1.
Governorates of Egypt
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Governorates are the first-level of the subdivisions. Egypt is divided, for administrative purposes, into twenty-seven governorates, egyptian governorates are the top tier of the countrys jurisdiction hierarchy. A governorate is administered by a governor, who is appointed by the President of Egypt, most governorates have a population density of more than one thousand per km², while the three largest have a population density of less than two per km². Governorates are either fully urban or else a mixture of urban, the official distinction between urban and rural is reflected in the lower tiers, i. e. fully urban governorates have no regions, as the markaz is, natively, a conglomeration of villages. Moreover, governorates may comprise just one city, as in the case of Cairo Governorate or Alexandria Governorate, hence, these one-city governorates are only divided into districts. Cairo Governorate consists of 41 districts, Alexandria Governorate consists of 7, two new governorates were created in April 2008, Helwan and 6th of October. In April 2011, however, the 6th of October and Helwan governorates were again incorporated into the Cairo and Giza Governorates, respectively. Luxor was created in December 2009, to be the 29th governorate of Egypt, but with the abolition of the 6th of October and Helwan governorates, before 1979, local government traditionally enjoyed limited power in Egypts highly centralized state. Under the central government, there were twenty-six governorates and these were subdivided into regions, each of which was further subdivided into towns or villages. At each level, there was a structure that combined representative councils and government-appointed executive organs headed by governors, district officers. Governors were appointed by the president, and they, in turn, the coercive backbone of the state apparatus ran downward from the Ministry of Interior through the governors executive organs to the district police station and the village headman. Before the 1952 revolution, state penetration of the areas was limited by the power of local notables. However, under Nasser, land reform reduced their socioeconomic dominance, the extension of officials into the countryside permitted the regime to bring development and services to the village. State penetration did not retreat under Sadat and Mubarak, the earlier effort to mobilize peasants and deliver services disappeared as the local party and cooperative withered, but administrative controls over the peasants remained intact. The local power of the old families and the headmen revived, the district police station balanced the notables, and the system of local government integrated them into the regime. Sadat took several measures to decentralize power to the provinces and towns, governors acquired more authority under Law Number 43 of 1979, which reduced the administrative and budgetary controls of the central government over the provinces. The elected councils acquired, at least formally, the right to approve or disapprove the local budget, in an effort to reduce local demands on the central treasury, local government was given wider powers to raise local taxes. Local representative councils became vehicles of pressure for government spending, under Mubarak decentralization and local autonomy became more of a reality, and local policies often reflected special local conditions
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Egypt
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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
4.
Tanta
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Tanta (Egyptian Arabic, طنطا Ṭanṭa pronounced, is a large city in Egypt. It is the fifth largest populated area, with 421,076 inhabitants as of 2006. Tanta is located between Cairo and Alexandria,94 km north of Cairo and 130 km southeast of Alexandria, the capital of Gharbia Governorate, it is a center for the cotton-ginning industry. One of the railway lines goes through Tanta. Three annual festivals are held in Tanta in honor of Ahmad al-Badawi, a revered Sufi figure of the 13th century, Tanta is known for its sweetshops and roasted chickpeas. With its large plantations, in 1856, Tanta became a stop on the railway network. Even by 1986 the area around Tanta was mostly fields with scattered villages but by 2001, Tanta had grown into a large. Tanta is known for its sweets, eaten during the mulid festivals, the people of Tanta are called Tantawy and enjoy leisurely walks along the streets. Tanta has cotton ginning factories and textile industries, and is also a university town with Tanta University since 1972 and this city comes to life in late October at the end of the cotton harvest. Three million people, from around the Delta and other parts of the Arab world, come for the Moulid of Sayid Ahmed el-Badawi, the moulid is centered around the mosque and tomb of Sayid Ahmad al-Badawi. He founded one of Egypts largest Sufi orders called Ahmadiyyah or Badawiyya and he was born in Morocco, but emigrated to Arabia and was sent to Tanta in 1234 as a representative of the order from Iraq. He was given permission to start a new order in Tanta, during the festival many sugar-coated nuts called hubb el Aziz are eaten. They have been considered a delicacy since the 1800s, what originally began in Cairo, spread to Tanta when a group of young Egyptians began showing European movie screenings at Rivoli Cinema, the oldest cinema in Tanta. Called the 8th Edition Panorama of European Films, the young media students invited a director to speak with the audience, people were enticed. The group also began the The Association of Cinema and Literature Lovers Group to encourage young filmmakers in Tanta, there is a Young Mens Muslim Association in Tanta and in 1994 had about 1000 members. Telecom Egypt, the main telephone landline Egyptian company, has one of its centers in Tanta. St. Mary Coptic Orthodox church, which is over 200 years old, is located in Tanta, some people believe that the icon of the Virgin Mary has healing powers. The Museum of Tanta contains items from ancient nearby sites of Sais, Naucratis, el Mahallah is a large industrial town near Tanta, famous for its textile
5.
