on Long Island when it opened in 1843. The steeple collapsed during the Great Hurricane of 1938, the Sag Harbor Whaling & Historical Museum owns and occupies the handsome,1845 Greek Revival home designed by Minard Lafever for whaling merchant Benjamin Huntting II. The Masonic Lodge occupies the floor and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008
Sag Harbor, New York
–
Sag Harbor street scene
Sag Harbor, New York
–
Sag Harbor Cinema
Sag Harbor, New York
–
Umbrella House, oldest house in Sag Harbor. It housed British troops in the
American Revolution and was hit by cannon fire during the
War of 1812 (where light colored bricks are in lower left corner).
Sag Harbor, New York
–
Old Whaler's Church and Old Burial Ground. The church steeple toppled in the
Great Hurricane of 1938.
10.
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University. It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States, along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes, athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports, the Ohio State mens ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its womens hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association, OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey. As of August 2015, the university had awarded a total of 714,512 degrees, alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, and entertainment. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B, Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a community on the northern edge of Columbus. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17,1873, in 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year, also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar The Ohio State University, with The as part of its official name. Ohio State began accepting students in the 1880s, and in 1891. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, in 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities. Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, in an attack against the campus on November 28,2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard. As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged, the attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan. The universitys Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown, Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation, according to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. Ohio States 1, 764-acre main campus is about 2.5 miles north of the citys downtown, the historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres
Ohio State University
–
The East Atrium at the William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University
Ohio State University
–
Detail of the Wexner Center
Ohio State University
–
Scott Laboratory, housing the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department. This facility is a joint effort between BHDP Architecture and Polshek Partnership Architects.
11.
Baseball
–
Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
Baseball
–
A baseball game at
Angel Stadium in
Anaheim, CA
Baseball
–
Alexander Cartwright, father of modern baseball
Baseball
–
The
New York Giants baseball team, 1913.
Fred Merkle, sixth in line, committed a
baserunning gaffe in a crucial 1908 game that became famous as
Merkle's Boner.
Baseball
–
Babe Ruth in 1920, the year he joined the
New York Yankees
12.
Basketball
–
Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
Basketball
–
Michael Jordan goes for a
slam dunk
Basketball
–
The first basketball court:
Springfield College
Basketball
–
The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back, right.
Basketball
–
A basketball game between the
Heart Mountain and Powell High School girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944
13.
New York School of Art
–
Parsons School of Design is a private art and design college located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is one of the seven colleges of The New School, Parsons was the first school in the United States to offer programs in fashion design, advertising, interior design, and graphic design. Parsons offers 13 undergraduate bachelors programs and 17 graduate masters programs and it is currently ranked as the #1 art and design school in the United States and #2 in the world, just behind the Royal College of Art in London. Parsons is a member of the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, First established as the Chase School, the institution was founded in 1896 by the American impressionist painter William Merritt Chase. Chase led a group of Progressives who seceded from the Art Students League of New York in search of a more free, more dramatic. The Chase School changed its name in 1898 to the New York School of Art, a few years later, he became president of the New York School of Art. Anticipating a new wave of the Industrial Revolution, Parsons predicted that art and his vision was borne out in a series of firsts for the School, establishing the first program in Fashion Design, Interior Design, Advertising, and Graphic Design in the United States. In 1909, the school was renamed the New York School of Fine, Parsons became sole director in 1911, a position which he maintained to his death in 1930. William M. Odom, who established the schools Paris Ateliers in 1921, as the modern curriculum developed, many successful designers remained closely tied to the School, and by the mid-1960s, Parsons had become the training ground for Seventh Avenue. In 1970, the School became a division of the New School for Social Research, the campus moved from Sutton Place to Greenwich Village in 1972. The merger with a vigorous, fully accredited university was a source of new funding and energy, in 2005, when the parent institution was renamed The New School, Parsons School of Design was renamed Parsons The New School for Design. Like most universities in New York City, Parsons campus is spread among scattered buildings, many other facilities are in buildings shared by other colleges in The New School but the facilities below are exclusive to Parsons. Parsons also has a campus located in Paris’s First Arrondissement. 2 West 13th Street is most commonly known as the Sheila Johnson Design Center, the main Parsons campus is located at 2 West 13th Street in Greenwich Village in the borough of Manhattan. The renovation of the existing structures first and mezzanine levels was made possible in part by a $7 million gift from New School Trustee, the Urban Quad was designed by Lyn Rice Architects and encompasses a total area of 32,800 square feet. In addition to classrooms, the building includes the Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Gallery and Auditorium, the renovated ground floor also provides a new home for the Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Archives, a collection of drawings, photographs, letters, and objects documenting 20th-century design. The building hosts the Adam and Sophie Gimbel Design Library, a resource collection supporting art, architecture, the collection consists of approximately 45,000 book volumes,350 periodical titles,70,000 slides and 45,000 picture files. Special collections holdings number over 4,000, including many rare, in 2014 the fashion department moved from its Garment District location, the David M Schwartz Fashion Education Center, to the main campus in Greenwich Village
New York School of Art
–
Parsons School of Design
New York School of Art
New York School of Art
–
Portrait of
William Merritt Chase from 1900
New York School of Art
–
Fashion Education Center
14.
