George Orwell bibliography

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George Orwell bibliography
A black-and-white photograph of Orwell: a Caucasian man with a thin mustache
Orwell pictured by the National Union of Journalists in 1943
Releases
↙Books 3
↙Novels 6
↙Articles 556
↙Stories 5
↙Collections 37
↙Pamphlets 7
↙Poems 18
↙Plays 1
↙Scripts 4
↙Journals 5
↙Letters 5
↙Books edited 2
↙Periodicals edited 1
↙Newspapers edited 2
↙Complete works 647
References and footnotes

The bibliography of George Orwell includes journalism, essays, novels and non-fiction books written by the British writer Eric Blair (1903–50), either under his own name or, more usually, under his pen name George Orwell. Orwell was a prolific writer on topics related to contemporary English society and literary criticism, whom the British newsweekly The Economist in 2008 declared "perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture."[1] His non-fiction cultural and political criticism constitutes the majority of his work, but Orwell also wrote in several genres of fictional literature.

Orwell is best remembered for his political commentary as a left-wing anti-totalitarian. As he explained in the essay "Why I Write" (1946), "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it."[2] To that end Orwell used his fiction as well as his journalism to defend his political convictions. He first achieved widespread acclaim with his fictional novella Animal Farm and cemented his place in history with the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four shortly before his death. While fiction accounts for a small fraction of his total output, these two novels are his best-selling works, having sold almost fifty million copies in sixty-two languages by 2007—more than any other pair of books by a twentieth-century author.[3]

Orwell wrote non-fiction—including book reviews, editorials, and investigative journalism—for a variety of British periodicals. In his lifetime he published hundreds of articles including several regular columns in British newsweeklies related to literary and cultural criticism as well as his explicitly political writing. In addition he wrote book-length investigations of poverty in Britain in the form of Down and Out in Paris and London and The Road to Wigan Pier and one of the first retrospectives on the Spanish Civil War in Homage to Catalonia. Between 1941 and 1946 he also wrote fifteen "London Letters" for the American political and literary quarterly Partisan Review, the first of which appeared in the issue dated March–April 1941.

Only two compilations of Orwell's body of work were published in his lifetime, but since his death over a dozen collected editions have appeared. Two attempts have been made at comprehensive collections: Complete Essays, Journalism and Letters in four volumes (1968–70), co-edited by Ian Angus and Orwell's widow Sonia Brownell; and The Complete Works of George Orwell, in 20 volumes, edited by Peter Davison, which began publication in the mid-1980s. The latter includes an addendum, The Lost Orwell (2007).

The impact of Orwell's large corpus is manifested in additions to the Western canon such as Nineteen Eighty-Four, its subjection to continued public notice and scholarly analyses, and the changes to vernacular English it has effected—notably the adoption of "Orwellian" as a description of totalitarian societies.

Books: non-fiction and novels[edit]

Orwell wrote six novels: Burmese Days, A Clergyman's Daughter, Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Coming Up for Air, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Most of these were semi-autobiographical. Burmese Days was inspired by his period working as an imperial policeman and is fictionalized; A Clergyman's Daughter follows a young woman who passes out from overwork and wakes up an amnesiac, forced to wander the countryside as she finds herself, eventually losing her belief in God, despite being the daughter of a clergyman. Keep the Aspidistra Flying and Coming Up for Air are examinations of the British class system. Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are his most famous novels: both are anti-totalitarian books which criticize the Soviet Union in particular.

In addition to his novels Orwell also wrote three non-fiction books. Down and Out in Paris and London records his experiences tramping and teaching in those two cities. The Road to Wigan Pier is initially a study of poverty in the North of England, but ends with an extended autobiographical essay describing some of Orwell's experiences with poverty. Homage to Catalonia recounts his experiences as a volunteer fighting fascism with the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification in anarchist Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War.

Articles[edit]

Orwell wrote hundreds of essays, book reviews and editorials. His insights into linguistics, literature and politics—in particular anti-fascism, anti-communism, and democratic socialism—continued to be influential decades after his death.[4] Over a dozen of these were published in collections during his life—Inside the Whale and Other Essays by his original publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd in 1940, and Critical Essays by Secker and Warburg in 1946. The latter press also published the collections Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays in 1950 (republished by Penguin in 2003) and England Your England and Other Essays in 1953.

Since his death many collections of essays have appeared, with the first attempt at a comprehensive collection being the four-volume Collected Essays, Letters and Journalism of George Orwell edited by Ian Angus and Sonia Brownell, which was published by Secker and Warburg and Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich in 1968–1970. Peter Davison of De Montfort University spent 17 years researching and correcting the entirety of Orwell's works[5] with Angus and Sheila Davison, and devoted the last eleven volumes of the twenty-volume series The Complete Works of George Orwell to essays, letters, and journal entries. The entire series was initially printed by Secker and Warburg in 1986, finished by Random House in 1998, and revised between 2000 and 2002.

Pamphlets[edit]

Starting with The Lion and the Unicorn (1941), several of Orwell's longer essays took the form of pamphlets:

  • The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius was printed by his publisher Secker and Warburg as Searchlight Books No. 1 on 19 February 1941.
  • Betrayal of the Left was printed by his other regular publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd. in 1941, with material from Victor Gollancz, John Strachey, and others.
  • Victory or Vested Interest? came from The Labour Book Service on 15 May 1942, with Orwell's "Culture and Democracy" (made up of the pieces "Fascism and Democracy" and "Patriots and Revolutionaries") amongst others.
  • Talking to India, by E. M. Forster, Richie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and Others: A Selection of English Language Broadcasts to India was published in 1943 by Allen & Unwin, edited with an introduction by Orwell.
  • James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution – Socialist Book Centre, printing of Second Thoughts on James Burnham under this title in July 1946.
  • The English People was printed by HarperCollins 1947.
  • British Pamphleteers Volume 1: From the 16th Century the 18th Century from Allan Wingate, spring 1948 was co-edited by Orwell and Reginald Reynolds with an introduction by Orwell.

Poems[edit]

Orwell was not widely known for writing verse, but he did publish several poems that have survived, including many written during his school days:[6]

  • "Awake! Young Men of England" (1914)
  • "Ballade" (1929)
  • "A Dressed Man and a Naked Man" (1933)
  • "A Happy Vicar I Might Have Been" (1935)
  • "Ironic Poem About Prostitution" (written prior to 1936)
  • "Kitchener" (1916)
  • "The Lesser Evil" (1924)
  • "A Little Poem" (1935)
  • "On a Ruined Farm Near the His Master's Voice Gramophone Factory" (1934)
  • "Our Minds Are Married, but We Are Too Young" (1918)
  • "The Pagan" (1918)
  • "The Wounded Cricketer" (1920)
  • "Poem from Burma" (1922–1927)
  • "Romance" (1925)
  • "Sometimes in the Middle Autumn Days" (1933)
  • "Suggested by a Toothpaste Advertisement" (1918–1919)
  • "Summer-like for an Instant" (1933)
  • "As One Non-Combatant to Another" (1943)

In October 2015 Finlay Publisher, for The Orwell Society, published George Orwell: The Complete Poetry, compiled and presented by Dione Venables.[7][8]

Editing[edit]

In addition to the pamphlets British Pamphleteers Volume 1: From the 16th Century the 18th Century and Talking to India, by E. M. Forster, Richie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and Others: A Selection of English Language Broadcasts to India, Orwell edited two newspapers during his Eton years—College Days/The Colleger (1917) and Election Times (1917–1921). While working for the BBC, he collected six editions of a poetry magazine named Voice which were broadcast by Orwell, Mulk Raj Anand, John Atkins, Edmund Blunden, Venu Chitale, William Empson, Vida Hope, Godfrey Kenton, Una Marson, Herbert Read, and Stephen Spender. The magazine was published and distributed to the readers before being broadcast by the BBC. Issue five has not been recovered and was consequently excluded from W. J. West's collection of BBC transcripts.

Collected editions[edit]

Two essay collections were published during Orwell's lifetime—Inside the Whale and Other Essays in 1940 and Critical Essays in 1946 (the latter published in the United States as Dickens, Dali, and Others in 1958.) His publisher followed up these anthologies with Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays in 1950, England Your England and Other Essays in 1953—which was revised as Such, Such Were the Joys—and Collected Essays in 1961. The first significant publications in the United States were Doubleday's A Collection of Essays by George Orwell from 1954, 1956's The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage from Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, and Penguin's Selected Essays in 1957; re-released in 1962 with the title Inside the Whale and Other Essays and in abridged form as Why I Write in 2005 as a part of the Great Ideas series. In the aforementioned series, Penguin also published the short collections Books v. Cigarettes (2008), Some Thoughts on the Common Toad (2010), and Decline of the English Murder (2009). The later does not contain the same texts as Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays, published by Penguin in association with Secker & Warburg in 1965. The complete texts Orwell wrote for the Observer are collected in Orwell: The Observer Years published by Atlantic Books in 2003.

External video
After Words interview with George Packer, conducted by Christopher Hitchens, featuring discussion of Orwell's writings and Packer's work editing Facing Unpleasant Facts and All Art Is Propaganda, C-SPAN[9]

In 1976 Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd in association with Octopus Books published The Complete Novels, this edition was latter republished by Penguin Books in 1983, and reprinted in Penguin Classics 2000 and 2009. Since the publication of Davison's corrected critical edition, John Carey's thorough Essays was released on 15 October 2002, as a part of the Everyman's Library and George Packer edited two collections for Houghton Mifflin, released on 13 October 2008—All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays and Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays.

Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus edited a four volume collection of Orwell's writings, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, divided into four volumes:

  • An Age Like This 1920–1940
  • My Country Right or Left 1940–1943 (first published 1968)
  • As I Please, 1943–1945
  • In Front of Your Nose, 1945–1950

The Complete Works of George Orwell is a twenty-volume series, with the first nine being devoted to the non-fiction books and novels and the final eleven volumes entitled:

  • A Kind of Compulsion: 1903–1936
  • Facing Unpleasant Facts: 1937–1939
  • A Patriot After All: 1940–1941
  • All Propaganda Is Lies: 1941–1942
  • Keeping Our Little Corner Clean: 1942–1943
  • Two Wasted Years: 1943
  • I Have Tried to Tell the Truth: 1943–1944
  • I Belong to the Left: 1945
  • Smothered Under Journalism: 1946
  • It Is What I Think: 1947–1948
  • Our Job Is to Make Life Worth Living: 1949–1950

In 2001 Penguin published four selections from The Complete Works of George Orwell edited by Peter Davison in their modern classics series titled Orwell and the Dispossessed: Down and Out in Paris and London in the Context of Essays, Reviews and Letters selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Peter Clarke, Orwell's England: The Road to Wigan Pier in the Context of Essays, Reviews, Letters and Poems selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Ben Pimlott, Orwell in Spain: The Full Text of Homage to Catalonia with Associated Articles, Reviews and Letters from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Christopher Hitchens, and Orwell and Politics: Animal Farm in the Context of Essays, Reviews and Letters selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Timothy Garton Ash.

Davison later compiled a handful of writings—including letters, an obituary for H. G. Wells, and his reconstruction of Orwell's list—into Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell, which was published by Timewell Press in 2006, with a paperback published on 25 September 2007. In 2011, Davison's selection of letters and journal entries were published as George Orwell: A Life in Letters and Diaries by Harvill Secker.[10] A selection by Davison from Orwell's journalism and other writings were published by Harvill Secker in 2014 under the title Seeing Things as They Are.

