1.
Self-portrait
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A self-portrait is a representation of an artist that is drawn, painted, photographed, or sculpted by that artist. With better and cheaper mirrors, and the advent of the panel portrait, Portrait of a Man in a Turban by Jan van Eyck of 1433 may well be the earliest known panel self-portrait. He painted a portrait of his wife, and he belonged to the social group that had begun to commission portraits. The genre is venerable, but not until the Renaissance, with increased wealth and interest in the individual as a subject, a self-portrait may be a portrait of the artist, or a portrait included in a larger work, including a group portrait. Many painters are said to have included depictions of specific individuals, including themselves, in these works, the artist usually appears as a face in the crowd or group, often towards the edges or corner of the work and behind the main participants. Rubenss The Four Philosophers is a good example and this culminated in the 17th century with the work of Jan de Bray. Many artistic media have used, apart from paintings, drawings. In the famous Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck is probably one of two figures glimpsed in a mirror – a surprisingly modern conceit. The Van Eyck painting may have inspired Diego Velázquez to depict himself in view as the painter creating Las Meninas, as the Van Eyck hung in the palace in Madrid where he worked. This was another modern flourish, given that he appears as the painter, in what may be one of the earliest childhood self-portraits now surviving, Albrecht Dürer depicts himself as in naturalistic style as a 13-year-old boy in 1484. In later years he appears variously as a merchant in the background of Biblical scenes, leonardo da Vinci may have drawn a picture of himself at the age of 60, in around 1512. The picture is often reproduced as Da Vincis appearance, although this is not certain. In the 17th century, Rembrandt painted a range of self-portraits, family and professional group paintings, including the artists depiction, became increasingly common from the 17th century on. From the later 20th century on, video plays a part in self-portraiture. Vigée-Lebrun painted a total of 37 self-portraits, many of which were copies of earlier ones, Women artists have historically embodied a number of roles within their self-portraiture. Most common is the artist at work, showing themselves in the act of painting, or at least holding a brush and palette. Often, the viewer if the clothes worn were those they normally painted in. Images of artists at work are encountered in Ancient Egyptian painting, one of the first self-portraits was made by the Pharaoh Akhenatens chief sculptor Bak in 1365 BC
2.
Augusta County, Virginia
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Augusta County is a county located in the Shenandoah Valley on the western edge of the U. S. commonwealth of Virginia. It is the second-largest county in Virginia by total area, and it surrounds the independent cities of Staunton, the county seat of Augusta is Staunton, although most of the administrative services have offices in neighboring Verona. The county was created in 1738 from part of Orange County and it was originally a huge area, but many parts of Augusta County were carved out to form other counties and several states, until the current border was finalized in 1790. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 73,750, in addition, Augusta County is part of the Staunton–Waynesboro, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Augusta County was formed in 1738 from Orange County, although, because few people lived there and it was named for Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales and mother of the future King George III of the United Kingdom. Originally, Augusta County was a vast territory with a western boundary. A series of show the formation and division of Augusta County from 1738 through 1791. Reductions in its extent began in 1770, when its southern part became Botetourt County, in 1776 part of western Augusta County, an area also known as the District of West Augusta, became Monongalia County, Ohio County, and Yohogania County. In 1788 the northern part of the county was combined with part of Hardy County to become Pendleton County, Augusta County assumed its present dimensions in 1790, when its western part was combined with parts of Botetourt County and Greenbrier County to form Bath County. During the Civil War, Augusta County served as an important agricultural center as part of the Breadbasket of the Confederacy, the Virginia Central Railroad ran through the county, linking the Shenandoah Valley to the Confederate capital at Richmond. Augusta County suffered again during General Philip H. Sheridans Burning, Staunton, the county seat for many years, was incorporated as a city in 1871 and separated from Augusta County in 1902. However, it remained the county seat, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 971 square miles, of which 967 square miles is land and 3.9 square miles is water. It is the third-largest county in Virginia by land area and second-largest by total area, the county is serviced by Augusta County Public Schools. The population density was 68 people per square mile, there were 26,738 housing units at an average density of 28 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 02% White,3. 60% Black or African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, and 0. 61% from two or more races. 0. 94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 23. 70% under the age of 18,6. 90% from 18 to 24,29. 80% from 25 to 44,26. 80% from 45 to 64
3.
Autodidacticism
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Autodidacticism or self-education is the education without the guidance of masters or institutions. Generally, an autodidact is an individual who chooses the subject they will study, their studying material, an autodidact may or may not have formal education, and their study may be either a complement or an alternative to it. Many notable contributions have made by autodidacts. The related term didacticism defines an artistic philosophy of education, various terms are used to describe self-education. One such is heutagogy, coined in 2000 by Stewart Hase and Chris Kenyon of Southern Cross University in Australia, others are self-directed learning, in the heutagogy paradigm, a learner should be at the centre of his or her own learning. Autodidacticism is sometimes a complement of modern education, as a complement to education, students would be encouraged to do more independent work. The Industrial Revolution created a new situation for self-directed learners, before the 20th century, only a small minority of people received an advanced academic education. As stated by Joseph Whitworth in his report on industry dated from 1853. However, even in the US, most children were not completing high school, high school education was necessary to become a teacher. In modern times, a percentage of those completing high school also attended college, usually to pursue a professional degree, such as law or medicine. For many professions or for personal knowledge, however, formal education is not so necessary today due to the availability of free information on the Internet. Whereas in the past, one of the benefits of going to college was to gain access to their superior libraries, today access to facts. Financial analyst and author Peter Schiff, for one, says that never before in history has it been so easy to be self-educated, collegiate teaching was based on the classics until the early 19th century. There were few if any institutions of higher learning offering studies in engineering or science before 1800, institutions such as the Royal Society did much to promote scientific learning, including public lectures. In England, there were also itinerant lecturers offering their service, prior to the 19th century, there were many important inventors working as millwrights or mechanics who had typically received an elementary education and served an apprenticeship. Mechanics, instrument makers and surveyors had various mathematics training, james Watt was a surveyor and instrument maker and is described as being largely self-educated. Watt, like some other autodidacts of the time, became a Fellow of the Royal Society, academies also arose to provide scientific and technical training. Years of schooling in the United States began to increase sharply in the early 20th century and this phenomenon was seemingly related to increasing mechanization displacing child labor
4.