Broadway (Manhattan)
–
Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
Broadway (Manhattan)
–
A daytime scene on Broadway Broadway through Manhattan, the Bronx and lower
Westchester County is highlighted in red
Broadway (Manhattan)
–
Broadway in 1860
Broadway (Manhattan)
–
In 1885 the Broadway commercial district was overrun with telephone, telegraph, and electrical lines. This view was north from Cortlandt and
Maiden Lane.
Broadway (Manhattan)
–
Plan of 1868 for an "arcade railway"
15.
Cliff Dwellers (painting)
–
Cliff Dwellers is a painting by George Bellows. It is an oil on canvas painting,40 1⁄4 by 42 1⁄8 inches, the painting is currently in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, which acquired it in 1916. In Cliff Dwellers, George Bellows captures the colorful crowd on New York Citys Lower East Side, people spill out of tenement buildings onto the streets, stoops, and fire escapes. Laundry flaps overhead and a street vendor hawks his goods from his pushcart in the midst of all the traffic, in the background, a trolley car heads toward Vesey Street. Shadowing evident throughout this painting establishes the distance of each building based on the light and dark shade of each one, the painting, made in 1913, suggests the new face of New York. Between 1870 and 1915, the population grew from one-and-a-half to five million. Among them were thousands of Eastern European Jews, who found temporary or permanent shelter along streets such as East Broadway, the city had never seen this kind of density before. Within the context of Cliff Dwellers the audience is able to convey a sense of congestion, overpopulation and the impact of the city among the youth. “The children in Bellowss Cliff Dwellers, innocent as they appear, exhibited no effects of the requisite “Americanizing” process urban reformers considered crucial to the maintenance of social order. ”Paired with the scrutiny heaped upon immigrants was the fact that they were made to live in conditions, which were made unbearable by the toll of industrialization within these areas. Small and dense were the quarters of many who worked in similar environments in factories. Small, dense, dark, which can easily be seen within the painting, New York Realists were called by critics as the revolutionary black gang and the apostles of ugliness. A critic, referring to their depictions also conferred them the pejorative label Ashcan School which became the term for this first important American art movement of the 20th century. American Realism, Gerry Souter,1991, p.110, George Bellows and Urban America, Marianne Doezema,1992, Yale University Press, p.195, young, Mahonri, Sharp and George Bellows,1973, New York, Watson-Guptill Publications. Media related to Cliff Dwellers at Wikimedia Commons
Cliff Dwellers (painting)
–
Cliff Dwellers, oil on canvas by
George Bellows.