Other works[edit]

After his first publication—the poem "Awake! Young Men of England", published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard in 1914—Orwell continued to write for his school publications The Election Times and College Days/The Colleger.[6] He also experimented with writing for several years before he could support himself as an author. These pieces include first-hand journalism (e.g. 1931's "The Spike"), articles (e.g. 1931's "Hop-Picking"), and even a one-act play—Free Will. (He would also adapt four plays as radio dramas.)

His production of fiction was not as prolific—while living in Paris he wrote a few unpublished stories and two novels,[11] but burned the manuscripts (Orwell routinely destroyed his manuscripts and with the exception of a partial copy of Nineteen Eighty-Four, all are lost. Davison would publish this as Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Facsimile of the Extant Manuscript by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in May 1984, ISBN 0-15-166034-4.) In addition, Orwell produced several pieces while working at the BBC as a correspondent. Some were written by him and others were merely recited for radio broadcast. For years, these went uncollected until the anthologies Orwell: The War Broadcasts (Marboro Books, June 1985 and in the United States, as Orwell: The Lost Writings by Arbor House, September 1985) and Orwell: The War Commentaries (Gerald Duckworth & Company Ltd., London, 1 January 1985) were edited by W. J. West. Orwell was responsible for producing The Indian Section of BBC Eastern Service and his program notes from 1 February and 7 December 1942, have survived (they are reproduced in War Broadcasts). He was also asked to provide an essay about British cooking along with recipes for The British Council. Orwell kept a diary which has been published by his widow—Sonia Brownell—and academic Peter Davison, in addition to his private correspondence.

Full list of publications[edit]

