1.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
2.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown
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The Diocese of Youngstown is a particular church or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, consisting of six counties in Northeast Ohio, Mahoning, Trumbull, Columbiana, Stark, Portage, and Ashtabula. As of 2014, the Diocese of Youngstown contains 94 parishes,1 mission,102 Diocesan Priests,18 Religious Priests,67 Permanent Deacons,11 Religious Men and it has a Catholic population of 198,332 in an area totaling 3,404 square miles. As of 2010, the diocese had 8 seminarians studying at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Columbus, Pope Pius XII created the Diocese of Youngstown from territory formerly part of the Diocese of Cleveland in 1943. Bishop James A. McFadden became the first bishop and chose St. Columba Church on Wood Street in downtown Youngstown as his Cathedral. The new diocese covered 3,404 square miles with 110 parishes, when Bishop McFadden died on November 16,1952, Emmet M. Walsh succeeded him. Walsh had been named Coadjutor Bishop and was formerly the Bishop of Charleston, in 1954, St. Columba Cathedral was destroyed by a fire and Bishop Walsh undertook the task of building a new cathedral, which he dedicated in 1958. St. Patrick Church on the side of Youngstown served as Pro-Cathedral until the new St. Columbas was ready. In 1962, when Pope John XXIII convened the Vatican Council II, Bishop Walsh, in 1996, Bishop Malone retired and Bishop Thomas J. Tobin was named his successor and installed as Bishop of Youngstown on February 2,1996. On March 31,2005, Pope John Paul II appointed Bishop Tobin as Bishop of Providence, on 30 January 2007, Pope Benedict XVI named Bishop George Murry, S. J. as the fifth bishop of the Diocese of Youngstown. On May 28,2010, Bishop Murry announced the plan for the reconfiguration of parishes which will reduce their number to 87 over the next two years. Politically speaking the City of Youngstown and surrounding areas were traditionally strongholds for the Democratic Party, however, the northern counties comprising the Diocese of Youngstown often supported Republican politicians, especially for the U. S. Congress. Tuition programs that were enacted at the level in the late 1960s. However, later initiatives for students in poorly performing school districts were enacted and survived legal challenges, as a result, by 2005, over 70% of the housing units in Ashtabula County were not owner-occupied. In the mid 1980s, Bishop Malone became president of the USCCB, the USCCB’s position was that funds spent on defense should be invested instead in domestic programs. U. S. President Ronald Reagan ignored criticisms from the USCCB, many steel mills in Youngstown, Ohio closed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Economic pressures continued to affect Catholic institutions in the diocese, resulting in lowered school enrollments for diocesan schools, in addition, population left the region to pursue better opportunities in other areas of the United States. Demographically, the population of Ohio in general became statistically older as more people left the state after college graduation. James A. McFadden Emmet M. Walsh James W. Malone Thomas J. Tobin George V. Murry, the Academy is composed of 10 campuses, Our Lady of Peace, Canton Regina Coeli-St
3.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati covers the southwest region of the U. S. state of Ohio, including the greater Cincinnati and Dayton metropolitan areas. The Archbishop of Cincinnati is Most Rev. Dennis Marion Schnurr, in total, the Archdiocese of Cincinnati encompasses 230 parishes in 19 counties, as of 2005, with the total membership of baptized Catholics around 500,000. The Archdiocese administers 110 associated parochial schools and diocesan elementary schools, the mother church is the Cathedral of St. Peter in Chains, located at the corner of 8th and Plum Streets in Downtown Cincinnati. Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Cincinnati on 19 June 1821, at the time, there was an unwritten prohibition against construction of Catholic churches in Cincinnati. The first church was constructed just beyond the city boundaries. The diocese lost territory on 8 March 1833, when Pope Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Detroit and again on 23 April 1847, when Pope Pius IX erected the Diocese of Cleveland. On July 19,1850, Pope Pius IX elevated the diocese to an Archdiocese and on March 3,1868, the court rendered no criminal judgment on the allegations themselves, only on the dioceses failure to report the allegations. The following is a list of the Ordinaries of Cincinnati, Edward Fenwick, as of 2011,43,641 students enroll in the Archdioceses 115 schools, making it the sixth largest Catholic school system in the United States. In Hamilton County, where most private schools are run by the Archdiocese, nearly a quarter of students attend private schools, the 23 Catholic high schools in the region operate under varying degrees of archdiocesan control. Several are owned and operated by the Archdiocese, while other schools are run by groups of parishes under archdiocesan supervision. Most of the interparochial and non-archdiocesan high schools are operated by religious institutes, Most of the schools athletic teams belong to the Greater Catholic League, which consists of a co-ed division, the Girls Greater Cincinnati League, and a division for all-male schools. The Archdiocese also includes 92 parochial and diocesan schools, with a combined enrollment of 30,312. These schools can be found in the urban and suburban areas of Cincinnati and Dayton, each parochial school is owned and operated by its parish, rather than by the Archdioceses Catholic Schools Office. However, in March 2011, the Archdiocese announced its intention of unifying the schools under one school system. As of 2015, the interim Superintendent of Catholic Schools is Susie Gibbons, five of the high schools are named after former archbishops of the diocese. A parochial elementary school in Dayton is also named after Archbishop Liebold, the Archdiocese sponsors the Athenaeum of Ohio – Mount St. Marys Seminary of the West seminary in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Cincinnati. Carl J. Ryan Fr. Herman H. Kenning Sr. Kathryn Ann Connelly, joseph Kamis, SM Dr. Jim Riggs, Ph. D. Ms. Its defunct sister newspaper, Der Wahrheitsfreund, was the first German Catholic newspaper in the country, several area Catholic radio stations, owned by separate entities, serve the Archdiocese, WNOP740 AM Licensed to Newport, Kentucky
4.
Thomas Joseph Tobin
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Thomas Joseph Tobin is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He serves as the eighth and current Bishop of Providence and he also pursued his graduate studies at the Pontifical Liturgical Institute of San Anselmo in Rome. Tobin was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Vincent Leonard on July 21,1973, from 1979 to 1984, he was an assistant pastor at St. On November 3,1992, Tobin was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Pittsburgh and he received his episcopal consecration on December 27,1992, from then-Bishop Donald Wuerl, with Bishops Anthony Bosco and Nicholas C. Tobin was later named Bishop of Youngstown, Ohio, on December 5,1995, in 1997, he was given an honorary doctorate from his alma mater of St. Francis University. Pope John Paul II appointed Tobin Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island, on March 31,2005, Bishop Tobin currently sits on the Board of Trustees of Providence College and of Salve Regina University. He also maintains a column for his diocesan newspaper entitled Without A Doubt, the Without a Doubt columns have been published in two books authored by the Bishop, Without a Doubt, Bringing Faith to Life and Effective Faith, Faith that Makes a Difference. Tobin also became embroiled in a dispute with Rhode Island Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy over the Congressmans support for legal abortion during the Health Care debate. Kennedy claimed that Tobin barred him from Holy Communion, while Tobin claimed it was simply a confidential request made years prior, Bishop Tobin is an avid Pittsburgh Steelers fan, and displays a Steeler banner on his residence during each game day. Upon President Obamas announced support for marriage, Tobin claimed it was a sad day in American history. His views on Catholic morality and voting have included the concept that voting for a candidate is morally unacceptable. The Bishop has also stated that the Catholic Church has respect, love, I sincerely pray for God’s blessings upon them, that they will enjoy much health, happiness and peace. Book, Effective Faith, Faith that Makes a Difference Official site of the Holy See Without a Doubt Column Archive
5.