Missouri River
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The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle, the Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 1800s laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region, pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s, first by covered wagon, then by the growing numbers of steamboats entering service on the river. Former Native American lands in the watershed were taken over by settlers, leading to some of the most longstanding, during the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with more on tributaries. Meanders have been cut and the river channelized to improve navigation, from the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming, three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River. The longest begins near Browers Spring,9,100 feet above sea level, on the southeastern slopes of Mount Jefferson in the Centennial Mountains. Flowing west then north, it runs first in Hell Roaring Creek, then west into the Red Rock, swings northeast to become the Beaverhead and these two streams then flow north and northwest into Montana. The Missouri River officially starts at the confluence of the Jefferson and Madison in Missouri Headwaters State Park near Three Forks, Montana, the Missouri then passes through Canyon Ferry Lake, a reservoir west of the Big Belt Mountains. Issuing from the mountains near Cascade, the flows northeast to the city of Great Falls, where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri. Farther on, the passes through the Fort Peck Dam, and immediately downstream. At the confluence, the Yellowstone is actually the larger river, the Missouri then meanders east past Williston and into Lake Sakakawea, the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota and it slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. While it continues south, eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota, the Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains, receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest
5.
Slavery
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A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced by the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
6.
Franklin, Missouri
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Franklin is a city in Howard County, Missouri, United States. It is located along the Missouri River, part of a rural area, the population was 95 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, as the eastern terminus of the Santa Fe Trail, the community played a major role in the westward expansion of the United States. The town of Franklin was founded in 1816 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin, william Becknell, known as the Father of the Santa Fe Trail lived on a farm a few miles northwest of Franklin. There was a spring near Becknells property, Boone Lick Spring, the spring and its saline water were sufficient to attract people from St. Louis and points east, who came to distill the water for its salt. They came so often that they created a trail, calling it the Boonslick Road, the Boone refers to Nathan and Daniel Morgan Boone, sons of Daniel Boone, the brothers first operated the saltlick business. On September 1,1821, his party crossed the Missouri River at Arrow Rock, a devastating flood of the Missouri River destroyed much of Franklin in 1827. Residents rebuilt a short distance away on higher ground, creating New Franklin, the Cedar Grove was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Born in Madison County, Kentucky, near the city of Richmond, lindsey Carson was a farmer of Scots-Irish descent, who had fought in the Revolutionary War under General Wade Hampton. He had a total of fifteen surviving children, five by his first wife, the Boone and Carson families became good friends, working, socializing, and intermarrying. Carson was eight when his father was killed by a tree while clearing land. The fathers death reduced the Carson family to a poverty, forcing young Kit to drop out of school to work on the family farm. At the age of 14, Kit was apprenticed to a saddlemaker in Franklin, the town was the eastern terminus of the Santa Fe Trail, which had opened two years earlier. Many of the clientele at the saddleshop were trappers and traders, Carson is reported to have found work in the saddle shop suffocating, he once said the business did not suit me, and I concluded to leave. Around 1826, aged 16, Kit secretly signed on with a merchant caravan heading to Santa Fe. Franklin is located at 39°0′41″N 92°45′13″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.23 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 95 people,42 households, the population density was 413.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 52 housing units at a density of 226.1 per square mile
7.
Chester Harding (painter)
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Chester Harding was an American portrait painter. Harding was born at Conway, Massachusetts, brought up in the wilderness of New York state, he was a lad of robust physique, standing over 6 feet 3 inches. His family removed to Caledonia, New York, when he was fourteen years old, in the War of 1812, he marched as a drummer with the militia to the St Lawrence. He became subsequently chairmaker, peddler, inn-keeper, and house-painter, painting signs in Pittsburgh and he worked at this latter occupation a year, when acquaintance with a traveling portrait painter led him to attempt that art. Having succeeded in producing a portrait of his wife, he devoted himself enthusiastically to the profession. He painted several other portraits at Pittsburg, and then went to Paris, Kentucky and he made enough money to take him to the schools at the Philadelphia Academy of Design. He then established himself in St. Louis, and eventually went on the road as an itinerant portrait painter, in August 1823, he went to England and set up a studio in London, and spent three years in studying and painting. He met with success, painting royalty and the nobility. In 1843, he went to England again, and afterward resided in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1828 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. He painted portraits of many of the prominent men and women of his time. Among the people who sat for him were James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, John Marshall, Nicholas Brown, Jr. Dudley Leavitt Pickman, Charles Carroll, William Wirt, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Washington Allston, the Dukes of Norfolk, Hamilton, and Sussex, Samuel Rogers, Harding is the only known painter who painted Daniel Boone from life. His last work was a portrait of Gen. William T. Sherman and his portrait of Daniel Webster went to the Bar Association of New York, and that of John Randolph to the Corcoran Gallery at Washington, D. C. He wrote My Egotistography, which was privately printed, hardings Gallery Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Harding, Chester. Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds, American Art Journal, Vol.15, No. “Chester Harding, ” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XIX, January,1867, No, CXI, pp. 485–488 at cdl. library. cornell. edu
8.
Daniel Boone
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Daniel Boone was an American pioneer, explorer, woodsman, and frontiersman, whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now Kentucky, as a young adult, Boone supplemented his farm income by hunting and trapping game, and selling their pelts in the fur market. Through this occupational interest, Boone first learned the easy routes to the area, there, he founded the village of Boonesborough, Kentucky, one of the first American settlements west of the Appalachians. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 Americans migrated to Kentucky/Virginia by following the route marked by Boone, Boone was a militia officer during the Revolutionary War, which, in Kentucky, was fought primarily between the American settlers and the British-aided Indians. Boone was captured by Shawnee warriors in 1778 and he escaped and alerted Boonesborough that the Shawnees were planning an attack. Although heavily outnumbered, Americans repelled the Shawnee warriors in the Siege of Boonesborough, Boone was elected to the first of his three terms in the Virginia General Assembly, during the Revolutionary War, and fought in the Battle of Blue Licks in 1782. Blue Licks, a Shawnee victory over the Patriots, was one of the last battles of the Revolutionary War, following the war, Boone worked as a surveyor and merchant, but fell deeply into debt through failed Kentucky land speculation. Frustrated with the problems resulting from his land claims, in 1799, Boone emigrated to eastern Missouri. Boone remains a figure in American history. He was a legend in his own lifetime, especially after an account of his adventures was published in 1784 by John Filson, an American edition made him equally famous across the United States. After his death, he was frequently the subject of heroic tall tales and his adventures—real and legendary—were influential in creating the archetypal Western hero of American folklore. In American popular culture, he is remembered as one of the foremost early frontiersmen, the epic Daniel Boone mythology often overshadows the historical details of his life. Daniel Boone was of English and Welsh ancestry, because the Gregorian calendar was adopted during his lifetime, Boones birth date is sometimes given as November 2,1734, although Boone used the October date. The Boone family belonged to the Religious Society of Friends, called Quakers, daniels father, Squire Boone emigrated from the small town of Bradninch, Devon to Pennsylvania in 1713, to join William Penns colony of dissenters. Squire Boones parents, George Boone III and Mary Maugridge, followed their son to Pennsylvania in 1717, in 1720, Squire Boone, who worked primarily as a weaver and a blacksmith, married Sarah Morgan. Sarahs family were Quakers from Wales, and had settled in 1708 in the area which became Towamencin Township of Montgomery County, in 1731, the Boones moved to the Oley Valley, near the modern city of Reading. There they built a log cabin, partially preserved today as the Daniel Boone Homestead, Daniel Boone was born there, the sixth of eleven children. Daniel Boone spent his years on what was then the edge of the frontier
9.
