1.
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
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He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government. The current prime minister is Mark Rutte, although he is the most important political figure in the Netherlands, the Prime Minister is not as powerful as his British and German counterparts. This is mainly because, due to the Dutch system of proportional representation, therefore, the government is always a coalition between two or more parties. Because of his powers, the prime minister is described as primus inter pares. As a result of the review of 1983, the position of Prime Minister was inscribed into the Dutch constitution for the first time. According to the constitution, the Government is constituted by the King, the constitution stipulates the Prime Minister chairs the council of ministers and is appointed by royal decree. The royal decree of their own appointment and those of the ministers are to be countersigned by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chairs the meetings of the council of ministers and has the power to set the agenda of these meetings. The prime minister is also Minister of General Affairs, which takes an important role in coordinating policy and is responsible for the Government Information Service, the Prime Minister is also responsible for the royal house and has a weekly meeting with the King on government policy. Informally the Prime Minister functions as the face of the cabinet to the public, after the meetings of the cabinet on Friday, the Prime Minister hosts a press conference on the decisions of the cabinet and current affairs. The Prime Minister also has functions in international affairs, attending the European Council every six months. The Prime Ministers office is a hexagon shaped tower, named The Little Tower Het Torentje on the Binnenhof in The Hague, the official residence is the Catshuis. Conventionally, the party with the largest number of seats in the Second Chamber will initiate coalition talks after elections and these negotiations are concluded by means of a so-called government agreement. He or she usually appoints her/himself Prime Minister, a minister from the smaller coalition party usually becomes Deputy Prime Minister of the cabinet. If there is a party in the coalition, one of its ministers will become the second Deputy Prime Minister. For a list of historic Prime Ministers, see List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands, for a list of Prime Ministers by age, see List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands by age. For a list of Prime Ministers by religious affiliations, see Religious affiliations of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands, gradually the Prime Minister became an official function of government leader, taken by the political leader of the largest party. Since 1848 the role of the first minister has become relevant, until 1901 the position chair of the council of ministers officially rotated between ministers
2.
William II of the Netherlands
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William II was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg. William II was the son of William I and Wilhelmine of Prussia, when his father, who up to that time ruled as sovereign prince, proclaimed himself king in 1815, he became Prince of Orange as heir apparent of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. With the abdication of his father on 7 October 1840, William II became king, during his reign, the Netherlands became a parliamentary democracy with the new constitution of 1848. William II was married to Anna Pavlovna of Russia and they had four sons and one daughter. William II died on 17 March 1849 and was succeeded by his son William III, Willem Frederik George Lodewijk was born on 6 December 1792 in The Hague. He was the eldest son of King William I of the Netherlands and his maternal grandparents were King Frederick William II of Prussia and his second wife Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt. William spent his youth in Berlin at the Prussian court, where he followed a military education, after this, he studied at the University of Oxford and had a splendid military career close to Wellington. William II had a string of relationships with men and women. The homosexual relationships that William II had as crown prince and as king were reported by journalist Eillert Meeter, the king surrounded himself with male servants whom he could not dismiss because of his abominable motive for hiring them in the first place. Though not yet 20, the prince, according to the customs of the time, was made lieutenant colonel on 11 June 1811. On 8 September 1812 he was made an aide-de-camp to the Prince Regent and his courage and good nature made him very popular with the British, who nicknamed him Slender Billy. He returned to the Netherlands in 1813 when his father became sovereign prince, on 8 July 1814, he was promoted to lieutenant-general in the British Army, and on 25 July to general. As such, he was officer of the Allied army in the Low Countries when Napoleon I of France escaped from Elba in 1815. As a sign of gratitude for what the Dutch throne styled his victory at Waterloo, in response, Siborne was accused by Lieutenant-General Willem Jan Knoop of many inaccuracies and contradictions. An inspection of the archives of Siborne by General Francois de Bas in 1897 confirmed the use of sources and numerous miscounts. In 1814, William became briefly engaged with Princess Charlotte of Wales, only daughter of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom and his estranged wife Caroline of Brunswick. The engagement was arranged by the Prince Regent, but it was broken because Charlottes mother was against the marriage, on 21 February 1816 at the Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. On 17 February 1817 in Brussels, his first son Willem Alexander was born, already in 1819, he was blackmailed over what Minister of Justice Van Maanen termed in a letter his shameful and unnatural lusts, presumably bisexuality
3.
Jacob de Kempenaer
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Jacobus Mattheüs de Kempenaer was a Dutch politician, lawyer, and second Prime Minister of the Netherlands from November 1848 to November 1849. He served as a member of the House of Representatives, chairman of the board of Commerce for Arnhem, a member of the city board, initially in the House of Representatives, de Kempenaer was considered a liberal. In 1844, he was among nine men to propose amending the Constitution of the Netherlands, de Kempenaer was appointed to the Constitution Commission headed by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke in 1848, and as Minister of the Interior. He soon became de facto Prime Minister, playing an important role in the revision of the national Constitution and he resigned his offices in 1849 and subsequently became a conservative, opposing Thorbecke. De Kempenaer was married in Haarlem on 19 August 1818 to Arnoldina Jacoba Gerlings and they had three sons and three daughters. NP Official Parliamentary Biography, parliament. com, accessed 16 June 2015
4.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
5.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
6.
Arnhem
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Arnhem /ˈɑːrnəm/ or /ˈɑːrnhɛm/ is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the citys development. Arnhem had a population of 151,356 in 2014 and is one of the cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the city region Arnhem-Nijmegen, which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants, Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Royal Burgers Zoo and National Sports Centre Papendal. The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago and these come from the stone age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen,12 grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, the earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht/Zutphen split, Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river. Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as Arneym or Arentheym, in 1233 Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443, in 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy, in 1543, as capital of the so-called Kwartier van Veluwe it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty years war in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town 1672–74, from 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces. In the early 19th century, the fortifications were almost completely dismantled. The Sabelspoort is the remaining part of the medieval walls. In the 19th century, Arnhem was a resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as het Haagje van het oosten, mainly because a number of former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery, the urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands
7.
Liberalism in the Netherlands
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This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Netherlands. It is limited to parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The Netherlands has a liberal political tradition. The urban patriciate favoured religious tolerance, between mid-19th century to the late-1800 they were a dominant force in shaping the Dutch parliamentary democratic rechtsstaat. In the early 20th century the liberals split between liberals and conservative liberals. Due to their division and the introduction of universal suffrage the liberals disappeared from the political stage. After the Second World War the liberals were united again under one roof, the VVD and it entered some administration coalitions as a junior party. A progressive liberal party, D66 was founded in 1966, since the 1970s however liberalism has been on the rise again electorally. Since 1977 the largest, more conservative, liberal party, VVD has been in government for twenty two years, in early 21st century the VVD saw major splits over the issue of integration and migration. In 2010, they won the elections for the first time in its history. In the early years of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the House of Representatives was dominated by conservatives supportive of the policy of government of William I, from 1840 onward, the amount of liberals in the House gradually increased. These liberals advocated a parliamentary democracy with a directly elected House of Representatives and in which the ministers, in 1844, nine liberal representatives led by the jurist and historian Johan Rudolph Thorbecke attempted in vain to amend the constitution and introduce parliamentary democracy. In 1848, amidst a wave of revolutions across Europe, the balance of power shifted in favour of the liberals, in order to prevent civil unrest in the Netherlands, William II formed a commission, chaired by Thorbecke, which would draft a new constitution. It also extended the suffrage and codified civil rights, such as the freedom of assembly, the privacy of correspondence, freedom of ecclesiastical organisation. In the period following the amendment, liberalism was the dominant political force in the Netherlands. Liberalism also dominated the universities, the media and business, the liberals supported a laissez-faire economy, free trade, civil rights and a gradual expansion of suffrage. Thorbecke became Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 1849, and would serve two more terms throughout his lifetime, because of their dominant position, the liberals did not deem it necessary to organise themselves in a political party. Instead there was a liberal parliamentary group and locally organised liberal caucuses
8.
