1.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
2.
Persian language
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Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages
3.
Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
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The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran include the Army, the Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Law Enforcement Force. These forces total about 523,000 active personnel, all branches of armed forces fall under the command of General Staff of Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics is responsible for planning logistics, with the Iranian revolution in 1979, deteriorating relations with the United States of America resulted in international sanctions led by the USA, including an arms embargo being imposed on Iran. Revolutionary Iran was taken by surprise, by the Iraqi invasion that began the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988, during this conflict, there were several confrontations with the United States. From 1987, the United States Central Command sought to stop Iranian mine-laying vessels from blocking the sea lanes through the Persian Gulf in Operation Prime Chance. On April 18,1988, the U. S. retaliated for the Iranian mining of the USS Samuel B. Roberts in Operation Praying Mantis. Simultaneously, the Iranian armed forces had to learn to maintain and keep operational, their stocks of U. S. -built equipment and weaponry without outside help. However, Iran was able to obtain limited amounts of American-made armaments, at first, deliveries came via Israel and later, from the USA. The Iranian government established a five-year rearmament program in 1989 to replace worn-out weaponry from the Iran-Iraq war, Iran spent $10 billion between 1989 and 1992 on arms. Iran ordered weapons designed to prevent other states naval vessels from accessing the sea, including marines, a former military-associated police force, the Iranian Gendarmerie, was merged with the National Police and Revolutionary Committees in 1990. From 2003, there have been repeated U. S. in 2004, Iranian armed forces took Royal Navy personnel prisoner, on the Shatt al-Arab river, between Iran and Iraq. They were released three days following diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran. In 2007, Iranian Revolutionary Guard forces also took prisoner Royal Navy personnel when a party from HMS Cornwall was seized in the waters between Iran and Iraq, in the Persian Gulf. They were released thirteen days later, according to Juan Cole, Iran has never launched an aggressive war in modern history, and its leadership adheres to a doctrine of no first strike. The countrys military budget is the lowest per capita in the Persian Gulf region besides the UAE, since 1979, there have been no foreign military bases present in Iran. According to Article 146 of the Iranian Constitution, the establishment of any military base in the country is forbidden, even for peaceful purposes. On 4 December 2011, an American RQ-170 Sentinel unmanned aerial vehicle was captured by Iranian forces near the city of Kashmar in northeastern Iran. In 2012, it was announced that Irans Quds Force is operating inside Syria providing the government of Bashar al-Assad with intelligence, there is an emphasis on the monitoring of protesters use of the internet and mobile phone networks, including text messaging
4.
Shahab-3
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The Shahab-3 is a medium-range ballistic missile developed by Iran and based on the North Korean Nodong-1. The Shahab-3 has a range of 1,280 kilometres, a MRBM variant can now reach 1,930 kilometres and it was tested from 1998 to 2003 and added to the military arsenal on July 7,2003, with an official unveiling by Khamenei on July 20. The forerunners to this include the Shahab-1 and Shahab-2. The then-Iranian Defense Minister Admiral Shamkhani has denied that Iran plans to develop a Shahab-4, some successors to the Shahab have longer range and are also more maneuverable. Operating under the Sanam Industrial Group, which is part of the Defense Industries Organization of Iran, the Shahab-3B differs from the basic production variant. The new re-entry vehicle uses a triconic aeroshell geometry which improves the lift to drag ratio for the re-entry vehicle. This allows greater range maneuverability which can result in better precision, the triconic design also reduces the overall size of the warhead from an estimated 1 metric ton to 700 kg. As a high-speed ballistic missile and pre-mission fueling capability, the Shahab-3 has an extremely short launch/impact time ratio and this means that the INS/gyroscope guidance would also remain relatively accurate until impact. The CEP is estimated to be at 30–50 metres or less, however, the accuracy of the missile is largely speculative and cannot be confidently predicted for wartime situations. Shahab 3 image gallery Little is known about Shahab-3C and Shahab-3D, from what can be gathered, the missiles have an improved precision, navigation system, and a longer range. The missiles were developed, and are being mass-produced. Iran has a capacity of 70 units per year. The Shahab-3 was first seen in public on September 25,1998, in Azadi Square, Tehran, Iran has conducted at least six test flights of the Shahab-3. A second, successful test took place in July 2000, in September 2000, Iran conducted a third test, in which the missile reportedly exploded shortly after launch. In May 2002, Iran conducted another successful test, leading then-Iranian Defense Minister Ali Shamkhani to say the test improved the Shahab-3s power, another successful test reportedly occurred in July 2002. On November 9,2004, Shamkhani said Iran could mass-produce the missile, on November 2,2006, Iran fired unarmed missiles to begin 10 days of military war games. Iranian state television reported dozens of missiles were fired including Shahab-2, the missiles had ranges from 300 km to up to 2,000 km. Iranian experts have made some changes to Shahab-3 missiles installing cluster warheads in them with the capacity to carry 1,400 bombs. These launches come after some United States-led military exercises in the Persian Gulf on October 30,2006, other missiles fired include the surface-to-surface Fateh-110 and Zelzal missiles
5.