Warren County, Missouri
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Warren County is a county located in the eastern portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,513, the county is located on the north side of the Missouri River. The county was organized on January 5,1833, and named for General Joseph Warren, Warren County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is traversed by Route 94, called the Missouri Weinstrasse because of the vineyards from Marthasville east into St. Charles County. Warren County is also part of the Missouri Rhineland, with award-winning wineries located on both sides of the Missouri River. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 438 square miles. The population density was 57 people per square mile, there were 11,046 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 89% White,1. 94% Black or African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 24% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 44% from other races, and 1. 02% from two or more races. Approximately 1. 28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among the major ancestries reported in Warren County were 41. 4% German,13. 8% American,10. 2% Irish and 7. 0% English ancestry. 20. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was out with 26. 90% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,23. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $41,016, and the median income for a family was $46,863. Males had an income of $36,315 versus $23,443 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,690, about 6. 40% of families and 8. 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 50% of those under age 18 and 10. 40% of those age 65 or over. All of the positions in the county are held by Republicans. Warren County is divided into two districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, both of which are held by Republicans. Consists of most of the county, including the communities of Marthasville, Pendeleton, Truesdale
10.
Howard County, Missouri
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Howard County is a county in the U. S. state of Missouri, with its southern border made by the Missouri River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,144, the county was organized January 23,1816 and named for Benjamin Howard, the first Governor of the Missouri Territory. Located on the bank of the Missouri River, Howard County was settled primarily from the Upper Southern states of Kentucky, Tennessee. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them, and cultivated hemp, Howard was one of several counties settled mainly by Southerners along the Missouri River in the center of the state. Because of this, this became known as Little Dixie. Following the 1848 revolutions in the German nations, many German immigrants also came to this region, because of the reliance on slave labor, by 1860 African American slaves composed at least 25 percent of the countys population. Many Howard County residents supported the Confederacy during the Civil War, after the end of Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws and segregation were enforced in the county. Five African Americans were lynched in Howard between 1891 and 1914, Olli Truxton, Frank Embree, Thomas Hayden, Arthur McNeal, the county continued to be developed for agriculture and is still largely rural. However, Howard has lost population since reaching its peak in 1900, the mechanization of farming reduced the demand for labor, and many left for jobs in the cities. In 2000 African-Americans in the county had declined to less than 7 percent of the total, nearly one-third of the residents now identify themselves as of German ancestry. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 472 square miles. Chariton County Randolph County Boone County Cooper County Saline County U. S, the population density was 22 people per square mile. There were 4,346 housing units at a density of 9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 13% White,6. 84% Black or African American,0. 33% Native American,0. 12% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,0. 40% from other races, and 1. 10% from two or more races. Approximately 0. 86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 4% were of German,16. 1% American,8. 9% English and 8. 3% Irish ancestry. 27. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was out with 24. 00% under the age of 18,13. 30% from 18 to 24,25. 20% from 25 to 44,21. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 94.00 males
11.
Cabinetry
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A cabinet is a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors or drawers for storing miscellaneous items. Some cabinets stand alone while others are built into a wall or are attached to it like a medicine cabinet, cabinets are typically made of wood or, now increasingly, of synthetic materials. Commercial grade cabinets, which differ in the used, are called casework. Cabinets usually have one or more doors on the front, which are mounted with door hardware, many cabinets have doors and drawers or only drawers. Short cabinets often have a surface on top that can be used for display, or as a working surface. A cabinet intended for clothing storage is usually called a wardrobe or an armoire, before the advent of industrial design, cabinet makers were responsible for the conception and the production of any piece of furniture. In the last half of the 18th century, cabinet makers, such as Thomas Sheraton, Thomas Chippendale, Shaver, cabinet Constructors, and George Hepplewhite, also published books of furniture forms. These books were compendiums of their designs and those of other cabinet makers, in parallel to this evolution there came a growing demand by the rising middle class in most industrialised countries for finely made furniture. This eventually resulted in a growth in the number of traditional cabinet makers. Before 1650, fine furniture was a rarity in Western Europe, generally, people did not need it and for the most part could not afford it. They made do with simple but serviceable pieces, the arts and craft movement which started in the United Kingdom in the middle of the 19th century spurred a market for traditional cabinet making, and other craft goods. It rapidly spread to the United States and to all the countries in the British Empire and this movement exemplified the reaction to the eclectic historicism of the Victorian era and to the soulless machine-made production which was starting to become widespread. After World War II woodworking became a hobby among the middle classes. The more serious and skilled amateurs in this field now turn out pieces of furniture which rival the work of professional cabinet makers and this style of design is typified by clean horizontal and vertical lines. Compared to other designs there is an absence of ornamentation. While Scandinavian design is easy to identify, it is more about the materials than the design. This style of design is very ornate, French Provincial objects are often stained or painted, leaving the wood concealed. Corners and bevels are often decorated with gold leaf or given some kind of gilding
12.
Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
13.
Minister (Christianity)
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The term is taken from Latin minister, which itself was derived from minus. In Catholic churches, the concept of a priesthood is emphasised, many ministers are styled as The Reverend, however some use Pastor as a title, and others do not use any specific form of address. The Church of England defines the ministry of priests as follows, Priests are called to be servants, with their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of Gods new creation. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christs name the absolution, with all Gods people, they are to tell the story of Gods love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit and they are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lords table and lead his people in worship, offering them a spiritual sacrifice of praise. They are to bless the people in Gods name and they are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death, guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all Gods people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith. All denominations require that the minister has a sense of calling. One of the clearest references is found in 1 Timothy 3, 1-16, moreover he must have a good report of them which are without, lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to wine, not greedy of filthy lucre. And let these also first be proved, then let them use the office of a deacon, even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children, the churches have three orders of ordained clergy, Bishops are the primary clergy, administering all sacraments and governing the church. Priests administer the sacraments and lead local congregations, they cannot ordain other clergy, however, in some denominations, deacons play a non-sacramental and assisting role in the liturgy. Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the estate in Protestant Northern Europe. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of an hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth. Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class, High Church Anglicanism and High Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian Sacrament. Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals, among these central traditions have been baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, marriage, the Mass or the Divine Service, and coronations
14.
