1.
Haddon Hall
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Haddon Hall is an English country house on the River Wye at Bakewell, Derbyshire, one of the seats of the Duke of Rutland. It is currently occupied by Lord Edward Manners and his family, in form a medieval manor house, it has been described as the most complete and most interesting house of period. The origins of the date to the 11th century. The current medieval and Tudor hall includes additions added at various stages between the 13th and the 17th centuries, the Vernon family acquired the Manor of Haddon by a 12th-century marriage between Sir Richard de Vernon and Alice Avenell, daughter of William Avenell II. Four centuries later, in 1563, Dorothy Vernon, the daughter and heiress of Sir George Vernon, married John Manners, a legend grew up in the 19th century that Dorothy and Manners eloped. The legend has made into novels, dramatisations and other works of fiction. She nevertheless inherited the Hall, and their grandson, also John Manners and his son, another John Manners, was made 1st Duke of Rutland in 1703. In the 20th century, another John Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland, the origins of the hall date to the 11th century. William Peverel, illegitimate son of William the Conqueror, held the manor of Haddon in 1087, though it was never a castle, the manor of Haddon was protected by a wall after a licence to build one was granted in 1194. The hall was forfeited to the Crown in 1153 and later passed to a tenant of the Peverils, Sir Richard de Vernon acquired the manor in 1170 after his marriage to Alice Avenell, the daughter of William Avenell II. The Vernons built most of the hall, except for the Peveril Tower and part of the Chapel, which preceded them, and the Long Gallery, richards son, Sir William Vernon, was a High Sheriff of Lancashire and Chief Justice of Cheshire. Prominent later family members include Sir Richard Vernon, also a High Sheriff, MP, Sir George Vernon had two daughters, Margaret and Dorothy. Dorothy married John Manners, the son of Thomas Manners. According to legend, Sir George forbade John Manners from courting the beautiful and amiable Dorothy. If indeed the elopement happened, the couple were reconciled with Sir George. Their grandson, also John Manners of Haddon, inherited the Earldom in 1641, on the death of his distant cousin, George and that John Manners son was John, the 9th Earl, and was made 1st Duke of Rutland in 1703. In the 1920s, another John Manners, the 9th Duke of Rutland, realised its importance and began a lifetime of meticulous restoration, Major construction was carried out at various stages between the 13th and the 16th centuries. The banqueting hall, kitchens and parlour date from 1370, for generations, whitewash concealed and protected their pre-Reformation frescoes
2.
Derbyshire
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Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire, in 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, there is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland, 75% of the population live in 25% of the area. Further occupation came with the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age when Mesolithic hunter gatherers roamed the hilly tundra, evidence of these nomadic tribes has been found in limestone caves located on the Nottinghamshire border. Deposits left in the date the occupancy at around 12,000 to 7,000 BCE. Burial mounds of Neolithic settlers are also situated throughout the county and these chambered tombs were designed for collective burial and are mostly located in the central Derbyshire region. There are tombs at Minninglow and Five Wells that date back to between 2000 and 2500 BCE, three miles west of Youlgreave lies the Neolithic henge monument of Arbor Low, which has been dated to 2500 BCE. It is not until the Bronze Age that real signs of agriculture, in the moors of the Peak District signs of clearance, arable fields and hut circles were discovered after archaeological investigation. However this area and another settlement at Swarkestone are all that have been found, during the Roman invasion the invaders were attracted to Derbyshire because of the lead ore in the limestone hills of the area. They settled throughout the county with forts built near Brough in the Hope Valley, later they settled around Buxton, famed for its warm springs, and set up a fort near modern-day Derby in an area now known as Little Chester. Several kings of Mercia are buried in the Repton area, following the Norman Conquest, much of the county was subject to the forest laws. To the northwest was the Forest of High Peak under the custodianship of William Peverel, the rest of the county was bestowed upon Henry de Ferrers, a part of it becoming Duffield Frith. In time the area was given to the Duchy of Lancaster. Meanwhile, the Forest of East Derbyshire covered the county to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of Henry II to that of Edward I. The main rivers in the county are the River Derwent and the River Dove which both join the River Trent in the south. The varied landscapes within Derbyshires have been formed mainly as a consequence of the underlying geology, the oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. In its north-east corner to the east of Bolsover there are also Magnesian Limestone rocks of Permian age, across both regions can be found drift deposits of Quaternary age – mainly terrace and river gravel deposits and boulder clays
3.