International Institute for Strategic Studies
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The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a British research institute in the area of international affairs. Since 1997 its headquarters have been Arundel House, in London, the 2013 Global Go To Think Tank Index ranked IISS as the ninth-best think tank worldwide. Founded in 1958, with its original focus nuclear deterrence and arms control, the institute claims that it was hugely influential in setting the intellectual structures for managing the Cold War. Raymond L. Garthoff wrote in 2004, In 1959 the ISS issued a pamphlet on the balance between the Soviet Union and NATO. It was unfortunately replete with errors, having put together from published sources of widely varying quality. I called this to the attention of Alastair Buchan, the director of the institute, a new version was issued in November 1960, much more correct and accurate, though still not up to the latest intelligence. Again, I called this to Buchans attention, and he undertook to check out with British authorities what became annual issuances, the second issue appeared under the title The Communist Bloc and the Free World, The Military Balance 1960. The current Director-General and Chief Executive is Dr John Chipman CMG, the Chairman of the Council is Francois Heisbourg, a former Director. Sir Michael Howard, the British military historian, is President Emeritus, sir Michael founded the institute together with the British Labour M. P. Denis Healey and journalist Alastair Buchan. The Institute owes no allegiance to any government, or to any political or other organisation, the Institute claims 2,500 Individual Members and 450 Corporate and Institutional Members from more than 100 countries. Based in London, the IISS is both a company limited by guarantee in UK law and a registered charity. It has branches in Washington, D. C. and in Singapore, with charitable status in each jurisdiction, the Middle East Eye subsequently reported that IISS may have received nearly half of its total income from Bahraini sources in some years. Alastair Buchan François Duchêne Christoph Bertram Robert J
6.
Defense industry of Iran
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Irans military industry manufactures various types of arms and military equipment. According to Iranian officials, the country sold $100 million worth of equipment in 2003. Irans military industry was born under the last Shah of Iran, in 1973, the Iran Electronics Industries was founded to organize efforts to assemble and repair foreign-delivered weapons. Most of Irans weapons before the Islamic revolution were imported from the United States, between 1971 and 1975, the Shah went on a buying spree, ordering $8 billion in weapons from the United States alone. This alarmed the United States Congress, which strengthened a 1968 law on arms exports in 1976, still, the United States continued to sell large amounts of weapons to Iran until the 1979 Islamic Revolution. In 1979, the country took the first step into manufacturing by reverse engineering Soviet RPG-7, BM21, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps was put in charge of re-organising the domestic military industry. Under their command Irans military industry was expanded, and with the Ministry of Defence pouring capital into the missile industry. Since 1992, it also has produced its own tanks, armored carriers, missiles, a submarine. In 2007, following events in Irans Nuclear Program, the United Nations Security Council placed sanctions on Iran forbidding it from exporting any form of weapons, despite these sanctions, Iran sold some military equipment to countries such as Sudan, Syria, and North Korea. Iran was also unable to import military equipment such as S-300 from Russia, as of 2016, the Defense Ministry is collaborating with more than 3150 national firms as well as 92 universities
7.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
8.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
9.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
10.
Supreme National Security Council
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He was appointed to position of secretary by the president Hassan Rouhani On 10 September 2013. The council for the protection and support of interests and Islamic revolution and territorial integrity. This institution was founded during the 1989 revision of the constitution, coordination of activities political, intelligence, social, cultural and economic fields in the relating to general policies of defense and national security. Exploitation of materialistic and intellectual resources of the country for facing the internal and external threats and this National Security Council is mandated by Article 176 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran to be presided over by the president of the country. The president selects the secretary of the Supreme council, the decisions of the Council are effective after the confirmation by the Supreme Leader. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and the Supreme National Security Council are at the top of the policy decisions process. Supreme National Security Council formulates the countrys nuclear policy, the nuclear policies formulated by the council would become effective if they are confirmed by the Supreme Leader. The secretary of the Supreme council was the chief negotiator of Iran until 5 September 2013 when responsibility for nuclear talks was assigned to the ministry of foreign affairs. As of 2013, following members are, Supreme Defense Council Iran’s President Criticized Over Nuclear Issue
11.
Islamic Republic of Iran Army
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The Islamic Republic of Iran Army acronymed AJA, simply known as the Iranian Army or Artesh, is the conventional military of Iran and part of Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The army is tasked to protect the integrity of the Iranian state from external and internal threats. Artesh has its own Joint Staff which coordinates its four separate branches, Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy. The Iranian government makes a show of force on Iran Army Day with parades every 18 April. The former Supreme Leader of Iran, Ruhollah Khomeini named 18 April as Army Day, the Iranian military honors the countrys National Army Day by annual military parading in many cities of Iran every 18th day of April. The biggest march is held in front of the mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini, Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Official site of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army
12.
Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
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The Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces, acronymed NEZAJA is the ground forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. In Iran, it is also called Artesh, which is Persian for army, in 2007, the regular Iranian Army was estimated to have 350,000 personnel plus around 350,000 reservists for a total of 700,000 soldiers according to the CSIS. Conscripts serve for 21 months and have military training. Iran has two land forces with some integration at the command level, the regular Artesh. A national army of sorts has existed in Iran since the establishment of the Persian Empire, national armies usually appeared throughout the countrys points of strength, while in times of weakness mercenaries and conscript armies were recruited temporarily from fiefdoms. The original core of full-time troops and imperial guards were called the Immortals. These were replaced by the Junishapur Shâhanshâh in the Sassanid Dynasty after a period of disunity, following the Islamic invasion of Iran and eventual resurgence of Iranian dynasties a new full-time army was formed by the name of Qezelbash in the Safavid Dynasty. The Qajar period saw several attempts to re-model the traditional Iranian military based on western models and these were met with limited success at the time. In 1918 the Qajar armed forces consisted of four, separate, several provincial and tribal forces could also be called on during an emergency, but their reliability was highly questionable. More often than not, provincial and tribal forces opposed the governments centralisation efforts, having foreign officers in commanding positions over Iranian troops added to these tribal and religious concerns. Loyal, disciplined, and well trained, the most effective government unit was the 8 and it was created in 1879 and commanded by Russian Imperial Army officers until the 1917 October Revolution. After that date its command passed into Iranian hands, and the brigade represented the core of the new, Swedish officers commanded the 8, 400-man Gendarmerie, organised in 1911 as the first, internal security force. The 6, 000-man South Persia Rifles was financed by Britain and its primary task was to combat tribal forces allegedly stirred up by German agents during the First World War. The Qajar palace guard, the Nizam, commanded by a Swedish officer, was a force consisting of 2,000 men. Thus, during the First World War, the 24,400 troops in four, separate. Following the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925, the new, by 1941, it stood at 125,000 troops—five times its original size—and was considered well trained and well equipped. However, the army was focused on security operations, rather than, Farrokh says fighting well-led and equipped Soviet. In 1941 the Soviets and British launched the Invasion of Iran, London and Moscow had insisted that the shah expel Irans large German population and allow shipments of war supplies to cross the country en route to the Soviet Union
13.
Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
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Navy of Islamic Republic of Iran Army acronymed NEDAJA, is the naval warfare service branch of Irans regular military, the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. It is charged with the responsibility of forming Irans first line of defense in the Gulf of Oman, in July 2016, the Navy said that it would establish a presence in the Atlantic Ocean, of unspecified duration. Despite IRGC Navy which is equipped with the small fast attack crafts, backbone of the Artesh navy’s inventory consists of surface ships, including frigates and corvettes. The Iranian navy was rebuilt after being almost completely destroyed during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in World War II, the destroyers were instead commissioned in the U. S. Navy as the Kidd class, while construction of the frigates had not yet started. Irans three destroyers are over 50 years old and are kept in reserve at Bushehr. The navy does not include ships, its largest ships are five frigates. The main focus of the IRI Navy seems to be on developing new frigates, corvettes and medium to large fast boats capable of carrying modern, three of five frigates, however, were commissioned over 25 years ago and these ships have been updated with Chinese C-802 missiles. Irans three corvettes were commissioned over 30 years ago, one was originally a government yacht but has now been armed with C-802 missiles as well and these eight ships are supported by three Russian built, SSK Kilo-class attack submarines and Ghadir and Nahang-class mini submarines. An Iranian navy in one form or another has existed since Achaemenid times, the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy came into being when the former Imperial Iranian Navy of the Pahlavi Era was renamed following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Following this was the US-led arms embargo on Iran and the Iran–Iraq War, the arms embargo restricted Irans ability to maintain and equip its navy. It had to find new sources of armaments, equipment and weaponry were imported from the Soviet Union, China, North Korea and later, Russia. Iran also established its own domestic armaments industry and this industry has also supported the navy by providing weaponry, equipment and spare parts. Suffering from decaying Western-supplied weapons purchased by the Shah, Tehran has been acquiring new weapons from Russia, China, Iran has expanded the capabilities of the naval branch of the IRGC, acquired additional mine warfare capability, and upgraded some of its older surface ships. Irans exercises have included a number of joint and combined arms exercises with the land forces. Iran has also improved its ports and strengthened its air defences, while obtaining some logistic and technical support from states like India, Russia and India were reported to be assisting Iran with training and operating its Kilo-class submarines. In May 2005, Iran navy announced that it had launched its first Ghadir-class midget submarine, during 2000, the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation significantly improved its capability by taking delivery from Russia, of a number of Mi-8 AMT transport/attack helicopters. Under a contract signed in 1999, Russia agreed to supply 21 Mi-171s to Iran, delivery was completed in 2001, although the exact number destined for the navy was unknown. In summer 2001, there were indications that Iran would order a further 20 Mi-171s, although as of mid-2004, an AIO spokesperson confirmed that Project Noor involves the C-701
14.
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
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The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force is the aviation branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. The present Air Force came into being in the early 1980s when the former Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed, the Air Force has attempted with some success to maintain in service the large number of American-built aircraft which Iran acquired during the Shahs regime. The Air Force has turned to purchases of Soviet and Chinese aircraft, as well as pressing ex-Iraqi aircraft into service, and indigenously built aircraft, in order to maintain a capable force. As of June 2016, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force possesses 348 fighters, making it the ninth most powerful air arm in the world, on paper. The IRIAF came into being when the former Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed following the Islamic Revolution in Iran, due to strained relations with the west, Iran had to procure new equipment from Brazil, Russia and the Peoples Republic of China. Since the Revolution, the composition of the IRIAF is hard to determine. Many aircraft belonging to the Iraqi Air Force took refuge in Iran during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and many were put into service with the IRIAF or taken apart for spare parts. Due to the spare parts shortages faced by the air force. In 2002, Iran with the co-operation of Ukraine, successfully started the manufacture of the Iran-140, simultaneously, Iran began construction of two domestically produced fighters, upgraded using technology from the F-14 Tomcat and the F-5 Tiger II. The fighters have been named the Azarakhsh and the Shafaq, since then the country has also become self-sufficient in the manufacture of helicopters. The country claims that it is capable of producing the old U. S. AH-1 Cobra gunship, additionally, Iran also produces Bell Helicopter Bell 212 and Bell 206 helicopters in serial production. These are known respectively as the Shabaviz 2-75 and the Shabaviz 206, a series of purges and forced retirements resulted in the manpower of the service being halved between February 1979 and July 1980, leaving the IRIAF ill-prepared for the Iran–Iraq War. The Iranians retaliated with operation Kaman-99 which involved 206 F-4, F-5, on 23 September 1980, Iran launched Operation Kaman 99 as 40 F-4 Phantoms, armed with Mark 82, Mark 83 and Mark 84 bombs and AGM-65 Maverick missiles, took off from Hamadan. After refueling in mid-air the Phantoms reached the Iraqi capital Baghdad, meanwhile, eight More F-4s took off from Tehran and launched a second attack on the al-Rashid airbase. Iran proceeded to launch 58 F-5E Tiger IIs from Tabriz, which were sent to attack Mosul Airbase, after the attack on Mosul Airbase, another 50 F-5Es were dispatched to strike Nasiriyah Airbase, which was heavily damaged. As all 146 Iranian F-4s and F-5s had been sent for a raid on Iraq,60 F-14 Tomcats were scrambled to defend Iranian airspace against a possible Iraqi retaliation. Iranian F-14s managed to down 2 Iraqi MiG-21s and 3 Iraqi MiG-23s, Iraqi MiG-23s managed to down 2 F-5Es, while Iraqi MiG-21s also downed 2 F-5Es. Iraqis also by mistake shot down one of their own Il-76MD strategic airlifters with a SA-3 SAM, saddam Hussein and the Iraqi military were dealt a heavy blow when Iranian Air Force vulnerabilities failed to materialize
15.