Camp meeting
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The camp meeting is a form of Protestant Christian religious service originating in England and Scotland as an evangelical event in association with the communion season. It was held for worship, preaching and communion on the frontier during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. Revivals and camp meetings continued to be held by various denominations, Camp meetings offered community, often singing and other music, sometimes dancing, and diversion from work. The practice was a component of the Second Great Awakening. Certain denominations took the lead in different geographic areas, the camp meeting is a phenomenon of American frontier Christianity, but with strong roots in traditional practices of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland and the United States. Scots and Scots-Irish predominated in many parts of the frontier at this time, the movement of thousands of settlers to new territories without permanent villages of the types they knew meant they were without religious communities. Not only were there few authorized houses of worship, there were fewer ordained ministers to fill the pulpits, the camp meeting led by itinerant preachers was an innovative response to this situation. Word of mouth told there was to be a meeting at a certain location. People generally camped out at or near the site, as on the frontier there were usually neither adequate accommodations nor the funds for frontier families to use them. People were attracted to large camp meetings from a wide area, several ministers, sometimes from different denominations, provided virtually nonstop preaching and hymn singing during the day, in the evening, and late into the night. Attenders anticipated and had emotional conversion experiences, with crying, trances, lee Sandlin gave an overview of the typical camp meeting in frontier America, A typical meeting began in a low-key, almost solemn way. A preacher gave a sermon of welcome and led a prayer for peace and this was followed by the singing of several hymns. Then there would be more sermons, the next day, and the day following, the sermons grew increasingly sensational and impassioned, and the excited response of the crowd grew more prolonged. In the night, as the torches and bonfires flared around the meeting ground, as Finley wrote, A strange supernatural power seemed to pervade the entire mass of mind there collected. The subject of this exercise would, generally, with a scream, fall like a log on the floor, earth or mud. The Jerks, When the head alone was affected, Stone said, it would be jerked backward and forward, or from side to side, so quickly that the features of the face could not be distinguished. When the whole system was affected, I have seen the person stand in one place and jerk backward and forward in quick succession, their head nearly touching the floor behind and before. When people recovered from the jerks, Stone reported, they could not account for what had happened to them, the Rolling Exercise, People would start by twisting their heads from side to side and rapidly nodding and snapping their heads back
15.
Arrow Rock, Missouri
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Arrow Rock is a village in Saline County, Missouri, United States, located near the Missouri River. The village has important historical significance related to expansion, the Santa Fe Trail. Many structures within the village are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Several locations are also certified sites of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the village retains much of its 19th-century character and is recognized as the birthplace of historic preservation in Missouri. Architectural ordinances implemented in 2004 provide guidance for new construction and restorations of existing structures, the town draws over 100,000 visitors per year to visit its historic features, museums, antique and gift shops, award winning restaurants or performances at the renowned Lyceum Theatre. The town has multiple bed and breakfast establishments and a campground nearby is maintained by the Missouri Division of State Parks. Local government consists of a five member Board of Trustees. The Trustees then elect their chair person, Arrow Rock is located at 39°4′12″N 92°56′51″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.13 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 56 people,36 households, the population density was 430.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 61 housing units at a density of 469.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 2% White and 1. 8% from two or more races,47. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.56 and the family size was 2.06. The median age in the village was 61.7 years. 1. 8% of residents were under the age of 18, 0% were between the ages of 18 and 24,12. 6% were from 25 to 44,44. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 41. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46. 4% male and 53. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 79 people,39 households, and 24 families residing in the town. The population density was 592.5 people per square mile, there were 62 housing units at an average density of 465.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 100. 00% White,30. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
16.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
17.
Saline County, Missouri
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Saline County is a county located along the Missouri River in the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,370, the county was established November 25,1820, and named for the regions salt springs. Settled primarily by migrants from the Upper South during the nineteenth century, in the antebellum years it had plantations supported by enslaved workers. One-third of the county population was African American at the start of the American Civil War, Saline County comprises the Marshall, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area. Historically Saline County was occupied for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of Missouri Native Americans, Saline County was organized by European-American settlers on November 25,1820, and was named from the salinity of the springs found in the region. Saline County was among several along the Missouri River that were settled primarily by migrants from the Upper South states of Kentucky, Tennessee and these counties settled by southerners became known as Little Dixie. By the time of the Civil War, one-third of the county population was African American, most of them were enslaved laborers on major plantations, in 1847 the state legislature had prohibited any African Americans from being educated. After the war, freedmen and other residents had a hunger for education, the states new constitution established public education for all citizens for the first time. It was segregated, in keeping with local custom, each township with 20 or more African-American students were supposed to establish a school for them, but rural areas lagged in the number of schools and jurisdictions underfunded those for blacks. By the early 20th century, Saline County had eighteen schools for black students, the remaining black schools from the Jim Crow era have been studied by the State Historic Preservation Office and many are being nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 767 square miles. It is located along the Missouri River, mechanization of farms meant that fewer workers were needed. African Americans moved to cities for work and better social conditions, at the 2000 census, there were 23,756 people,9,015 households and 6,013 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 per square mile, there were 10,019 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 03% White,5. 39% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 35% Asian,0. 21% Pacific Islander,2. 09% from other races, and 1. 62% from two or more races. Approximately 4. 42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 7% were of German,18. 2% American,9. 8% English and 9. 3% Irish ancestry. 28. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.97. In Age distribution was 24. 30% under the age of 18,12. 00% from 18 to 24,25. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 30% from 45 to 64, the median age was 37 years
18.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
19.