Legend for collected editions
  • All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays (AAIP)
  • Critical Essays (CrE)
  • Collected Essays (ColE)
  • The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (CEJL)
  • A Collection of Essays by George Orwell (CoE)
  • Complete Novels (CN)
  • The Complete Works of George Orwell (CW)
  • Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays (DotEM)
  • England Your England and Other Essays (EYE)
  • Essays (EL)
  • Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays (FUF)
  • Inside the Whale and Other Essays (ItW)
  • Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell (LO)
  • Orwell and Politics (OP)
  • Orwell and the Dispossessed (OD)
  • Orwell in Spain (OS)
  • Orwell: The Observer Years (OY)
  • Orwell: The War Broadcasts (WB)
  • Orwell: The War Commentaries (WC)
  • Orwell's England (OE)
  • The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage (OR)
  • Penguin Great Ideas
    • Books v. Cigarettes (BvC)
    • Decline of the English Murder (DEM)
    • Some Thoughts on the Common Toad (STCM)
    • Why I Write (WIW)
  • Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays (SaE)
  • Selected Essays (SE)
  • Such, Such Were the Joys (SSWtJ)
Title Date Collected Notes
"About It and About" 12 August 1939 CW XI Review of Foreign Correspondent: Twelve British Journalists and In the Margins of History by L. B. Namier and Europe Going, Going, Gone! by Count Ferdinand von Czernin, published in Time and Tide[12]
"The Adventure of the Lost Meat-card" 3 June 1918 CW X Short story published unsigned in The Election Times No. 4, pp. 43–46.[13][note 1]
"After Twelve" 1 April 1920 CW X Poem published unsigned in College Days No. 4, p. 104, possibly by Orwell[14][note 2][note 3]
All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays 13 October 2008 – Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in New York City, edited by George Packer. Companion volume to Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays
"All Change Is Here" 7 May 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Allies Facing Food Crisis in Germany" 15 April 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"An American Critic" 10 May 1942 OY Published in The Observer
Animal Farm 17 August 1945 CN, CW VIII, OP Published by Secker and Warburg in London on and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in New York City on 26 August 1946. The original printing is entitled Animal Farm: A Fairy Story.
"Anti-Semitism in Britain" April 1945 SSWtJ, EYE, ColE, CEJL III, EL Published in Contemporary Jewish Record
"Are Books Too Dear?" 1 June 1944 EL Published in Manchester Evening News
"A.R.D – After rooms – JANNEY" 1 April 1920 CW X Mock advertisement published unsigned in College Days No. 4, p. 103. Written together with Denys King-Farlow.[14][15][note 3]
"The Art of Donald McGill" September 1941 AAIP, CEJL II, CoE, ColE, CrE, DotEM, EL, OD Published in Horizon
"Arthur Koestler" 11 September 1944 CrE, ColE, CEJL III, EL Unpublished typescript
"As I Please" #1 3 December 1943 CEJL III, EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #2 10 December 1943 EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #3 17 December 1943 CEJL III, EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #4 24 December 1943 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #5 31 December 1943 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #6 7 January 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #7 14 January 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #8 21 January 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #9 28 January 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #10 4 February 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #11 11 February 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #12 18 February 1944 EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #13 25 February 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #14 3 March 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #15 10 March 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #16 17 March 1944 CEJL III, EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #17 24 March 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #18 31 March 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #19 7 April 1944 EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #20 14 April 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #21 21 April 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #22 28 April 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #23 5 May 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #24 12 May 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #25 19 May 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #26 26 May 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #27 2 June 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #28 9 June 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #29 16 June 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #30 23 June 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #31 30 June 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #32 7 July 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #33 14 July 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #34 21 July 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #35 28 July 1944 CEJL III, EL, OD (excerpt) Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #36 4 August 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #37 11 August 1944 CEJL III, EL, OE (excerpt) Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #38 18 August 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #39 25 August 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #40 1 September 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #41 8 September 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #42 15 September 1944 CEJL III, EL, OS (excerpt) Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #43 6 October 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #44 13 October 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #45 20 October 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #46 27 October 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #47 3 November 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #48 17 November 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #49 24 November 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #50 1 December 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #51 8 December 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #52 29 December 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #53 5 January 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #54 12 January 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #55 19 January 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #56 26 January 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #57 2 February 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #58 9 February 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #59 16 February 1945 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #60 8 November 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #61 15 November 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #62 22 November 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #63 29 November 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #64 6 December 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #65 13 December 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #66 20 December 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #67 27 December 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #68 3 January 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #69 17 January 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #70 24 January 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #71 31 January 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #72 7 February 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #73 14 February 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #74 21 February 1947 EL Published in Manchester Evening News for Tribune
"As I Please" #75A 27 February 1947 EL Published in Daily Herald for Tribune
"As I Please" #75B 28 February 1947 EL Published in Manchester Evening News for Tribune
"As I Please" #76 7 March 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #77 14 March 1947 CEJL IV, EL, OE (excerpt) Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #78 21 March 1947 EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #79 28 March 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"As I Please" #80 4 April 1947 EL Published in Tribune
"As One Non-Combatant to Another" 18 June 1943 CEJL II Poem written in response to Alex Comfort's Letter to an American Visitor (published under the pseudonym "Obadiah Hornbrooke" in Tribune 9 June 1943), published in Tribune
"At School and on Holiday" 7 December 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Authentic Socialism" 16 June 1938 CEJL I, CW XI Review of The Freedom of the Streets by Jack Common, published in New English Weekly[16]
unpublished response to Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War 3 August 1937 CW XI, EL, OS Unpublished response, written 3–6 August 1937, to a questionnaire sent out by Nancy Cunard and the Left Review for the pamphlet Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War.[17]
"Autobiographical Note" 17 April 1940 CEJL II Written for Stanley Kunitz and Howard Haycraft's Twentieth Century Authors, published by W. H. Wilson & Co. in 1942
"Awake! Young Men of England" 2 October 1914 CW X Poem published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard Vol. XXV, No. 1455, p. 8, signed "Eric Blair"[13]
"Back to the Land" 3 September 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Back to the Twenties" 21 October 1937 CW XI Review of the magazine The Booster (September 1937) published in New English Weekly[18]
"Background of French Morocco" 20 November 1942 – Published in Tribune
"Background to Travel" 25 September 1937 CEJL I, CW XI Review of Journey to Turkistan by Eric Teichman, published in Time and Tide[19]
"Bad Climates Are Best" 2 February 1946 EL Published in Evening Standard
"Ballade" June 1929 – Written before the summer of 1929, this poem has not survived
"Banish This Uniform" 22 December 1945 EL Published in Evening Standard
Barbarians and Philistines: Democracy and the Public Schools by T. C. Worsley 14 September 1940 EL, OD Book review published in Time and Tide
"Bare Christmas for the Children" 1 December 1945 EL Published in Evening Standard
Bastard Death by Michael Fraenkel and Fast One by Paul Cain 23 April 1936 CEJL I Book review published in New English Weekly
"Battle Ground" 16 December 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Bavarian Peasants Ignore the War" 22 April 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"The Bayonet in War" 21 March 1941 – Published in The Spectator
BBC Internal Memorandum 15 October 1942 CEJL II Memo written by Orwell for his boss at BBC Eastern Service outlining his demands for working on-air
"Beggars in London" 12 January 1929 – Published in French in Progrès Civique
"Behind the Ranges" 11 June 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Benefit of Clergy: Some Notes on Salvador Dali" 1944 CrE, ColE, DotEM, CEJL III, EL, AAIP, STCM Book review of Salvador Dalí's Life intended for The Saturday Book volume four.
"Bernard Shaw" 22 January 1943 WB Broadcast by the BBC
"The Best Novels of 1949: Some Personal Choices" 1 January 1950 LO, OY A list of authors' favourite books of 1949 published in The Observer
Betrayal of the Left: An Examination & Refutation of Communist Policy from October 1939 to January 1941 with Suggestions for an Alternative and an Epilogue on Political Morality 3 March 1941 – Published by the Left Book Club, edited by Victor Gollancz, with Orwell's "Fascism and Democracy" and "Patriots and Revolutionaries"
Black Spring by Henry Miller, A Passage to India by E. M. Forster, Death of a Hero by Richard Aldington, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, A Hind Let Loose by Charles Edward Montague, and A Safety Match by Ian Hay 24 September 1936 CEJL I Book review published in New English Weekly
"The Book Racket" September 1939 CW XI Review of Best-Sellers by George Stevens, Stanley Unwin and Frank Swinnerton, published in The Adelphi[12]
"Books and the People: Money and Virtue" 10 November 1944 CEJL III, CW XVI Review of The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith, published in Tribune No. 410, pp. 15–16[20]
"Books v. Cigarettes" 8 February 1946 SaE, CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"Bookshop Memories" November 1936 CEJL I, EL, FUF Published in Fortnightly Review
"Boys' Weeklies" 11 March 1940 AAIP, CEJL I, CoE, CrE, ColE, ItW, OD, SE Published in Horizon in abridged form and revised for Inside the Whale and Other Essays
"Britain's Struggle for Survival: The Labour Government After Three Years" October 1948 – Published in Commentary
"British Cookery" 1946 – Article with recipes commissioned by the British Council; due to rationing, it was not published
"The British Crisis" June 1942 – Published in Partisan Review, June/July 1942.
"The British General Election" November 1945 – Published in Commentary
"Britain's Left-Wing Press" June 1948 EL Published in The Progressive
British Pamphleteers Volume 1: From the 16th Century the 18th Century April 1948 – Published by Allan Wingate in Spring 1948, co-edited by Orwell and Reginald Reynolds with an introduction by Orwell.
"British Rations and the Submarine War" 22 January 1942 WB Broadcast by the BBC
The British Way in Warfare by Basil Liddell Hart 21 November 1942 CEJL II Book review published in New Statesman and Nation
The Brothers Karamazov and Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Constance Garnett 7 October 1945 EL, OY Published in The Observer
"Burma" December 1928 OP Published in French in Progrès Civique, in instalments between December 1928 and May 1929
"Burma" 22 April 1943 – Published in Tribune
"Burma Roads" 1 October 1944 OY Published in The Observer
Burmese Days 25 October 1935 CN, CW II, OR (excerpts) Published by HarperCollins in New York City on 25 October 1935 and by Victor Gollancz, Ltd. in London on 24 June 1936. This is the only Orwell book to be initially published outside of the United Kingdom.
Burmese Interlude by C. V. Warren 12 January 1938 CW XI Anonymous book review published in The Listener[21][note 4]
"Burnham's View of the Contemporary World Struggle" 29 March 1947 CEJL IV, EL Published in The New Leader
Burnt Norton, The Dry Salvages, and East Coker by T. S. Eliot October 1942 CEJL II, EL, AAIP Poetry reviews published in Poetry London, October/November 1942
"But Are We Really Ruder? No" 26 January 1946 EL Published as a Saturday Essay in Evening Standard
"By-Words" 16 November 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
Byron and the Need of Fatality by Charles du Bos, translated from the French by Ethel Colburn Mayne September 1932 CEJL I Book review published in Adelphi, signed "Eric Blair"
"Caesarean Section in Spain" March 1939 CW XI, OS Article published in The Highway: A Review of Adult Education and the Journal of the Workers' Educational Association Vol. 31, pp. 145–147[23]
The Calf of Paper by Sholem Asch and Midnight by Julien Green 12 November 1936 CEJL I Book review published in New English Weekly
Caliban Shrieks by Jack Hilton May 1935 CEJL I, EL, OD Book review published in The Adelphi, first writing credited to "George Orwell"
"Can Socialists Be Happy?" 24 December 1943 EL, AAIP Published in Tribune under the authorship of "John Freeman" (possibly in reference to British politician of the same name) and later attributed to Orwell by Davison.[note 5]
"The Case for the Open Fire" 8 December 1945 EL, FUF Published in Evening Standard
"Carlyle" March 1931 CEJL I Review of The Two Carlyles by Osbert Burdett, published in The Adelphi, signed "Eric Blair"
"Catastrophic Gradualism" November 1943 CEJL IV, EL Published in Common Wealth Review
"A Catholic Confronts Communism" 27 January 1939 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OP Review of Communism and Man by F. J. Sheed published in Peace News[26]
"Censorship in England" 6 October 1928 – Published in French as "La censure en angleterre" in Monde
"Charles Dickens" 11 March 1940 ItW, CrE, CoE, ColE, DotEM, CEJL I, EL, AAIP First published in Inside the Whale and Other Essays
"Charles Reade" 17 August 1940 CEJL II Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Charles the Great" 2 September 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"The Children Who Cannot Be Billeted" 13 August 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Chinese Miracles" 6 August 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Chosen People" 30 January 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"The Christian Reformers" 7 February 1946 EL Published as part one of a series (with "What Is Socialism?", "The Intellectual Revolt", and "Pacifism and Progress") in Manchester Evening News
The Civil War in Spain by Frank Jellinek 8 July 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OS Book review published in The New Leader[27][note 6], with a correction published on 13 January 1939.[28]
"Classics Reviewed: The Martyrdom of Man" 15 March 1946 CEJL IV, EL Book review of the book by William Winwood Reade published in Tribune
A Clergyman's Daughter 11 March 1935 CN, CW III, OR (excerpts) Published by Victor Gollancz, Ltd in London on 11 March 1935 and in New York City on 17 August 1936.
"Clerical Party May Re-emerge in France: Educational Controversy" 11 March 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Clink" August 1932 CEJL I, EL, FUF, OD Unpublished
A Coat of Many Colours: Occasional Essays by Herbert Reade by Herbert Taylor Reade December 1945 CEJL IV Published in Poetry Quarterly, Winter 1945
Collected Essays 1961 – Published by Secker and Warburg in London
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell – Volume 1: An Age Like This 1920–1940 1968 – Published by Harcourt, Brace & World in New York City, later republished by Mariner Books in 1971, David R Godine in 2000, and Penguin UK in 2003
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell – Volume 2: My Country Right or Left 1940–1943 1968 – Published by Harcourt, Brace & World in New York City, later republished by Mariner Books in 1971, David R Godine in 2000, and Penguin UK in 2003
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell – Volume 3: As I Please, 1943–1945 1968 – Published by Harcourt, Brace & World in New York City, later republished by Mariner Books in 1971, David R Godine in 2000, and Penguin UK in 2003
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell – Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1945–1950 1968 – Published by Harcourt, Brace & World in New York City, later republished by Mariner Books in 1971, David R Godine in 2000, and Penguin UK in 2003
Collected Poems of W. H. Davies by W. H. Davies 19 December 1943 CEJL III, EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
A Collection of Essays by George Orwell 1954 – Published by Doubleday and Company in Garden City in 1954
Coming Up for Air 12 June 1939 CN, CW VI, OR (excerpts) Published by Victor Gollancz, Ltd in London on 12 June 1939[29]
"Common Lodging Houses" 3 September 1932 CEJL I, EL, OD Published in The New Statesman and Nation, signed "Eric Blair"
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 10: A Kind of Compulsion: 1903–1936 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 11: Facing Unpleasant Facts: 1937–1939 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 12: A Patriot After All: 1940–1941 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 13: All Propaganda Is Lies: 1941–1942 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 14: Keeping Our Little Corner Clean: 1942–1943 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 15: Two Wasted Years: 1943 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 16: I Have Tried to Tell the Truth: 1943–1944 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 17: I Belong to the Left: 1945 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 18: Smothered Under Journalism: 1946 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 19: It Is What I Think: 1947–1948 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
The Complete Works of George Orwell – Volume 20: Our Job Is to Make Life Worth Living: 1949–1950 1986 – Published by Secker and Warburg in 1986, later reprinted in 1999; volumes one to nine are reprintings of Orwell's non-fiction books and novels
"Concerning the Quartier Montparnasse" June 1929 – A series of articles published in French as "Ayant toujours trait au Quartier Montparnasse", which were written before the summer of 1929 and have not survived
"Confessions of a Book Reviewer" 3 May 1946 SaE, CEJL IV, EL, AAIP Published in Tribune
"Conrad's Place and Rank in English Letters" 10 April 1949 CEJL IV Published in Wiadomosci
"A Controversy: Agate: Orwell" 21 December 1944 CEJL III Orwell's review of Noblesse Oblige—Another Letter to My Son by Osbert Sitwell was published in Manchester Evening News on 30 November 1944, with James Agate's response to Orwell published on 21 December 1944 and this response by Orwell appearing in the same issue.
"The Cost of Letters" September 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Horizon, also entitled "Questionnaire: The Cost of Letters"
"The Cost of Radio Programmes" 1 February 1946 – Published in Tribune
"Countryman's World" 23 March 1944 CW XVI, EL Review of The Way of a Countryman by William Beach Thomas, published in The Manchester Evening News No. 23,354, p. 2[30]
Crainquebille by Anatole France 11 August 1943 WB Adaptation of France's play as a radio drama by Orwell, broadcast by the BBC
"Creating Order out of Cologne Chaos" 25 March 1945 OY Published in The Observer
Cricket Country by Edmund Blunden 20 April 1944 CEJL III, EL Book review published in Manchester Evening News
"The Cricket Enthusiast" 9 July 1920 CW X Short story published unsigned in College Days No. 5, p. 150[31][32][note 3]
Critical Essays 14 February 1946 – Published by Secker and Warburg in London and as Dickens, Dali and Others: Studies in Popular Culture by Reynal and Hitchcock in April 1946.
"Culture and Democracy" 15 May 1942 – Published in Victory or Vested Interest?, made up of "Fascism and Democracy" and "Patriots and Revolutionaries"
"Culture and the Classes" 28 November 1948 CEJL IV, EL, OY Book review of Notes Towards the Definition of Culture by T. S. Eliot published in The Observer
"Current Literature: Books in General" 17 August 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Cycle of Cathay" 11 November 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Danger of Separate Occupation Zones" 20 May 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"In the Darlan Country" 29 November 1942 OY Published in The Observer
"A Day in the Life of a Tramp" 5 January 1929 OE Published in French in Progrès Civique
"De Gaulle Intends to Keep Indo-China" 18 March 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Dear Doktor Goebbels – Your British Friends Are Feeding Fine!" 23 July 1941 EL, FUF Published in Daily Express
"Decline of the English Murder" 15 February 1946 CEJL IV, DotEM, EL, OE, OR, SaE Published in Tribune
Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays 1965 – Published by Penguin Group in London
"The Defence of Freedom" 11 October 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"Democracy in the British Army" September 1939 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OD Article published in The Left Forum[33]
The Democrat at the Supper Table by Colm Brogan 10 February 1946 CEJL IV, OY Book review published in The Observer
"Democrats and Dictators" 17 February 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Dear Friend: Allow Me for a Little While" c. 1922–1927 CW X Poem, handwritten manuscript, 1f[34][35][note 7]
Der Führer by Conred Heiden 4 January 1945 EL Book review published in Manchester Evening News
"Desert and Islands" 21 November 1936 – Published in Time and Tide
The Development of William Butler Yeats by V. K. Narayana Menon January 1943 EL, CrE, ColE, CELJ II Book review published in Horizon
Diaries 10 May 2011 – Edited by Peter Davison, published in London by Harvill Secker
"Do Our Colonies Pay?" 8 March 1946 – Published in Tribune
Down and Out in Paris and London 9 January 1933 CW I, OD, OR (excerpts) Published by Victor Gollancz, Ltd in London on 9 January 1933 and in the United States on 30 June 1933.
"Down the Mine" 10 June 1937 EYE, SE

Reprint of a short section of chapter two of The Road to Wigan Pier in The News Chronicle[37]