Civil service
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A civil servant or public servant is a person so employed in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the service varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not, many consider the study of service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in non-departmental public bodies may also be classed as servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms. Collectively a states civil servants form its service or public service. An international civil servant or international staff member is an employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation but are governed by internal staff regulations, All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO. Specific referral can be made to the International Civil Service Commission of the United Nations and its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service. The origin of the modern civil service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China. The Imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the states bureaucracy and this system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit, after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the Nine-rank system. This system was reversed during the short-lived Sui Dynasty, which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations, the first civil service examination system was established by Emperor Wen of Sui. The examination tested the candidates memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms, the system was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package. The Chinese system was admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. In the 18th century, in response to changes and the growth of the British Empire, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase, by the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. The origins of the British civil service are better known, during the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806, in that year, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the East India Company College, near London to train and examine administrators of the Companys territories in India
9.
Businessman
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An entrepreneur is an example of a businessperson. The term may mean someone who is involved in an upper-level management role in a corporation, company, enterprise, firm, organization. This can especially apply to the founder, an owner, a manager, since a businessman can mean anyone in industry or commerce, businessmen have existed as long as industry and commerce have existed. Commerce can simply mean trade, and trade has existed through all of recorded history, the first businessmen were traders, or merchants. Merchants emerged as a class in medieval Italy, between 1300 and 1500, modern accounting, the bill of exchange, and limited liability were invented, and thus the world saw the first true bankers, who are certainly businessmen. Around the same time, Europe saw the emergence of rich merchants and this rise of the merchant class came as Europe needed a middleman for the first time, and these burghers or bourgeois were the people who played this role. Europe became the dominant global power in the 16th century. In this period, Europe developed and used paper money, checks, developments in actuarial science led to insurance. Together, these new tools were used by a new kind of businessman and these people owned or financed businesses as bankers, but they were not merchants of goods. These capitalists were a force in the Industrial Revolution. The newest kind of businessperson is the manager, one of the first true managers was Robert Owen, an industrialist in Scotland. He studied the problems of productivity and motivation, and was followed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, after World War I, management became popular due to the example of Herbert Hoover and the Harvard Business School, which offered degrees in business administration. There are no prescribed educational qualifications, rules or guidelines which one may follow, a person owning a small gas station in a local market is as much as a businessperson as a person who owns and leads a large Silicon Valley technology giant. There are many paths to becoming a businessperson, hence, no rigid formal educational qualification requirements can be stated for becoming a businessperson. However, there are attributes that successful businessmen must possess, Tact financial and business savvy, courage, leadership, vision, creativity, imagination. Among these components include branding, advertising, and public relations, well-balanced consistency in their business approach. Interest in giving back to society through philanthropy or venture capitalism for future socioeconomic development, hence, a businessperson should have the ability to take prompt decisions. Determination, courage and perseverance, They must have strong power and determination
10.
Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
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Sir Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, Lord of Nyenhuis, Peckedam and Gellicum, was a Dutch jurist, ambassador and politician who served as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic from 1805 to 1806. Schimmelpenninck was born into a branch of the noble family Schimmelpenninck van der Oye in Deventer. His father, Gerrit Schimmelpenninck, was a trader who had no rights in the Dutch Republic because of his commitment to the Mennonite Church. Schimmelpenninck attended Athenaeum Illustre of Deventer, and started studying Roman and he also spoke positively of the Constitution of the United States with its dominating president in this thesis. The wealthy bourgeoisie, to which Schimmelpenninck belonged, was devoid of any power and he was one of the first Patriots as a student in Leiden. As the leader of a vrijkorps, he suppressed an insurrection of Orangist students in June 1784, after receiving his doctorate, on 11 December 1784, Schimmelpenninck left for Amsterdam to become a lawyer. In 1788, he married Catharina Nahuys, a scion of a family who provided him with a lot of money. Together with these connections, he established the Patriotic Vaderlandsche Sociëteit, the society was short-lived, it was disbanded in 1787 due to Prussian intervention. The Prussians restored the power of the stadtholder, William V, the Patriots were thwarted since, and a portion fled to France. In 1789, Schimmelpenninck, together with the Van Staphorst brothers, participated in the Holland Land Company, after the French invasion in the Batavian Revolution on 19 January 1795, Schimmelpenninck ended up in the temporary city government of Amsterdam. On 1 March 1796, he was elected into the 1st National Assembly for the electoral district Amsterdam-XIV and he seated with the Moderates, who opposed the Federalists and the Unitarians. The Federalists were conservative, they were satisfied with the departure of the stadtholder and they were proponents of provincial autonomy. The Unitarians, however, were radical, and wished to replace the provinces with departments and establish a powerful, democratic, schimmelpennincks Moderates took a central stance. They also wanted a government like the Unitarians, but had no desire for profound broadening of electoral law. Schimmelpenninck presided the National Assembly from 17 May to 30 May 1796, in 1797, he was re-elected into the 2nd National Assembly, but immediately resigned when rumours spread that the ultrademocrats attempted to seize control with the aid of France. After the coup détait of Herman Willem Daendels on 12 June 1798, although Daendels was an irascible Unitarian, he followed the line of cautious tempering and was supported by Schimmelpenninck. On 14 June 1798, Schimmelpenninck was appointed Batavian ambassador to Paris, after Napoleons coup détait on 9 November 1799, Schimmelpenninck became captivated with his personality. In 1801 and 1802 he took part in the preceding the Treaty of Amiens
11.
Dutch Reformed Church
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The Dutch Reformed Church was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation until 1930. It was the foremost Protestant denomination, and—since 1892—one of the two major Reformed denominations along with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and it spread to the United States, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and various other world regions through the Dutch colonization. The allegiance to the Dutch Reformed Church was a common feature among Dutch immigrant communities around the world and it developed during the Protestant Reformation, being shaped theologically by John Calvin, but also other major Reformed theologians. At the time of the merger, the Church had 2 million members organised in 1,350 congregations, a minority of members of the Church chose not to participate in the merger and instead formed the Restored Reformed Church. The Reformation was a time of violence and persecution by the established Catholic Church and governments. The first Synod of 23 Dutch Reformed leaders was held in October 1571 in the German city of Emden, the Synod of Emden is generally considered to be the founding of the Dutch Reformed Church, the oldest of the Reformed churches in the Netherlands. The Synod both affirmed the actions of the earlier Synod of Wesel, as well as established presbyterian church government for the Dutch Reformed Church, the first Synod to be located in the Dutch Republic was held in Dordrecht in 1578. This synodical meeting is not to be confused with the better known Second Synod of Dort of 1618, large groups of Marranos settled in Emden and converted to Christianity. Mostly all Marranos, many Jewish groups converted to Christianity around 1649 to the Nederduitsche, Niederdeutsche church later on Dutch Reformed Church, in the latter meeting, the Church fathers expelled Arminians and added the Canons of Dort to the Confessions. The Canons of Dort, together with the previously adopted Belgic Confession, most conflicts and splits in the Church arose because of disagreement over the substance and interpretation of these doctrinal documents. The government of the Dutch Republic, which had instigated the Arminians expulsion, no Synod was held in the Netherlands until after the end of the Republic in 1795. Before the demise of the Dutch Republic in 1795, the Dutch Reformed Church enjoyed the status of public or privileged church, though it was never formally adopted as the state religion, the law demanded that every public official should be a communicant member. Consequently, the Church had close relations with the Dutch government, a privilege of members of the Dutch Reformed Church was that they could have their businesses open on Sundays, otherwise considered a religious day and not one for business. The 17th and early 18th centuries were the age of the Dutch Nadere Reformatie, led primarily by Gisbertus Voetius and Wilhelmus à Brakel, in the 19th century, theological liberalism led to splits in the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1834, the minister Hendrik de Cock of the town of Ulrum was told by leaders that he could not preach against certain colleagues. He and his congregation seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church, in time, the Afscheiding led to the departure of 120 congregations from the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1886, another separation, the Doleantie, occurred, led by Dutch Reformed businessman, theologian and politician Abraham Kuyper. The Dutch Reformed Church remained the largest church body in the Netherlands until the middle of the 20th century, the rapid secularisation of the Netherlands in the 1960s dramatically reduced participation in the mainstream Protestant church
12.