James S. Rollins
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James Sidney Rollins was a nineteenth-century Missouri politician and lawyer. For his efforts, he was named Father of the University of Missouri, as a border state Congressman, Rollins played a role in Congresss passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. He changed his vote to support the amendment, and spoke in favor of it, Rollins was a Whig for the first 20 years of his political career. When that party broke up, he began a political transition, Rollins was born in Richmond, in Madison County, Kentucky. His father, Anthony Wayne Rollins, a physician, was born in Pennsylvania of Scotch-Irish immigrant parents and his mother, Sarah Harris Rodes Rollins, was born in Virginia and was of English descent. Rollins studied at Richmond Academy, attended Washington College in Pennsylvania, the Rollins family moved from Kentucky to Boone County, Missouri that same year. Rollins read law in the Columbia office of Abiel Leonard for two years, while helping to manage his fathers farm, in 1832, Rollins enlisted in the Black Hawk War, and was given the rank of Major. After the war, Rollins entered law school at Transylvania University in Lexington, when he graduated in 1834, he was admitted to the bar, and began practicing in Columbia that same year. In 1837, Rollins married Mary Elizabeth Hickman and she was the daughter of James Hickman, and was from Franklin, in nearby Howard County, Missouri. They had 11 children, seven of whom survived to adulthood, Rollins began his political career as a Whig. His politics reflected his interest in business and resource development, in 1836, he purchased a Whig newspaper, the Columbia Patriot, which he edited for several years. That same year, he attended a convention in St. Louis. Rollins was elected to the Missouri Legislature in 1838, representing Boone County and he was elected Representative in 1838,1840, and 1854, and as a Senator in 1846. He was a delegate to the 1844 Whig National Convention and he ran for Governor of Missouri in 1848 and again in 1857, but was defeated both times. Rollins was a Whig from 1836 to 1855, when the party dissolved in dissension over the Kansas-Nebraska Act regarding the extension of slavery into territories, as a large slaveholder in Missouri, Rollins was not an abolitionist, but he opposed both the extension of slavery and secession. When the Whig Party ended, Rollins began a political transition and he ran as an independent in his second try for governor, supported by Know-Nothings, Thomas Hart Benton Democrats, and remnants of the Whigs. He lost to Democrat Robert M. Stewart by 334 votes, when he was not in the Missouri Legislature, Rollins developed his law practice in Columbia, despite ambivalence about the monotony of a legal career. The first bill that Rollins drafted as a State Representative was to locate the University of Missouri
20.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
21.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
22.
National Academy Museum and School
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Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, and others to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition. The Academy is an honorary organization, a school. The school offers instruction, master classes, intensive critiques, various workshops. The museum houses a collection of over 7,000 works of American art from the 19th, 20th. The Academy has been located at several locations over the years, notable among them was a building built during 1863-1865, designed by architect P. B. Wight in Venetian Gothic style, which was modeled on the Doges Palace in Venice, another locale was at West 109th Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan. Since 1942 the academy has occupied a mansion that was the home of sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and Archer Milton Huntington at Fifth Avenue. The original founders of the National Academy of Design were students of the American Academy of the Fine Arts, samuel F. B. Morse and other students set about forming the drawing association to meet several times each week for the study the art of design. Still, the association was viewed as a dependent organization of the American Academy, an attempt was made to reconcile the difference and maintain a single academy by appointing six of the artists from the association as directors of the American Academy. When four of the nominees were not elected, however, the frustrated artists resolved to form a new academy, among the teaching staff were numerous artists, including Will Hicok Low, who taught from 1889 to 1892. The famous American poet William Cullen Bryant also gave lectures, architect Alexander Jackson Davis taught at the Academy. Painter Lemuel Wilmarth was the first full-time instructor Gulian C, verplanck, a Congressman and a man of letters, gave an address at the school in 1824. and Silas Dustin was a curator
23.
Missouri House of Representatives
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The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly. It has 163 members, representing districts with a size of 37,000 residents. House members are elected for two-year terms during general elections held in even-numbered years, in 1992 Missouri approved a constitutional amendment providing term limits. No Representative may serve more than eight years in the House, each candidate for the office must be at least twenty-four years old, a registered qualified voter in the state for at least two years, and a resident of his or her district for at least one year. Missouris house is the fourth largest in the United States although the state ranks 18th in population, legislation was introduced in 2011 to cut its size to 103 in 2020. Larger legislatures in the United States are New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Georgia, from, These are the yearly recurring committees that hold hearings on legislation filed by Representatives. Once filed, legislation is assigned to one of the committees by the Missouri Speaker of the House. Legislation is typically assigned to the committee whose province envelopes the subject matter of the bill, however, there are frequently multiple relevant committees to which a bill can be assigned, and it is at the Speakers discretion to choose which committee receives the bill. The partisan makeup of each committee is intended to reflect as closely as possible the partisan makeup of the entire House, each Party caucus selects which of its members will serve on the Standing Committees, and the Chair of each committee is chosen by the Speaker of the House. Tradition in the Missouri General Assembly is that all appropriations bills initiate in the Missouri House rather than the Senate, so each year, the Chair of the House Budget Committee files legislation establishing the spending plan for the state of Missouri. This plan, which in 2007 exceeded $20 billion, may differ greatly from the Governors budget recommendations, the budget legislation is assigned to the House Budget Committee, which then assigns each bill to its respective subcommittee. Joint Committees contain members from both the Missouri House and Senate and these committees may be permanent and study ongoing issues, or may be temporary and intended to come up with suggested legislation to address a one-time issue. The Chair of these committees typically alternates annually between a Representative and a Senator to prevent unfairness to one chamber, a Representative can serve no more than four two-year terms in the house. The first time term limits prevented someone from running again was in 2002, as of March 2008, members of the Missouri House of Representatives receive an annual salary of $35,915.44. Missouri Legislature Missouri Senate Government of Missouri American Legislative Exchange Council members Missouri House of Representatives
24.
Old Master
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In art history, Old Master refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An old master print is a print made by an artist in the same period. The term old master drawing is used in the same way, therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern, a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries. The term is used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master. Les Maitres dautrefois of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, the collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the Baroque period. The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya is certainly an Old Master, the term might also be used for John Constable or Eugène Delacroix, but usually is not. The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms Old Master Prints and it remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, Old Master Paintings, Nineteenth-century paintings and Modern paintings, christies defines the term as ranging from the 14th to the early 19th century. S. Master of Flémalle, Master of Mary of Burgundy, Master of Latin 757, Master of the Brunswick Diptych or Master of Schloss Lichtenstein
25.
Louvre
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The Louvre or the Louvre Museum is the worlds largest museum and a historic monument in Paris, France. A central landmark of the city, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the citys 1st arrondissement, approximately 38,000 objects from prehistory to the 21st century are exhibited over an area of 72,735 square metres. The Louvre is the second most visited museum after the Palace Museum in China. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built as a fortress in the late 12th century under Philip II, remnants of the fortress are visible in the basement of the museum. Due to the expansion of the city, the fortress eventually lost its defensive function and. The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace, in 1692, the building was occupied by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, which in 1699 held the first of a series of salons. The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100 years, during the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum to display the nations masterpieces. The museum opened on 10 August 1793 with an exhibition of 537 paintings, because of structural problems with the building, the museum was closed in 1796 until 1801. The collection was increased under Napoleon and the museum renamed Musée Napoléon, the collection was further increased during the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X, and during the Second French Empire the museum gained 20,000 pieces. Holdings have grown steadily through donations and bequests since the Third Republic, whether this was the first building on that spot is not known, it is possible that Philip modified an existing tower. According to the authoritative Grand Larousse encyclopédique, the name derives from an association with wolf hunting den, in the 7th century, St. Fare, an abbess in Meaux, left part of her Villa called Luvra situated in the region of Paris to a monastery. This territory probably did not correspond exactly to the modern site, the Louvre Palace was altered frequently throughout the Middle Ages. In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building into a residence and in 1546, Francis acquired what would become the nucleus of the Louvres holdings, his acquisitions including Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa. After Louis XIV chose Versailles as his residence in 1682, constructions slowed, however, on 14 October 1750, Louis XV agreed and sanctioned a display of 96 pieces from the royal collection, mounted in the Galerie royale de peinture of the Luxembourg Palace. Under Louis XVI, the museum idea became policy. The comte dAngiviller broadened the collection and in 1776 proposed conversion of the Grande Galerie of the Louvre – which contained maps – into the French Museum, many proposals were offered for the Louvres renovation into a museum, however, none was agreed on. Hence the museum remained incomplete until the French Revolution, during the French Revolution the Louvre was transformed into a public museum. In May 1791, the Assembly declared that the Louvre would be a place for bringing together monuments of all the sciences, on 10 August 1792, Louis XVI was imprisoned and the royal collection in the Louvre became national property
26.