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force
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The Islamic Republic of Iran Khatam al-Anbia Air Defense Base is a branch split from IRIAF and part of Islamic Republic of Iran Army. It controls all of Irans military land-based air defense and it is currently commanded by Brigadier General Farzad Esmaili. As of 1996 Iranian Air Defence forces included about 18,000 military personnel, still, Iran was at the time unable to construct a nationwide, integrated air defense network, and continued to rely on point defense of key locations with surface-to-air missile batteries. The bulk of Irans Air Force Air Defence holdings by the mid-1990s revolved around 30 Improved HAWK fire units, 45-60 SA-2, also available were some 30 Rapier and 15 Tigercat SAM launchers. In December 2005 Iran entered into a contract to purchase 29 TOR-M1 mobile surface-to-air missile defense systems from Russia worth more than US$700 million, between 1998 and 2002 Iran imported approximately 6 JY-14 surveillance radars from the China National Electronics Import-Export Corporation. The radar can detect targets up to 300 km away and is now part of Irans air defense system. On 1 September 2008 it was reported that Russia may proceed with plans to sell advanced S-300 air defence systems to Iran under a contract believed to have been signed in 2005. On 22 September 2010 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree banning the sale of the S-300, the sale was canceled because of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 sanctions on Iran. On 10 November 2010 Iran announced that it had developed a version of the S-300 missile, recently Iran has built several new anti-aircraft guns including Samavat 35mm Anti-Aircraft Guns, Sair 100mm Anti-Aircraft Guns and the Mesbah 1 air defense system. On 21 August 2012 the Iranian military started construction of its largest air base in the city of Abadeh in the Southern Fars province. The air defense base is due to be built at the cost of million and will have 6,000 personnel available for a large array of duties. Days later, the ministry also announced plans to develop Bavar 373. These three programs were instituted by the United States, to improve/upgrade the air-defence system of Iran, as well as air defence radars the network was linked using microwave LOS and troposcatter communications networks
16.
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
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Whereas the regular military defends Irans borders and maintains internal order, according to the Iranian constitution, the Revolutionary Guard is intended to protect the countrys Islamic system. The Revolutionary Guards state that their role in protecting the Islamic system is preventing foreign interference as well as coups by the military or deviant movements, the Revolutionary Guards have roughly 125,000 military personnel including ground, aerospace and naval forces. Its naval forces are now the primary forces tasked with operational control of the Persian Gulf and it also controls the paramilitary Basij militia which has about 90,000 active personnel. Its media arm is Sepah News, since its origin as an ideologically driven militia, the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution has taken an ever more assertive role in virtually every aspect of Iranian society. The Chief Commander of the Guardians is Mohammad Ali Jafari, who was preceded by Yahya Rahim Safavi. Sepāh has a connotation of soldiers, while in modern Persian it is also used to describe a corps sized unit. Pāsdārān is the form of Pāsdār, which means Guardian. Members of Sepah are known as Pāsdār, which is also their title, the Iranian Government, media, and those who identify with the organization generally use Sepāh e Pāsdārān, although it is not uncommon to hear Pāsdārān-e Enqelāb, or simply Pāsdārān as well. It should be noted though that among the Iranian population, and especially among diaspora Iranians, most foreign governments and the English-speaking mass media tend to use the term Iranian Revolutionary Guards or simply the Revolutionary Guards. In the US media, the force is frequently referred to interchangeably as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps or the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the US government standard is Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, while the United Nations uses Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. The forces main role is in national security and it is responsible for internal and border security, law enforcement, and also Irans missile forces. IRGC operations are geared towards asymmetric warfare and less traditional duties and these include the control of smuggling, control of the Strait of Hormuz, and resistance operations. The IRGC is intended to complement the traditional role of the regular Iranian military. The IRGC is a combined force with its own ground forces, navy, air force, intelligence. It also controls the Basij militia, the Basij is a volunteer-based force, with 90,000 regular soldiers and 300,000 reservists. The IRGC is officially recognized as a component of the Iranian military under Article 150 of the Iranian Constitution and it is separate from, and parallel to, the other arm of Irans military, which is called Artesh. Especially in the waters of the Persian Gulf, the IRGC is expected to control of any Iranian response to attacks on its nuclear facilities. From the beginning of the new Islamic government, the Pasdaran functioned as a corps of the faithful, days after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinis return to Tehran on 1 February 1979, the Bazargan interim administration established the Pasdaran under a decree issued by Khomeini on 5 May
17.
Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
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IRGC’s Navy has steadily improved its capabilities to support unconventional warfare and defend Iran’s offshore facilities, coastlines, and islands in the Persian Gulf. IRGC Navy and Artesh Navy overlap functions and areas of responsibility, the Revolutionary Guards Navy has a large inventory of small fast attack craft, and specializes in asymmetric hit-and-run tactics. It is more akin to a force at sea, and maintains large arsenals of coastal defense. It has also a Takavar unit, called Sepah Navy Special Force, attacks on Kuwaiti tankers, an Iraqi ally, eventually dragged US Navy into the Persian Gulf to escort Kuwaiti tankers. On 21 June 2004, eight sailors and Royal Marines were seized by forces of the Revolutionary Guards Navy while training Iraqi river patrol personnel in the Persian Gulf. On 23 March 2007, fifteen sailors and Royal Marines from HMS Cornwall were seized by forces of the Revolutionary Guards Navy in the Persian Gulf, on 7 January 2008, US officials claimed five Iranian speedboats harassed United States Navy vessels in the Persian Gulf. IRGC speedboats made threatening moves and in one case even came within 180 meters of US warships, the US Navy also claimed to have received a radio transmission from Iranian boats saying, I am coming at you. You will explode in a couple of minutes. S, ships, it was not clear what was in the boxes. Iranian officials and military commanders later downplayed the incidents as normal, after the US released a video showing Iranian speedboats swarming US ships in the Strait of Hormuz, Iran released its own video of the incident after suggesting the US video was staged. On 12 January 2016,10 American sailors were apprehended by IRGC officials off the coast of Farsi Island, American officials stated that the sailors were on a training mission when one of their boats experienced a mechanical failure. During this time the vessel drifted into Iranian territorial waters spurring IRGC naval units to respond and apprehend the sailors with both vessels, US Secretary of State John Kerry engaged in a phone call with Iranian officials to defuse the situation. Iranian officials said that the sailors were in custody, but would be freed within hours, on February 25,2015, was conducted war games exercise in the general area of Strait of Hormuz in Larak Island, Persian Gulf. The Iranian Sea-Air-Missile Threat to Gulf Shipping by Anthony Cordesman
18.
Quds Force
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The Quds Force is a special forces unit of Irans Revolutionary Guards responsible for their extraterritorial operations. The Quds Force reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran and its commander is Major General Qasem Soleimani and his deputy was Hossein Hamadani. While little is known about the force, as of 2007. The United States has designated the Quds Force a supporter of terrorism since 2007, the Quds Force was created during the Iran-Iraq war as a special unit from the broader IRGC forces. Both during and after the war, it provided support to the Kurds fighting Saddam Hussein, in 1982, a Quds unit was deployed to Lebanon, where it assisted in the genesis of Hezbollah. The Force also expanded its operations into neighboring Afghanistan, most notably aiding Abdul Ali Mazaris Shia Hezbe Wahdat in the 1980s against the government of Mohammad Najibullah and it then began funding and supporting Ahmad Shah Massouds Northern Alliance against the Taliban. However, in recent years, the Quds Force is believed to have been helping and guiding the Taliban insurgents against the NATO-backed Karzai administration, there were also reports of the unit lending support to Bosnian Muslims fighting the Bosnian Serbs during the Yugoslav wars. According to the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram, former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad helped fund the Quds Force while he was stationed at the Ramazan garrison near Iraq, the force is described as active in dozens of countries. Members are chosen both for their skill and allegiance to the doctrine of the Islamic Revolution, the Quds Force also has a headquarters based in the former compound of the U. S. Embassy, which was overrun in 1979. According to Filkins and American General Stanley A and these operations would be against the Quds Force and high-value targets. While it reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran, there are debates over how independently Quds Force operates and its completely controlled by the military hierarchy of the IRGC, and the IRGC is very tightly controlled by the highest levels of the administration in Iran. According to a Los Angeles Times report, in Abedins view, ts a very capable people are extremely talented. The Quds Force trains and equips foreign Islamic revolutionary groups around the Middle East, the paramilitary instruction provided by the Quds Force typically occurs in Iran or Sudan. Foreign recruits are transported from their countries to Iran to receive training. The Quds Force sometimes plays a direct role in the military operations of the forces it trains, including pre-attack planning. Since 1979, Iran had supported the Shia Hezbe Wahdat forces against the Afghan government of Mohammad Najibullah, when Najibullah stepped down as President in 1992, Iran continued supporting Hezbe Wahdat against other Afghan militia groups. When the Taliban took over Afghanistan in 1996, Hezbe Wahdat had lost its founder and main leader, Abdul Ali Mazari, Iran began supporting the Northern Alliance against the Taliban, who were backed by Pakistan and the Arab world. In 1999, after several Iranian diplomats were killed by the Taliban in Mazar-e Sharif, the Quds Force reportedly fought alongside the United States and the Northern Alliance in the Battle for Herat
19.