Vernon family
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The Vernon family was a wealthy, prolific and widespread English family with 11th-century origins in Vernon, France. William de Vernon arrived in England at the time of the Norman conquest and was granted lands in the County Palatine of Chester under the patronage of Hugh dAvranches and his son Richard was created a medieval Baron and settled at Shipbrook, near Northwich, Cheshire. Warine Vernon, elder son of the 4th Baron, had no male heir, ralphs son, also Ralph b 1241, was reputed to have lived so long he earned the soubriquet The Old Liver. His heir was Sir Richard, son of his marriage to Matilda Grosvenor of Kinderton. The Barony expired when his grandson Sir Richard, was captured after the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, branches of the family flourished and its influence spread beyond Cheshire over the following centuries, partly as a result of judicious intermarriage. Sir Richard de Vernon acquired the manor by his late 12th century marriage to the heiress of Nether Haddon and Haddon Hall, Alice Avenell, daughter of William Avenell. His son, Sir William Vernon, a High Sheriff of Lancashire and Chief Justice of Cheshire 1229–1236, married Margaret and his son Richard was Chief Justice in 1249. A subsequent descendant, also Richard, married Juliana, daughter of Sir Fulk de Pembrugge, Sir Richard Vernon of Haddon and Tong married his distant cousin and sole heiress Benedicta de Ludlow, daughter of Isabella de Lingen and Sir John de Ludlow of Hodnet. Benedictas mother, Lady Isabella Pembrugge founded the chantry and college at Tong, Tong Church contains many of the Vernon tombs. Benedicta de Ludlow, as well as the Lingen and Pembrugge Arms, are depicted in the stained glass window at Haddon Hall. Sir Richard Vernon was High Sheriff of Staffordshire for 1416 and 1427 and he also represented Derbyshire and Staffordshire in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of which he was Speaker in 1426. He was Treasurer of Calais in the last year of his life and his son Sir William was Constable of England and succeeded him as Treasurer of Calais and MP for Derbyshire and Staffordshire, while other descendants became the Vernons of Hodnet. Sir Williams son Sir Henry Vernon KB became governor and treasurer to Arthur, Prince of Wales, married Anne Talbot daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury and rebuilt Haddon Hall. Sir Henrys grandson, Sir George Vernon, the last of the Haddon Vernons and he died in 1565 without a male heir and his estates passed to his daughters. Haddon passed to Dorothy Vernon who married Sir John Manners and became ancestors of the Dukes of Rutland and he married Joan Lostock, heiress of Lostock Gralam and settled at Haslington Hall. For further and later detail see Vernon of Sudbury and Hilton below, Ralph Vernon second son of Robert Vernon and Isabella Levensage of Haslington settled in London. His great-grandson James Vernon was a Secretary of State to William III and he was the father of James Vernon who settled in Suffolk and of Admiral Edward Vernon. James son Francis Vernon, Member of Parliament for Ipswich, was created Baron Orwell of Orwell Park, Nacton, Suffolk in 1762, Viscount Orwell in 1762, the Earldom was extinct on his death in 1783
4.