"Down Under" 14 March 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"A Dressed Man and a Naked Man" October 1933 CEJL I, OD Poem published in The Adelphi, signed "Eric Blair"
Drums Under the Windows by Seán O'Casey 28 October 1945 CEJL IV, EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
The Edge of the Abyss by Alfred Noyes 27 February 1944 EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
Editorial May 1946 CEJL IV Published in Polemic number three
"Edmund Blunden" 8 January 1943 WB An introduction to a talk by Blunden broadcast over the BBC
"The Eight Years of War: Spanish Memories" 16 July 1944 OY Published in The Observer
The Emperor's New Clothes by Hans Christian Andersen 18 November 1943 WB Adaptation of Andersen's short story as a radio drama by Orwell, broadcast by the BBC
"The End of Henry Miller" 4 December 1942 – Published in Tribune
"England with the Knobs Off" July 1940 – Published in The Adelphi
"England Your England" 19 February 1941 SSWtJ, EYE, CoE, OR, SE, FUF First published in The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius
England Your England and Other Essays 1953 – Published by Secker and Warburg in London
"The English Civil War" 24 August 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"The English People" March 1944 CEJL III, EL, OE Commissioned as a part of the series "Britain in Pictures" and written around spring of 1944, this essay was not published by HarperCollins as a pamphlet until 1947 due to paper rationing in World War II
"English Poetry Since 1900" 13 June 1943 WB Broadcast by the BBC
English Ways by Jack Hilton; with an Introduction by John Middleton Murry and Photographs by J. Dixon Scott July 1940 EL, OD Book review published in The Adelphi
"English Writing in Total War" 14 July 1941 – Published in The New Republic
"Entre Chien et Loup" 13 April 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Escape or Escapeism?" 30 November 1945 – Published in Tribune
"Espionage Trial in Spain: 'Pressure from Outside'" 5 August 1938 CW XI, OS Letter to the editor published in The Manchester Guardian[38]
Essays 15 October 2002 – Published by Alfred A. Knopf in New York City and Toronto as a part of Everyman's Library, edited by John Carey
Esther Waters by George Moore, Our Mr Wrenn by Sinclair Lewis, Dr Serocold by Helen Ashton, The Owls' House by Crosbie Garstin, Hangman's House by Brian Oswald Donn-Byrne, Odd Craft by W. W. Jacobs, Naval Occasions by Bartimeus, My Man Jeeves by P. G. Wodehouse, and Autobiography volumes one and two by Margot Asquith 5 May 1936 CEJL I Book review of several titles published by Penguin Group, published in New English Weekly
"Eton Masters' Strike" 29 November 1919 CW X Short story published unsigned in College Days No. 3, p. 90, possibly by Orwell[14][note 3]
"Evelyn Waugh" April 1949 CEJL IV, EL Unpublished and unfinished essay written c. April 1949
"Eye-Witness in Barcelona" 11 August 1937 CW XI, OS Article published in Controversy: The Socialist Forum[39]
"Eyes Left, Dress!" 17 February 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, OP Review of Workers' Front by Fenner Brockway, published in The New English Weekly[40]
"Excursions in Autobiography" 6 November 1937 CW XI Review of Broken Water: An Autobiographical Excursion by James Hanley and I Wanted Wings by Beirne Lay, Jr., published in Time and Tide[41]
"Experientia Docet" 28 August 1937 CEJL I, CW XI Review of The Men I Killed by Brigadier-General F. P. Crozier, published in The New Statesman and Nation[42]
Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays 13 October 2008 – Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in New York City, edited by George Packer. Companion volume to All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays
"The Faith of Thomas Mann" 10 September 1943 – Published in Tribune
Faith, Reason and Civilisation by Harold Laski 13 March 1944 EL Rejected book review submitted to Manchester Evening News
"A Farthing Newspaper" 29 December 1928 CEJL I, EL, OD Published in G. K.'s Weekly, signed "Eric A. Blair"
"Fascism and Democracy" 3 March 1941 – Published in Betrayal of the Left by Victor Gollancz Ltd
The Fate of the Middle Classes by Alec Brown 30 April 1936 CW X, EL Book review published in The New English Weekly[note 8]
The Fate of the Middle Classes by Alec Brown May 1936 CW X, OP Book review published in The Adelphi[note 8]
"Fiction and Life" 9 November 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Films" October 1940 – Published in Time and Tide from October 1940 through August 1941
"Five Travellers" 12 September 1936 – Published in Time and Tide
"For Ever Eton" 1 August 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"Foreign Policies" 5 April 1946 – Published in Tribune
Forward to The End of the 'Old School Tie' 1941 OD By T. C. Worsley, published by Secker and Warburg
The Fox by Ignazio Silone 9 September 1943 WB Adaptation of Silone's short story as a radio drama by Orwell, broadcast by the BBC
"France's Interest in the War Dwindles" 6 May 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Franco Spain" 21 December 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Franz Borkenau on the Communist International" 22 September 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, OP Review of The Communist International by Franz Borkenau, published in New English Weekly[44]
"Freed Politicians Return to Paris" 13 May 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Freedom and Happiness" 4 January 1946 CEJL IV Published in Tribune, a review of Yevgeny Zamyatin's We
"Free Will" 3 June 1918 CW X One-act play or dramatic sketch published unsigned in The Election Times No. 4, pp. 25–27. Reprinted in College Days No. 5 (9 July 1920) p. 129, also unsigned.[13][note 1][note 3]
"Freedom Defence Committee" 18 September 1948 CEJL IV Published in Socialist Leader
"Freedom of the Park" 7 December 1945 CEJL IV Published in Tribune
"The Freedom of the Press" 17 August 1945 EL An introduction to Animal Farm published in London and later in New York City on 26 August 1946
"French Farce" 8 July 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Friendship and love" Summer 1921 CW X Orwell's last poem to Jacintha Buddicom[45]
"From Tartary to Egypt" 15 August 1936 CW X Review of News from Tartary by Peter Fleming, The Abyssinia I Knew by General Eric Virgin translated from the Swedish by Naomi Walford, and Canoe Errant on the Nile by Major R. Raven-Hart, published in Time and Tide
"From the Notebooks of George Orwell" June 1950 – Published in World Review
"The Frontiers of Art and Propaganda" 30 April 1941 CEJL II, EL Initially broadcast over BBC Overseas Service on 30 April 1941, printed in The Listener on 29 May 1941
"Funny, but Not Vulgar" 1 December 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Leader Magazine, 28 July 1945
"Future of a Ruined Germany" 8 April 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Gandhi in Mayfair" September 1943 CEJL II, EL Book review of Beggar My Neighbour by Lionel Fielden published in Horizon
"George Gissing" May 1948 CEJL IV, EL Unpublished essay, written May–June 1948
George Orwell: A Life in Letters 10 May 2011 – Edited by Peter Davison, published in London by Harvill Secker and in the United States by Penguin
"The Germans Still Doubt Our Unity" 29 April 1945 OY Published in The Observer
Glimpses and Reflections by John Galsworthy 12 March 1938 CEJL I, CW XI Book review published in New Statesman and Nation[46]
"Going Down" 14 January 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Good Bad Books" 2 November 1945 CEJL IV, SaE, EL, AAIP Published in Tribune
"A Good 'Middle'" October 1930 CEJL I Review of Angel Pavement by J. B. Priestley, published in The Adelphi, signed "E. A. Blair"
"Good Travellers" 2 December 1939 – Published in Time and Tide
"A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray" 26 April 1946 SaN, SaE, OR, CEJL IV, EL, FUF, STCM Published in Tribune
The Great Dictator 21 December 1940 AAIP Film review published in Time and Tide
Great Morning by Osbert Sitwell July 1948 CEJL IV, EL Book review published in The Adelphi, July/September 1948
"The Green Flag" 28 October 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Grounds for Dismay" 9 April 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Guerillas" 14 December 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"A Hanging" August 1931 CEJL I, ColE, DotEM, EL, FUF, OP, OR, SaE, WIW Published in The Adelphi, reprinted in The New Savoy in 1946, signed "Eric A. Blair"
"A Happy Vicar I Might Have Been" 1935 – Poem
"Herman Melville" March 1930 CEJL I, CW X Review of Herman Melville by Lewis Mumford, published in The New Adelphi, Vol. III, No. 3 (March–May 1930), pp. 206–208, signed "E. A. Blair"[47]
"Hidden Spain" 28 November 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"History Books" 21 September 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Holding Out" 14 September 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
Homage to Catalonia 25 April 1938 CN, CW VI, OR (excerpts), OS Published by Secker and Warburg in London on 25 April 1938 and by Harcourt, Brace and Company in New York on 15 May 1952.[48]
"Hop-Picking" 17 October 1931 CEJL I, OE Published in The New Statesman and Nation, a longer version appears in Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters I
"How the Poor Die" November 1946 CEJL IV, ColE, DotEM, EL, FUF, OD, OR, SaE Published in Now number six
"A Hundred Up" 13 February 1944 CEJL III, EL, OY Book review of Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens published in The Observer
"Imaginary Interview: George Orwell and Jonathan Swift" 2 November 1942 EL, WB Broadcast by BBC African Service, titled by West as "Jonathan Swift, an Imaginary Interview"
"Impenetrable Mystery" 9 June 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OP Review of Assignment in Utopia by Eugene Lyons, published in New English Weekly[49]
In a Strange Land: Essays by Eric Gill by Eric Gill 9 July 1944 EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
"In Defence of Comrade Zilliacus" August 1947 CEJL IV, EL Unpublished essay intended for Tribune, August/September 1947
"In Defence of English Cooking" 15 December 1945 CEJL III, EL, FUF, STCM Published in Evening Standard
"In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse" July 1945 CEJL III, ColE, CrE, EL, OD, OR, STCM Published in The Windmill number two
"In Defence of the Novel" 12 November 1936 CEJL I, EL Published in two issues of New English Weekly from 12 and 19 November 1936
"In Front of Your Nose" 22 March 1946 CEJL IV, EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"In Pursuit of Lord Acton" 29 March 1946 – Published in Tribune
"In the Firing Line" 2 January 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Indian Ink" 29 October 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Inside the Whale" 11 March 1940 ItW, SSWtJ, EYE, CoE, SE, ColE, CEJL I, EL, AAIP Published as part of Inside the Whale and Other Essays
Inside the Whale and Other Essays 11 March 1940 – Published by Victor Gollancz Ltd on 11 March 1940. A different publication by the same name—identical to Selected Essays—was released in the United Kingdom in 1962.
"The Intellectual Revolt" 24 January 1946 EL Published as part one of a series (with "What Is Socialism?", "The Christian Reformers", and "Pacifism and Progress") in Manchester Evening News
An Interlude in Spain by Charles d'Ydewalle, translated by Eric Sutton 24 December 1944 EL, OY Published in The Observer
Introduction to Love of Life and Other Stories by Jack London October 1945 CEJL IV, EL Introduction to this compilation published in the United Kingdom, October–November 1945
Introduction to The Position of Peggy Harper by Leonard Merrick December 1945 CEJL IV Introduction to an intended reprinting of the text that was never published, written in winter 1945
Introduction to the French edition of Down and Out in Paris and London 8 May 1935 CEJL I, OD Introduction to the book published as La Vache Enragée by Éditions Gallimard
"An Ironic Poem About Prostitution 1935 – Poem from some time before 1936
"Is There Any Truth in Spiritualism?" 9 July 1920 CW X Monologue published in College Days No. 5, p. 140, signed "The Bishop of Borstall"[sic][31][50][note 3]
"It Looks Different from Abroad" 2 December 1946 Article published in The New Republic
"Jack London" 5 March 1943 WB Broadcast by the BBC
Second Thoughts on James Burnham May 1946 CEJL IV, ColE, CW XVIII, EL, OR, SaE Essay published in Polemic, and later the same year reprinted as a separate pamphlet by the Socialist Book Club as James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution
James Joyce by Harry Levin 2 March 1944 EL Book review published in Manchester Evening News
"John Galsworthy" 23 March 1929 – Published in French in Monde
"Joint Control of Reich in Danger" 27 May 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Joseph Conrad" April 1949 CEJL IV Unpublished and unfinished essay written c. April 1949
"Just Junk – But Who Could Resist It?" 5 January 1946 EL, OE Published as a Saturday Essay in Evening Standard
Keep the Aspidistra Flying 20 April 1936 CN, CW IV, OR (excerpts) Published by Victor Gollancz, Ltd in London on 20 April 1936.
"Kitchener" 21 July 1916 CW X Poem published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard Vol. XXVI, No. 1549, p. 3, signed "E. A. Blair"[13]
Lady Gregory's Journals, edited by Lennox Robinson 19 April 1947 EL Book review published in The New Yorker
"Lady Windermere's Fan" 21 November 1943 WB Commentary on Oscar Wilde's play broadcast by the BBC
Landfall: A Channel Story by Nevil Shute and Nailcruncher by Albert Cohen, translated by Vyvyan Holland 7 December 1940 CEJL II Book review published in New Statesman and Nation
"Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool" 7 March 1947 SaE, OR, SE, ColE, CEJL IV, EL, AAIP, STCM Published in Polemic
"The Lesser Evil" 1924 – Poem
"The Lessons of War" February 1940 – Published in Horizon
"Letter from England to Partisan Review" March 1943 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, March/April 1943
"Letter to an Indian" 19 March 1943 – Published in Tribune
Letter to the editor 14 May 1938 CW XI, OS Published in The Times Literary Supplement[51]
"Ends and Means" 26 May 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, OP Letter to the editor published in The New English Weekly[52]
Letter to the editor 28 May 1938 CW XI, OS Published in The Times Literary Supplement[51]
Letter to the editor 22 June 1940 CEJL II, EL Published in Time and Tide
Letter to the editor 12 October 1942 CEJL II Unpublished letter addressed to The Times
Letter to the editor 26 June 1945 CEJL III Unpublished letter addressed to Tribune
Letter to the editor 25 February 1946 CEJL IV An open letter about the Nuremberg Trials signed by several authors published in Forward
Letter to the editor June 1946 CEJL IV Konni Zilliacus wrote an open letter in response to Orwell's "London Letter" 15, and Orwell wrote a response, both of which were published in this issue of Tribune, Summer 1946
"Liberal Intervention Aids Labour" 1 July 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"The Limit to Pessimism" 25 April 1940 CEJL I Published in New English Weekly
"The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" 19 January 1941 CEJL II, EL, OE, OR, WIW Published by Secker and Warburg as Searchlight Books No. 1
"Literature and the Left" 4 June 1943 CEJL II, EL Published in Tribune
"Literature and Totalitarianism" 21 May 1941 CEJL II, EL Initially broadcast over BBC Overseas Service, printed in The Listener on 19 June 1941
"A Little Poem" 1935 – Poem
The Lively Lady by Kenneth Roberts, War Paint by F. V. Morley, Long Shadows by Lady Sanderson, Who Goes Home? by Richard Curle, and Gaudy Night by Dorothy Sayers 23 January 1936 CEJL I Book review published in New English Weekly
"London Letters" #1 March 1941 CEJL II, OP (excerpt) The first of several pieces of correspondence published in Partisan Review, March/April 1941
"London Letters" #2 March 1941 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, March/April 1941
"London Letters" #3 July 1941 CEJL II, OP (excerpt) Published in Partisan Review, July/August 1941
"London Letters" #4 November 1941 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, November/December 1941
"London Letters" #5 March 1942 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, March/April 1942
"London Letters" #6 July 1942 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, July/August 1942; also known as "The British Crisis"
"London Letters" #7 November 1942 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, November/December 1942
"London Letters" #8 March 1943 CEJL II, OP Published in Partisan Review, March/April 1943
"London Letters" #9 July 1943 CEJL II Published in Partisan Review, July/August 1943
"London Letters" #10 March 1944 CEJL III Published in Partisan Review, Spring 1944; sent 15 January 1944
"London Letters" #11 June 1944 CEJL III Published in Partisan Review, Summer 1944; sent 17 April 1944
"London Letters" #12 December 1944 CEJL III Published in Partisan Review, Winter 1944; sent 24 July 1944
"London Letters" #13 June 1945 CEJL III Published in Partisan Review, Summer 1945; sent 5 June 1945
"London Letters" #14 September 1945 CEJL III Published in Partisan Review, Fall 1945; sent c. 15 August 1945
"London Letters" #15 June 1946 CEJL IV Published in Partisan Review, Summer 1946; sent early May 1946
"Looking Back on the Spanish War" 1943 SSWtJ, EYE, CoE, ColE, CEJL II, EL, FUF Published in New Road, probably written in 1942