Saint Petersburg
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Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
13.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
14.
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
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Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was a Dutch politician and statesman of liberal signature, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848 he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving power to the king. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle financial problems. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820. Shortly after his promotion, Thorbecke was granted a scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as a professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat. The climax of series was Over het hedendaags burgerschap, literally On contemporary citizenship, published in 1844. On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected into the House of Representatives for South Holland, four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848, William II agreed upon the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of committee on 17 March. The changes were all created by Thorbecke, as the other members of the committee did little. The drafted constitution was reluctantly approved by the States General. Despite initial reluctance, William II appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, in this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers, thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Thorbeckes first cabinet passed several acts of importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850. Despite these successes, Thorbeckes reforms were increasingly subjected to resistance, in 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, pastors and conservative notables showed resistance to this in a movement known as the Aprilbeweging. Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state, was accused of catholic sympathies, Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives
15.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)
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The Minister of Foreign Affairs is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a member of the Cabinet of the Netherlands. Bert Koenders has been the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 17 October 2014, appointment, Hans van den Broek appointed European Commissioner 1993, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer appointed Secretary General of NATO2003, Frans Timmermans appointed European Commissioner 2014. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister for Development Cooperation
16.
Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)
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The Ministry of Finance is the Dutch Ministry responsible for Finance, Taxation, Financial economic policy and supervision of the Financial markets. The Ministry was created in 1798 as the Department of Finance, the Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance, currently Jeroen Dijsselbloem. The ministry was founded in 1798, in the early history of the ministry, the Prime Minister often served as Minister of Finance. Pieter Philip van Bosse served as Minister of Finance five times, since 1965 a State Secretary has been appointed each formation with responsibility for taxation. The most recent Prime Minister to serve as his own Minister of Finance was Jelle Zijlstra, the ministry has the duty to guard the treasury and aim for a financially sound and prosperous state of the Netherlands. It is responsible for the income and expenditure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and it collects the taxes and develops fiscal legislation. It seeks to expend the budget of the government responsibly, efficiently and effectively and it is also responsible for financial-economic policy. It supervises the financial markets, banks and financial transfers, the ministry is currently headed by one minister and one State Secretary. The ministrys main office is located in the centre of The Hague at the Korte Voorhout and it employs almost 1,500 civil servants
17.
Constitution
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A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i. e. constitute, some constitutions are uncodified, but written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature, court cases or treaties. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from states to companies. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a states rulers cannot cross, the term constitution comes through French from the Latin word constitutio, used for regulations and orders, such as the imperial enactments. Later, the term was used in canon law for an important determination, especially a decree issued by the Pope. The Latin term ultra vires describes activities of officials within an organization or polity that fall outside the constitutional or statutory authority of those officials. Ultra vires gives a justification for the forced cessation of such action. A violation of rights by an official would be ultra vires because a right is a restriction on the powers of government, and therefore that official would be exercising powers they do not have. It was never law, even though, if it had been a statute or statutory provision, in such a case, only the application may be ruled unconstitutional. Historically, the remedy for such violations have been petitions for common law writs, excavations in modern-day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice, issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC. Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government, this document itself has not yet been discovered, for example, it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans, and protected the poor from the usury of the rich. After that, many governments ruled by codes of written laws. The oldest such document still known to exist seems to be the Code of Ur-Nammu of Ur, some of the better-known ancient law codes include the code of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin, the code of Hammurabi of Babylonia, the Hittite code, the Assyrian code and Mosaic law. In 621 BC a scribe named Draco codified the cruel oral laws of the city-state of Athens, in 594 BC Solon, the ruler of Athens, created the new Solonian Constitution. It eased the burden of the workers, and determined that membership of the class was to be based on wealth. Cleisthenes again reformed the Athenian constitution and set it on a footing in 508 BC. The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was the arrangement of the offices in a state
18.
Senate (Netherlands)
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The Senate is the upper house of the States General, the legislature of the Netherlands. Its 75 members are elected by the members of the twelve States-Provincial every four years, members of the Senate are part-timers who often hold other positions as well. They receive an allowance which is about a quarter of the salary of the members of the House of Representatives, unlike the politically more significant House of Representatives, it meets only once a week. Its members tend to be veteran politicians or part-time politicians at the national level and it has the right to accept or reject legislative proposals but not to amend them or to initiate legislation. Directly after a bill has passed by the House of Representatives. The committee decides whether the bill can be put on the agenda of the full chamber or there should first be preparatory study of the bill. If a bill is immediately put on the agenda of the full chamber, the Senate was instituted by King William I in 1815. When the Netherlands and Belgium were united in 1815, the Belgians in particular pressed for the introduction of a bicameral system, in its early years, the Senate served as a bulwark of the Crown since it was still able to block bills that displeased the king. Such bills were usually private members bills from the House of Representatives, at that time, the members of the House of Representatives too were elected indirectly. The members of the Senate were not elected, but were confidants of the king and were appointed for life, the Senate remained in existence after the separation from Belgium in 1830. Much changed in the sphere as a result of the introduction of a new constitution in 1848. The position of the Senate and the criteria governing eligibility to stand for election were among the changes, monitoring the quality of legislation gradually came to be the main function of the Senate after 1848. * Reformatory Political Federation and Reformed Political League Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands List of Presidents of the Senate Official website Official website
19.
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
–
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was a Dutch politician and statesman of liberal signature, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848 he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving power to the king. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle financial problems. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820. Shortly after his promotion, Thorbecke was granted a scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as a professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat. The climax of series was Over het hedendaags burgerschap, literally On contemporary citizenship, published in 1844. On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected into the House of Representatives for South Holland, four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848, William II agreed upon the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of committee on 17 March. The changes were all created by Thorbecke, as the other members of the committee did little. The drafted constitution was reluctantly approved by the States General. Despite initial reluctance, William II appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, in this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers, thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Thorbeckes first cabinet passed several acts of importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850. Despite these successes, Thorbeckes reforms were increasingly subjected to resistance, in 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, pastors and conservative notables showed resistance to this in a movement known as the Aprilbeweging. Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state, was accused of catholic sympathies, Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives
20.
Floris Adriaan van Hall
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Floris Adriaan van Hall, Baron of Hall was a prominent Dutch nobleman and statesman in the 19th century. He played an important role as representative of the Amsterdam trade and banking sector and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1853 to 1856, and again from 1860 to 1861. Van Hall was born in Amsterdam, on 15 May 1791 and his father was Maurits Cornelis van Hall, who seated in the First Chamber of the States General, and his wife Elisabeth Christina. Van Hall received primary education from a Walloon preacher in Voorburg, from 1808 to 1811, Van Hall attended the Athenaeum Illustre, and, like his father, studied Roman and Contemporary Law at the Leiden University from 7 November 1811 to 22 January 1812. After he had graduated, he became a lawyer in his fathers firm in Amsterdam, on 3 July 1832, he succeeded his father in the States of Holland for Meerkerk. After the provinces split in 1840, he seated the States of North Holland for Amsterdam, on 1 April 1842, King William II appointed him as the successor to Cornelis Felix van Maanen as Minister of Justice, and on 7 March 1877 as Minister of Finance. From 13 February 1849, he seated in the Second Chamber of the States General for the district of Amsterdam, in 1860 he became chairman of the Council of Ministers once again. He rejected an offer for the appointment to Governor-General of the Dutch East-Indies and he died in The Hague, on 29 March 1866. His mother was Elisabeth Christina Klinkhamer, Van Hall was the oldest of six children. After the death of his mother, his father had ten children with her niece Christina Maria. Van Hall married Alida Paulina Bondt in Amsterdam on 7 July 1815, on 30 July 1853, at the age of 62, Van Hall entered a second marriage with Henriëtte Marie Jeanne, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye. Gleichman, Mr. F. A. van Hall als minister,1904, jurriaanse, De Nederlandse ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken 1813-1900
21.