Joseph Bernardin
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Joseph Louis Bernardin was an American Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cincinnati from 1972 until 1982, Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II. Joseph Bernardin was born on April 2,1928, in Columbia, South Carolina, to Joseph and Maria Simion Bernardin and he was baptized and confirmed at St. Peters Catholic Church in Columbia. His father died of cancer when Bernardin was six and he took responsibility for his younger sister, Elaine, while his widowed mother worked as a seamstress. Bernardins original academic ambition was to become a physician, inspiring him to enroll in the program at the University of South Carolina. He then transferred to Saint Mary Seminary in Baltimore, Maryland and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy in 1948, and subsequently enrolled in The Catholic University of America to complete his theological studies. On April 26,1952, Bernardin was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Charleston by John J. Russell at St. Joseph Church and this diocese covers the entire state of South Carolina. In 1959, Pope John XXIII named Bernardin a Papal Chamberlain with the title Very Reverend Monsignor, on March 9,1966 Pope Paul VI appointed Monsignor Bernardin titular Bishop of Liguria and Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta. His episcopal consecration took place on April 26,1966 at the hands of his mentor, Bernardin, only 38 years old, thus became the youngest bishop in America. From 1966 to 1968, Bishop Bernardin served as rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, in 1968, he resigned as auxiliary bishop of Atlanta to become the first General Secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, a post he held until 1972. In 1969 Bishop Bernadin was instrumental in founding one of the conferences most influential and successful programs, Pope Paul VI appointed Bernardin Archbishop of Cincinnati on November 21,1972, and he was installed there December 19,1972. Bernardin served the Metropolitan See of Cincinnati for nearly ten years, while there he appointed the first woman editor of the archdiocesan newspaper, the Catholic Telegraph. Following the death of Cardinal John Cody of Chicago, Pope John Paul II chose Archbishop Bernardin, already prominent among his fellow American bishops and he was appointed the twelfth Bishop and seventh Archbishop of Chicago on July 10,1982. On August 25,1982, he was installed in that role by the Apostolic Delegate. Bernadin found an archdiocese in disarray, its priests disheartened by years of arbitrary administration, with his patient charm and willingness to listen, Bernardin won back the confidence of the clergy and the laity. In the Consistory of February 2,1983, he was elevated to the Sacred College of Cardinals by Pope John Paul II as Cardinal-Priest of Gesù Divino Lavoratore as his titular church and he also served as President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 1989, Bernardin was awarded the F. Sadlier Dinger Award by educational publisher William H. Sadlier, the award is presented annually in recognition of an outstanding contribution to the ministry of religious education in America. In May 1983, Bernadin received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the College of the Holy Cross, in 1995, Bernardin was honored by the University of Notre Dame when he received their highest honor, the Laetare Medal
6.
Timothy Joseph Lyne
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Timothy Joseph Lyne was an American Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Lyne was born in Chicago, Illinois, on March 21,1919 and he attended Resurrection and Saint Mel grade schools, and then Quigley Preparatory Seminary. T. L. Then, he was ordained a priest by the then-Cardinal Archbishop of Chicago, Cardinal Samuel Alphonsus Stritch, in Chicago, Illinois, the Principal Co-Consecrators were then-Auxiliary Bishops of Chicago, Alfred Leo Abramowicz, and Nevin William Hayes, O. Carm. He selected as his motto, Grace, mercy. (the first three words of Saint Pauls epistle to Saint Timothy, his patron saint and he served all of the six Chicago Cardinals in more than 70 years as a priest and almost 30 as a Bishop, five of them in his capacity as an ordained cleric. He caddied for Cardinal George Mundelein as a seminarian and he was entrusted with sensitive tasks by Cardinal Stritch while doing parish work, continuing to serve in parish work under his successor, Cardinal Albert Gregory Meyer. Then Cardinal Cody named him Pastor there in 1967, a post he filled until 1990, even serving as Auxiliary Bishop and Vicar for Vicariate II. He gave valuable advice and loyal service to all of these Archbishops of Chicago for many years, including to the incumbent, visitation for Lyne took place on September 29 and 30,2013 at Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago. He was interred at Mount Carmel Cemetery, in Hillside, Illinois, catholic-Hierarchy Archdiocese Timothy Joseph Lynes obituary
7.
Camden, New Jersey
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Camden is a city in Camden County, New Jersey. Camden is located directly across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 77,344. Camden is the 12th most populous municipality in New Jersey, the city was incorporated on February 13,1828. On March 13,1844, Camden became a county seat in New Jersey, the city derives its name from Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. Camden is made up of twenty different neighborhoods. By the end of the nineteenth century Camden began to industrialize with the foundation of the Campbell Soup Company by Joseph Campbell, other companies such as the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and the Victor Talking Machine Company opened their operations and helped Camden move into an industrial economy. At the beginning of the twentieth century Camdens population consisted mostly of European immigrants, german, British, and Irish immigrants, as well as African Americans from the south made up the majority of the city in the mid nineteenth century. Around the turn of the twentieth century Italian and Eastern European immigrants had become the majority of the population, the city was consistently prosperous throughout the Great Depression and World War II. After World War II Camden manufacturers began closing their factories and moving out of the city, Camdens cultural history has been greatly affected by both its economic and social position over the years. With the loss of manufacturing jobs came a decline in population numbers. Suburbanization also had an effect on the drop in population, Civil unrest and crime became common in Camden with the decline in population. In 1971, civil unrest reached its peak with riots breaking out in response to the death of Horacio Jimenez, Camdens industrial and post-industrial history gave rise to distinct neighborhoods and cultural groups that have affected the status of the city over the course of the 20th century. Over the years Camden has made attempts to restore its economic stature. In the 1980s Mayor Randy Primas campaigned for the city to two different nuisance industries, a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. Despite opposition from Camden residents, the Riverfront State Prison was opened in 1985, with the addition of the trash-to-steam plant Camden has faced numerous air and water pollution issues. Camden is also the home of a treatment facility. In the 1970s, dangerous pollutants were found in the wells from which many Camden citizens received their household water and these pollutants decreased property values in Camden and caused health problems among the citys residents. Pollution is an issue that local nonprofits are trying to solve
8.
Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Thomas
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in the Caribbean. The diocese comprises the overseas dependency of the Virgin Islands specifically the islands Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, the diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Washington. Bishops of Saint Thomas are members of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the Diocese of Saint Thomas was erected as the Territorial Prelature of the Virgin Islands on April 30,1960. Its name was changed and was elevated to a diocese on April 20,1977 and it is the only suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Washington. The diocese is governed from Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas by a bishop whose seat is the Cathedral of Saints Peter. The current Bishop of Saint Thomas is Herbert A. Bevard, who was appointed on July 7,2008, the list of bishops of the diocese and their years of service, Edward John Harper, C. Ss. R. Elliot Griffin Thomas George Murry, S. J, Herbert Bevard St. Joseph High School, Frederiksted, St. Croix Sts. Peter & Paul School, St. Thomas See, List of the Catholic bishops of the United States#Province of Washington, D. C. Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Thomas Official Site
9.
Titular Bishop
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A titular bishop in various churches is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese. There are more bishops than there are functioning dioceses, therefore, a priest appointed not to head a diocese as its diocesan bishop, but to be an auxiliary bishop, a papal diplomat, or an official of the Roman Curia is appointed to a titular see. In the Roman Catholic Church, a bishop is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese. Most titular bishops hold the title to a titular see, assigning titular sees serves two purposes. Since part of being a bishop means being the head of a Christian Church, at the same time, the office of titular bishop memorializes ancient Churches, most of which were suppressed because they fell into the hands of non-Christian conquerors. For this reason the former terminology was not titular bishop but bishop in infidel regions, since 1970, there are two more exceptions. Diocesan bishops who resign their see or are transferred to a non-diocesan appointment are no longer habitually transferred to a titular see, instead, they take the title Bishop Emeritus of the last see. Also, coadjutors are no longer named to titular sees, instead taking the title Coadjutor Bishop of the see they will inherit, in other cases titular bishops still take a titular see. When Francis Green was named Coadjutor Bishop of Tucson, Arizona, in 1960, however, when Gerald Kicanas became Coadjutor Bishop of Tucson in 2001, he ceased being Titular Bishop of Bela. He still remained a bishop until he succeeded Manuel Moreno in 2003. Angelo Sodano, as Cardinal Bishop of Albano, is bishop of the see. The Cardinal Dean is by tradition Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, in addition to the see he previously held. Occasionally, the transfer of a bishop to a titular see has been used by the Holy See to strip of responsibilities a bishop whose behavior was disapproved. Titular bishops and titular metropolitans are often appointed in the Eastern Orthodox Church and their titular dioceses are usually in Thrace and Asia Minor and were often active until the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923. Catholic Church hierarchy Titular archbishop List of Catholic titular sees Codex Iuris Canonici, Vatican City, the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs
10.
Fuerteventura
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Fuerteventura is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, politically part of Spain. At 1,660 square kilometres, it is the second largest of the Canary Islands and it was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in May 2009. Its capital is Puerto del Rosario, first settlers are believed to have hailed from North Africa. The word Mahorero or Maho is still used today to describe the people of Fuerteventura and is derived from the ancient word mahos and they lived in caves and semi-subterranean dwellings, some of which have been excavated, revealing remnants of early tools and pottery. In antiquity, the island was known o. a. as Planaria, in the 11th century BC, Phoenician settlers landed in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Several Spanish and Portuguese expeditions to the islands were organized around 1340, followed by Moors, at the end of the Iberian conquest, the island was divided into two Guanches kingdoms, one adhering to King Guize and the other to King Ayoze. The territories of these kingdoms were called Maxorata and Jandía respectively and they were separated by a wall, which traversed the La Pared isthmus. The ancient name for the island, Erbania, is derived from to this walls name, the islands conquest began in earnest in 1402, commanded by Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle. They arrived with only 63 sailors out of the original 283, after arriving and settling in Lanzarote, the invaders made some first excursions to the neighboring islands. In 1404, Bethencourt and Gadifer founded Betancuria, on the West coast, after numerous difficulties, Gadifer took charge of the invasion, while Bethencourt returned to Spain to seek the recognition and support of the Castilian king. In 1405, de Béthencourt completed his conquest of the island and it is generally accepted that the island took its name from fuerte and ventura, as mentioned by mallorcan navigator Angelino Dulcert in 1339. In 1424 Pope Martin V, through the Betancuria Brief, edicted the establishment of the Bishopric of Fuerteventura, the Bishopric of Fuerteventura was based in the Parish of Santa María de Betancuria, bestowing upon the latter the status of Grant Cathedral. After the reabsorbtion of the Diocese of San Marcial del Rubicón by the papacy of Pope of Martin V, the first census recorded a population of some 1,200 inhabitants. In 1476 the territory became the Señorío Territorial de Fuerteventura, subjected to the Catholic Monarchs, in later years, the island was invaded by the Spanish, French and the English. Over time, the island endured numerous pirate raids, a Berber lead expedition invaded in 1593, sweeping as far inland as the capital. Various castles were built along the coastline, to protect against these type of attacks, the population was moved inland as a second protective measure. Because of the raids, a first Captain General was dispatched to Fuerteventura, accompanied by a number of Sergeant Majors, at that time Betancuria became the religious capital of the island. Two major pirate attacks took place in 1740, within a month of each other, two separate bands of English privateers attempted to loot the town of Tuineje
11.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago was established as a diocese in 1843 and elevated to an archdiocese in 1880. It serves the more than 2.3 million Catholics in Cook and Lake counties in Northeastern Illinois, the archdiocese is divided into six vicariates and 31 deaneries. His Eminence Blase Joseph Cupich is the Cardinal, Archbishop of Chicago, and is assisted by six episcopal vicars, the cathedral parish for the archdiocese, Holy Name Cathedral, is in the Near North Side area of the see city for the diocese, Chicago. The Archdiocese of Chicago is the see of the Province of Chicago. Its suffragan dioceses are the other Catholic dioceses in Illinois, Belleville, Joliet, Peoria, Rockford, a French Jesuit missionary, the Rev. Jacques Marquette, SJ first explored the area that is now Chicago in the mid-17th century. On December 4,1674, Father Marquette arrived at the mouth of the Chicago River where he built a cabin to recuperate from his travels and his cabin became the first European settlement in the area now known as Chicago. Marquette published his survey of the new territories and soon more French missionaries, in 1795, the Potawatomi tribe signed the Treaty of Greenville that ceded to the United States a tract of land at the mouth of the Chicago River. There in 1804, Fort Dearborn was erected and protected newly arrived Catholic pioneers, in 1822, Alexander Beaubien became the first person to be baptized in Chicago. Rosati appointed a diocesan priest, the Rev. John Mary Irenaeus Saint Cyr, Saint Cyr celebrated his first Mass in a log cabin owned by the Beaubien family on Lake Street, near Market Street, in 1833. At the cost of four hundred dollars, Father Saint Cyr purchased a plot of land at what is now the intersection of Lake and State Streets and it was dedicated in October 1833. The following year, the Bishop of Vincennes visited Chicago, where he found over 400 Catholics with only one priest to serve them. The bishop asked permission from Bishop Rosati to send Fathers Fischer, Shaefer, Saint Palais, Dupontavice, Saint Cyr was allowed to retire and was replaced by Chicagos first English-speaking priest, the Rev. James Timothy OMeara. Father OMeara moved the church built by Fr, Saint Cyr to what is now the intersection of Wabash Avenue and Madison Street. OMeara left Chicago, Saint Palais demolished the church and replaced it with a new brick structure, the First Plenary Council of Baltimore concluded that the Roman Catholic population of Chicago was growing exponentially and was in dire need of an episcopal see of its own. With the consent of Pope Gregory XVI, the Diocese of Chicago was canonically erected on November 28,1843, in 1844, William Quarter of Ireland was appointed as the first Bishop of Chicago. Upon his arrival, Quarter summoned a synod of 32 Chicago priests to begin the organization of the diocese and this allowed the bishop to pursue large-scale construction of new churches, colleges and universities to serve the needs of Chicagos Roman Catholic faithful. After four years of service as Bishop of Chicago, Bishop Quarter died on April 10,1848, the church lost nearly a million dollars in church property in the Chicago fire of 1871, leading to administrative instability for decades. The southern section of the state of Illinois split from Chicago diocese in 1853, the Quincy diocese was renamed the Diocese of Alton in 1857, and eventually became Diocese of Springfield
12.