Parliament of England
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The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War, the Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Under a monarchical system of government, monarchs usually must consult, early kings of England had no standing army or police, and so depended on the support of powerful subjects. The monarchy had agents in every part of the country, however, under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy. The former had economic and military bases of their own through major ownership of land. The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of law courts. In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the clergy on major decisions. A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops, bishops, abbots, barons and earls, when this system of consultation and consent broke down, it often became impossible for government to function effectively. The most prominent instances of prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons. Becket, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170, was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church. John, who was king from 1199 to 1216, aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215, johns refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war. The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England, the term itself came into use during the early 13th century, deriving from the Latin and French words for discussion and speaking. The word first appears in documents in the 1230s. As a result of the work by historians G. O. Sayles and H. G. Richardson, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary. A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance, initially, parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes. Following the Magna Carta this became a convention and this was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III. Leading peers and clergy governed on Henrys behalf until he came of age, among other things, they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king
5.
Dorothy Vernon
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Dorothy Vernon, the younger daughter of Sir George Vernon, was the heiress of Haddon Hall, an English country house in Derbyshire with its origins in the 12th century. She married John Manners in 1563, the couples descendants, the Dukes of Rutland, continue to own Haddon Hall. A legend grew up in the 19th century that Vernon and Manners eloped, and his second daughter, Dorothy, fell in love with John Manners, the second son of Thomas Manners, the first Earl of Rutland. According to historian Paul Dares 1924 book, Ayleston Manor and Church, Dorothy, according to the legend, Sir George forbade Manners from courting the famously beautiful and amiable Dorothy and forbade his daughter from seeing Manners. Torn by her love for her father and her love for John Manners, the supposed elopement became the subject of several novels and other works of fiction and drama. The marriage could have held at Sir Georges manor at Aylestone, Leicestershire. If indeed the elopement happened, the couple were reconciled with Sir George. The couple had at least two children, George and Roger, Dorothy Vernon died in 1584 and was interred in the Vernon Chapel at All Saints Church, Bakewell. Sir John died in 1611 and was interred in the chapel. George, the eldest son, inherited Haddon Hall upon the death of his father and he seems to have previously lived at Aylestone Hall as several of his children were baptised in the village church. Haddon Hall remains in the Manners family to the present day, a story entitled King of the Peak – A Derbyshire Tale, by Allan Cunningham, published in the London Magazine in 1822. An 1823 novel The King of the Peak – A Romance, the Love Steps of Dorothy Vernon, a short story by Eliza Meteyard, writing under a pseudonym in 1849. It was first published in the 29 December 1849 issue of Eliza Cooks Journal and then in The Reliquary, October 1860, a light opera of 1892, Haddon Hall by Arthur Sullivan, with libretto by Sydney Grundy. A novel Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall written by American Charles Major in 1902, a play of 1903, based on the novel, by American playwright Paul Kester that debuted on Broadway. A1906 adaptation of Kesters play by Fred Terry and Julia Neilson, a film of 1924, starring Mary Pickford, also based on Majors novel
6.
Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby
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Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby KG was an English nobleman and politician. At the age of thirteen, Edward received the titles and estates of his father, the 2nd Earl of Derby and his commissioners, including Cardinal Thomas Wolsey were responsible for most of his affairs. In 1528, he accompanied Cardinal Wolsey on a mission to France and that same year Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk bought the remaining year of Edward Stanleys wardship and married him, without the Kings permission, to his daughter, Katherine Howard. The King rebuked Norfolk, but allowed the marriage, Katherine fell victim to the plague a few weeks later. In 1532, Edward accompanied King Henry to Boulogne, where met with King Francis I of France. After this meeting, Edward became a Knight of the Bath, a few years later, Edward took a major role in quelling the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large rebellion started in Lincolnshire and spread into North England. In 1542, Edward accompanied the Duke of Norfolk on a raid into Scotland. When Edward VI ascended to the throne in 1547, Edward became a Knight of the Garter, a year later, various charges were brought against him, mainly due to his opposition to clerical reform. However, when Queen Mary ascended to the throne, he was again in favour and he was a commissioner of Lady Jane Greys trial, and was frequently present during the trials of accused heretics. He remained in favour under Queen Elizabeth Is reign, and remained on her Privy Council and she eventually appointed him Chamberlain of Chester. Edward Stanley died at Lathom House, and his titles and estates were passed on to his eldest son, knafla, Louis A. Stanley, Edward, third earl of Derby, magnate. The Life of Edward Stanley, Third Earl of Derby, Noble Power, Stanleys patronage of theater and/or music, Patrons and Performances Web Site
7.
Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
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Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, 12th Baron de Ros of Helmsley, KG, of Belvoir Castle, Rutland, was created Earl of Rutland by King Henry VIII in 1525. Thomas was the son of Sir George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros by his wife Anne St Leger and his maternal grandparents were Sir Thomas St Leger and Anne of York, a daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was thus a sister of Kings Edward IV and of his brother and eventual successor. Her other siblings were Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk, Margaret of York and George Plantagenet, on 22 June 1513 Thomas landed at Calais on the French expedition. In 1513 he became Baron Ros on his fathers death and was summoned in 1515 to Parliament and he was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and at King Henry VIIIs meeting with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor afterwards. In December 1521 he became cupbearer to the king and he received the wardenship of Sherwood Forest on 12 July 1524, an office which afterwards became practically hereditary in his family. He was appointed a Knight of the Garter on 24 April 1525 and he was a great favourite of King Henry VIII and received many grants, including the keepership of Enfield Chase on 12 July 1526. On 11 October 1532 he landed with the king in France and he was at the coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn in 1533 and later took part in her trial. Rutland was actively engaged in meeting the Pilgrimage of Grace and he held a joint command with the Earls of Huntingdon and Shrewsbury and marched to Nottingham and thence to Newark, Southwell, and Doncaster against the northern rebels. He was steward of many monasteries, and from his various ancestors had claims through their having founded certain of the houses, hence at the Dissolution of the Monasteries he received numerous grants of monastic property. In Leicestershire he obtained Charley, Garradon, and by exchange, Croxton, in Yorkshire he received Beverley, Warter, jointly with Robert Tyrwhit, he obtained Belvoir, Eagle, and Kyme in Lincolnshire, and in Yorkshire Nun Burnham. In 1542 he became constable of Nottingham Castle and he went to the border again on 7 August 1542 as Warden of the Marches, but was recalled, in consequence of illness, in November of the same year. From Newark-on-Trent he wrote on 7 November to the Council of the North, As Gode best knows, I ame in a poyur and he died on 20 September 1543. Manners, about two months before receipt of his earldom, was nominated by Henry VIII a Knight of the Garter in 1525 and his Garter stall plate of brass inlaid with coloured enamel, survives in St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. It is inscribed, Thoms lord roosse, Erle of rotteland, above the escutcheon, circumscribed by the Garter, is the crest of Manners, A peacock in pride. Sir Thomas Manners, grandfather of Thomas Vavasour, 1st Baronet, gertrude Manners, who married George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and was the mother of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury and Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury. Anne Manners, who married Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland and was the mother of Charles Neville, frances Manners, who married Henry Nevill, 6th Baron Bergavenny and was grandmother of Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland. Katherine Manners, who married Sir Henry Capell, Sheriff of Essex and she was the grandmother of Thomas Savage, 1st Viscount Savage and the great-grandmother of John Savage, 1st Earl Rivers and was the great-great-grandmother of Charles Paulet, 1st Duke of Bolton
8.