16.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, LACMA is the largest art museum in the western United States. It attracts nearly a million visitors annually and it holds more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. In addition to art exhibits, the museum features film and concert series, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was established as a museum in 1961. Prior to this, LACMA was part of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art, howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Anna Bing Arnold and Bart Lytton were the first principal patrons of the museum. Ahmanson made the donation of $2 million, convincing the museum board that sufficient funds could be raised to establish the new museum. In 1965 the museum moved to a new Wilshire Boulevard complex as an independent, art-focused institution, the largest new museum to be built in the United States after the National Gallery of Art. The museum, built in a similar to Lincoln Center. The board selected LA architect William Pereira over the recommendation of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the buildings. According to a 1965 Los Angeles Times story, the total cost of the three buildings was $11.5 million, at the time, the Los Angeles Music Center and LACMA were concurrent large civic projects which vied for attention and donors in Los Angeles. When the museum opened, the buildings were surrounded by reflecting pools, in the far-reaching expansion, museum-goers henceforth entered through the new partially roofed central court, nearly an acre of space bounded by the museums four buildings. The museums Pavilion for Japanese Art, designed by maverick architect Bruce Goff, opened in 1988, gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden of Rodin bronzes. In 1999, the Hancock Park Improvement Project was complete, kohlhaas edged out French architect Jean Nouvel, who would have added a major building while renovating the older facilities. The list of candidates had narrowed to five in May 2001, Koolhaas, Nouvel, Steven Holl, Daniel Libeskind. However, the project stalled after the museum failed to secure funding. In 2004 LACMAs Board of Trustees unanimously approved plans to transform the museum, the planned transformation consisted of three phases. Phase I started in 2004 and was completed in February 2008, the renovations required demolishing the parking structure on Ogden Avenue and with it LACMA-commissioned graffiti art by street artists Margaret Kilgallen and Barry McGee. The entry pavilion is a key point in architect Renzo Pianos plan to unify LACMAs sprawling, the BP Grand Entrance and the adjacent Broad Contemporary Art Museum comprise the $191 million first phase of the three-part expansion and renovation campaign
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Wilshire Boulevard and the Art Museum in 1965.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
LACMA West, the
former May Company building on the corner of
Wilshire Boulevard and
Fairfax Avenue, future home of
The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Former
LACMA parking garage mural by
Barry McGee
17.
Art Students League of New York
–
The Art Students League of New York is an art school located on West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Although artists may study full-time, there have never been any degree programs or grades, the League also maintains a significant permanent collection of student and faculty work, and publishes an online journal of writing on art-related topics, entitled LINEA. The breakaway group of students included women, and was originally housed in rented rooms at 16th Street. Influential board members from this period included painter Thomas Eakins. Membership continued to increase, forcing the League to relocate to larger spaces. In 1889, the League participated in the founding of the American Fine Arts Society, together with the Society of American Artists, the American Fine Arts Building at 215 West 57th Street, constructed as their joint headquarters, has continued to house the League since 1892. In the late 1890s and early 1900s an increasing number of artists came to study. Among them was a young Miss Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and eventually her husband Thomas Furlong, the avant-garde couple served the league in executive and administrative roles and as student members throughout the American modernism movement. Alice Van Vechten Brown, who would later develop some of the first art programs in American higher education, in the years after World War II, the G. I. Bill played an important role in the history of the League by enabling returning veterans to attend classes. As of 2010, the League remains an important part of New York City art life, from 1906 until 1922, and again after the end of World War II from 1947 until 1979, the League operated a summer school of painting at Woodstock, New York. In 1995, the Leagues facilities expanded to include the Vytlacil campus in Sparkill, New York, named after and based upon a gift of the property, since its inception, the Art Students League has employed notable professional artists as instructors and lecturers. Most engagements have been for a year or two, and some, like those of sculptor George Grey Barnard, were quite brief. Others have taught for decades, notably Frank DuMond and George Bridgman, bridgmans successor was Robert Beverly Hale. In 1988, Robert Cenedella took over the George Grosz Chair, luis Mora, Robert Neffson, Maxfield Parrish, Jules Pascin, Joseph Pennell, Richard C. Pionk, Larry Poons, Richard Pousette-Dart, Abraham Rattner, Peter Reginato, Frank J. Alden Weir, and William Zorach
Art Students League of New York
–
Fine Arts Building on West 57th, May, 2009
18.