Jan Jacob Rochussen
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Jan Jacob Rochussen was a Dutch politician. He served as Finance Minister from 1840 to 1843 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1845 to 1851 and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 18 March 1858 to 23 February 1860. Rochussen was born in the town of Etten, North Brabant, on 23 October 1797 to Jan Rochussen, a member of the provincial government, in 1815 Rochussen served in a volunteer corps against Napoleons armies. Rochussen found employment as a tax collector in Schiedam, South Holland beginning in 1814, over the next twelve years he served as tax collector in s-Hertogenbosch, Rotterdam, and later Amsterdam. He was then selected as secretary at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, leaving the chamber, he worked at an entrepôt – a trading post for the import and export of goods without paying duties – and eventually managed it from 18 July 1828 until 31 July 1840. It was during his time at the entrepôt that Rochussen found the favour of King William I, Rochussen later served as the kings adviser and became close to him. Rochussen was selected to become Minister of Finance by William I in the kings last year of his reign, Rochussen worked to straighten the countrys public finances, which were incredibly disordered. However, after a proposal to convert the nations debt failed 30 to 24 in the Second Chamber, Rochussen was forced to resign. He was later selected as an envoy to Brussels, a post which he held for nearly two years and which resulted in him settling inheritance and property issues to the satisfaction of both sides. In February 1845, Rochussen was reassigned as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies with Royal Decree of 5 February 1845 and he arrived in the colonial capital of Batavia on 30 September of that year. Before his departure, former governor general Jean Chrétien Baud recommended that Rochussen take an interest in the Javanese people, although Rochussen initially intended to build greater infrastructure in the Indies, he later felt that a full autocracy was necessary and as such instituted severe limitations to press freedom. He also instituted reforms in the monetary system. On 12 May 1851 Rochussen was re-deployed to the Netherlands, on 20 September, he began a term as a member of the House of Representatives representing Alkmaar. He served in capacity until 28 January 1857. A year later, he became the minister after fifteen days forming the cabinet in collaboration with Jan Karel van Goltstein. He served from 18 March 1858 until 1 January 1861, on which date he resigned due to his proposed budget being failed at the meeting on 14 December 1860. He then helped Schelto van Heemstra form the new cabinet, after his term as prime minister, Rochussen returned to the House as a representative of Amsterdam, serving three consecutive terms from 14 November 1864 until 20 September 1869. Rochussen died in The Hague on 21 January 1871, Rochussen was brought into the Order of the Dutch Lion as a Knight on 4 July 1829
22.
Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt
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Julius Philip Jacob Adriaan, count van Zuylen van Nijevelt was a conservative Dutch politician. From 1855 till 1860 he served as Minister Resident in Istanbul, van Zuylen van Nijevelt served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1866 to 1868. He also served as minister of Foreign Affairs from 1860 to 1861 and he married in Scotland and had three sons and two daughters. 1849, Officer in the Order of Leopold, list of Dutch politicians Mr. J. Ph. J. A
23.
Pieter Philip van Bosse
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Mr. Pieter Philip van Bosse was a Dutch liberal politician. Serving as minister of Finance in six cabinets throughout the middle of the 19th century and he led a cabinet himself as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 June 1868 to 4 January 1871. Pieter Philip van Bosse was born in Amsterdam, to an insurance broker, three of his siblings died at a young age, and his father died when he was eleven years old, after which his mother successfully took over the brokerage firm. He attended the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam, and studied Roman, after his graduation, Van Bosse settled in Weesp as a manufacturer before returning to Amsterdam to work as a lawyer. In 1845, he was appointed referendary of the import and export rights department of the Ministry of Finance, on 3 June 1848, Van Bosse was appointed Minister of Finance. At the time, most of the revenue came from excises, and Van Bosses attempts to introduce a limited income tax. Under the premiership of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Van Bosse introduced reforms that liberalised the economy, a strong supporter of free trade, he procured the right of transit and discontinued levy on shipping rights on the Rhine and the IJssel. He reformed the coinage by introducing the standard and a simpler system of nickels, dimes, quarters. Moreover, he reformed the system, establishing a government monopoly of postal service. Van Bosses first ministership came to an end in 1853 with the fall of Thorbeckes cabinet, Van Bosse was elected to the House of Representatives for the constituency of Rotterdam on 14 June 1853, and was re-elected in 1856. In his five years in opposition, he insisted on tax reform. Moreover, Van Bosse won a seat in the council of The Hague in 1857. He served another term as minister of Finance from 12 March 1858 to 22 February 1860 and this term was marked by the introduction of inheritance tax. In 1860, Van Bosse returned to the House of Representatives for Zutphen, on 3 June 1868, Van Bosse started another term as minister of Finance in a cabinet formed by Thorbecke as formateur. However, Thorbecke did not proceed to lead the cabinet, and Van Bosse himself headed the cabinet as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, as Prime Minister, Van Bosse executed a policy based on financial solidity. The cabinet was responsible for the abolition of the death penalty, when several ministers in the cabinet resigned for different reasons in late 1870, Van Bosse was forced to resign as Prime Minister. On 4 January 1871, he was succeeded by Thorbecke, Van Bosse was given the honorary title of Minister of State in 1872. However, to his surprise, Van Bosse was appointed Minister of Colonial Affairs at the age of 68 and he ceased to be minister in 1872, but served another term as minister of Colonial Affairs from 1877
24.
Jan Heemskerk
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Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon was a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1874 to 1877, and again from 1883 to 1888. His son, Theo Heemskerk also served as Prime Minister, Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon was born on 30 July 1818 in Amsterdam. He was the son of Abraham Heemskerk and Joanna Jacoba Stuart and he studied law and became a lawyer, then a member of the House of Representatives. Originally a liberal politician, he became a conservative in 1866 and he was three times Ministers of the Interior and three times temporary chairman of the Council of Ministers, similar to the present-day Prime Minister. He was Minister of State from 1885 to his death, Heemskerk died on 9 October 1897, at the age of 79, in The Hague. Heemskerk married his first cousin Anna Maria Heemskerk on 1 October 1846 in Utrecht and they had 5 sons, one of whom died in infancy, and 3 daughters. His son Theo Heemskerk was Prime Minister from 1908 to 1913 and his son Jan Frederik Heemskerk was a member of the House of Representatives. Heemskerks published works include De praktijk onzer grondwet, speciminis inauguralis de Montesquivio pars prior. Media related to Jan Heemskerk at Wikimedia Commons
25.
Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello
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Joannes Kappeyne van de Coppello was a Dutch liberal politician. He was prime minister of the Netherlands between 1877 and 1879, after attending the public primary school Outercourt in the Hague, Kappeyne was home schooled by his father, who was rector of the gymnasium of the Hague and taught Greek, as secondary education. Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, a prominent Protestant-Christian politician, became his guardian after the death of his father in 1840, in that year he began to study Roman and contemporary law at the University of Leiden. In 1845 he became lawyer in the Hague, in 1860 Kappeyne was elected into the city council of the Hague, as a liberal. In 1862 Kappeyne was elected into the Dutch House of Representatives as a liberal for the Hague and he was elected on a Puttian ticket. Fransen van de Putte, who was a minister at the time, in the 1866 elections he was defeated by the conservative F. de Casembroot. In 1871 he was elected into the House of Representatives as a liberal for Haarlem, in the 1875 elections he defeat the conservative M. J. van Lennep. He was political leader of the liberals between 1876 and 1877, in parliament he was known for his comical amendments. In 1877 Kappeneye was formateur of a liberal cabinet, Kappeyne became minister of Home Affairs, and he gave up his seat in parliament. He was appointed chairperson of the council of ministers, formally temporarily, as minister he enacted important laws, such as a new law on primary education. This law put higher demands on the quality of school buildings and this raised the financial burdens of primary schools, only public schools received state subsidies however. Religious schools, which were not able to sustain the financial burdens, were in effect forbidden and this led to staunch opposition as part of the School struggle of anti-revolutionary and catholic members of parliament, and a citizens petition. Kappeyene however did not change his mind, on 10 June 1879 the law on the channels which he proposed was rejected by parliament. Kappeyne asked the King to dismiss him, on 2 July, he asked the King to allow a constitutional revision, William III refused, and Kappeyne asked the King to dismiss him again, and William III finally dismissed Kappeyne. Behind the fall of the Kappeyne cabinet lay a conflict between the factions of the liberals and the more moderate liberals. In 1879 he returned to his lawyers office in the Hague, but Kappeyne attempted to gain a seat in parliament in the 1880,1883 and 1884 elections, he was however defeated every time. In 1880 he was defeated over the district of Amsterdam by the liberal J. G, gleichman, in 1883 in Amsterdam by the liberal-conservative A. Gildemeester, and in 1884 by the liberal J. Duijvis. He remained lawyer until his death in 1895, in this period he refused a request by the University of Leiden to become honorary professor of law
26.
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg
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Constantijn Theodoor Tellen van Lynden van Sandenburg, was a Dutch politician. Lynden van Sandenburg served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1879 and 1883, Lynden van Sandenburg was born in Utrecht in 1826. He trained as a lawyer before entering politics, an orthodox conservative Protestant, Lynden van Sandenburg sided with the anti-revolutionaries. In 1866 he served in the Dutch House of Representatives, later, he went on to take the position of Minister of Justice between 1874 and 1877 in the Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg cabinet. Lynden van Sandenburg took office as leading minister on 20 August 1879 with his own cabinet and this cabinet was known for its liberal conservatism. Member of an ancient Dutch noble family, Lynden van Sandenburg was a baron throughout his life and he died in Langbroek in 1885. Van Lynden, Nederlands Adelsboek 87, 547-649, there 567, parlement & Politiek, entry Mr. C. Th. graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg, retrieved 2008-08-14
27.
Gijsbert van Tienhoven
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Gijsbert van Tienhoven was a liberal Dutch politician. He started his career in the municipal council and executive of Amsterdam. He spent one year in the House of Representatives and eleven years in the Senate before being appointed formateur after the 1891 general election, for three years, he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Foreign Affairs before his cabinet fell in 1894. He also served as Queens Commissioner of North Holland for fourteen years, Gijsbert van Tienhoven was born in De Werken in North Brabant, on 12 February 1841. He was the child in a family of twelve. His father, Gijsbert van Tienhoven, was a contractor of public works and his mother was Klazina Christina van den Bogaard. He enjoyed private education, and attended a latin school in Gorinchem. In 1860, Van Tienhoven started studying theology at the University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, instead, he studied Roman and contemporary law, graduating on 13 June 1866. After his graduation, Van Tienhoven briefly worked as a lawyer in The Hague, in 1867, he became an official at the Ministry of Justice. Starting as deputy clerk of the department of preparation of legislation. On 27 January 1869, however, he left the Ministry to become professor of Roman and contemporary law at the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam and he was also school inspector in the third school district of Amsterdam from 1 September 1873 to 1 February 1877. Van Tienhoven was elected into the council of Amsterdam on 4 February 1874. As Aldermen, he introduced an ordinance on local income tax and he also strongly supported municipal construction of residences for labourers, a proposal which passed through the municipal council by 16 to 14 votes. At the same time, the population of the city necessitated initial measures in the field of social housing. On 11 December 1879, Van Tienhoven was appointed, by Royal Decree, as Mayor of Amsterdam and his eleven years in office coincided with the economic and social modernisation of the city. Van Tienhoven left office on 21 August 1891, and gave up on his seat in the council some two weeks later, on 3 September. On 15 December, Van Tienhoven was elected into the States of North Holland for the constituency of Amsterdam. He did not retain his seat for long, however, as he was elected into the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for the constituency of Amsterdam in a by-election in 1878
28.
Nicolaas Pierson
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Nicolaas Gerard Pierson was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901. Pierson was an economics and statistics at the University of Amsterdam and director and presiding director of the De Nederlandsche Bank. He was minister of Finance in the Cabinet Van Tienhoven, during his term of office he introduced an important tax revision. After serving as chairman of the Council of Ministers for four years he took a seat in the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem from 1905 to 1909, Pierson received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge. Nicolaas Gerard Pierson was born in Amsterdam on 7 February 1839, to Jan Lodewijk Gregory Pierson, the youngest of six children, Pierson had two brothers and three sisters. Two of his brothers, Allard and Hendrik Pierson, would become famous pastors and his father was a merchant, while his mother was a Réveil writer. Pierson attended a French school in Amsterdam from 1845 to 1853 and he went to an English school in Brussels in 1853, but switched to a trade school in Amsterdam a year later. On 2 June 1864, Pierson graduated as a teacher in political economy, Pierson started his career as a merchant. He worked in his fathers glass shop from 1860 to 1861, shortly before his graduation, on 1 April 1864, he became chief executive of De Surinaamsche Bank, and director of De Nederlandsche Bank on 1 June 1868. On 15 January 1885, he was appointed as President of De Nederlandsche Bank by Royal Decree and he took office 1 February the same year, and kept his position until 21 Augustus 1891. Piersons main two economist texts were Grondbeginselen der Staathuiskunde and Leerboek der Staathuiskunde, the latter being translated into English, in 1883 Pierson became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pierson served as minister of Finance from 21 August 1891 to 9 May 1894, during his second his second term as minister, he was also the chairman of the Council of Ministers, a positional that would later be dubbed Prime Minister of the Netherlands. During his time as minister, he reformed the corporate and capital tax systems, and was instrumental in the establishment of Statistics Netherlands, on 26 July 1905, Pierson was elected into the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem. He did not seek election in 1909, giving up his seat on 1 August, Pierson is credited with an important role in the Socialist Calculation Debate, when he criticised Karl Kautsky, who had delivered a speech in Delft in 1902. On 30 October 1862, Pierson married Catharina Rutgera Waller in Amsterdam and she died shortly after their marriage, and the couple remained childless. Pierson died on 24 December 1909, in Heemstede, media related to Nicolaas Pierson at Wikimedia Commons
29.