"Looking Before and After" 21 October 1939 CW XI Review of Green Worlds by Maurice G. Hindus and I Haven't Unpacked by William Holt, published in Time and Tide[53]
"A Lost World" 1 February 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"The Lure of Atrocity" 23 June 1938 CW XI, OS Review of Spain's Ordeal by Robert Sencourt and Franco's Rule by anonymous, published in The New English Weekly[54][note 6]
"The Lure of Profundity" 30 December 1937 CW XI Article published in New English Weekly[55]
"Macbeth" 17 October 1943 WB Commentary on William Shakespeare's play broadcast by the BBC
The Machievellians by James Burnham 20 January 1944 EL Book review published in Manchester Evening News
"The Man and the Maid" c. 1916–1918 CW X Play (incomplete), manuscript, 26 ff.[56][57]
"Man from the Sea" 24 June 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"The Man in Kid Gloves" June 1929 – Short story that was written before the summer of 1929 and has not survived
Many Are Called by Edward Newhouse 1951 LO This book blurb is considered by Davison to be a spurious attribution to Orwell; no other compendium has included it.
"Mark Twain – The Licensed Jester" 26 November 1943 CEJL II Published in Tribune
"Marrakech" 25 December 1939 SSWtJ, CoE, ColE, CEJL I, EL, FUF Published in New Writing, New Series number three
"Marx and Russia" 15 February 1948 EL, OY Published in The Observer
"The Meaning of a Poem" 7 May 1941 CEJL II, EL Initially broadcast over BBC Overseas Service on 14 May 1941, printed in The Listener on 5 June 1941
"The Meaning of Sabotage" 29 January 1942 WB Broadcast by the BBC
"The Millionaire's Pearl" 9 July 1920 CW X Short story published unsigned in College Days No. 5, pp. 152, 154, 156[31][58][note 3]
Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler, unabridged translation 21 March 1940 CEJL II, EL, OP Book review published in The New English Weekly
"Men of the Isles" 29 February 1948 EL, OY Book review of The Atlantic Islands by Kenneth Williamson, published in The Observer
"Milton in Striped Trousers" 12 October 1945 – Published in Tribune
Milton: Man and Thinker by Denis Saurat 20 August 1944 EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
Mind at the End of its Tether by H. G. Wells 8 November 1945 EL Book review published in Manchester Evening News
"Mis-Observation" 26 October 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Money and Guns" 20 January 1942 WB, EL Published in Through Eastern Eyes and broadcast by the BBC
"The Moon Under Water" 9 February 1946 CEJL III, EL, FUF Published as a Saturday Essay in Evening Standard
"More News from Tartary" 4 September 1937 CW XI Review of Forbidden Journey by Ella K. Maillart translated from the French by Thomas MacGreevy, published in Time and Tide[59]
"My Country Right or Left" September 1940 CEJL I, EL, FUF, OE Published in Folios of New Writing, number two, Autumn 1940
"Moscow and Madrid" 20 January 1940 CEJL I Review of The Last Days of Madrid by S. Casado, translated by Rupert Croft-Cooke, and Behind the Battle by T. C. Worsley, published in Time and Tide Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 62[60]
"Mr Dickens Sits for His Portrait" 15 May 1949 – Published in New York Times Book Review
"Mr Joad's Point of View" 8 June 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Mr Simpson and the Supernatural" 4 June 1920 CW X Short story published unsigned in Bubble and Squeak No. 2, pp. 40–42, probably by Orwell[14][61]
"Mr Sludge" 6 June 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"Mrs Puffin and the Missing Matches" c. 1919–1922 CW X Short story, handwritten manuscript, date very uncertain[62]
"Muffled Voice" 10 June 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"My Epitaph by John Flory" 1934 CEJL I A passage edited from Burmese Days
My Life: The Autobiography of Havelock Ellis by Havelock Ellis May 1940 EL Book review published in The Adelphi
"Nationalism" 14 May 1943 – Published in Tribune
"New Words" February 1940 CEJL II, EL Unpublished, written in February–April 1940
"New World" 17 September 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"A New Year Message" 5 January 1945 CEJL III Published in Tribune
"A Nice Cup of Tea" 12 January 1946 CEJL III, EL, FUF Published as a Saturday Essay in Evening Standard
"Nicholas Moore vs. George Orwell" January 1942 – Published in Partisan Review, January/February 1942
The Nigger of the 'Narcissus', Typhoon, The Shadow Line, Within the Tides by Joseph Conrad 24 June 1945 CEJL III, OY Book review published in Observer
Nineteen Eighty-Four 8 June 1949 CN, CW IX, OR (excerpts) Published by Secker and Warburg in London on 8 June 1949.
Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Facsimile of the Extant Manuscript May 1984 – Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in May 1984 (ISBN 0-15-166034-4).
"No, Not One" October 1941 CEJL II, EL, AAIP Book review of No Such Liberty by Alex Comfort published in The Adelphi
Noblesse Oblige—Another Letter to My Son by Osbert Sitwell 30 November 1944 CEJL III Book review published in Manchester Evening News. James Agate wrote a response to Orwell published on 21 December 1944 and Orwell responded to this (with a piece named "A Controversy: Agate: Orwell" in Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters III) in the same issue.
"Nonsense Poetry: The Lear Omnibus Edited by R. L. Mégroz" 21 December 1945 SaE, CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"North and South" 8 March 1937 EYE First published as part one, chapter seven of The Road to Wigan Pier
"Not Counting Niggers" July 1939 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OP Review of Union Now by Clarence K. Streit published in The Adelphi[63]
"Not Enough Money: A Sketch of George Gissing" 2 April 1943 EL, OD Published in Tribune
"Notes on Nationalism" October 1945 EYE, ColE, DotEM, CEJL III, EL Published in Polemic: A Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology & Aesthetics, number one
"Notes on the Spanish Militias" 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OS Unpublished notes, compiled c. 1938–39[16][note 9]
"Notes on the Way" 30 March 1940 CEJL II, EL, OD Published in two issues of Time and Tide, 30 March and 6 April 1940
"Note to Whitehall's Road to Mandalay by Robert Duval" 2 April 1943 – Published in Tribune
"Occupation's Effect on French Outlook" 4 March 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Ode to Field Days" 1 April 1920 CW X Poem published unsigned in College Days No. 4, p. 114, probably by Orwell[14][note 2][note 3]
Of Ants and Men by Caryl Parker Haskins 5 May 1946 EL, OY Published in The Observer
"Old George's Almanac" 28 December 1945 – Published in Tribune, signed "Crystal-Gazer Orwell"
"Old Master" 26 March 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"On a Ruined Farm Near the His Master's Voice Gramophone Factory" April 1934 CEJL I, OE Poem published in The Adelphi, later selected for The Best Poems of 1934 by Thomas Moult
"On Housing" 25 January 1946 – Published in Tribune
"On Kipling's Death" 23 January 1936 CEJL I, EL Published in New English Weekly
"On the Brink" 13 July 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Orwell on Churchill: A Critic Views a Statesman" 14 May 1949 CEJL IV, CW XX Review of Their Finest Hour by Winston Churchill, published in The New Leader (14 May 1949) p. 10[64]
The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage 1956 – Published by Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich in New York City
"Our Minds Are Married, but We Are Too Young" Christmas 1918 CW X Poem given to Jacintha Buddicom[65]
"Our Opportunity" January 1941 – Published in Left News
"Our Own Have-Nots" 27 November 1937 CW XI Review of The Problem of the Distressed Areas by Wal Hannington, Grey Children by James Hanley and The Fight for the Charter by Gordon Neil Stewart, published in Time and Tide[66]
"Out of Step" 7 November 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"Outside and Inside Views" 8 June 1939 CW XI Review of The Mysterious Mr Bull by Wyndham Lewis and The School for Dictators by Ignazio Silone, published in The New English Weekly[67]
"Oysters and Brown Stout" 22 November 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"Pacifism and Progress" 14 February 1946 EL Published as part one of a series (with "What Is Socialism?", "The Intellectual Revolt", and "The Christian Reformers") in Manchester Evening News
"Pacifism and the War" September 1942 CEJL II Correspondence between Orwell, Alex Comfort, D. S. Savage, and George Woodcock, published in Partisan Review, September/October 1942; also known as "A Controversy"
"The Pagan" Autumn 1918 CW X Poem sent to Jacintha Buddicom[65]
"Pamphlet Literature" 9 January 1943 CEJL II Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Paris Is Not France" 12 September 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"Paris Puts a Gay Face on Her Miseries" 25 February 1945 LO, OY Published in The Observer
"Patriots and Revolutionaries" 3 March 1941 – Published in Betrayal of the Left by Victor Gollancz Ltd
"A Peep into the Future" 3 June 1918 CW X Short story published unsigned in The Election Times No. 4, pp. 15–24[13][note 1]
"The People's Victory" 15 February 1941 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Perfide Albion" 21 November 1942 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Personal Notes on Scientifiction" 21 July 1945 EL Published in Leader Magazine
Personal Record by Julien Green 13 April 1940 CEJL II Book review published in Time and Tide
"The Photographer" 9 July 1920 CW X Poem published unsigned in College Days No. 5, p. 130[31][70][note 3]
"The Petition Crown" June 1929 – Short story that was written before the summer of 1929 and has not survived
"Pity and Terror" 7 October 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Pleasure Spots" 11 January 1946 CEJL IV, EL Essay written during his stay in Burma, 1922–1927. Published in Tribune
"Poet and Priest" 12 November 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Poet in Darkness" 31 December 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Poetry and the Microphone" March 1945 CEJL II, ColE, EL, EYE, OE, SSWtJ Published in The New Saxon Pamphlet number three, probably written in the summer of 1943
"Points of View" December 1944 – Published in Poetry
"Political Reflections on the Crisis" December 1938 CW XI, EL, OP Article published in The Adelphi[71]
"Politics and the English Language" 11 December 1945 AAIP, CEJL IV, CoE, ColE, EL, OR, SaE, SE, WIW Published independently as a Payments Book, later printed in Horizon, April 1946
"The Politics of Starvation" 18 January 1946 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" September 1946 SaE, OR, SE, ColE, CEJL IV, EL, AAIP, STCM Published in Polemic, September/October 1946
"Portrait of the General" 2 August 1942 OY Published in The Observer
"Poverty – Plain and Coloured" 1931 – Published in The Adelphi
"Power House" 23 April 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Preface to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm" March 1947 CEJL III, EL Published in Polemic, January 1946, reprinted in The Atlantic Monthly, March 1947
"The Prevention of Literature" January 1946 SaE, OR, SE, ColE, CEJL IV, EL, AAIP Published in Polemic, January 1946, reprinted in The Atlantic Monthly, March 1947
"Prime Minister" 4 July 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"A Prize for Ezra Pound" May 1949 CEJL IV, EL Published in Partisan Review, also entitled "The Question of the Pound Award"
"Problem Picture" 7 November 1948 CEJL IV, EL, OY Book review of Portrait of the Anti-Semite by Jean-Paul Sartre, published in The Observer
"The Proletarian Writer" 6 December 1940 CEJL II, OD A discussion with Desmond Hawkins, initially broadcast over BBC Home Service, printed in The Listener on 19 December 1940
"Propaganda and Demotic Speech" June 1944 CEJL III, EL, AAIP Published in Persuasion volume two, number two, Summer 1944
"Propagandist Critics" 31 December 1936 CEJL I, CW X, EL Review of The Novel To-Day by Philip Henderson, published in The New English Weekly Vol. X, No. 12, pp. 229–230[72][73]
"Prophecies of Fascism" 12 June 1940 CEJL II Published in Tribune
D. H. Lawrence's Short Stories 16 November 1945 CEJL IV, EL Book review of The Prussian Officer and Other Stories published in Tribune
The Pub and the People by Mass Observation 21 January 1943 CEJL III Book review published in The Listener
"Public Schoolboys" 14 September 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Puritan Poet" 20 August 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"A Questionable Shape" 18 July 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"Raffles and Miss Blandish" 28 August 1944 AAIP, CEJL III, CoE, ColE, CrE, DotEM, EL, OD Published in Horizon, October 1944 and politics, November 1944
"The Re-Discovery of Europe" 10 March 1942 CEJL II, EL Broadcast as the first instalment of "Literature Between Wars" by BBC Eastern Service, published in The Listener on 19 March 1942
"Real Adventure" 18 July 1936 CW X Review of Tempest Over Mexico by Rosa E. King and Rolling Stonemason by Fred Bower, published in Time and Tide
"Recent Novels" 23 July 1936 CEJL I, CW X, EL Review of The Rock Pool by Cyril Connolly, Almayer's Folly by Joseph Conrad, The Wallet of Kai Lung by Ernest Bramah, Anna of the Five Towns by Arnold Bennett, Mr Fortune, Please by H. C. Bailey and The Rocklitz by George R. Preedy, published in The New English Weekly
"Red, White, and Brown" 4 July 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Reflections on Gandhi" January 1949 SaE, CoE, OR, CEJL IV, EL, AAIP Published in Partisan Review
The Reilly Plan by Lawrence Wolfe 25 January 1946 CEJL IV Book review published in Tribune
"Reply to Horizon Questionnaire" 1947 – Published in the book British Thought, published by Gresham Press in New York, 1947
"Return Journey" 9 July 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Revenge Is Sour" 9 November 1945 CEJL IV, EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"Review of 'Homage to Catalonia'" 16 June 1938 CW XI, OS Letter to the editor published in The Listener[74]
Review of Alexander Pope by Edith Sitwell and The Course of English Classicism by Sherard Vines June 1930 CEJL I, CW X Untitled book review published in The New Adelphi, Vol. III, No. 4 (June–August 1930), pp. 338–340, signed "E. A. Blair"[47]
"Revolt in the Urban Desert" 10 October 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"Riding Down from Bangor" 22 November 1946 SaE, CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"The Right to Free Expression" September 1946 – Written by Randall Swingler with commentary from Orwell, published in Polemic, September/October 1946
A Roadman's Day 15 March 1941 CW XXIII, OD Published in Picture Post
The Road to Serfdom by Friedrich Hayek and The Mirror of the Past by Konni Zilliacus 9 April 1943 CEJL III, OY Book review published in Observer
The Road to Wigan Pier 8 March 1937 CW V, OD, OR (excerpts) Published by Victor Gollancz, Ltd in London on 8 March 1937[75]
"The Road to Wigan Pier Diary" 31 January 1936 CEJL I Excerpts of Orwell's diary
"Romance" 1925 – Poem
"The Romantic Case" 23 July 1941 OY Published in The Observer
"Rudyard Kipling" February 1942 AAIP, CEJL II, CoE, CrE, DotEM, EL, OD, OR Published in Horizon
"The Ruling Class" December 1940 – Published in Horizon, later incorporated into "The Lion and the Unicorn"
"Russian Regime" 12 January 1939 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OP Review of Russia Under Soviet Rule by Nicolas de Basily published in The New English Weekly[76]
"Ruth Pitter's Poetry" February 1940 – Published in The Adelphi
"The Sanctified Sinner" 17 July 1948 CEJL IV, EL, AAIP Book review of The Heart of the Matter by Graham Greene, published in The New Yorker
"Satirical Bullseyes" 7 September 1945 – Published in Tribune
"The Sea God" June 1929 – Short story that was written before the summer of 1929 and has not survived
Selected Essays 1957 – Published by Penguin Group in London
"The Slack-bob" 3 June 1918 CW X Short story published unsigned in The Election Times No. 4, pp. 29–32. Revised and reprinted in College Days No. 5 (9 July 1920) p. 146, also unsigned.[13][note 1][note 3]
"Shooting an Elephant" September 1936 CEJL I, CoE, ColE, EL, FUF, OP, OR, SaE, SE, STCM Published in New Writing, number two, Autumn 1936, broadcast on the BBC Home Service 12 October 1948
Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays 5 October 1950 – Published by Secker and Warburg in London
"Singing Men" 26 November 1944 OY Published in The Observer
A Slip Under the Microscope by H. G. Wells 9 September 1943 WB Adaptation of Wells' short story as a radio drama by Orwell, broadcast by the BBC
"A Smoking Room Story" April 1949 CEJL IV Unfinished story from his notebook
"So Runs the World" 22 July 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Socialists Answer Our Questions on the War" November 1941 – Published in Left News
"Some Recent Novels" 14 November 1935 CEJL I, CW X, EL Review of Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller and The Wolf at the Door by Robert Francis, translated by Fraçoise Delisle, published in The New English Weekly
"Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" 12 April 1946 SaE, OR, CEJL IV, EL, FUF Published in Tribune
"Sometimes in the Middle Autumn Days" March 1933 – Poem published in The Adelphi, signed "Eric Blair"
"Songs We Used to Sing" 19 January 1946 EL Published as a Saturday Essay in Evening Standard