Emanuel Leutze
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Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze was a German American history painter best known for his painting Washington Crossing the Delaware. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting, Leutze was born in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Württemberg, Germany, and was brought to the United States as a child. His parents settled first in Fredericksburg, Virginia, and then at Philadelphia and his early education was good, though not especially in the direction of art. The first development of his artistic talent occurred while he was attending the sickbed of his father, at 14, he was painting portraits for $5 apiece. Through such work, he supported himself after the death of his father, in 1834, he received his first instruction in art in classes of John Rubens Smith, a portrait painter in Philadelphia. He soon became skilled, and promoted a plan for publishing, in Washington, portraits of eminent American statesmen, however, he met with, in 1840, one of his paintings attracted attention and procured him several orders, which enabled him to go to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. In due to his attitude, he studied only one year at the academy. Mainly Leutze was affected by the painter Lessing, in 1842 he went to Munich, studying the works of Cornelius and Kaulbach, and, while there, finished his Columbus before the Queen. The following year he visited Venice and Rome, making studies from Titian and his first work, Columbus before the Council of Salamanca was purchased by the Düsseldorf Art Union. In 1845, after a tour in Italy, he returned to Düsseldorf, marrying Juliane Lottner, during his years in Düsseldorf, he was a resource for visiting Americans, he found them places to live and work, provided introductions, and emotional and even financial support. A strong supporter of Europes Revolutions of 1848, Leutze decided to paint an image that would encourage Europes liberal reformers with the example of the American Revolution. Using American tourists and art students as models and assistants, Leutze finished a first version of Washington Crossing the Delaware in 1850, just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, and acquired by the Kunsthalle Bremen. On September 5,1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a raid by the Allied forces. It is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, in 1859, Leutze returned to the United States and opened a studio in New York City. He divided his time between New York City and Washington, D. C, in 1859, he painted a portrait of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney which hangs in the Harvard Law School. In a 1992 opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia described the portrait of Taney and he sits facing the viewer and staring straight out. There seems to be on his face, and in his deep-set eyes, Leutze also executed other portraits, including one of fellow painter William Morris Hunt. In 1860 Leutze was commissioned by the U. S, late in life, he became a member of the National Academy of Design
27.
History painting
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History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than artistic style. History paintings usually depict a moment in a story, rather than a specific and static subject. The term is derived from the senses of the word historia in Latin and Italian, meaning story or narrative. Most history paintings are not of scenes from history, especially paintings from before about 1850, History paintings almost always contain a number of figures, often a large number, and normally show some type of action that is a moment in a narrative. The genre includes depictions of moments in religious narratives, above all the Life of Christ, as well as scenes from mythology. These groups were for long the most frequently painted, works such as Michelangelos Sistine Chapel ceiling are therefore history paintings, History painting may be used interchangeably with historical painting, and was especially so used before the 20th century. Where a distinction is made historical painting is the painting of scenes from secular history, in the 19th century historical painting in this sense became a distinct genre. In phrases such as historical painting materials, historical means in use before about 1900 and he placed emphasis on the ability to depict the interactions between the figures by gesture and expression. This view remained general until the 19th century, when artistic movements began to struggle against the establishment institutions of academic art, which continued to adhere to it. Scenes from ancient history had been popular in the early Renaissance, and once again became common in the Baroque and Rococo periods, and still more so with the rise of Neoclassicism. In some 19th or 20th century contexts, the term may refer specifically to paintings of scenes from history, rather than those from religious narratives. Scenes from ancient history and mythology were also popular, artists continued for centuries to strive to make their reputation by producing such works, often neglecting genres to which their talents were better suited. The large works of Raphael were long considered, with those of Michelangelo, un Peintre qui ne fait que des portraits, na pas encore cette haute perfection de lArt, & ne peut prétendre à lhonneur que reçoivent les plus sçavans. He who produces perfect landscapes is above another who only produces fruit, a painter who only does portraits still does not have the highest perfection of his art, and cannot expect the honour due to the most skilled. By the late 18th century, with religious and mytholological painting in decline, there was an increased demand for paintings of scenes from history. Classical history remained popular, but scenes from national histories were often the best-received, the unheroic nature of modern dress was regarded as a serious difficulty. When, in 1770, Benjamin West proposed to paint The Death of General Wolfe in contemporary dress and he ignored these comments and showed the scene in modern dress. Although George III refused to purchase the work, West succeeded both in overcoming his critics objections and inaugurating a more historically accurate style in such paintings. M. W, conveniently their clothes had been worn away to classical-seeming rags by the point the painting depicts
28.