Abraham Kuyper
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Abraham Kuijper, generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch journalist, statesman and neo-Calvinist theologian. He founded the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam, and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as a fad that would pass away, in politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party from its founding in 1879 to his death in 1920. Abraham Kuijper was born on 29 October 1837 in Maassluis in the Netherlands and his father Jan Frederik Kuyper served as a minister for the Dutch Reformed Church in Hoogmade, Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden. Kuijper was home-schooled by his father, the boy received no formal primary education, but received secondary education at the Gymnasium of Leiden. In 1855, he graduated from the Gymnasium and began to study literature, philosophy and he received his propaedeuse in literature in 1857, summa cum laude, and in philosophy in 1858, also summa cum laude. He also took classes in Arabic, Armenian and physics, in comparing the views of John Calvin and Jan Łaski, Kuyper showed a clear sympathy for the more liberal Łaski. During his studies Kuyper was a member of the tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. In May 1862, he was declared eligible for the ministry and 1863 he accepted a call to minister for the Dutch Reformed Church for the town of Beesd. In the same year he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay and they would have five sons and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with the anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, around 1866, he began to sympathise with the orthodox tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. He was inspired by the robust reformed faith of Pietje Balthus, a woman in her early 30s. He began to oppose the centralization in the church, the role of the King and began to plead for the separation of church, in 1867, Kuyper was asked to become minister for the parish in Utrecht and he left Beesd. In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam, in 1871 he began to write for the De Heraut. In 1872, he founded his own paper, De Standaard and this paper would lay the foundation for the network of Reformed organisation, which Kuyper would found. In 1886, Kuyper led an exodus from the Dutch Reformed Church and he grieved the loss of Reformed distinctives within this State Church, which no longer required office bearers to agree to the Reformed standards which had once been foundational. Kuyper and the consistory of Amsterdam insisted that both ministers and church members subscribe to the Reformed confessions and this was appealed to Classis, and Kuyper, along with about 80 members of the Amsterdam consistory, were suspended in Dec.1885. This was appealed to the synod, which upheld the ruling in a 1 July 1886 ruling
30.
Theo de Meester
–
Theodoor Herman Theo de Meester was a Dutch Liberal politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Finance from 1905 to 1908. De Meester was the son of Gerrit Abraham de Meester, who had been a member of the Dutch parliament for the Zwolle constituency from 1862 to 1864, a former administrator in the Dutch East Indies, De Meesters cabinet was inaugurated on 17 August 1905. It consisted of five Liberal, two Free-minded Democratic, and two non-partisan ministers and it had no majority in either of the two Dutch chambers, and earned the nickname Porcelain Cabinet. His government first resigned in December 1906, when the budget for 1907 wasnt approved by the Dutch senate. That resignation was refused by Queen Wilhelmina, but the government fell in December 1907, the government remained as a demissionair until 12 February 1908
31.
Pieter Cort van der Linden
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Pieter Wilhelm Adrianus Cort van der Linden was a Dutch politician. He served as minister of the Netherlands between 1913 and 1918. He was the last prime minister to lead a pure liberal cabinet, however, the cabinet held only a minority in parliament and depended on the support of the social democrats. One of his achievements was maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War. He also introduced universal suffrage in the Netherlands, because of this, the Social Democratic Workers Party and the Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen, a Catholic party, won the 1918 elections. The Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck took Cort van der Lindens place as Prime minister, minderaa, J. T. Linden, Pieter Wilhelm Adrianus Cort van der, Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland,1, retrieved 2008-03-13
32.
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck
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Charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was a Dutch nobleman and Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1918 to 1925 and again from 1929 to 1933. He was a member of the Roman Catholic RKSP, charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was born on 1 December 1873 in Roermond, a town with a Bishops see in the province of Limburg, in the very south of the Netherlands. Born into a family, he grew up in a predominantly Roman Catholic community and went to school in Maastricht. He attended the Utrecht University and in 1895 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck obtained his masters degree in law at the Leiden University and he was the son of Gustave Louis Marie Hubert Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Minister of Justice in the government-Mackay and later governor of Limburg. He started his career in 1896 as a lawyer in Maastricht, in 1899 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck became a member of the Maastricht City council and in 1905 he was elected to the House of Representatives. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck remained a city councillor and a member of parliament until 16 May 1918, Ruijs de Beerenbrouck did not stay in office as Queens Commissioner for long, as on 9 September 1918 he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Netherlands. As Prime Minister he had to deal with the aftermath of World War I, fortunately for Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, the revolution attempt of Troelstra met with little enthusiasm. However, in order to satisfy the working class, he enacted several social reforms, from 1925 to 1929 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was President of the House of Representatives. The depression lead to unemployment and poverty, as well as increasing social unrest. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck was forced to cut government expenses and to devaluate the national currency, the Guilder. Twenty three mutineers were killed, resulting in a controversy and recriminations. In 1933 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck again became President of the House of Representatives and he remained in office until his death. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck died on 17 April 1936 in Utrecht, parlement en Politiek parlement. com biography Ruijs de Beerenbrouck
33.
Hendrikus Colijn
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Hendrikus Hendrik Colijn was a Dutch soldier, businessman and politician who was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1925 to 1926 and again from 1933 to 1939. He was the first of six children, all born in Haarlemmermeer, Colijn grew up in the Land of Altena. At the age of 16, he went to an academy in Kampen for officer training. In 1893, he married Helena Groenenberg and was sent to the Dutch East Indies, one of our bullets killed the mother as well as the child. From now on we couldnt give any mercy, it was over, I did give orders to gather a group of 9 women and 3 children who asked for mercy and they were shot all together. It was not a pleasant job, but something else was impossible and our soldiers tacked them with pleasure with their bayonets. After his return to the Netherlands in 1909, he was elected as an Anti Revolutionary Party Member of Parliament for the district Sneek, in 1911, he was appointed Minister of War and revised the Dutch Selective Service System. In May 1918 he acted as an intermediary between the British and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to arrange an armistice, resulting in the Kaiser getting refuge in The Netherlands. In 1910 the Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established with Hendrikus Colijn and his brother nl, from 1914 to 1922 he served as CEO for the Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij. In 1925, he also became CEO of Royal Dutch Shell, in 1922 he accepted the political leadership of the Anti Revolutionary Party from Dr. Abraham Kuyper. Between 1925-1926 and 1933-1939 he served five times as Prime Minister, during the 1930s his government faced the effects of the Great Depression, which took a heavy toll on the Netherlands. Colijns government responded to the crisis with a very strict fiscal policy. Colijns decision to adhere to the Gold Standard until 1937, long after most of the partners of the Netherlands had dropped it. In 1939, his latest cabinet, with Protestant and liberal ministers but without Catholic ministers, from 1927-1929, he also was head of the Dutch delegation to the League of Nations in Geneva. His view was influenced by the show of force the German blitzkrieg had shown. Soon thereafter, he tried to organize resistance but was arrested in June 1941. The Germans tried to have him confess that he had conspired with the British to invade the Netherlands to serve as an excuse for the German invasion, the very fact that the Gestapo allowed the visit suggests that Himmler was already making contingency plans in case of a German loss. In March 1943 Colijn was put under house arrest in a mountain hotel in Ilmenau
34.
Dirk Jan de Geer
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Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer was a Dutch nobleman, lawyer, conservative statesman and prime minister of the Netherlands. He was disgraced for advocating a settlement between the Kingdom and Nazi Germany in 1940. Born in Groningen, he was a descendant of the De Geer family painted by Rembrandt, after receiving his doctorate in law in 1895, De Geer worked as a journalist and acted as town councillor of Rotterdam. He served from 1907 as a Christian Historical) member of Parliament, De Geer was a stable and respected politician before the war. From 1920 to 1921 de Geer served as mayor of Arnhem, between 1921 and 1923 de Geer served as Minister of Finance. He resigned in 1923 because of his disagreement with the Naval Law of 1924, from 1925-1926 he served as minister of the interior and minister of agriculture. He was Prime Minister from 8 March 1926 to 10 August 1929 and he also served as Minister of Finances from 1926 to 1933. After the end of the cabinet of Colijn he was again asked to form a government in August 1939, concurrently holding the office of Minister of Finance. However, he was not suited for the role of minister of a nation at war as he knew himself. When the Germans attacked the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, the situation became very serious. Because of this the government decided to flee to London, when in London, De Geer advocated negotiating a separate peace between the Netherlands and the Third Reich. He damaged the Dutch government and the Dutch morale by openly stating that the war could never be won and he was finally removed from office on the instigation of the iron-willed Queen Wilhelmina, and replaced by Gerbrandy. Later on, he was sent with a package to the Dutch East Indies. He never arrived there, on a stop-over in Portugal he left and this greatly angered Queen Wilhelmina, who called him a traitor and deserter to the Dutch cause. He later wrote a controversial leaflet with instructions for the people on how to cooperate with the Germans, Wilhelmina warned him that if he went on to publish this, he would be put on trial after the liberation. Nonetheless, he went through with the publication, after the war he was duly accused and he was found guilty and stripped of all of his honorary titles. ”He died some 15 years later in Soest, embittered and still believing in his innocence. His grandson is ex-footballer Boudewijn de Geer, and his great-grandson is current footballer Mike de Geer
35.