"Spain: Today and Yesterday" 9 October 1937 CEJL I, CW XI, OS Review of Red Spanish Notebook by Mary Low and Juan Brea, Heroes of the Alcazar by Rodolphe Timmermans and Spanish Circus by Martin Armstrong, published in Time and Tide[77]
"Spaniard in Spain" 28 June 1941 – Published in Time and Tide
"Spanish Nightmare" 31 July 1937 CEJL I, CW XI, OS Review of The Spanish Cockpit by Franz Borkenau and Volunteer in Spain by John Sommerfield, published in Time and Tide[78]
"Spanish Prison" 24 December 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Spanish Quintet" 11 December 1937 CEJL I, CW XI, OS Review of Storm Over Spain by Mairin Mitchell, Spanish Rehearsal by Arnold Lunn, Catalonia Infelix by Edgar Allison Peers, Wars of Ideas in Spain by José Castilejo and Invertebrate Spain by José Ortega y Gasset, published in Time and Tide[79]
"Spanish Tragedy" 16 July 1938 CW XI Review of Searchlight on Spain by the Duchess of Atholl, The Civil War in Spain by Frank Jellinek and Spain's Ordeal by Robert Sencourt, published in Time and Tide[80][note 6]
"The Spanish War" December 1939 – Published in The Adelphi
Spearhead: Ten Years' Experimental Writing in America edited by James Laughlin 17 April 1948 EL Book review published in The Times Literary Supplement
"The Spike" April 1931 CEJL I, EL, FUF Published in The Adelphi, signed "Eric Blair"; revised as chapters 27 and 35 of Down and Out in Paris and London
"Spilling the Spanish Beans" 29 July 1937 CEJL I, CW XI, EL, OS Article published in two issues of New English Weekly, 29 July and 2 September 1937[81]
The Spirit of Catholicism by Karl Adam, translated by Dom Justin 9 June 1932 CEJL I Book review published in The New English Weekly
"The Sporting Spirit" 14 December 1945 CEJL IV, EL, FUF, OD, SaE, Published in Tribune
"Stalinism and Aristocracy" 21 July 1938 CEJL I, CW XI Review of Searchlight on Spain by the Duchess of Atholl, published New English Weekly[82][note 6]
Stendhal by F. C. Green July 1939 CEJL I, CWXI Book review published in The Adelphi[83]
"Story by Five Authors" 9 October 1942 WB Short story written by five authors for broadcast over the BBC; Orwell's piece is first, followed by L. A. G. Strong (16 October), Inez Holden (23 October), Martin Armstrong (30 October) and E. M. Forster (6 November).
The Story of Burma by F. Tennyson Jesse 24 February 1946 CEJL IV, OY Book review published in Observer
Subject India by H. N. Brailsford 20 November 1943 EL Book review published in The Nation and Atheneum
"Such, Such Were the Joys" 1947 CEJL IV, CoE, EL, FUF, OE, OR, SSWtJ It is speculated that this piece was completed in 1947, but possible dates range from 1939 through June 1948. Unpublished until 1952, this essay was not printed in the United Kingdom until 1968.
Such, Such Were the Joys 1953 – Published by Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich in New York City in 1953
"Suggested by a Tooth Paste Advertisement" c. 1922–1927 CW X Verse that may have been written when Orwell was in Burma between 1922 and 1927. Only a typewritten version survives, 1f.[84][note 7]
"A Summer Idyll" 1 April 1920 CW X Short story published unsigned in College Days No. 4, pp. 116, 118, possibly by Orwell[14][85][note 2][note 3]
"Summer-like for an Instant" 1933 – Poem
"Survey of 'Civvy Street'" 4 June 1944 OE, OY Published in The Observer
The Sword and the Sickle by Mulk Raj Anand July 1942 CEJL II, EL Book review published in Horizon
"A Symposium... Upon Professor John Macmurray's The Clue to History" February 1939 CW XI, EL Review of The Clue of History by John Macmurray, published in The Adelphi[86]
"Tale of a Head" 19 August 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"The Taming of Power" January 1939 CEJL I, CW XI, EL Review of Power: A New Social Analysis by Bertrand Russell, published in The Adelphi[87]
"'Trotskyist' Publications" 5 February 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, OS Letter to the editor published in Time and Tide[88]
Talking to India, by E. M. Forster, Richie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and Others: A Selection of English Language Broadcasts to India 1943 – Published by Allen & Unwin, edited with an introduction by Orwell
"Tapping the Wheels" 16 January 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"Teller of Tales" 18 November 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Temperature Chart" 25 June 1944 OY Published in The Observer
The Tempest by William Shakespeare and The Peaceful Inn by Denis Ogden, Duke of York's 8 June 1940 AAIP Drama review published in Time and Tide
"Terror in Spain" 5 February 1938 CEJL I, CW XI, OS Review of The Tree of Gernika by G. L. Steer and Spanish Testament by Arthur Koestler, published in Time and Tide[89]
"Theatre" May 1940 – Published in Time and Tide from May 1940 to August 1941.
"Then up Waddled Wog" c. 1919 CW X Verse[90]
"Things We Do Not Want to Know" 29 November 1919 CW X Published unsigned in College Days No. 3, p. 78, attributed to Orwell with considerable uncertainty[14][91][note 3]
The Thirties by Malcolm Muggeridge 25 April 1940 EL Published in New English Weekly
"Thomas Hardy Looks at War" 18 September 1942 – Published in Tribune
"Three Years of Home Guard" 9 May 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"Through a Glass, Rosily" 23 November 1945 CEJL IV Published in Tribune
"To A. R. H. B." 27 June 1919 CW X Poem published unsigned in College Days No. 2, p. 42, written by Denys King-Farlow, Orwell attributed as co-author with considerable uncertainty[14][92][note 3]
"Tobias Smollett: Scotland's Best Novelist" 22 September 1944 CEJL III, EL Published in Tribune
"Tolstoy and Shakespeare" 7 May 1941 CEJL II, EL Initially broadcast over BBC Overseas Service on 7 May 1941, printed in The Listener on 5 June 1941
Tolstoy: His Life and Work by Derrick Leon 26 March 1944 EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
The Totalitarian Enemy by Franz Borkenau 4 May 1940 CEJL II Book review published in Time and Tide
"Toward European Unity" July 1947 CEJL IV, EL Book review published in Partisan Review, July/August 1947. Also entitled "The Future of Socialism IV: Toward European Unity".
"Travel Round and Down" 17 October 1936 CEJL I, CW X Review of Zest of Life by Johann Wöller, translated from the Danish by Claude Napier and I Took Off My Tie by Hugh Massingham, published in Time and Tide
"Treasure and Travel" 11 July 1936 CW X Review of Treasure Trek by James Stead, Sun on Summer Seas by Major S. E. G. Ponder and Don Gypsy by Walter Starkie, published in Time and Tide
Trials in Burma by Maurice Collis 9 March 1938 CEJL I, OP Book review published anonymously in The Listener[22][note 4]
"The True Pattern of H. G. Wells" 14 August 1946 LO Obituary for H. G. Wells published in Manchester Evening News
"Two Franco Apologists" 24 November 1938 CW XI, OS Review of The Church in Spain, 1737–1937 by E. Allison Peers and Crusade in Spain by Eoin O'Duffy, published in The New English Weekly[93]
"Two Glimpses of the Moon" 18 January 1941 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Uncertain Fate of Displaced Persons" 10 June 1945 OY Published in The Observer
"Unemployment in England" December 1928 – Published in French in Progrès Civique, between December 1928 and May 1929
The Unquiet Grave by Palinurus 14 January 1945 CEJL III, EL, OY Book review published in The Observer
"Utmost Edge" 27 February 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"The Vernon Murders" c. 1916–1918 CW X Short story, manuscript, 32 pp.[56][94]
"Vessel of Wrath" 21 May 1944 CW XVI, EL, OY Review of '42 to '44: A Contemporary Memoir Upon Human Behaviour During the Crisis of the World Revolution by H. G. Wells, published in The Observer No. 7982 (21 May 1944), p. 3[95]
Victory or Vested Interest? 15 May 1942 – Published by The Labour Book Service, with Orwell's "Culture and Democracy" (made up of the pieces "Fascism and Democracy" and "Patriots and Revolutionaries")
Voice #1 11 August 1942 WB The initial issue of Orwell's poetry magazine with readings by Mulk Raj Anand, John Atkins, William Empson, Vida Hope, and Herbert Read.
Voice #2 8 September 1942 WB Readings by Edmund Blunden, William Empson, Godfrey Kenton, and Herbert Read.
Voice #3 6 October 1942 WB Readings by Mulk Raj Anand, William Empson, Herbert Read, and Stephen Spender.
Voice #4 3 November 1942 WB Readings by Venu Chitale, John Atkins, Vida Hope, Edmund Blunden, Godfrey Kenton, Mulk Raj Anand, William Empson, Una Marson, Herbert Read, and Stephen Spender.
Voice #5 December 1942 – This issue has not been recovered.
Voice #6 29 December 1942 WB Readings by Venu Chitale, William Empson, and Herbert Read.
"Wall Game" 29 November 1919 CW X Poem published unsigned in College Days No. 3, p. 78, probably by Orwell[14][96][note 3]
Walls Have Mouths by W. F. R. Macartney, with Prologue, Epilogue and Comments on the Chapters by Compton Mackenzie November 1936 EL, OE Book review published in The Adelphi
"Wandering Star" 19 December 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"War Commentary" #1 20 December 1941 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #2 3 January 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #3 10 January 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #4 17 January 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #5 24 January 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #6 31 January 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #7 7 February 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #8 14 February 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #9 21 February 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #10 28 February 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #11 14 March 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #12 21 March 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #13 28 March 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #14 4 April 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #15 18 April 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #16 25 April 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #17 2 May 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #18 9 May 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #19 16 May 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #20 23 May 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #21 6 June 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #22 13 June 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #23 11 July 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #24 18 July 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #25 25 July 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #26 1 August 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #27 8 August 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #28 15 August 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #29 22 August 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #30 29 August 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #31 5 September 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #32 12 September 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #33 19 September 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #34 26 September 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #35 3 October 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #36 10 October 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #37 17 October 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #38 24 October 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #39 31 October 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #40 7 November 1942 WC News reporting read by Indian correspondents, written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #41 28 November 1942 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #42 12 December 1942 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #43 17 December 1942 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #44 26 December 1942 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #45 9 January 1943 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #46 16 January 1943 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #47 20 February 1943 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #48 27 February 1943 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War Commentary" #49 13 March 1943 WC News reporting read and written by Orwell and broadcast by the BBC Eastern Service
"War in Burma" 14 August 1943 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"War-Time Diary" A 28 May 1940 CEJL II Excerpts of Orwell's diary, 28 May 1940 – 28 August 1941
"War-Time Diary" B 14 March 1942 CEJL II Excerpts of Orwell's diary, 14 March – 15 November 1942
"War-Time Diary" C 1939 FUF Excerpts of Orwell's diary, 1939–1942
"Wavell on Hilicon" 12 March 1944 OY Published in The Observer
"The Way of a Poet" 17 April 1943 – Published in Time and Tide
"We Are Observed!" 2 March 1940 – Published in Time and Tide
"Wells, Hitler and The World State" August 1941 CrE, ColE, CEJL II, EL, AAIP Published in Horizon
"What Is Science?" 26 October 1945 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
"What Is Socialism" 31 January 1946 EL Published as part one of a series (with "The Intellectual Revolt", "The Christian Reformers", and "Pacifism and Progress") in Manchester Evening News
"Where to Go – But How?" 15 August 1943 OY Published in The Observer
"The White Man's Burden" 29 November 1919 CW X Short story published unsigned in College Days No. 3, pp. 93–95; probably by Orwell; illustrations probably by Bobbie Longden[14][97][note 3]
"Who Are the War Criminals?" 22 October 1943 CEJL II Published in Tribune
"Why I Join the I.L.P." 24 June 1938 CEJL I,[note 10] CW XI, EL, OP Article published in The New Leader[98]
"Why I Write" June 1946 SSWtJ, EYE, CoE, OR, ColE, DotEM, CEJL I, EL, FUF, WIW Published in Gangrel, number four, Summer 1946
"Wilde's Utopia" 9 May 1948 CEJL IV, EL, OY Book review of The Soul of Man Under Socialism by Oscar Wilde published in The Observer
"Will Freedom Die with Capitalism?" April 1941 – Published in Left News
"Will Gypsies Survive?" December 1938 CW XI, EL, OD Review of Gypsies by Martin Block translated by Barbara Kuczynski and Duncan Taylor, published in The Adelphi[99]
"Wishful Thinking and the Light Novel" 19 September 1940 – Published in New Statesman and Nation
"Words and Henry Miller" 22 February 1946 CEJL IV, EL Book review of The Cosmological Eye by Henry Miller, published in Tribune
"World Affairs, 1945" 1945 – Published in Junior
"The Wounded Cricketer (Not by Walt Whitman)" 3 June 1918 CW X Poem published unsigned in The Election Times No. 4, p. 61. Reprinted in College Days No. 5 (9 July 1920) p. 136, also unsigned.[14][note 1][note 3]
"The Writer's Dilemma" 22 August 1948 OY Published in The Observer
"Writers and Leviathan" June 1948 SSWtJ, EYE, CEJL IV, EL, AAIP Published in Politics and Letters, Summer 1948
"You and the Atom Bomb" 19 October 1945 CEJL IV, EL Published in Tribune
Your Questions Answered 2 December 1943 CEJL I, OE This BBC Radio series featured public figures answering questions from listeners; Orwell answered "How long is the Wigan Pier and what is the Wigan Pier?"
"The Youthful Mariner (Extract)" 9 July 1920 CW X Poem published unsigned in College Days No. 5, pp. 156, 158; "(Extract)" is part of the original title. The last two stanzas possibly first printed as part of The Election Times No. 4[31][100][note 1][note 3]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f The Election Times was produced by Eric Blair (Orwell) and other Eton scholars. Issues consisted of sets of handwritten pages and the precise makeup of each issue is therefore unclear. Blair was involved in the production of five issues, out of which only one, Number 4 (3 June 1918) have survived intact. Blair is listed as business manager, Denys King-Farlow as art manager, and Roger Mynors as editor. Attributions of authorship is complicated because contributions were anonymous and the producers sometimes wrote out texts other than their own.
    Out of the contributions which can be attributed to Orwell with some certainty, Davison lists the three short stories, "The Adventure of the Lost Meat-card", "A Peep into the Future", and "The Slack-bob", as published in The Election Times No. 4. Fenwick additionally lists the dramatic sketch "Free Will", the poem "The Wounded Cricketer (Not Walt Whitman)", and two stanzas of the poem "The Youthful Mariner", as published in the issue. According to Davison the poems and the dramatic sketch listed by Fenwick, as well as the poem "The Photographer" and some or all of the poem "The Millionaires Pearl" may have formed part of the issue or may have been intended for another issue. All five of these uncertain additions, as well as "The Slack-bob", were, however, later reprinted in their original, or revised, form in College Days No. 5. For further discussion on attribution of the texts in The Election Times, see Davison, The Complete Works, Vol. 10, entry 29.[68][69]
  2. ^ a b c For three entries ("After Twelve", "Ode to Field Days", and "A Summer Idyll") Fenwick erroneously gives the year of publication for issue number four of College Days as 1919 instead of 1920.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q For further discussion on attribution of the texts in College Days, see Davison, The Complete Works, Vol. 10, entry 37
  4. ^ a b The anonymous book reviews in The Listener are attributed by Davison to Orwell from the journal's records.[22]
  5. ^ Orwell's authorship of this article is disputed. In a review published in Times Higher Education, Scott Bradfield writes:

    There are also times when Davison seems in too big a hurry to add a hitherto neglected item to the canon, such as his inclusion of an essay titled: "Can socialists be happy?" which was originally published under the name John Freeman. "Freeman" is the sort of nom de plume Orwell might have relished, and the essay does refer to many of Orwell's favourite subjects. But it is also just about the worst piece of writing in this entire edition, studded with the sort of wooden, thesis-driven paragraphs you might expect from a class in freshman composition. As Davison provides no compelling evidence that this essay must have been written by Orwell, the world could probably live without it.[24]

    While Peter Davison—the editor of the Complete Works—writes:

    George Orwell's payment book for 20 December 1943, records the sum of pounds 5.50 for a special article of 2,000 words for Tribune. This has never been traced in Tribune under Orwell's name but it now seems certain that an essay, entitled 'Can Socialists Be Happy?' by 'John Freeman' is what is referred to. The name Freeman would have appealed to Orwell as a pseudonym, and the article has many social, political and literary links with Orwell, such as the relation of Lenin to Dickens (the fact that Lenin read A Christmas Carol on his deathbed also appears in the second paragraph of Orwell's 1939 essay, 'Charles Dickens'). A 'real' John Freeman, later editor of the New Statesman, has confirmed that he did not write the article. The reason why Orwell chose to write as 'John Freeman' he never used this pseudonym again is not clear. It may be that Tribune did not want its literary editor to be seen to be associated with its political pages. Possibly it was a device that allowed Orwell to be paid a special fee. Or it may be that he simply wished to see how far Tribune would let him go with his opinions. In any case, the article appeared in the Christmas issue and provoked much debate in the issues that followed.[25]
  6. ^ a b c d Orwell reviewed the three works together under the headline "Spanish Tragedy" in Time and Tide, 16 July 1938. Searchlight on Spain was also review separately by Orwell in The New English Weekly, 21 July 1938, The Civil War in Spain, in The New Leader, 8 July 1938 and Spain's Ordeal, in The New English Weekly, 23 June 1938.[80]
  7. ^ a b It is not possible to precisely date the material Orwell drafted during his time with the Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927.[36]
  8. ^ a b Orwell reviewed Alec Brown's The Fate of the Middle Classes on two separate occasions in the months following its 1936 publication, in April for The New English Weekly and in May for The Adelphi.[43]
  9. ^ It is unknown when Orwell wrote these notes. Davison posits a date of composition in early 1939 or possible earlier, writing that "[the] notes may have been written when Orwell was working on Homage to Catalonia, but more probably after its publication." A later date is, however, also possible, Davison adds that Orwell's friend Geoffrey Gorer "guessed their date of composition as summer 1940, after Dunkirk, for someone at the War Office interested in the experience of militias as resistance fighters."[16]
  10. ^ As "Why I Joined the Independent Labour Party"[98]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Still the Moon Under Water". The Economist. 30 July 2008. 
  2. ^ Orwell, George (1946). "Why I Write". Gangrel (4, Summer). 
  3. ^ Rodden 2007, p. 10
  4. ^ McLaughlin 2007, p. 160
  5. ^ Davison, Peter. "Welcome from Peter Davison". The Orwell Prize. Retrieved 26 December 2009. 
  6. ^ a b Rodden 2007, pp. xii–xvi
  7. ^ Florian Zollmann, "Edition of Orwell's Poems: 'A Trimph'", The Orwell Society, 16 October 2015.
  8. ^ "George Orwell: The Complete Poetry" event, Scarthin Books, 7 November 2015.
  9. ^ "After Words with George Packer". C-SPAN. December 15, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2017. 
  10. ^ Leys, Simon (6 May 2011). "The Intimate Orwell". The New York Review of Books. 
  11. ^ Gross 1971, p. 40
  12. ^ a b Davison 1998b, entry 563
  13. ^ a b c d e f Fenwick 1998, p. 172
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fenwick 1998, p. 173
  15. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 43
  16. ^ a b c Davison 1998b, entry 453
  17. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 386A
  18. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 404
  19. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 400
  20. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 214
  21. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 416
  22. ^ a b Davison 1998b, entry 429
  23. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 185
  24. ^ Bradfield, Scott (24 July 1998). "Orwell's Every Word". Times Higher Education. 
  25. ^ Davison 1998g, p. 37
  26. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 529
  27. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 462
  28. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 526
  29. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 549
  30. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 204
  31. ^ a b c d e Fenwick 1998, p. 174
  32. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 53
  33. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 568
  34. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 64
  35. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 378
  36. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 63
  37. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 371A
  38. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 470
  39. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 382
  40. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 428
  41. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 406
  42. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 392
  43. ^ Bounds 2009, p. 56
  44. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 485
  45. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 62
  46. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 430
  47. ^ a b Fenwick 1998, p. 175
  48. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 438
  49. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 451
  50. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 52
  51. ^ a b Davison 1998b, entry 441
  52. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 446
  53. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 574
  54. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 456
  55. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 415
  56. ^ a b Fenwick 1998, p. 377
  57. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 28
  58. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 54
  59. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 396
  60. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 186
  61. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 47
  62. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 61
  63. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 552
  64. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 241
  65. ^ a b Fenwick 1998, p. 373
  66. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 409
  67. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 546
  68. ^ Fenwick 1998, pp. 172–173
  69. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 29
  70. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 50
  71. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 507
  72. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 342
  73. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 182
  74. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 452
  75. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 362
  76. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 524
  77. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 401
  78. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 379
  79. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 414
  80. ^ a b Davison 1998b, entry 466
  81. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 378
  82. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 469
  83. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 559
  84. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 68
  85. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 46
  86. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 531
  87. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 520
  88. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 422
  89. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 421
  90. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 35
  91. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 39
  92. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 38
  93. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 503
  94. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 27
  95. ^ Fenwick 1998, p. 206
  96. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 40
  97. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 42
  98. ^ a b Davison 1998b, entry 457
  99. ^ Davison 1998b, entry 508
  100. ^ Davison 1998a, entry 55