Your Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
13.
Bishop
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A bishop is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within these churches, bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood, Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop in shepherding a flock, the earliest organization of the Church in Jerusalem was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish synagogues, but it had a council or college of ordained presbyters. In, we see a system of government in Jerusalem chaired by James the Just. In, the Apostle Paul ordains presbyters in churches in Anatolia, in Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church, Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling him to rebuke with all authority. Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches, eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the Metropolitan bishop appointed priests to each congregation. Around the end of the 1st century, the organization became clearer in historical documents. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who dont recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of episkopoi in a city, plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6,1. Your godly bishop — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 2,1, therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters. — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7,1. Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father, and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13,2. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church, — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3,1. Follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles, and to the deacons pay respect, as to Gods commandment — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8,1. He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God, he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9,1
14.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
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African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
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Prelate
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A prelate is a high-ranking member of the clergy who is an ordinary or who ranks in precedence with ordinaries. The word derives from the Latin prælatus, the past participle of præferre, which means carry before, be set above or over or prefer, hence, the archetypal prelate is a bishop, whose prelature is his particular church. All other prelates, including the regular prelates such as abbots and it equally applies to Cardinals and certain Superior Prelates of the Offices of the Roman Curia who are not bishops, such as the auditors of the Holy Roman Rota and Protonotaries Apostolic. All these enjoy the title of monsignor. ”, at present, the only Personal Prelature in the Catholic Church is that of Opus Dei, founded by St. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer in 1928 and raised to the status of a personal prelature in 1982. In the Armenian Apostolic Church, prelate refers to a diocesan bishop, a territorial prelature is, in Roman Catholic usage, a prelate whose geographic jurisdiction, called territorial prelature, does not belong to any diocese. As of 2013, there were 44 territorial prelatures, all in the Latin Church, the term also is used in a generic sense, in which case it may equally refer to an apostolic prefecture, an apostolic vicariate or a territorial abbacy. The institution was later reaffirmed in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, such a prelature is an institution having clergy and lay members which would carry out specific pastoral activities. Personal prelatures are fundamentally secular organizations operating in the world, whereas religious institutes are religious organizations operating out of the world, the first personal prelature is Opus Dei, which was elevated to a personal prelature by Pope John Paul II in 1982 through the Apostolic constitution Ut sit. Catholic Church hierarchy § Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law Ordinariate for the faithful of eastern rite Personal ordinariate
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Diocese of Youngstown
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The Diocese of Youngstown is a particular church or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, consisting of six counties in Northeast Ohio, Mahoning, Trumbull, Columbiana, Stark, Portage, and Ashtabula. As of 2014, the Diocese of Youngstown contains 94 parishes,1 mission,102 Diocesan Priests,18 Religious Priests,67 Permanent Deacons,11 Religious Men and it has a Catholic population of 198,332 in an area totaling 3,404 square miles. As of 2010, the diocese had 8 seminarians studying at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Columbus, Pope Pius XII created the Diocese of Youngstown from territory formerly part of the Diocese of Cleveland in 1943. Bishop James A. McFadden became the first bishop and chose St. Columba Church on Wood Street in downtown Youngstown as his Cathedral. The new diocese covered 3,404 square miles with 110 parishes, when Bishop McFadden died on November 16,1952, Emmet M. Walsh succeeded him. Walsh had been named Coadjutor Bishop and was formerly the Bishop of Charleston, in 1954, St. Columba Cathedral was destroyed by a fire and Bishop Walsh undertook the task of building a new cathedral, which he dedicated in 1958. St. Patrick Church on the side of Youngstown served as Pro-Cathedral until the new St. Columbas was ready. In 1962, when Pope John XXIII convened the Vatican Council II, Bishop Walsh, in 1996, Bishop Malone retired and Bishop Thomas J. Tobin was named his successor and installed as Bishop of Youngstown on February 2,1996. On March 31,2005, Pope John Paul II appointed Bishop Tobin as Bishop of Providence, on 30 January 2007, Pope Benedict XVI named Bishop George Murry, S. J. as the fifth bishop of the Diocese of Youngstown. On May 28,2010, Bishop Murry announced the plan for the reconfiguration of parishes which will reduce their number to 87 over the next two years. Politically speaking the City of Youngstown and surrounding areas were traditionally strongholds for the Democratic Party, however, the northern counties comprising the Diocese of Youngstown often supported Republican politicians, especially for the U. S. Congress. Tuition programs that were enacted at the level in the late 1960s. However, later initiatives for students in poorly performing school districts were enacted and survived legal challenges, as a result, by 2005, over 70% of the housing units in Ashtabula County were not owner-occupied. In the mid 1980s, Bishop Malone became president of the USCCB, the USCCB’s position was that funds spent on defense should be invested instead in domestic programs. U. S. President Ronald Reagan ignored criticisms from the USCCB, many steel mills in Youngstown, Ohio closed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Economic pressures continued to affect Catholic institutions in the diocese, resulting in lowered school enrollments for diocesan schools, in addition, population left the region to pursue better opportunities in other areas of the United States. Demographically, the population of Ohio in general became statistically older as more people left the state after college graduation. James A. McFadden Emmet M. Walsh James W. Malone Thomas J. Tobin George V. Murry, the Academy is composed of 10 campuses, Our Lady of Peace, Canton Regina Coeli-St
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Auxiliary bishop
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An auxiliary bishop, in the Roman Catholic Church, is a bishop assigned to assist the diocesan bishop in meeting the pastoral needs of the diocese. They exist in both the Latin Church and in the Eastern Catholic Churches, Auxiliary bishops are titular bishops of sees that no longer exist. The particular duties of a bishop are given by the diocesan bishop and can vary widely depending on the auxiliary bishop, the ordinary. In a larger archdiocese, they might be in assigned to serve a portion of the archdiocese or to serve a particular population such as immigrants or those of a heritage or language. Canon law requires that the diocesan bishop appoint each auxiliary bishop as vicar general or episcopal vicar of the diocese, Catholic Encyclopedia - Auxiliary Bishop USCCB - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese of Indianapolis - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA - Auxiliary Bishops
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Diocese of Saint Thomas