Washington Crossing the Delaware
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Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German American artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. It commemorates General George Washingtons crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26,1776 and that action was the first move in a surprise attack against the Hessian forces at Trenton, New Jersey, in the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26. The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, Leutze painted two more versions, one of which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The other was in the West Wing reception area of the White House, german-born Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze grew up in America, then returned to Germany as an adult, where he conceived of the idea for this painting during the Revolutions of 1848. Just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, on September 5,1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a bombing raid by the Allied forces. The second painting, a replica of the first, was begun in 1850. More than 50,000 people viewed it, the painting was originally bought by Marshall O. Roberts for $10,000. After changing ownership several times, it was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by John Stewart Kennedy in 1897. The painting was lent at least twice in its history, in the early 1950s, it was part of an exhibition in Dallas, Texas. Then, beginning in 1952, it was exhibited for several years at the United Methodist Church in Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, today, it is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In January 2002, the painting was defaced when a former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard glued a picture of the September 11 attacks to it, no major damage was caused to the painting. The simple frame that had been with the painting for over 90 years turned out not to be the frame that Leutze designed. A photograph taken by Matthew Brady in 1864 was found in the New York Historical Society in 2007 showing the painting in a spectacular eagle crested frame, the 12’ x 21’ carved replica frame was created using this photo by Eli Wilner & Company in New York City. The carved eagle-topped crest alone is 14 wide, the painting is notable for its artistic composition. General Washington is emphasized by a bright sky, while his face catches the upcoming sun. The colors consist of dark tones, as is to be expected at dawn. Foreshortening, perspective and the distant boats all lend depth to the painting, also, General Edward Hand is shown seated and holding his hat within the vessel. The flag depicted is the flag of the United States
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American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
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University of Missouri
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The University of Missouri is a public land-grant research university located in Columbia, Missouri, U. S. It was founded in 1839 as the first public institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, as the largest university in the state, it enrolled 32,777 students in 2016, offering over 300 degree programs in 19 academic colleges in the 2014–2015 school year. It is the campus of the University of Missouri System, which also maintains campuses in Kansas City, Rolla. MU is one of the nations top-tier R1 institutions and one of the 34 public universities to be members of the Association of American Universities, there are more than 300,000 MU alumni living worldwide with over one half continuing to reside in Missouri. The university was ranked 103rd among national universities in the 2016 U. S. News & World Report rankings, starting in December 1953, it boasts the countrys only university-owned TV network affiliate, operated by the Missouri School of Journalism. In 1908, the worlds first school of journalism was founded by Walter Williams as the Missouri School of Journalism, the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the worlds most powerful university research reactor. MU is one of six public universities in the United States with a school of medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering, agriculture. The university also owns the University of Missouri Health Care system, the only athletic program that operates a NCAA Division I FBS football team in Missouri is known as the Missouri Tigers and competes as a member of the Southeastern Conference. The schools mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after Missourian, according to the NCAA, the American tradition of homecoming was established at the university in 1911, the tradition has since been adopted nationwide. In 1839, the Missouri Legislature passed the Geyer Act to establish funds for a state university and it would be the first public university west of the Mississippi River. To secure the university, the citizens of Columbia and Boone County pledged $117,921 in cash, the land on which the university was eventually constructed was just south of Columbias downtown and owned by James S. Rollins. He was later called the Father of the University, as the first public university in the Louisiana Purchase, the school was shaped by Thomas Jeffersons ideas about public education. In 1862 the American Civil War forced the university to close for much of the year, residents of Columbia formed a home guard militia that became known as the Fighting Tigers of Columbia. They were given the name for their readiness to protect the city and university, in 1890, the universitys newly formed football team took the name the Tigers after the Civil War militia. In 1870 the institution was granted land-grant college status under the Morrill Act of 1862, the act led to the founding of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy as an offshoot of the main campus in Columbia. It developed as the present-day Missouri University of Science and Technology, in 1888 the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station opened. This grew to encompass ten centers and research farms around Missouri, by 1890 the university encompassed a normal college, engineering college, arts and science college, school of agriculture and mechanical arts. School of medicine, and school of law, on January 9,1892, Academic Hall, the institutions main building, burned in a fire that completely gutted the building, leaving little more standing than six stone Ionic columns
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Columbia, Missouri
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Columbia /kəˈlʌmbiə/ is a city in the U. S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Boone County. Founded in 1818, it is home to the University of Missouri and is the city of the Columbia Metropolitan Area. It is Missouris fourth most-populous city, with a population of 119,108 in 2015. As a midwestern town, the city has a reputation for progressive politics, public art. At the center of Downtown is 8th Street, also known as the Avenue of the Columns, which connects Francis Quadrangle and Jesse Hall to the Boone County Courthouse, originally an agricultural town, the cultivation of the mind is Columbias chief economic concern today. Never a major center of manufacturing, the city depends on healthcare, insurance. Several companies, such as Shelter Insurance, Carfax, and Slackers CDs, cultural institutions include the State Historical Society of Missouri, the Museum of Art and Archaeology, and the annual True/False Film Festival. The Missouri Tigers, the only major college athletic program, play football at Faurot Field. The city is built upon the hills and rolling prairies of Mid-Missouri, near the Missouri River valley. Limestone forms bluffs and glades while rain carves caves and springs which water the Hinkson, Roche Perche, surrounding the city, Rock Bridge Memorial State Park, Mark Twain National Forest, and Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge all form a greenbelt preserving sensitive and rare environments. The first humans were hunters who entered the area at least twelve thousand years ago. Later, woodland tribes lived in villages along waterways and built mounds in high places, the Osage and Missouria nations were expelled by the exploration of French traders and the rapid settlement of American pioneers. German, Irish, and other European immigrants soon joined, the modern populace is unusually diverse, over eight percent foreign-born. While White and Black remain the largest ethnicities, Asians are now the third-largest group, todays Columbians are remarkably highly educated and culturally midwestern, though traces of their Southern past remain. The city has called the Athens of Missouri for its classic beauty and educational emphasis. The Columbia area was part of the Mississippian culture and home to the Mound Builders. When European explorers arrived, the area was populated by the Osage, in 1678, La Salle claimed all of Missouri for France. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the area on the Missouri River in early June 1804, in 1806, two sons of Daniel Boone established a salt lick 40 miles northwest of Columbia
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Fur Traders Descending the Missouri
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Fur Traders Descending the Missouri is an 1845 painting by George Caleb Bingham. Bingham brought the painting to St. Louis, Missouri on June 4,1845, one of Binghams most famous paintings, this work is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Painted around 1845 in the style called luminism by some historians of American art, it was entitled, French-Trader. The American Art Union thought the title potentially controversial and renamed it when it was first exhibited and it reflected the reality of fur traders common marriages with Native American women, in Canada the Métis ethnic group formed as a result. The painting is haunting for its evocation of an era in American history-—note, in particular, the animal in the boat is widely accepted as a bear cub and not a cat