Waldo Peirce
–
Waldo Peirce was an American painter. Peirce was both a prominent painter and a well-known character and he was sometimes called the American Renoir. A long-time friend of Ernest Hemingway, of whom he painted the picture for Time magazine in 1937. To which he replied, Theyll never call Ernest Hemingway the Waldo Peirce of American writers, as he once said, he never worked a day in his life. He did, however, spend many hours every day for 50 years of his life painting thousands of pictures of his families, still lifes. Peirce was a man for his time and with a mustache and full beard. Peirce himself was adamant about one thing, Im a painter, he insisted and he was born in Bangor, Maine to Mellen C. Peirce and Anna Hayford on December 17,1884 and he attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and graduated in 1903. In 1915 Peirce joined the American Field Service, a corps that served on the French battlefields. He was later decorated with the Croix de Guerre by the French government for bravery at Verdun, in 1938, he was commissioned by the Treasury Section of Fine Arts to paint two murals, Legends of the Hudson and Rip van Winkle, for the U. S. Post Office in Troy, New York and he died on March 8,1970, in Newburyport, Massachusetts. His most famous episode occurred just after his graduation from Harvard around 1910 and he and his friend John Reed, the American communist who is buried in the Kremlin walls, booked passage together on a freighter from Boston to England. As the ship was leaving Boston Harbor, Peirce decided that the accommodations were not to his taste, without a word to anyone, he jumped off the back of the ship and swam several miles back to shore. Reed was then arrested by the captain for the murder of his vanished travelling companion. When the freighter arrived in England, Peirce was at the dock waiting to greet his friend Reed—he had dried himself off. A further embellishment to the story is that Peirce had swum in a swimming contest at Harvard a few days before. Peirce was married four times and had five children and he was devoted to his children and painted them many hundreds of times. I doubt if he go out in the boat while he is here
Waldo Peirce
–
Peirce with his brother, and their wives
Waldo Peirce
–
Dorothy Rice, his first wife, in 1916
Waldo Peirce
–
The Silver Slipper dance hall adjacent to
Sloppy Joe's, painted in the 1930s
Waldo Peirce
–
“Legends of the Hudson.” A Section of Fine Arts mural painted by Waldo Peirce in 1938 for the Troy, New York post office
19.
De Young Museum
–
The de Young, a fine arts museum located in San Franciscos Golden Gate Park, is one of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco along with the Legion of Honor. The de Young is named for its founder, early San Francisco newspaperman M. H. de Young, holleins tenure began on June 1,2016. The museum opened in 1895 as an outgrowth of the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 and it was housed in an Egyptian revival structure which had been the Fine Arts Building at the fair. The building was damaged in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and was closed for a year. Before long, the steady development called for a new space to better serve its growing audiences. Michael de Young responded by planning the building that would serve as the core of the de Young facility through the 20th century, louis Christian Mullgardt, the coordinator for architecture for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, designed the Spanish-Plateresque-style building. The new structure was completed in 1919 and formally transferred by de Young to the park commissioners. In 1921, de Young added a section, together with a tower that would become the museums signature feature. Michael de Youngs great efforts were honored with the changing of the name to the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum. Another addition, a west wing, was completed in 1925, in 1929 the original Egyptian-style building was declared unsafe and demolished. By 1949, the elaborate cast concrete ornamentation of the original de Young was determined to be a hazard, as part of the agreement that created the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in 1972, the de Youngs collection of European art was sent to the Legion of Honor. In compensation, the de Young received the right to display the bulk of the organizations anthropological holdings and these include significant pre-Hispanic works from Teotihuacan and Peru, as well as indigenous tribal art from sub-Saharan Africa. The building was damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. It in turn was demolished and replaced by a new building in 2005, the only remaining original elements of the old de Young are the vases and sphinxes located near the Pool of Enchantment. The palm trees in front of the building are original to the site. The de Young showcases American art from the 17th through the 21st centuries, international art, textiles, and costumes, and art from the Americas. The American art collection consists of over 1,000 paintings,800 sculptures, in 1978, the American art collections were transformed by the decision of John D. His bequest in 1979 together with her bequest in 1993 are among the Fine Arts Museums’ single most important gifts of art
De Young Museum
–
de Young
De Young Museum
–
Bouguereau’s Atelier at
Académie Julian,
Paris by
Jefferson David Chalfant (1891)
De Young Museum
–
Museum, with Hamon Tower on the right
20.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
–
San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
–
Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
–
1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
–
Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
21.