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in the Caribbean. The diocese comprises the overseas dependency of the Virgin Islands specifically the islands Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, the diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Washington. Bishops of Saint Thomas are members of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the Diocese of Saint Thomas was erected as the Territorial Prelature of the Virgin Islands on April 30,1960. Its name was changed and was elevated to a diocese on April 20,1977 and it is the only suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Washington. The diocese is governed from Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas by a bishop whose seat is the Cathedral of Saints Peter. The current Bishop of Saint Thomas is Herbert A. Bevard, who was appointed on July 7,2008, the list of bishops of the diocese and their years of service, Edward John Harper, C. Ss. R. Elliot Griffin Thomas George Murry, S. J, Herbert Bevard St. Joseph High School, Frederiksted, St. Croix Sts. Peter & Paul School, St. Thomas See, List of the Catholic bishops of the United States#Province of Washington, D. C. Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Thomas Official Site
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United States Virgin Islands
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The United States Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of islands in the Caribbean that are an insular area of the United States. The islands are part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles. The U. S. Virgin Islands consist of the islands of Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas. The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles, the territorys capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas. Previously the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark–Norway, they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916. They are classified by the U. N. as a Non-Self-Governing Territory, the U. S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions. The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U. S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 to address these concerns, in 2010 the population was 106,405, and mostly Afro-Caribbean. Tourism and related categories are the economic activity, employing a high percentage of the civilian non-farm labor force that totalled 42,752 persons in 2016. Private sector jobs made up 71 percent of the total workforce, the average private sector salary was $34,088 and the average public sector salary was $52,572. In a May 2016 report, some 11,000 people were categorized as being involved in some aspect of agriculture in the first half of 2016, at that time, there were approximately 607 manufacturing jobs and 1,487 natural resource and construction jobs. The single largest employer was the government, in mid February 2017, the USVI was facing a financial crisis due to a very high debt level of $2 billion and a structural budget deficit of $110 million. The U. S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney, Carib, the islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers. Over the next two hundred years, the islands were held by many European powers, including Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Denmark-Norway. The Danish West India Company settled on Saint Thomas in 1672, settled on Saint John in 1694, the islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754, named the Danish West Indian Islands. Sugarcane, produced by labor, drove the islands economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John, the Danish crown took full control of Saint John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix. Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat, the establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa. In 1733 St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months, the Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique
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African Methodist Episcopal Church
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The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the A. M. E. Church, is a predominantly African-American Methodist denomination based in the United States and it is the oldest independent Protestant denomination founded by black people in the world. It was founded by the Rt, Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. Allen was consecrated its first bishop in 1816 and it began with 8 clergy and 5 churches, and by 1846 had grown to 176 clergy,296 churches, and 17,375 members. The 20,000 members in 1856 were located primarily in the North, AME national membership jumped from 70,000 in 1866 to 207,000 in 1876. The church was not founded in Africa, nor is it exclusively for people of African descent and it is open and welcoming to people of all ethnic groups, origins, nationalities, and colors, although its congregations are predominantly made of up Black Americans. Methodist The churchs roots are in the Methodist church, members of St. Georges Methodist Church left the congregation when faced with racial discrimination, but continued with the Methodist doctrine and the order of worship. Episcopal The AME Church operates under a form of church government. The denomination leaders are bishops of the church, the AME Church grew out of the Free African Society, which Richard Allen, Absalom Jones, and other free blacks established in Philadelphia in 1787. They left St. Georges Methodist Episcopal Church because of discrimination, although Allen and Jones were both accepted as preachers, they were limited to black congregations. In addition, the blacks were made to sit in a gallery built in the church when their portion of the congregation increased. These former members of St. Georges made plans to transform their mutual aid society into an African congregation, although the group was originally non-denominational, eventually members wanted to affiliate with existing denominations. Allen led a group who resolved to remain Methodist. They formed the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1793, in general, they adopted the doctrines and form of government of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1794 Bethel AME was dedicated with Allen as pastor and it began with 8 clergy and 5 churches, and by 1846 had grown to 176 clergy,296 churches, and 17,375 members The 20,000 members in 1856 were located primarily in the North. AME national membership jumped from 70,000 in 1866 to 207,000 in 1876 AME put a premium on education. By 1880, AME operated over 2,000 schools, chiefly in the South, with 155,000 students, after the Civil War Bishop Henry McNeal Turner was a major leader of the AME and played a role in Republican Party politics. In 1863 during the Civil War, Turner was appointed as the first black chaplain in the United States Colored Troops, afterward, he was appointed to the Freedmens Bureau in Georgia
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Roman Catholicism
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
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Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
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Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
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Camden Catholic High School
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The school operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges, Camden Catholic students come from the local area and from Norway, Nigeria, Italy, Germany, Mexico, Vietnam, Korea, and China. As of the 2013–14 school year, the school had an enrollment of 657 students and 58.3 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3,1. When the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception was built in 1862, space was set aside for the first parochial school in the city of Camden, which became the foundation of the current high school. In 1920, the elementary school program was extended to include a four-year. Camden Catholic High School opened in 1924 with an enrollment of 400 students, after a fire on April 17,1960, destroyed two buildings at the Camden campus, a decision was made that a new school would be constructed on a 33-acre site in Cherry Hill. In the school year of 2012–2013, Camden Catholic celebrated its 125th anniversary as a school, the boys baseball team won the Non-Public A state championship in 1973 vs. Seton Hall Preparatory School. The CCHS football team won the NJSIAA Non-Public A South state sectional championship in 1979, the team won the Group III state championship in 1985. In 2007, the hockey team won the South Jersey. The girls softball team won the Non-Public A state championships in 1986 vs. Paramus Catholic High School and won in 1990,1991 and 1992, the CCHS Wrestling team won the 2007 Group A state championship, defeating Don Bosco Preparatory High School 32-25 to take the title. Wrestler Taylor Walsh, now wrestling at Indiana University, won the 2010 NJSIAA145 pound championship defeating Frank Crocco of Passaic Valley Regional High School in the final and he had won the 2009 NJSIAA135 pound championship defeating two-time runner up Kodie Silvestri of Walkill Valley. He placed second at 119 pounds in 2008 losing in the finals to two time champion Vinnie Dellefave of Toms River East, wrestler Anthony Trongone won the NJSIAA171 pound championship in 2007. Trongone was a runner-up in 2005-06 season, previous state champions from Camden Catholic are Bobby Stinson and Ed Giosa. The boys winter track team won the Non-Public Group B division state title in January 2014. William T. Cahill, Governor of New Jersey and United States Representative, william J. Fallon, United States Navy Admiral who is the former Commander of United States Central Command. James J. Hogan, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown from 1966–1986, george Lehmann, former National Basketball Association player. John McCarthy, College All-American in 1941 at Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania, Don McComb, defensive end who played for the Boston Patriots of the American Football League in the 1960 season. Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown, installed in 2007, kevin Owens, professional basketball player who has played for the Cairns Taipans of the National Basketball League in Australia