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
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George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, 6th Earl of Waterford, 12th Baron Talbot, 11th Baron Furnivall, KG, Earl Marshal was an English magnate and military commander. Talbot was the son of Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury and Mary Dacre. In early life he saw military service, when he took part in the invasion of Scotland under the Protector Somerset. He was sent by his father in October 1557 to the relief of Thomas Percy and he then remained for some months in service on the border, with five hundred horsemen under his command. In 1560, he inherited the Earldom of Shrewsbury, the Barony of Furnivall and the position of Justice in Eyre and he also took over his fathers position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer. One year later, he was created a Knight of the Garter, Elizabeth Shrewsbury, Bess, commemorated her new initials in magnificent style, her house at Hardwick is topped with a balustrade within which the scrolling letters ES appearing four times. Elizabeth imposed the responsible task of guarding Mary on him, for this and other reasons his marriage became rocky. Shrewsbury received his ward at Tutbury Castle on 2 February 1569, there a rescue was attempted by Leonard Dacre. The Earl had several houses and castles in the interior of the kingdom, in September the household was back again at Tutbury, where an additional guard or spy, temporarily joined the family in the person of Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. In November took place the Northern Rebellion, with the revolt of the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, Mary was for the time being moved to Coventry, and did not return until the following January. In May 1570 Shrewsbury conducted her to Chatsworth, and he foiled another cabal for her release, cecil and Mildmay visited Chatsworth in October, and agreed on Marys removal to Sheffield Castle, which took place shortly afterwards. At Sheffield, apart from visits to the baths at Buxton, to Chatsworth, or to the old Hardwick Hall. During the winter of 1571-2 the earl was in London, the queen during his absence being left in charge of Sir Ralph Sadler, meanwhile, in 1571, Lord Shrewsbury was appointed Lord High Steward for the trial of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. Finally, in 1572, Lord Shrewsbury was appointed Earl Marshal and he was buried in the Shrewsbury chapel at Sheffield Parish Church, where a large monument to him can still be seen. Another daughter Mary married firstly her step-brother Thomas Holcroft of Vale Royale, talbots widow Elizabeth Rayner, married secondly in 1595 Thomas Holcroft. By his second wife Shrewsbury had no issue, many of Shrewsburys papers found their way in the College of Arms and were re-united with others in the Lambeth Palace library in 1983 as the Shrewsbury-Talbot papers. This historical resource was first published in 1791 by Edmund Lodge, illustrations of British History,3 vols. Illustrations of British History,3 vols
9.
Duke of Rutland
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Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England, derived from Rutland, a county in the East Midlands of England. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created twice in history, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 25 February 1390 for Edward of Norwich, son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and grandson of King Edward III. Upon the Dukes death in 1402 Edward became Duke of York, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 29 January 1446 for Edmund, second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. Thomas Manners, son of the 11th Baron de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and he was the great-grandson of Richard Plantagenet. The barony of de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir was created by Simon de Montfort with a writ of summons to the House of Lords for Robert de Ros in 1264, the 3rd Earl was succeeded as 4th Earl by his brother John. The barony of Ros was restored to the Manners family when Francis Manners, however, Francis died without male issue and the assumption of the courtesy title of Lord Ros for the eldest son of subsequent earls appears to have had no legal basis. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1641 the Earldom passed to his distant cousin John Manners of Haddon Hall, in 1703, the ninth Earl of Rutland was created Duke of Rutland and Marquess of Granby by Queen Anne. The most notable Marquess of Granby was John Manners, eldest son of the third Duke and he was an accomplished soldier and highly popular figure of his time, in 1745 he became a colonel, his military career flourished during the Seven Years War. At the Battle of Minden, although his role was small, in 1760, at the Battle of Warburg, he led a cavalry charge which routed the French, losing his hat and wig in the process. In recognition of this, soldiers of the Blues and Royals have the privilege in the British Army of being permitted to salute while not wearing headgear. Granbys losing his helmet and wig in the charge gave rise to the expression going bald-headed at something, in 1758, the King made him Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and in 1766, as Lieutenant-General, he became Commander-in-Chief. His title was honoured by being used by a number of pubs throughout Britain. The towns of Granby, Quebec in Canada and Granby, Massachusetts in the United States as well as Granby Street in Norfolk, Virginia and he died before his father, and therefore did not become Duke. The subsidiary titles of the dukedom are, Marquess of Granby, Earl of Rutland, Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby, the title Baron Roos of Belvoir is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the remaining titles being in the Peerage of England. The most senior title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Dukes eldest son. The Manners family own medieval Haddon Hall, Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire that were successively extended, some rooms in both buildings are open to the public. They are Grade I in architecture, set in listed parks, woodland and gardens and span a central water feature, which acted as models for other landscaped estates. In 2009, to mark 500 years of the occupancy of Belvoir Castle by the two aircraft from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, bore the Duke of Rutlands Coat of Arms
10.
John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury
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John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, 2nd Earl of Waterford, 8th Baron Talbot, KG was an English nobleman and soldier. He was the son of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and Maud Neville, John Talbot also held the subsidiary titles of 11th Baron Strange of Blackmere and 7th Baron Furnivall. He was knighted in 1426 at Leicester alongside King Henry VI, during his fathers lifetime, he served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was a Lancastrian, and served as Lord High Treasurer from 1456 to 1458 and he was killed at the Battle of Northampton. The eldest son and heir to the Barony of Furnivall, John was born at Sheffield Castle, still a boy he was knighted in 1426 by Henry VI. He was granted the manor of Worksop in 1435/6 aeternas maternis belong to his mother in her own lifetime and he made his will at Sheffield the year after marriage to Lady Elizabeth, a daughter of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde and Joan de Beauchamp. Her maternal grandparents were William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny and Joan Fitzalan, Joan was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Elizabeth de Bohun. Elizabeth was a daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and they had seven children, Lady Anne Talbot. Married firstly Sir Henry Vernon and secondly Ralph Shirley, John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury. Married Thomas Chaworth, son of Sir William Chaworth and Elizabeth Bowett, raised by his mother in the West Riding and estates around Sherwood Forest, his father was almost continually away in Ireland and France. Made Chancellor of Ireland by his father in March 1445, he remained until the new Viceroy, sent back there two years later, York accused the Lancastrian of trying to ambush the column at Holt, after he had lost most of his inheritance to Shrewsburys new marriage. He moved into the majority court of Queen Margaret before Cades Revolt, at Dartford he was already indicting Yorkist traitors at law. He harboured some resentment against the young strutting duke, whose somewhat vain, on inheritance of the earldom he had already felt confident to speak out against Yorks conduct as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. And reaching this majority in the House of Lords, attracted the allegiance of his brother-in-law, James, during the Protectorate, but once Yorks party had left London, he sat in oyer et terminer on the traitor Henry Percy in June 1454. He was appointed Keeper of the Seas in the North, choosing the Northern affinity his friendship was for Ralph, Lord Cromwell, and less for his mothers clan, the Nevilles. They marched south to the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, after an indecisive encounter, Warwick sought Shrewsburys side, and in so doing picked a fight with Cromwell. The latter died soon afterwards, and Shrewsbury threw his lot in with York and he supported the preferment of George Neville to archbishop. Realising the possible treachery of the army of York he sided with Queen Margaret
11.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
12.
Egerton Brydges
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Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges, 1st Baronet was an English bibliographer and genealogist. He was also Member of Parliament for Maidstone from 1812 to 1818, educated at Maidstone Grammar School and The Kings School, Canterbury, Brydges was admitted to Queens College, Cambridge in 1780, though he did not take a degree. He was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1787 and he was a founding member of the Roxburghe Club, a publishing club of wealthy bibliophiles. He was elected a Knight Grand Commander of the Equestrian, Secular, in 1789, the Chandos barony became dormant. Egerton Brydges attempted to claim the title, initially on behalf on his older brother Rev. Edward Tymewell Brydges, the litigation continued from 1790 to 1803, before the claims were ultimately rejected, but he continued to style himself per legem terrae Baron Chandos of Sudeley. It seems likely that not only was the claim groundless but that the evidence was forged and he was made a baronet on 27 December 1814. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Cousin. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, London, J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource Leigh Rayments list of baronets J. Robins, The British Magazine, or Miscellany of Polite Literature, London,1823, the Gentlemans Magazine 162, pp. 534–539