Basij
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The Basij, Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij, full name Sāzmān-e Basij-e Mostazafin, is one of the five forces of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution. Today the force consists of young Iranians who volunteer, often in exchange for official benefits, the force is named Basij, an individual member is called basiji. The Basij are subordinate to and receive their orders from the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and Khomeini and they have a local organization in almost every city in Iran. As of December 2016 Gholamhossein Gheybparvar is the commander of the Basij, the force was often present and reacting to the widespread 2009 Iranian election protests. According to one definition, it seems that Basij could be considered as a process in which a social group take the control of those sources were out of his domination before, if Basiij as a mobilization could go beyond of a solely group then it becomes as a movement. There is more importance on the interrelations among group and common culture, one of vital factors in Basij is having organization. Whatever the collective interrelations of a group would be steady Then there would be more chances for victory, supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for the foundation of a youth militia in November 1979, during the Iranian Revolution. The Basij was established on 30 April 1980 and it was open to those above the age of 18 and below the age of 45, including all women in that age category. During the Iran–Iraq War hundreds of thousands volunteered for the Basij, including children as young as 12 and unemployed old men and these volunteers were swept up in Shii love of martyrdom and the atmosphere of patriotism of the war mobilization. They were encouraged through visits to the schools and a media campaign. The Basij may best be known for their employment human wave attacks which cleared minefields or draw the enemys fire and it is estimated that tens of thousands were killed in the process. The typical human wave tactic was for Basijis to march forward in straight rows, while casualties were high, the tactic often worked. According to Dilip Hiro, by the spring of 1983 the Basij had trained 2.4 million Iranians in the use of arms, in 1985 the IRNA put the number of Basijis at 3 million, quoting from Hojjatoleslam Rahmani. Tehran Bureau estimates the number of Basijis at the front at 100,000 by December 1986. Giving a slightly different timeline, GlobalSecurity. org reports that it was revived around 2005, the Iranian Government has drawn up a number of different plans to keep the Basij alive. Among these plans is the emphasis on such as Development Basij. Along with the Iranian riot police and the Ansar-e-Hezbollah, the Basij have been active in suppressing student demonstrations in Iran, the Basij are sometimes differentiated from the Ansar in being more disciplined and not beating, or at least not being as quick to beat demonstrators. Other sources describe the Ansar-e-Hezbollah as part of the Basij, mir Hussein Moussavi, opposition presidential candidate in 2009, decried violent attacks by the Basij during the 2009 Iranian election protests
20.
Imperial Guard (Iran)
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The Iranian Imperial Guard was both the personal guard force of the Shahs of Iran and an elite combat branch of the Imperial Iranian Army. It was created in 1942 and disbanded in 1979, in 1921 a Persian Royal Guard was in existence comprising 20,000 men. A Guard Division was raised in 1925, incorporating both cavalry and infantry units, the Imperial Guard was subsequently formed in 1942 from 700 volunteers. It was originally designed and organized by General Jafar Shafaghat, the division was modeled after the Republican Guard of France and the British Royal Horse Guards. In 1953 the unit was expanded in size to a division under General Teymur Bakhtar, in 1972 the Lashkari Guard Division was incorporated in the Imperial Guard together with a Conscript Brigade. The core of the Imperial Guard was the all volunteer Javidan Guard, the Immortals were based in the Lavizan Barracks in northern Tehran. By 1978 this elite force comprised a brigade of 4, 000-5,000 men and it was responsible for the internal and external security of the royal palaces. A special plain-clothes unit was called Mamourin Makhsous, prior to the 1967 Imperial Coronation a Pahlavi Cavalry Guard was formed, giving the Javidan Guard a Household Cavalry type mounted escort unit for ceremonial occasions. According to differing accounts this detachment was 30 to 50-strong, the last Commanding Officer of the Javidan Guard was Lieutenant-Colonel Yusuf-i-nijad. By the late 1970s the entire Imperial Guard was 18,000 strong, with artillery, armored, the entire Guard comprised some 6% of the army, and were the only troops stationed permanently in the capital Tehran. A recruit to the Imperial Guard had to pass a series of tests, varying in subjects. Reportedly one of the prerequisites for initiation was to be able to recite ones family history back for 23 generations from memory alone, Imperial Guard units were distinguished by salmon coloured insignia. The Pahlavi Cavalry Guard had special blue and red uniforms, including silver cuirasses. The Imperial Guard remained loyal to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi until his departure for exile in January 1979, after two days of fighting on 9 through 11 February with armed civilians and dissident air force and army personnel the Imperial Guard was withdrawn to its bases. The Guards was disbanded on 17 February 1979, the Javidan Guard was formally dissolved by the new Iranian regime, although some portions of the wider Imperial Guard remained in existence. These remaining units were stripped of their privileges and duties. As such they saw action in the Iran-Iraq war, the last commander of the Imperial Guard at the time of the 1979 Iranian Revolution was Lieutenant General Ali Neshat. One of the former Guard commanders was General Gholam Ali Oveisi
21.
Jihad of Construction
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Jihad of Construction or Construction Jihad, or simply Jihad was one of Organizations of the Iranian Revolution. The organization began as a movement of volunteers to help with the 1979 harvest and it was involved with road building, piped water, electrification, clinics, schools, and irrigation canals. It also provides services, seeds, loans, etc. to small farmers. During the Iran-Iraq war, the organization held a combat engineering responsibility and they were active in various operation of the war, most notably in Operation Fath ol-Mobin, Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas, Operation Kheibar, and Operation Dawn 8. Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini has called them the trench-less trench-makers, a member of the Jihad is called Jahādgar. The title for the commanders is Sardār-e Jahādgar, in 2001 it was merged with the Agriculture Ministry to form the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad
22.