The Masses
–
It was succeeded by The Liberator and then later The New Masses. It published reportage, fiction, poetry and art by the radicals of the time such as Max Eastman, John Reed, Dorothy Day. Piet Vlag, an eccentric socialist immigrant from the Netherlands, founded the magazine in 1911, vlag’s dream of a co-operatively operated magazine never worked well, and after just a few issues, he left for Florida. These Greenwich Village artists and writers asked one of their own, Max Eastman, John Sloan, Art Young, Louis Untermeyer, and Inez Haynes Gillmore mailed a terse letter to Eastman in August 1912, “You are elected editor of The Masses. In the first issue, Eastman wrote the manifesto, A Free Magazine — This magazine is owned and published cooperatively by its editors. It has no dividends to pay, and nobody is trying to make out of it. The Masses was to some extent defined by its association with New York’s artistic culture. ”The Masses was very much embedded in a specific metropolitan milieu, the magazine carved out a unique position for itself within American Left print culture. It was more open to Progressive Era reforms, like womens suffrage, at the same time it fiercely criticized more mainstream leftist publications like The New Republic for insufficient radicalism. After Eastman assumed leadership, and especially after August 1914, the denouncements of the war were frequent. Only so can we indicate its underlying causes, its futility. The business manager, Merrill Rogers, made efforts to be in compliance by seeking counsel from George Creel, glintenkamp, Art Young, and Merrill Rogers. The trial opened April 15,1918, and despite the onslaught of prejudicial emotions, the Masses cohort, aware of the prosecutory artifice, played up a lackadaisical performance of absurdist humor. Each time the band played the Star Spangled Banner Merrill Rogers jumped to the floor to salute the flag. Only after the time that the band played the tune and only after the Judge asked him did Rogers finally dispense with the salute. ”Louis Untermeyer commented, “As the trial went on it was evident that the indictment was a legal subterfuge. Before releasing the jury for deliberation, Judge Learned Hand altered the charges against the defendants and attempted to preface the jury of their constitutional duties. Hand dismissed all the charges against Josephine Bell, and dismissed the first count – “conspiracy to cause mutiny and refusal of duty”—against the remaining defendants. ”After deliberating from Thursday afternoon to Saturday, first, the jury was unable to come to a unanimous decision. Not only did the other eleven jurors demand the prosecutor to levy charges against the lone juror) but moved to drag the socialist supporter out into the street, Judge Hand, given the uproar, declared a mistrial. In September 1918, The Masses were back on trial, this time joined by John Reed, aside from new defense attorneys, the proceedings remained very similar to the first trial
The Masses
–
June 1914 issue of The Masses. Cover Illustration was drawn by
John French Sloan and depicts the
Ludlow Massacre
The Masses
–
"Physically Fit", a drawing by Henry J. Glintenkamp, published in the magazine in 1917, that was cited in the indictment.
The Masses
–
John French Sloan 's satirical take on the
Armory Show, captioned "A Slight Attack of Dimentia Brought on by Excessive Study of the Much Talked of Cubist Pictures in the International Exhibition in New York."
22.