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Saint Joseph's University
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The University was founded in 1851 as Saint Josephs College by the Society of Jesus. Saint Josephs is the seventh oldest Jesuit university in the United States and it has 17 centers and institutes, including the prestigious Kinney Center for Autism Education & Support and Pedro Arrupe Center for Business Ethics. Saint Josephs has grown in size and scope since 2001 with the addition of the Maguire Campus, construction of new campus buildings. For the 2014 U. S. News and World Report rankings, in the Masters Universities category, the Saint Josephs University athletics teams are called the Hawks. The Hawks are a NCAA Division I program that compete in the Atlantic-10 Conference, the official colors of the University are crimson and grey. The school mascot is the famous Hawk, which never stops flapping its wings while in costume, approximately,100 Jesuits live on campus with 18 serving as faculty. The universitys Jesuit Community lives in the Loyola Center, directly across the street from Barbelin Hall, the Loyola Center joins Manresa Hall, which is the home of the infirm Jesuits, and features a Carriage House. Other Jesuit residences include St. Alphonsus House and Faber Hall, a few Jesuits also live in residence halls, the university president maintains an apartment in the Merion Gardens Apartment building. The university also uses its Jesuit identity in its branding. The university began The Magis campaign in 2013 to highlight this commitment to living greater, the Magis is taken from the motto of the society of Jesus Ad maiorem Dei gloriam, meaning for For the greater glory of God. The university also promotes the Jesuit principle of cura personalis or Care for the whole person, the university requires undergraduates to complete a rigorous general education program that focuses heavily on traditional liberal arts disciplines. Every general education class is titled 154, which stands for the year 1540 AD when the Society of Jesus was accepted by the Pope, on September 27,2015, Pope Francis, himself a Jesuit, made a stop at the University during his two-day visit to Philadelphia. The Seal of Saint Josephs University signifies many things that show the history, many of the symbols are not unique to Saint Josephs and appear on the seals of other Jesuit educational institutions. The wolves are over a pot to show the generosity of the Loyola family towards the poor. Tradition claims that the Loyolas provided so much food for their soldiers that even the wolves had enough to eat, IHM are the letters JES in Greek, which stands for Jesus. This symbol regularly represents the Jesuits, the stripes signify the 7 sons of the House of Loyola, who died defending their home from the Moors. The lily is used to represent Saint Joseph, wherever he is present. The seal is the graphical representation of Saint Josephs and its uniquely Jesuit identity
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Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
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Bloomfield, Connecticut
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Bloomfield is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 20,486 at the 2010 census, originally land of the Poquonocks, the area was first settled in 1660 as part of Windsor, organized as the Parish of Wintonbury in 1736. Wintonbury comes from three names from neighboring towns Windsor, Farmington, and Simsbury and it was finally incorporated as the town of Bloomfield in May 1835. Initially, the local economy was agriculturally based, mostly in shade tobacco. While the towns southern and eastern fringes are more populated and developed, the northern and western sections maintain a more rural feel with meadows, woods. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 26.3 square miles, of which 26.1 square miles is land and 0.15 square miles. Bloomfield is bordered by Windsor to the northeast, East Granby to the north, Simsbury and Avon to the west, the northern border of Bloomfield is formed by the Farmington River. The west side of the town is flanked by Talcott Mountain, part of the Metacomet Ridge, notable features of the Metacomet Ridge in Bloomfield include Penwood State Park and the Tariffville Gorge of the Farmington River, on the borders of East Granby, Simsbury, and Bloomfield. The 51-mile Metacomet Trail traverses the ridge, Bloomfield also has two major north-south highways, Blue Hills Avenue and Bloomfield/Tunxis Avenues. These highways merge when approaching the Windsor line but before returning to Bloomfield, eleven bus routes in Connecticut Transits Hartford Division serve Bloomfield,36,46,50,52,54,56,72,74,76,92, and 153. As of the census of 2010, there were 20,486 people,8,554 households, the population density was 753.0 people per square mile. There were 8,195 housing units at a density of 315.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 35. 7% White,57. 5% African American,0. 03% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,1. 70% from other races, and 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 6% of the population,31. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was out with 21. 4% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,24. 5% from 25 to 44,26. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47.9 years, for every 122 females there were 100 males. For every 130 females age 18 and over, there were 100 males, the median income for a household in the town was $73,519, and the median income for a family was $84,735
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Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
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St. Mary's Seminary and University
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Founded in 1791 as a Catholic seminary under the leadership of newly ordained first Bishop John Carroll, after he returned to America from his consecration in England that year. A former large tavern was secured just northwest outside of the growing Baltimore Town on the Hookstown Road, within a decade, the Seminary was moved south to North Paca Street at the developed northwest edge of the newly incorporated city. The seminary was founded by the French Sulpician Fathers, and continued to be operated by that Community after 1852, designed in 1806 by J. Maximilian M. Godefroys original chapel stands adjacent to the now historical shrine of the Mother Seton House, used by Elizabeth Ann Seton. The old Godefroy Chapel is now used as part of the seminarys Spiritual Center, the influence of the St. Marys Seminary increased in the late 19th Century under the leadership of Alphonse Magnien, who served as superior of the school from 1878 to 1902. The lawn was used as a pad for leaving to the local airport following the several days of the 1995 Baltimore visit by Pope John Paul II. In 1974, the name was changed to St. Marys Seminary and University to reflect its expanded departments. Father Robert F. Leavitt retired as long-time president/rector in spring 2007, the Seminarys alumni have gone on to reach bishops positions and form leading teaching roles in various theological seminaries of the Church in many cities and towns of the United States. The Knott Library at St. Marys Seminary and University houses the papers of Fr. Raymond E. Brown S. S. an eminent Johannine scholar, Dr. Brent Laytham, formerly of North Park University, is the E. I. s dean, succeeding Dr. Michael J. Gorman. Gorman remains on the faculty as the inaugural Raymond E. Brown Professor of Biblical Studies, in May 2012, N. T. Wright was the keynote speaker for the graduating class at the E. I. and was himself awarded an honorary degree. William O. Brady, Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, in St. Paul, writer/Author about early California province, republic and state history plus legal practices, law and precedents