Iranian Cyber Police
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The Iranian Cyber Police (Persian, پلیس فضای تولید و تبادل اطلاعات ایران lit. The Police for the Sphere of the Production and Exchange of Information also known as FATA is a unit of the Islamic Republic of Iran Police, founded in January 2011. In December 2012, the head of Tehrans cyber police unit was dismissed in relation to the death of Iranian blogger Sattar Beheshti, in 2009, Irans Police Chief Brigadier General Esmail Ahmadi-Moqaddam announced plans to set up a cyber police division to counter internet crimes. On January 23,2011, Irans Cyber Police unit was launched with Brigadier General Kamal Hadianfar as the head of the new force, the rules also require café owners to install closed-circuit television cameras and maintain the recordings for six months. The cyber police stated the measures are being implemented because citizens are concerned about theft of information, the same month, the cyber police also arrested four administrators of a Facebook group that had launched an online beauty competition. The cyber police chief announced the group had been destroyed for spreading corruption, on October 30,2012, the cyber police arrested 35-year-old Sattar Beheshti for actions against national security on social networks and Facebook. Beheshti had criticized the Iranian government in his blog, Beheshti was found dead in his prison cell on November 3, and was believed to have been tortured to death by the cyber police authorities. The death of Beheshti sparked international condemnation and generated a rare torrent of criticism from officials in Iran, cyberwarfare in Iran Official website Official website
23.
Iranian Gendarmerie
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The Iranian Gendarmerie also called the Government Gendarmerie, was the first modern highway patrol and rural police force in Iran. A paramilitary force, it played a significant part in politics from its establishment in 1910 during the Qajar dynasty until the advent of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1921. It continued to serve until the end of the Pahlavi era and was modernized into the Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie, in 1991 the Iranian Gendarmerie was merged with other police forces to form the Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran. As a neutral choice between Britain and Russia, the Persians would choose that Sweden would be the given the task to secure their trade routes. On 15 August 1911, the Swedish Major Harald Hjalmarson would be given the rank of General, many other officers, often recruited from the Swedish aristocracy would now come to follow in Hjalmarsons footsteps. A rural police, amnieh, was created and the nazmieh or the force was also revamped and placed under the Iranian officers. Hjalmarson would return to Sweden and take command of the volunteer Swedish Brigade serving on the White side in the Finnish Civil War, another officer, Eric Carlberg, would later on become Sweden’s ambassador to Iran, and a confidant of Mohammed Mosaddeq. Following the overthrow of the Shah in 1979 the Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie remained in existence, although with charges of title, insignia, in 1992 it was merged with the Shahrbani and the Islamic Revolutionary Committees into a single national law enforcement force. The Gendarmeries Purpose was to guard the frontiers and interior and it consisted of battalions of 4 to 6 Companies. For discipline and administration, the force was under the supervision of the General Officer commanding the division in whose area it was stationed, for police administration work, it came under local civil authorities. It was armed with old pattern rifles of various makes and some Soviet, French and British carbines and it consisted of a total of 7 Independent Mixed Regiments and 15 Mixed Battalions, forming a Corps. An officer of the Gendarmerie was the last person who in 1915 was awarded the Swedish medal for bravery upon the field of battle För tapperhet i fält. The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran 1910-1926, by Stephanie Cronin Swedish Carlberg, Eric, glimtar från en trettioårig vistelse under solens och lejonets tecken Stockholm, Natur & Kultur,1962
24.
Islamic Revolution Committees
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Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included both secular and religious elements and which intensified in January 1978. Between August and December 1978 strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, the Shah left Iran for exile on 16 January 1979, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and an opposition-based prime minister. Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government, the royal reign collapsed shortly after on 11 February when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power. It was a relatively non-violent revolution, and helped to redefine the meaning, the Shahs regime became increasingly oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and extravagant. It also suffered from basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, the Shah was perceived by many as beholden to – if not a puppet of – a non-Muslim Western power whose culture was affecting that of Iran. The Shia clergy had a significant influence on Iranian society, the clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 Tobacco Protest. On 20 March 1890, Nasir al-Din Shah granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a monopoly over the production, sale. The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive because of Mirza Hasan Shirazis fatwa, finally Nasir al-Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession. The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranians resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, and revealed the power of the people, the growing discontent continued until the Constitutional Revolution. The revolution led to the establishment of a Parliament and approval of the first constitution, although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the autocracy of the Qajar regime, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Consequently, within the following the establishment of the new parliament. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. He established a monarchy, deposing the last of the Qajar shah in 1925 and introduced many social, economic. A number of reforms led to public discontent which provides circumstances for an Iranian revolution. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavis father, Reza Shah, replaced Islamic laws with Western ones, police forcibly removed and tore chadors off women who resisted his ban on the public hijab. In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the Goharshad Mosque rebellion, on the other hand, in the early rise of Reza Shah, Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi founded the Qom Seminary and created important changes in seminaries. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by clergy during the Reza Shah Rule, however, the future Ayatollah Khomeini was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha’eri
25.