Monhegan
–
Monhegan is a plantation in Lincoln County, Maine, United States, about 12 nautical miles off the mainland. The population was 75 at the 2000 census, the plantation comprises its namesake island and the uninhabited neighboring island of Manana. The island is accessible by scheduled boat service from Boothbay Harbor, New Harbor and it was designated a National Natural Landmark for its coastal and island flora in 1966. The name Monhegan derives from Monchiggon, Algonquian for out-to-sea island, european explorers Martin Pring visited in 1603, Samuel de Champlain in 1604, George Weymouth in 1605 and Captain John Smith in 1614. The island got its start as a British fishing camp prior to settlement of the Plymouth Colony, Cod was harvested from the rich fishing grounds of the Gulf of Maine, then dried on fish flakes before shipment to Europe. A trading post was built to conduct business with the Indians and it was Monhegan traders who taught English to Samoset, the sagamore who in 1621 startled the Pilgrims by boldly walking into their new village at Plymouth and saying, Welcome, Englishmen. On April 29,1717, Monhegan was visited by the Anne, a pirate ship of the snow type. The Anne had originally been captured off the Virginia Capes in April by the pirate Samuel Bellamy in the Whydah, the Anne made it through the storm with another captured vessel, the Fisher. The pirates, led by Pirate Bonita, arrived at Monhegan on April 29, the pirates eventually realized the Whydah was lost, and proceeded to attack vessels at Matinicus Island and Pemaquid. The pirates outfitted for their own uses a small 25-ton sloop that the pirates had captured off Matinicus and they abandoned all the other vessels they had captured and most of their prisoners at Matinicus on or about May 9,1717, on Minots sloop. Despite success as a fishing and trade center, Monhegan would be caught in the conflict between New England and New France for control of the region, during King Philips War, dispossessed English settlers from the mainland sought refuge on the island before being relocated elsewhere along the coast. During King Williams War, the island was captured for the French in 1689 by Baron de Saint-Castin and he destroyed the fishing fleet and burned the buildings, with many inhabitants escaping to Massachusetts. But even during periods when Monhegan was abandoned, its convenient offshore harbor remained a destination for ships. The end of the French and Indian War in 1763 brought peace to the area, in 1824, a conical stone lighthouse was built on the island by order of Congress and President James Monroe. Damaged by storms, it was replaced in 1850 by the present 48 foot granite tower, the islands 1,000 acres of good land encouraged agriculture, with potatoes the chief crop. But fishing was always the most important industry, whether locally or at the Grand Banks, today, it still dominates Monhegan’s economy. From October 1 through June, fishermen harvest lobsters from the only conservation area in the state of Maine. The beginnings of the art colony on Monhegan date to the century, by 1890
Monhegan
–
Monhegan Harbor in 1909
Monhegan
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Artist painting fisherman
en plein air at Fish Beach. Photo by Warner Taylor.
Monhegan
–
Blackhead by Edward Hopper
Monhegan
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The Gulls, Mohegan by George Bellows
23.
Matinicus
–
Matinicus Isle is an island plantation in Knox County, Maine, United States. The island is located within Penobscot Bay about 20 miles east of the mainland coast and is accessible by ferry from Rockland or by air taxi from Knox County Regional Airport, the plantation is both a year-round island community and a summer colony. The population was 74 at the 2010 census, Matinicus is an Abenaki word meaning “far out island. ”The island was probably long used by the indigenous people of North America as a place for hunting and gathering, and Europeans probably started visiting the island in the 16th century. Early documentation of the island comes from John Josselyn‘s 1671 account of New England, here Pemaquid, Matinicus, Monhegan, Cape Anawhagen…are all filled with dwelling houses and stages for fisherman, and have plenty of cattle, arable lands and marshes. The island is mentioned in the May 1717 deposition of two sailors whose trading ship was commandeered off of Cape Cod by pirates from the ship Whydah. In 1750, Ebenezer Hall became the islands first permanent settler, accompanied by his family, he built a house, commenced fishing and farming, and claimed territorial rights to the island. He burned the grass on nearby Green Island to produce hay for his livestock, infuriating the Penobscot tribe, twice the tribe wrote letters to Royal authorities in Boston, complaining about Hall. In the second, delivered for forwarding on April 25,1753, to Fort Richmond, they warned, though Hall was ordered to leave Matinicus, he continued his residence there, and the Penobscots waited not two months but a little over four years before taking action. After a multiple day siege on his house, they killed and scalped Hall on June 10,1757. In the following decades several families, including that of