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Novitiate
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It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening ones relationship with God, and deepening ones self-awareness. It is a time of creating a new way of being in the world, the novitiate stage in most communities is a two-year period of formation. These years are Sabbath time to ones relationship with God, to intensify the living out of the communitys mission and charism. The novitiate experience for many communities includes a program of prayer, study, reflection. The Novitiate helps the Novice better understand her vocation to a particular Congregation, Novices experience the manner of living, the culture of the Congregation. This period helps form the minds and hearts of the Novices in the spirit of the Congregation so that their intention and suitability are tested. —Canon Law 646 Conscious of their own responsibility, the Novices are to collaborate actively with their Director in such a way that they respond to the grace of a divine vocation. —Canon Law 652.3 Members of the institute are to care that they cooperate for their part in the work of formation of the Novices through example of life. —Canon Law 652 A novice is free to quit the novitiate at any time, often, in novicating, the vows are continuous through training. In some novitiate communities, mostly monastic, the novice often wears clothing that is distinct from secular dress but is not the full habit worn by professed members of the community. The novices day normally encompasses participation in the canonical hours, manual labor. Spiritual exercises and tests of humility are common features of a novitiate, some Roman Catholic communities encourage frequent confession and reception of Holy Communion by their novices. A Superior will often appoint a member of the community to oversee the training of novices. This may be a Finally Professed Member, novice master or mistress who is responsible for the training of all novices, different religious communities will have varying requirements for the duration of the novitiate. Often one must complete a postulancy before officially entering the novitiate, in many apostolic religious communities in the United States, postulancy or candidacy is one to three years. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the novitiate is officially set at three years before one may be tonsured a monk or nun, though this requirement may be waived. The term novitiate also refers to the building, house, or complex within a monastery or convent that is devoted exclusively to the needs of novices
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George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Holy orders
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In the Christian churches, Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop, priest or deacon. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament, the Anglo-Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination. Denominations have varied conceptions of Holy Orders, in the Anglican churches and some Lutheran churches the traditional orders of bishop, priest and deacon are bestowed using ordination rites. The extent to which ordination is considered sacramental in these traditions has, however, many other denominations do not consider ministry as being sacramental in nature and would not think of it in terms of holy orders as such. Historically, the word order designated a civil body or corporation with a hierarchy. The word holy refers to the Church, in context, therefore, a holy order is set apart for ministry in the Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church considers ordination to be a Sacred Mystery, although all other mysteries may be performed by a presbyter, ordination may only be conferred by a bishop, and ordination of a bishop may only be performed by several bishops together. Cheirotonia always takes place during the Divine Liturgy and it was the mission of the Apostles to go forth into all the world and preach the Gospel, baptizing those who believed in the name of the Holy Trinity. In the Early Church those who presided over congregations were referred to variously as episcopos or presbyteros and this link is believed to continue in unbroken succession to this day. Over time, the ministry of bishops and presbyters or priests came to be distinguished, in Orthodox terminology, priesthood or sacerdotal refers to the ministry of bishops and priests. A bishop is the Teacher of the Faith, the carrier of Sacred Tradition, a bishop is consecrated through the laying on of hands by several bishops. The consecration of a bishop takes place near the beginning of the Liturgy, since a bishop can, in addition to performing the Mystery of the Eucharist, also ordain priests and deacons. Customarily, the consecrated bishop ordains a priest and a deacon at the Liturgy during which he is consecrated. A priest may serve only at the pleasure of his bishop, a bishop bestows faculties giving a priest chrism and an antimins, he may withdraw faculties and demand the return of these items. After the Aër is taken from the candidate to cover the chalice and diskos, the candidate is then taken to the southeast corner of the Holy Table and kneels on both knees, resting his forehead on the edge of the Holy Table. Afterwards, the bishop brings the newly ordained priest to stand in the Holy Doors and he then clothes the priest in each of his sacerdotal vestments, at each of which the people sing, Worthy. A deacon may not perform any Sacrament and performs no liturgical services on his own but serves only as an assistant to a priest and may not even vest without the blessing of a priest. After being vested as a deacon and given a liturgical fan, the Anglican churches hold their bishops to be in apostolic succession, although there is some difference of opinion with regard to whether ordination is to be regarded as a sacrament
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Catholic priest
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The ministerial orders of the Roman Catholic Church are those of bishop, presbyter, and deacon. The ordained priesthood and the priesthood are different in function. The Catholic Church teaches that when a man participates in priesthood, unlike usage in English, the Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters. The words presbyter, presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests in the English use of the word or presbyters. According to the Annuario Pontificio 2016, as of December 31,2014, there were 415,792 Catholic priests worldwide, a priest of the regular clergy is commonly addressed with the title Father. The state of consecrated life or monasticism is a separate, third distinct vocational state from the clergy, as an overview, there are the members of the laity- who are married or unmarried, and the clergy- the bishops, priests, and deacons. Members of institutes of consecrated life, or monks, can be either clergy or non-ordained members of the religious order. Those ordained priests or deacons who are not members of some sort of religious order most often serve as clergy to a church or in an office of a specific diocese or in Rome. The priest was understood as a mediator between God and human beings who offers sacrifices and intercedes for the people, the Catholic priesthood is a participation in this priesthood of Christ, and therefore traces its origins to Jesus Christ himself. Thus, the New Testament says that as high priest, Jesus has made the Church a kingdom of priests for his God and Father. All who are baptized are given a share in the priesthood of Christ, the whole community of believers is, as such, priestly. The ministerial priesthood of Catholic priests and bishops — what most people think of as the Catholic priesthood — has a distinct history. It is understood to have begun at the Last Supper, when Jesus Christ instituted the Eucharist in the presence of the Twelve Apostles, the Catholic priesthood, therefore, is a share in the priesthood of Christ and traces its historical origins to the Twelve Apostles appointed by Christ. Those apostles in turn selected other men to succeed them as the bishops of the Christian communities, with whom were associated presbyters and deacons. As communities multiplied and grew in size, the bishops appointed more and more presbyters to preside at the Eucharist in place of the bishop in the communities in each region. The diaconate evolved as the assistants of the bishop and his delegate for the administration of Church funds. In the decade of the 2010s, catholic priests as a group garnered public attention due to the cases of sexual abuse of children by catholic clergy being revealed. The theology of the Catholic priesthood is rooted in the priesthood of Christ, a priest is one who presides over a sacrifice and offers that sacrifice and prayers to God on behalf of believers