Katyusha rocket launcher
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Katyusha multiple rocket launchers are a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union in World War II. Multiple rocket launchers such as these deliver explosives to an area more quickly than conventional artillery. They are fragile compared to artillery guns, but are inexpensive, easy to produce, Katyushas of World War II, the first self-propelled artillery mass-produced by the Soviet Union, were usually mounted on ordinary trucks. This mobility gave the Katyusha another advantage, being able to deliver a large blow all at once, Katyusha weapons of World War II included the BM-13 launcher, light BM-8, and heavy BM-31. Today, the nickname is applied to newer truck-mounted Soviet multiple rocket launchers—notably the common BM-21—and derivatives. Initially, concerns for secrecy kept their designation from being known by the soldiers who operated them. They were called by names such as Kostikov guns. The name BM-13 was only allowed into secret documents in 1942, Katyusha is the Russian equivalent of Katie, an endearing diminutive form of the name Katherine, Yekaterina →Katya →Katyusha. Weapons of this type are known by the name in Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium, Hungary. The heavy BM-31 launcher was also referred to as Andryusha, the design was relatively simple, consisting of racks of parallel rails on which rockets were mounted, with a folding frame to raise the rails to launch position. Each truck had 14 to 48 launchers, the M-13 rocket of the BM-13 system was 80 cm long,13.2 cm in diameter and weighed 42 kg. The weapon is less accurate than conventional guns, but is extremely effective in saturation bombardment. With an efficient crew, the launchers could redeploy to a new location immediately after firing, denying the enemy the opportunity for counterbattery fire, Katyusha batteries were often massed in very large numbers to create a shock effect on enemy forces. The weapons disadvantage was the time it took to reload a launcher. The distinctive howling sound of the rocket launching terrified the German troops, in June 1938, the Soviet Jet Propulsion Research Institute in Leningrad was authorized by the Main Artillery Directorate to develop a multiple rocket launcher for the RS-132 aircraft rocket. Gvay led a team in Chelyabinsk, Russia, which built several prototype launchers firing the modified 132 mm M-132 rockets over the sides of ZiS-5 trucks. Galkovskiy proposed mounting the launch rails longitudinally, in August 1939, the result was the BM-13. The first large-scale testing of the rocket took place at the end of 1938
26.
Arash (rocket)
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The Arash is a series of 122mm unguided artillery rocket developed by Iran. Its a copy of BM-21 Grad, there are four models for export. All of them are fired from 40 tube launchers
27.
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher
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The Type 63 multiple rocket launcher is a towed, 12-tube, 107mm rocket launcher produced by the Peoples Republic of China in the early 1960s and later exported and manufactured globally. The Type 63 was widely used in the PLA until the late 1980s and it was adopted as the successor of the Type 50-5 of 102mm. China has also developed a Type 63 multiple rocket launcher of 130mm, the RPU-14 is a Soviet 140mm MRL of similar design to the Type 63. The launchers 12 tubes are arranged in three rows of four each, mounted on a single-axle carriage with rubber tires. The Type 63 originally fired an 18.8 kilogram rocket with a 1.3 kilogram warhead, ammunition for the Type 63 was later improved, although the overall weight of the rocket remained the same. A fixed amount of propellant is contained in the rocket motor, the steel-cased rocket is stabilized with spin imparted by six angled nozzles in its base. Type 63 rockets may be launched without the launcher, improvised firing can employ tubing, the Type 63 was distributed on the basis of six per infantry regiment, or 18 per infantry division. For airborne and mountain units the lighter Type 63-I was developed, both the Type 63 and its copies can be mounted on different kinds of armoured and unarmoured vehicles, for example the MT-LB, the Safir, the Mamba, the RG-32 Scout, the GAZ-66 and the M113. The Type 63 and its rockets are license-built in several countries including, Iran - Fajr-1 of D. I. O. with Haseb-1 rocket. South Africa - RO107 of Mechem Developments, Turkey - T-107 of MKEK with rockets TR-107 Anadolu and TRB-107. Egypt - RL812/TLC of the Helwan Machinery and Equipment Factory, NATO and western sources have used the Soviet-style designation BM-12 to describe this weapon system, and further even ascribe Soviet origin and initial manufacture of both launcher and rockets. However, there is no evidence in non-western sources of Soviet development or production, very similar Type 50-5 or Type 488 102mm rockets were manufactured in China and used in the Korean War prior to development of the Type 63. It appears the systems designated BM-12 were or are all of Chinese origin, the Chinese Type 81 SPMRL 107mm is a self-propelled export version, based on the Nanjing NJ-230 truck. North Korea has developed versions with 18 and 24 launch tubes that are mounted on such as the tracked VTT-323 or the wheeled M1992. Roketsan of Turkey has designed an improved 107mm multiple rocket launch system, the system uses the TR-107 and TRB-107 rockets but the range has been increased to 11 km. A number of countries have developed single-tube, man-portable rocket launchers that fire the same type of rockets, China, egypt, PRL-81 South Africa, Inflict of Mechem Developments with an empty weight of 26 kg. Azerbaijan Cambodia Djibouti Iran Iraq Jordan Libya Myanmar Nicaragua North Korea Peoples Republic of China South Africa, Sudan Syria Mostly Iranian variants Turkey, vietnam Zimbabwe Janes Armour and Artillery 1981-82, Christopher Foss, London, Janes Publishing Company Ltd.1981
28.
Fajr-3
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The Fajr-3 Artillery Rocket is an Iranian multiple-launch artillery rocket, a third-generation Katyusha rocket. The 5. 2-meter long,240 millimeter-calibre Fajr-3 artillery rocket has a range of 43 kilometres or 25–30 miles, weighs 407 kilograms. Mass production was completed with the few first Fajr-3s made on November 6,1996, Fajr-3 has the same caliber, range and warhead weight as three known North Korean systems. The 333-millimeter Fajr-5 rocket has a range of about 75–80 kilometres, some media has reported that Iran has tested a medium-range ballistic missile called Fajr-3, but these may have been mistaken references to the Kosar missile. The rockets are used by the Iranian Army as a regular artillery and they may also have been supplied to Hezbollah in Lebanon under the name Khaibar-1, They may therefore have been used on a number of occasions in the 2006 Lebanon War. org
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Armed forces of Iran