Ebenezer Halls son, moved to the island, the population continued to grow, and on October 22,1840, the island was formally organized as a plantation. As a maritime community, the residents of Matinicus have long worked as sailors, the early days of fishing for cod, mackerel, and herring gradually gave way to lobster fishing, which continues as the dominant industry on the island today. The importance of industry to the livelihood of island residents has led to territorial disputes. In July 2009, an island fisherman shot and wounded a fellow fisherman in a dispute over the locations of individual lobster-fishing rights, the island is a routine stop for the Maine Seacoast Missions vessel the Sunbeam, which offers pastoral care as well as nursing and telemedicine facilities. The islands inhabitants have served as first responders to emergencies in the waters of Penobscot Bay, on January 16,1992, residents of Matinicus responded to a distress call from the O. A. Harkness, a nearby sinking tugboat, ultimately rescuing the three crew members, on July 17,2011, island fisherman rescued 4 occupants of an airplane that ditched into the waters off of Matinicus. Matinicus Isle plantation is a located on the southeastern fringes of Penobscot Bay in the Gulf of Maine. According to the United States Census Bureau, the plantation has an area of 9.9 square miles. Matinicus Island, the largest land mass in the archipelago, spans approximately 2 miles in length, the elevation ranges from 0 to 100 feet
Matinicus
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View of the harbor c. 1908
Matinicus
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Access to the island via Matinicus International Air-Strip
Matinicus
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Panorama of the harbor in 2006
Matinicus
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Harbor
tidal pool
24.
Anarchism
–
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations, Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of all relations, including, but not limited to. Anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a particular world view. Many types and traditions of anarchism exist, not all of which are mutually exclusive, Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism. Strains of anarchism have often divided into the categories of social. The term anarchism is a word composed from the word anarchy and the suffix -ism, themselves derived respectively from the Greek ἀναρχία, i. e. anarchy. The first known use of this word was in 1539, various factions within the French Revolution labelled opponents as anarchists although few shared many views of later anarchists. The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, on the other hand, some use libertarianism to refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, referring to free-market anarchism as libertarian anarchism. The earliest anarchist themes can be found in the 6th century BC, among the works of Taoist philosopher Laozi, zhuangzis philosophy has been described by various sources as anarchist. Zhuangzi wrote, A petty thief is put in jail, a great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation. Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics, their contemporary Zeno of Citium, Jesus is sometimes considered the first anarchist in the Christian anarchist tradition. Georges Lechartier wrote that The true founder of anarchy was Jesus Christ, the first anarchist society was that of the apostles. This is exemplified when the glorification of the state is viewed as a form of sinful idolatry, the French renaissance political philosopher Étienne de La Boétie wrote in his most famous work the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude what some historians consider an important anarchist precedent. The radical Protestant Christian Gerrard Winstanley and his group the Diggers are cited by authors as proposing anarchist social measures in the 17th century in England. The term anarchist first entered the English language in 1642, during the English Civil War, as a term of abuse, used by Royalists against their Roundhead opponents. By the time of the French Revolution some, such as the Enragés, began to use the term positively, in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, by the turn of the 19th century, the English word anarchism had lost its initial negative connotation. Modern anarchism emerged from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, as part of the political turmoil of the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution, William Godwin developed the first expression of modern anarchist thought
Anarchism
–
William Godwin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work".
Anarchism
–
A sympathetic engraving by
Walter Crane of the executed "Anarchists of Chicago" after the
Haymarket affair. The Haymarket affair is generally considered the most significant event for the origin of international May Day observances.
Anarchism
–
Italian-American anarchist
Luigi Galleani. His followers, known as Galleanists, carried out a series of bombings and assassination attempts from 1914 to 1932 in what they saw as attacks on 'tyrants' and 'enemies of the people'
25.
Modern School (United States)
–
They were an important part of the anarchist, free schooling, socialist, and labor movements in the U. S. intended to educate the working-classes from a secular, class-conscious perspective. The Modern Schools imparted day-time academic classes for children, and night-time continuing-education lectures for adults, commonly called the Ferrer Center, it was founded by notable anarchists — including Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman, Voltairine de Cleyre, and Emma Goldman — first meeting on St. Marks Place, in Manhattan’s Lower East Side, but twice moved elsewhere, first within lower Manhattan, the Ferrer Center opened with only nine students, one being the son of Margaret Sanger, the contraceptives-rights activist. Man Ray, too, was a student, starting in 1912, the school’s principal was the philosopher Will Durant, who also taught there. Student Magda Schoenwetter, recalled that the school used Montessori methods and equipment, in July 1914, radical anarchists who frequented the Ferrer Center, and loosely associated with its adult education program, plotted to bomb the mansion of tycoon industrialist John D. Rockefeller. After the 4 July 1914 Lexington Avenue bombing, the police investigated and several times raided the Ferrer Center and other labor and anarchist organisations in New York City. Acknowledging the urban danger to their school, the organizers bought 68 acres in Piscataway Township, New Jersey, moreover, beyond New York City, the Ferrer Colony and Modern School was founded as a Modern School-based community, that endured some forty years. The Modern School magazine originally began as a newsletter for parents, when the school was in New York City, printed with the manual printing press used in teaching printing as a profession
Modern School (United States)
–
The NYC Modern School, ca. 1911–1912, Principal
Will Durant and pupils. This photograph was the cover of the first issue of The Modern School magazine.
Modern School (United States)
–
The Modern School magazine, Spring, 1920
26.
Socialism
–
Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective, or cooperative ownership, to citizen ownership of equity, or to any combination of these. Although there are varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms, non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend, the feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism versus revolutionary socialism, the term is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union, which critics argue operated in an authoritarian fashion. By the 1920s, social democracy and communism became the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, by this time, Socialism emerged as the most influential secular movement of the twentieth century, worldwide. Socialist parties and ideas remain a force with varying degrees of power and influence in all continents. Today, some socialists have also adopted the causes of social movements. The origin of the term socialism may be traced back and attributed to a number of originators, in addition to significant historical shifts in the usage, for Andrew Vincent, The word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin sociare, which means to combine or to share. The related, more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas and this latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen. The term socialism was created by Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the founders of what would later be labelled utopian socialism. Simon coined socialism as a contrast to the doctrine of individualism. They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the ownership of resources. The term socialism is attributed to Pierre Leroux, and to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France, the term communism also fell out of use during this period, despite earlier distinctions between socialism and communism from the 1840s. An early distinction between socialism and communism was that the former aimed to only socialise production while the latter aimed to socialise both production and consumption. However, by 1888 Marxists employed the term socialism in place of communism, linguistically, the contemporary connotation of the words socialism and communism accorded with the adherents and opponents cultural attitude towards religion. In Christian Europe, of the two, communism was believed to be the atheist way of life, in Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists. Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable on the continent and this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany
Socialism
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Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker
Socialism
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The celebration of the election of the Commune, 28 March 1871. The
Paris Commune was a major early implementation of socialist ideas
Socialism
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G. D. H. Cole, English socialist theorist who was a member of the
Fabian Society as well as the main theorist of
guild socialism
Socialism
–
Leon Trotsky,
Vladimir Lenin, and
Lev Kamenev at the Second Communist Party Congress, 1919.
27.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
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Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
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Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
28.
Lithograph
–
Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material, Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, when the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water, an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a paper sheet. This traditional technique is used in some fine art printmaking applications. In modern lithography, the image is made of a coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate. The image can be printed directly from the plate, or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a sheet for printing. In fact, photolithography is used synonymously with offset printing, the technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication, Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the part of an image is a water-repelling substance. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer, Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a piece of limestone was used. After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, during printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Lithography works because of the repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible
Lithograph
–
Charles Marion Russell 's The Custer Fight (1903), with the range of tones fading toward the edges
Lithograph
–
Lithography stone and
mirror image print of a map of Munich
Lithograph
–
A 1902 lithograph map (original size 33×24 cm)
29.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
30.
Belgium
–
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
Belgium
–
Charlemagne and
Charles V
Belgium
–
Flaga
Belgium
Belgium
–
Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), by
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
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a.jpg)
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The Art of Boxing -- "George Bellows" at the National Gallery of Art on YouTube, National Gallery of Art (Washington)[27]