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Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
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Half-breed
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Half-breed is a term, now considered derogatory, used to describe anyone who is of mixed race, though it usually refers to people who are half Native American and half European or white. Half-breed is the English version of the French word métis, in the 19th century the United States government set aside lands in the western states for people of American Indian and European or European-American ancestry known as the Half-Breed Tract. The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation was established by the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830, in Article 4 of the 1823 Treaty of Fond du Lac land was granted to the half-breeds of Chippewa descent on the islands and shore of St. Marys River near Sault Ste. The Canadian government used the term half-breed in the late 19th and early 20th century for people who were of mixed Aboriginal, the North-West Half-Breed Commission established by the Canadian government after the North West Rebellion also used the term to refer to the Métis residents of the North-West Territories. In 1885 children born in the Northwest of Métis parents or pure Indian, in Alberta the Métis formed the Halfbreed Association of Northern Alberta in 1932. Half-Breed is a recorded by Cher and released as a single in 1973. On October 6,1973, it became Chers second U. S. number one hit as a solo artist, red, White, and Black, Symposium on Indians in the Old South, Southern Anthropological Society,1971. Mixed Blood Indians, The University of Georgia Press,2003, anglo-Metis Bois-Brûlés Métis people Métis people Mixed blood Murray Parker, The Half-breed Savage/ Quanah Parker, Texas Escapes Half-breed, Dictionary
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American Art-Union
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Art unions had been popular since the early 19th century in Europe, they first appeared in Switzerland, gaining great popularity in both Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1830s. It was the British version — Art Union of London — that was used as a model for the American Art-Union, in its thirteen years, the AAU became the largest art union in America. It made a significant impact on the art literacy of Americans, developed a taste for an American kind of art which was largely nationalistic, and supported the custom of artists and museums. From 1839 until 1851, New York Citys population would not hit the 400,000 point, the organization grew from 814 subscriptions, in 1840, with art valued at $4,145 to 18,960 subscriptions, valued in excess of $100,000. The timing for the AAU could not have been better, the American public, providers and politics combined to produce a rapid rise in the popularity of the AAU. A growing, literate middle class was keen to pursue scientific, artistic, a new generation of businessmen wanted to surround themselves with all the appearances and habits of their more wealthy counterparts. The numbers of newspapers and periodicals was growing dramatically and the desire for print with images was preferred. T, barnums, Bradys Daguerrean Miniature Gallery and Peales Gallery of Fine Arts. The U. S. Congress was promoting westward advancement, communication, further, emigrants from the plains were pushing the agenda of Manifest Destiny. They would become some of the first to settle what was perceived as Americas Manifest Destiny. Businessman James Herring opened the Apollo Gallery in New York City in 1838, to provide a place for American artists to exhibit and sell their art. The Apollo Gallery was the first gallery open at night, from nine a. m. and it was at this time that he received an analysis of the second year experiment from “The Edinburgh Association for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Scotland”. Thus inspired, he encouraged a group of other prominent New York City businessmen to develop the concept using the Apollo Gallery as their venue for Americas first art union, although the concept was very popular, it was not sufficient to remunerate Herring. However, he would stay active with the group, becoming the first Corresponding Secretary on the Committee of Management, a new venue and a new name—the American Art-Union—set itself a double task within its Charter, dated May 7,1840. The first was a task of developing the taste of the middling classes towards the best kind of American art. The second, was to provide a venue for the exhibition and sale of art from contemporary, the AAUs management were among the wealthiest, most conservative and well connected men in New York City. They were mostly first generation wealth and had ties in business, politics. There were only five presidents in the thirteen years and of the 211 possible choices of individuals for office, pell, Eleazar Parmly, F. W. Edmonds, Treasurer, Benjamin Nathan, Recording Secretary, James Herring, Corresponding Secretary. Further, as “merchant amateurs” they would be the best suited to manage the Art-Union and their goal, pointedly was “to establish a National School of Art, ” one which was originally American—illustrative of American scenery and American manners”
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Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
38.
Meredith Miles Marmaduke
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Meredith Miles Marmaduke was an American politician who served as the 8th Governor of Missouri in 1844, following the suicide of Governor Thomas Reynolds. Meredith Miles Marmaduke was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on August 28,1791 to Vincent and he was educated in the public schools and was employed as a civil engineer until his career was interrupted by the War of 1812. During the war, despite being just twenty-two years of age, returning to Virginia after the war, Marmaduke was appointed United States Marshal for the Tidewater district of Virginia by President James Madison. He served for years in that office until being elected clerk of the circuit court. In 1823 he immigrated to Franklin, Missouri for his health, Marmaduke held a variety of jobs, including store clerking, managing a large farm, and working as a trader on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1826 Marmaduke married Lavinia Sappington, the daughter of Dr. John Sappington, for a brief time Marmaduke became a partner in his father-in-laws enterprises, including a store in Arrow Rock, Missouri, a town he had platted in 1829 while surveyor for Saline County. Around 1835 Marmaduke became a farmer on land not far from Arrow Rock where he. His time in that role was relatively uneventful until the morning of February 9,1844 and it was on that day Governor Thomas Reynolds committed suicide. Assuming office in largely a caretaker for the ten months remaining in the Governors term. In one of his messages to the state legislature he strongly urged them to establish, in the vernacular of the time. One of his acts as Governor likely cost him a chance to win election to the office in his own right. Marmaduke, himself a slaveholder, refused to pardon three abolitionists who had helped escaped slaves, angered by his refusal, Democratic leaders bypassed Marmaduke as their candidate in the 1844 election and instead chose the eventual winner, John C. Though out of office, Marmaduke kept his hand in state affairs the next year and he would make an unsuccessful bid for Governor again in 1848. In 1854, became president of the State Agricultural Society and of the fair association. Even before the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter Marmaduke found himself at odds with friends, much like his friend Senator Benton, Marmadukes views on slavery had begun to change in the late 1840s. This led to a business and personal estrangement between Marmaduke and his father-in-law Dr. Sappington, and brother-in-law, future Missouri Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, once the war began Marmaduke was a fierce Union supporter. Going against his wishes, four of Marmadukes sons would fight for the South, with two of them dying in the cause, one son, Confederate General John Sappington Marmaduke would survive the war and later become Missouris 25th governor. Another, Henry Hungerford Marmaduke, served as a gunner in the Confederate Navy aboard the ironclad CSS Virginia in its historic clash with USS Monitor, Marmaduke would not live to see the end of the Civil War
39.
George Caleb Bingham House
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The George Caleb Bingham House is a historic house, part of Arrow Rock State Historic Site in Arrow Rock, Missouri. Built in 1837, it was the residence of portraitist. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, the George Caleb Bingham House is located in the rectangular grid of streets that make up the village of Arrow Rock, near its eastern end at the southeast junction of 1st and High Streets. This property is included in, and forms part of the boundary of. The house is a small brick structure, with a three-bay front facade, side gable roof. Its main block has two rooms, and there is a frame addition to the rear. <re fname=nrhpinv2/>The house was built in 1837 by George Caleb Bingham, then just married. He lived intermittently in this house until 1845, and it is where he developed his style of portrait and landscape painting that featured the landscapes. The house underwent a number of significant changes after Bingham moved out, by 1870 it had reportedly been enlarged, and a second story added. In 1926 it was purchased by a preservationist, and it was acquired by the state in 1934 and it was then subjected to a restoration that removed all additions and reduced it to its brick core. MO-221, George Caleb Bingham House, Arrow Rock State Park, Arrow Rock, Saline County, MO,6 photos,3 data pages,1 photo caption page
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