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University of Detroit Mercy
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University of Detroit Mercy is a private, Roman Catholic co-educational university in Detroit, Michigan, United States, sponsored by both the Society of Jesus and the Religious Sisters of Mercy. Antoine M. Garibaldi, Ph. D. is the president, founded in 1877, it is the largest Roman Catholic university in Michigan. Detroit Mercy was ranked in the top tier of Midwestern regional universities in the 2015 edition of the U. S. News & World Report Best Colleges rankings and has been for over a decade. In athletics, the University sponsors 19 NCAA Division I level varsity sports for men and women, Detroit Mercy is one of the 28 members of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, which represents Jesuit institutions in the United States. University of Detroit Mercys origin dates back to 1877 with the founding of Detroit College by the Society of Jesus, under the leadership of John Baptist Miège, the college developed into the University of Detroit, and in 1927 Fr. John P. McNichols, S. J. the then president of the University of Detroit, in 1941, the Sisters of Mercy opened Mercy College of Detroit. In 1990, despite some opposition these two schools consolidated to become University of Detroit Mercy, the University has a long history of being active in the community and continues to play a major role in the minds and hearts of Detroiters. McNichols Road, on the southeast corner of McNichols Road and Livernois Avenue, the majority of the Universitys undergraduate and graduate programs are offered on this campus, as well as the Universitys main administration and athletic facilities like Calihan Hall. It is also the location of all six student residence halls, the Riverfront Campus is home to the School of Law in downtown Detroit at 651 East Jefferson. The Corktown Campus, at 2700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, has housed the School of Dentistry, Detroit Mercy has also partnered with Aquinas College and St. Mary Mercy Hospital in Grand Rapids, Mich. to offer a Nursing prelicensure program. A former campus at 8200 West Outer Drive in Detroit was home to Mercy College of Detroit from 1941 until consolidation in 1990, as part of University of Detroit Mercy, the Outer Drive Campus hosted Detroit Mercys Dentistry Clinic starting in 1997. Detroit Mercy agreed to sell the Outer Drive Campus to WCCCD in 2003, the University is home to a variety of institutes and centers, clinics providing services to the public, and archives. Examples include, In 1965 University of Detroits Urban Law Clinic was one of the first in the country and it is one of the few law schools in the country requiring a practicum course for all students. In 2003 the clinic acquired a 28-foot long mobile law office, in 2012 a downtown building was purchased and renovated for the clinic, bringing the clinic closer to the court buildings. At that time the courses were serving over 1000 clients a year. Following are the courses offered at Detroit Mercy, all of which fulfill the student requirement. This serves immigrants seeking family sponsorship or Special Immigrant Juvenile Status, students argue before the Department of Veterans Affairs for disability benefits for veterans. This prepares students for all aspects of defense in cases, including courtroom appearances
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Pope John Paul II
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Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
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Coadjutor Bishop
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In modern times, the coadjutor automatically succeeds the current bishop of a diocese upon the latters retirement, removal or death. In the Roman Catholic Church, a bishop is an immediate collaborator of the diocesan bishop. Until then, the diocesan bishop appoints the coadjutor to act as vicar general and he needs to be ordained and generally holds a titular see until his succession. In these cases the Pope may assign a coadjutor in order to him time to become familiar with the diocese that he will eventually take over. Another example is the appointment of San Antonio Archbishop Jose Gomez to succeed Cardinal Roger Mahony as Archbishop of Los Angeles when Mahony retired at age 75 in February 2011. At times, the appointment of a coadjutor is used to remove a diocesan bishop who has become involved in scandal or other problems. An example of this occurred in the Archdiocese of Dubuque in the 1940s, when the scheme fell apart and the man behind the scam was arrested, the fallout resulted in serious financial problems for Beckman and the archdiocese. Because of all of the problems, Bishop Henry Rohlman of Davenport. While Beckman was allowed to retain the office of Archbishop, it was clear to him by the Holy See that the actual power rested with Rohlman. Beckman soon retired and left Dubuque, another example would be that of Cardinal Pedro Segura y Sáenz, whose responsibilities as Archbishop of Seville were given to his Coadjutor Archbishop José Bueno y Monreal. Now, no coadjutor is appointed without the concomitant right of succession, an Apostolic Vicar can also have a coadjutor, who, like him, will be a titular bishop. In some provinces of the Anglican Communion, a coadjutor is a bishop elected or appointed to follow the current diocesan bishop upon the incumbents death or retirement. For example, in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, when a diocesan bishop announces his or her retirement, usually the coadjutor serves with the incumbent for a short time before the latters retirement, at which time the coadjutor becomes the diocesan bishop. Bishops coadjutor are also appointed in the Reformed Episcopal Church, the role of assistant-bishop in the Church of England is fulfilled by a suffragan. There have been bishops coadjutor in the Anglican Church of Australia who have lacked the right of succession to the diocesan see
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U.S. Virgin Islands
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The United States Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of islands in the Caribbean that are an insular area of the United States. The islands are part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles. The U. S. Virgin Islands consist of the islands of Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas. The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles, the territorys capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas. Previously the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark–Norway, they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916. They are classified by the U. N. as a Non-Self-Governing Territory, the U. S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions. The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U. S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 to address these concerns, in 2010 the population was 106,405, and mostly Afro-Caribbean. Tourism and related categories are the economic activity, employing a high percentage of the civilian non-farm labor force that totalled 42,752 persons in 2016. Private sector jobs made up 71 percent of the total workforce, the average private sector salary was $34,088 and the average public sector salary was $52,572. In a May 2016 report, some 11,000 people were categorized as being involved in some aspect of agriculture in the first half of 2016, at that time, there were approximately 607 manufacturing jobs and 1,487 natural resource and construction jobs. The single largest employer was the government, in mid February 2017, the USVI was facing a financial crisis due to a very high debt level of $2 billion and a structural budget deficit of $110 million. The U. S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney, Carib, the islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers. Over the next two hundred years, the islands were held by many European powers, including Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Denmark-Norway. The Danish West India Company settled on Saint Thomas in 1672, settled on Saint John in 1694, the islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754, named the Danish West Indian Islands. Sugarcane, produced by labor, drove the islands economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John, the Danish crown took full control of Saint John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix. Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat, the establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa. In 1733 St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months, the Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique