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
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Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was a Dutch politician of the Anti-Revolutionary Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 September 1940 until 25 June 1945. On 5 April 1955, pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was born on 13 April 1885 in the village of Goënga near Sneek, in the province of Friesland, in the Netherlands. He was an ethnic Frisian, and his name is styled in the traditional Frisian way, first name, patronymic, incidentally, the name Gerbrandy is also a patronymic, his great-great-grandfather Jouke Gerbrens took Gerbrandy as a family name on 30 December 1811. From 1920 to 1930, he was a member of the States of Friesland for the Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, against his partys advice he was Minister of Justice. The royal family and many leading politicians had fled to London in 1940, there, they formed a government in exile. On his initiative, the Dutch government started to broadcast from Radio Oranje and this station supplied the Dutch population with information from the free world whilst under the occupation of Nazi Germany. Gerbrandy became a figure to Dutch citizens during the wartime period, as such he was awarded a medal of valour in 1950. In 1945, after the liberation of the south, he formed a new cabinet without socialists and he resigned after the total liberation. In 1950 his book, Indonesia, was published and this book explains most everything that happened from the 1600s to 1948, it includes The Indies under Netherlands Rule, The Rule of Law, The Japanese Occupation, and Chaos. Each section includes detailed observations that he has made, in 1948, he returned in the Dutch Parliament. However, because of his hot temper, he alienated himself from his party members, in 1956, he was member of a commission, which investigated the affair around Greet Hofmans. In 1959, he resigned as a member of Parliament, pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy died on 7 September 1961 in The Hague at the age of 76
36.
Willem Schermerhorn
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Willem Wim Schermerhorn was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1945 until 1946 and he was the first Prime Minister after World War II. According to Harry W. Laidler, the government under Schermerhorns premiership achieved important results in the fields of labor, finance, housing, old age pensions, willem Schermerhorn was born on 17 December 1894 in Akersloot in the Dutch Province of North Holland. He grew up in a Protestant family of farmers and he became professor at the Delft University of Technology on 7 September 1926. Schermerhorn remained professor until 1944, when he was removed by the German occupational forces because of his activities in the Dutch resistance and he was interned by the German occupational forces as a hostage in Sint-Michielsgestel from May 1942 until December 1943. After he was removed as professor in 1944 Schermerhorn went into hiding to avoid being taken prisoner by the German occupational forces, on 24 June 1945 he became Prime Minister of the cabinet Schermerhorn/Drees, the first cabinet after World War II. Schermerhorn was the first Dutch Prime Minister who appointed civil servants with a background, people like Koos Vorrink. After the elections of 1946 he became a member of parliament and he remained a member of parliament until 1951. After his parliamentarian career ended he became director of the International Training Center for Aerial Survey in 1951, in 1956 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Wim Schermerhorn died on 10 March 1977 in Haarlem he was 82 and his wife Barbara died in 1986. His brother, Dirk Schermerhorn, was an engineer in the Soviet Union and he was killed during the Stalinist purges in 1937. His sister, Neeltje, was married to theologian Johannes Marie de Jonge, knight – Order of the Netherlands Lion Grand Officer – Order of Orange-Nassau Official Parliamentary Biography Biography on the Ministry of General Affairs
37.
Louis Beel
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Louis Joseph Maria Beel was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 July 1946 until 7 August 1948, because of his long service record he was considered by some as having the status of a statesman. On 22 November 1956, he was granted the title of Minister of State. Louis Joseph Maria Beel was born on 12 April 1902 in Roermond and he grew up in a predominantly Roman Catholic community and went to school at the famous Bisschoppelijk College of Roermond. He graduated in 1920 and found work as clerk-volunteer at the municipality of Roermond, two years later he became secretary to the Educational Religious Inspector of the Roermond diocese, Monsignor Petrus van Gils. When in 1923 the Roman Catholic University was founded in Nijmegen, in 1924 Beel began commuting between Roermond and Nijmegen. After obtaining his bachelors degree in 1925 he found a new job as an assistant in the government of the eastern province of Overijssel. He moved to its capital, the town of Zwolle, during the time he lived in Zwolle Beel got married and his first child, a son, was born. In 1928 Beel obtained his masters degree in law at Radboud University Nijmegen, with his wife, his son and his mother-in-law he moved to Eindhoven in 1929 and lived there for more than fifteen years. Beels professional career progressed rapidly and in less one year he became a principal clerk. As he had in Zwolle, Beel proved to be an industrious man and he continued his part-time lecturing at the Katholieke Leergangen, he published regularly in the legal press and in 1935 he obtained his doctorate in law at the Radboud University Nijmegen. At the time of his resignation as a municipal Civil servant in 1942, Beel was Director of Social Affairs, Beel resigned because he opposed the German Occupation of The Netherlands. To avoid being taken prisoner by the German occupational forces he frequently had to go in hiding, Eindhoven was liberated on 18 September 1944 at the time of the World War II military offensive known as Operation Market Garden. Dutch resistance fighters, massively manifesting themselves immediately after the Germans had gone and he became the spokesman of a group of prominent citizens in Eindhoven, who had resisted the Germans during the war. The group was not in favour of a continuation of the pre-war political party-lines, in this vein they sent an Address, drafted by Beel, to Queen Wilhelmina, who still resided in London. In this capacity Beel was invited by the Dutch government in exile to travel to London and he arrived in London on 1 January 1945. On 10 January he visited at her request Queen Wilhelmina in her English mansion Mortimer and this visit gave a decisive turn to Beels life. Beel was promptly appointed Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet Gerbrandy III
38.
Willem Drees
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Willem Drees, Sr. was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 7 August 1948 until 22 December 1958 and he served as Member of the House of Representatives from May 9,1933 until June 24,1945. He served again a short periode as a Member of the House of Representatives, after the Dutch general election of 1948, Drees became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinets Drees-Van Schaik, Drees I, Drees II and Drees III. After his premiership, Drees retired from active politics and he was already seventy-two and second oldest person who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands after Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, who died in office at the age of seventy-four. On December 22,1958 he was granted the title of Minister of State. He remained an active observer of Dutch politics, publishing a substantial number of books. Willem Drees died on May 14,1988 at the age of 101 years,314 days and he is praised by many as the most important Dutch politician after World War II for his important contributions and social reforms laws. Drees was chosen as the best Prime Minister of the Netherlands after World War II after an opinion polling conducted by the VPRO in 2006, Willem Drees was born in Amsterdam on July 5,1886. After completing his education in 1903 he worked until 1906 for the Twentsche Bank in Amsterdam. This was followed by a period as a stenographer with the Municipal Council of Amsterdam, in 1904 he joined the Social Democratic Workers Party, which later was absorbed into the Labour Party in 1946. From 1910 to 1931 he was chairman of The Hague branch of the Social Democratic Workers Party, during that period he was alderman for social affairs from 1919 to 1931 and for finance and public works through to 1933. For 22 years between 1919 and 1941 Drees also held a seat on the Provincial Council of South Holland and for 19 years between 1927 and 1946 one on the Social Democratic Workers Party executive. From August 7,1948 to December 22,1958 he was Prime Minister of the Netherlands in four successive cabinets Drees I, Drees II, Drees III and Drees IV. When his Cabinet broke up in December 1958, he was appointed to the position of Minister of State. Due to impaired hearing he stopped attending its meetings in 1966 and he strongly disagreed with New Left tendencies in the membership and strategies of the Dutch Labour Party. He eventually gave up membership of a party he had served for close to 67 years, a wide range of social reforms were carried out durings Drees tenure as prime minister. A law of August 1950 established equal rights for illegitimate children, in 1950, works councils were established, and in 1957 the dismissal of female civil servants upon marriage was abolished. In the field of housing, the Implementation for Rent Act fixed rents and rent increases, while the Regional, in addition, the Reconstruction Act of 1950 established housebuilding programmes, and legislation was passed on house building standards, the uniformity of buildings, and uniform building standards
39.
Jan de Quay
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Jan Eduard de Quay was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from May 19,1959 until July 24,1963 and he previously served as Minister of War from April 4,1945 until June 24,1945 in the Cabinet Gerbrandy III. He became Queens Commissioner of North Brabant serving from November 1,1946 until May 19,1959, after the Dutch general election of 1959, de Quay became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinet De Quay. And as acting Minister of Defence from August 1,1959 until September 4,1959 following the resignation of Sidney J. van den Bergh and he became again a Member of the Senate serving from June 13,1967 until September 16,1969. Jan Eduard de Quay was born in s-Hertogenbosch on August 26,1901, after attending a Jesuit school in Katwijk, he graduated in psychology from the University of Utrecht in 1926. The following year he was awarded a doctorate for his thesis on the contribution of sensory and motor factors to the learning and labour process. In 1928 he was appointed lecturer in psychotechnology at the Catholic college of education in Tilburg and in 1933 professor of business economics. During the pre-war mobilisation of the Netherlands De Quay became a lieutenant in the reserve, in July 1940 he formed the Triumvirate of the controversial nationalist Dutch Union with Louis Einthoven and Hans Linthorst Homan. This Union was controversial because its leaders suggested partial collaboration with the German occupiers, in August 1940 De Quay started secret meetings with the fascistic Nationaal Front in oder to fuse the two organisations. During these talks De Quay called himself a fascist, the Union a fascistic organisation, in May and June of the same year he was government commissioner for labour at the Ministry of Social Affairs. In this position he encouraged the Dutch population to seek employment in Germany, from July 1942 to June 1943 he was interned in Haaren, after which he went into hiding from the occupation authorities. This lasted until June 1943, when he went into hiding, from April 5 until June 23,1945, De Quay was Minister of War in the Cabinet Gerbrandy II. On November 1,1946 he became Queens Commissioner of North Brabant until May 19,1959 and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from May 19,1959 until July 24,1963. He served as a Member of the Senate from June 25,1963 until November 22,1966, during the Cabinet Zijlstra he served as Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management and Deputy Prime Minister from November 22,1966 until April 5,1967. On June 13,1967 he again was a Member of the Senate until September 16,1969, De Quay died on July 4,1985 in Beers, he was 83. Order of the Netherlands Lion Knight Commander Order of Orange-Nassau Commander Grand Officer Dr. J. E. de Quay Dr. J. E. de Quay Dr. J. E. de Quay
40.
Victor Marijnen
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Victor Gerard Marie Vic Marijnen was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 24 July 1963 until 14 April 1965, Marijnen a Civil servant by occupation, he worked for the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1941 until 1957. Marijnen became General-Secretary of the Roman Catholic employers organizations in the Netherlands in 1957, Marijnen was asked to become Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries after the Dutch general election of 1959 in the Cabinet De Quay under Prime Minister Jan de Quay of his own party. Marijnen took office as the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries on 19 May 1959, Marijnen served as acting Minister of Social Affairs and Health from 3 July 1961 until 17 July 1961 following the resignation of Charles van Rooy. He served a period as a Member of the House of Representatives from 2 July 1963 until 24 July 1963. After the Dutch general election of 1963, Marijnen became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, after his premiership, Marijnen remained in active politics and became again a Member of the House of Representatives from 27 April 1965 until 14 January 1966. He later became Mayor of The Hague serving from 16 October 1968 until his death from an attack on 5 April 1975. Victor Gerard Marie Marijnen was born in Arnhem on 21 February 1917, in 1941 he graduated in law from the Radboud University Nijmegen and went on to work in the accountancy divisions of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. In 1945 he was seconded to the Council for the Restitution of Legal Rights, in 1949 Marijnen became secretary of the Agricultural Society and in 1951 Secretary-General of the Foreign Agricultural Trade Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. From 1957 he was secretary of the General Catholic Employers Association, in 1956 Marijnen was chairman of a childrens home in Gelderland where children, including Henk Heithuis, were sexually abused by priests. According to the Telegraph newspaper, reporting in March 2012, he intervened to have prison sentences dropped against several priests convicted of abusing children. The Dutch Catholic Church organised the castration of Heithuis while he lived at the Gelderland childrens home in 1956 after he reported being abused to the police. During the Cabinet De Quay, Marijnen was Minister of Agriculture and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 24 July 1963 until 14 April 1965. From 1965 to 1966 Marijnen was a member of the House of Representatives, in 1967 he was also appointed chairman of the Post and Telecommunications Council. On 16 October 1968 he was selected Mayor of The Hague, Marijnen died on 5 April 1975 in The Hague, while serving as Mayor from a heart attack at the age of fifty-eight. Marijnen Parlement & Politiek Kabinet-Marijnen Rijksoverheid
41.
Jo Cals
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Jozef Maria Laurens Theo Jo Cals was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party, now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 14 April 1965 until 22 November 1966 and he became Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences serving from 2 September 1952 until 24 July 1963 in the Drees II and III, Beel II and De Quay cabinets. He again returned to the House of Representatives for two periods, after the 1956 and 1959 general elections. Serving from 3 July 1956 until 3 October 1956 and from 20 March 1959 until 19 May 1959, and again a Member of the House of Representatives from 2 July 1963 until 14 April 1965. After the fall of the Marijnen cabinet, Cals became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, after his premiership, Cals semi-retired from active politics and served as a civil servant leading several governmental commissions. On 5 December 1966 he was granted the title of Minister of State. Jozef Maria Laurens Theo Cals was born in Roermond on 18 July 1914, after completing his secondary education in his home town, he studied for the priesthood in Rolduc. In 1945 Cals became leader of the Catholic Peoples Party in the council of Nijmegen until 1946. He was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives in 1948, from 15 March 1950 to 2 September 1952 he was State Secretary for Education, Arts and Sciences, serving from 15 March 1950 until 2 September 1952 in the Drees-Van Schaik and Drees I cabinets. In the debate, he spoke for 6 hours and 50 minutes, in 1963, however, he returned to the House of Representatives. Alongside his duties there, he was a member of the board of governors of the University of Groningen, chairman of the Arts Council, Cals was in 1930, just after the foundation as a separate Scouting organisation, one of the first members of De Katholieke Verkenners. He went to the 4th World Scout Jamboree in Gödöllo, Hungary in 1933, after the liberation of the southern part of the Netherlands in 1944 he was one of the main forces in rebuilding Catholic Scouting as a separate Scouting movement in the Netherlands. During his second term as Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences, between 1968 and 1970, Cals was in charge of the Dutch entry to the Expo 70 in Japan. From 1967 he was chairman of the National Advisory Committee on the amendment of the Constitution. Cals was a worker but this was at the expense of his health. Order of Orange-Nassau Knight Grand Cross Mr. J. M. L. Th