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bounds, Philip (2009). Orwell and Marxism: The Political and Cultural Thinking of George Orwell. International Library of Cultural Studies. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978 1 84511 807 5. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998a). A Kind of Compulsion: 1903–1936. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 10. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436205424. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998b). Facing Unpleasant Facts: 1937–1939. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 11. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0 436 20360 X. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998c). A Patriot After All: 1940–1941. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 12. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436203626. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998d). All Propaganda Is Lies: 1941–1942. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 13. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436203642. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998e). Keeping Our Little Corner Clean: 1942–1943. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 14. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436404079. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998f). Two Wasted Years: 1943. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 15. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436404095. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998g). I Have Tried to Tell the Truth: 1943–1944. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 16. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0 436 20377 4. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998h). I Belong to the Left: 1945. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 17. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436203723. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998i). Smothered Under Journalism: 1946. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 18. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436205564. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998j). It Is What I Think: 1947–1948. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 19. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 043621007X. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (1998k). Our Job Is to Make Life Worth Living: 1949–1950. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 20. Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436210096. 
  • Davison, Peter, ed. (2006). The Lost Orwell. The Complete Works of George Orwell. 21. Timewell Press. ISBN 1857252144. 
  • Fenwick, Gillian (1998). George Orwell, a Bibliography. Oak Knoll Press & St. Paul's Bibliographies. ISBN 1 873040 05 9. 
  • Gross, Miriam, ed. (1971). The World of George Orwell. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978 0671211240. 
  • McLaughlin, Neil (2007). "Orwell, the Academy, and the Intellectuals". In Rodden, John. The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 67507 3. 
  • Rodden, John, ed. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 67507 3. 
  • West, W. J., ed. (1985). Orwell: The War Broadcasts. Duckworth & Co/BBC. ISBN 0 563 20327 7. 
  • West, W. J., ed. (1985). Orwell: The War Commentaries. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-55701-4. 

Further reading[edit]

  • George Orwell: A Selected Bibliography by Zoltan G. Zeke. Boston Linotype Print (1962).
  • George Orwell: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities volume 54) by Jeffrey Meyers and Valerie Meyers. Garland Publishing (January 1, 1977). ISBN 0824099559
  • George Orwell, First Edition and Price Guide. Quill and Brush. (2004)
  • George Orwell: Some Materials for a Bibliography by I. R. Wilson. (1953)

External links[edit]

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