Eastern European Time
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Eastern European Time is one of the names of UTC+02,00 time zone,2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. The zone uses daylight saving time, so that it uses UTC+03,00 during the summer, a number of African countries use UTC+02,00 all year long, where it is called Central Africa Time, although Egypt and Libya also use the term Eastern European Time. The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time all year round, Egypt, since 21 April 2015, used EEST from 1988–2010, Kaliningrad Oblast, since 26 October 2014, also used EET in years 1945 and 1991–2011. Libya, since 27 October 2013, switched from Central European Time, used year-round EET from 1980–1981, 1990–1996 and 1998–2012. Belarus, in years 1922–30 and 1990–2011 In Poland this time was used in years 1918–22, in time of World War II, Germany implemented MET in east occupied territories. Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol used EET as part of Ukraine in years 1991-94 and 1996-2014 Turkey, used EET in years 1910-1978, now uses year round DST timezone called Further-eastern European Time or Turkey Time. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also uses FET, sometimes, due to its use on Microsoft Windows, FLE Standard Time or GTB Standard Time are used to refer to Eastern European Time. Since political, in addition to geographical, criteria are used in the drawing of time zones. The EET time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, the easternmost part of the Republic of Macedonia, including the city of Strumica. The absolutely easternmost part of Serbia, in the Pirot District, the easternmost town in Norway, Vardø, lies at 30°51 E, which is located east of even of the central meridian of UTC+2, i. e. east of Istanbul and Alexandria. The Norwegian-Russian border is the place where CET borders Moscow time. There is a point at the Norway-Finland-Russia tripoint, near the town of Rayakoski. Belarus is located between 23°11′E and 32°47′E and is fully located with the physical UTC+2 area, but it uses UTC+3 year around. This also includes the city of Anapa, at the westernmost tip of the Krasnodar Krai near the entrance to the Sea of Azov, the Norway–Russia–Finland tri-zone point at Muotkavaara is surrounded by three different times in winter, two in summer. It had three time zones year-around before 2014, two of the four tripoints of Belarus and the tripoint of the Kaliningrad Region are surrounded by three different times in winter
6.
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
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Kafr El Sheikh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It lies in the part of the country, along the western branch of the Nile in the Nile Delta. Its capital is the city of Kafr El Sheikh, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of only 23. 1%. Out of an estimated 3,172,753 people residing in the governorate,2,441,246 people live in areas as opposed to only 731,507 in urban areas. Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, which was part of the Gharbia Governorate, was created in 1949. It was originally named Fuadiyah in honor of King Fuad I of Egypt, after the 1952 Revolution and the subsequent abolition of the monarchy, the governorate took the name of its capital city Kafr El Sheikh. This name, adopted in 1955, means the village of the chief, the area occupied today by the Kafr El Sheikh Governorate has been inhabited since ancient times. The capital of Lower Egypt, called Buto, is located at present-day Tell El Faraain, lake Burullus is located in the north of the Kafr El Sheikh governorate
7.
Monufia Governorate
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Monufia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country in the Nile Delta, to the south of Gharbia governorate. The governorate is named after Menouf, an ancient city which was the capital of the governorate until 1826, the current governor is doctor Ashraf Helal. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 3,941,293 people residing in the governorate,3,128,460 people live in areas as opposed to only 812,833 in urban areas. The capital of the Monufia Governorate is the city of Shibin El Kom, the main cities of the governorate are Quesna, Tala, Bagour, Menouf, Ashmoun and Sers El Lyan. It is a mainly an agricultural governorate, other than Shibin El Kom, the governorate had four other administrative divisions which are Quesna, Tala, Menouf and Ashmoun. In 1942, El Shohada became a new division and included parts from Shibin El Kom. In 1947, Bagour was created to encompass regions from Menouf, Ashmoun, Quesna and Shibin El Kom. In 1955, five villages were taken from Tala and redistributed to Tanta. in 1960, Berket El Sabee was established and consisted of towns and villages of Tala, Quesna. In 1975, Sers El Lyan became a city rather than a village after it was separated from Menouf, in 1991, the Sadat City was annexed to Monufia being its only region west of the Rosetta branch. In the final round of the 2012 Egyptian presidential election, Monufia had the highest voter turnout rate of all governorates as well as the most overwhelming support for candidate Ahmed Shafik. The governorate is famous for the production of crops like cotton, maize and wheat as well as crops such as potatoes. Agricultural land is irrigated with water from the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile, agriculture is generally the main activity of the population due to the fertile land in the Nile Delta. Monufia Governorate is particularly known for being the birthplace of two Egyptian presidents, Anwar Sadat, born in Mit Abu El Kom and Hosni Mubarak, born in Kafr El Meselha. In 1981, the Basic Village Service Program, under the auspices of USAID, had water, road. Official Website Arabic Official Website English
8.
Cairo
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Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Cairo has long been a center of the political and cultural life. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world, as well as the worlds second-oldest institution of higher learning, Al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, with a population of 6.76 million spread over 453 square kilometers, Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in proximity to the city. Cairo, like many other mega-cities, suffers from high levels of pollution, Cairos metro, one of only two in Africa, ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world, with over 1 billion annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005, Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr, the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the citys importance for the country. In Coptic the city is known as Kahire, meaning Place of the Sun, possibly referring to the ancient city of Heliopolis, the location of the ancient city is the suburb of Ain Shams. The ancient Egyptian name for the area is thought to be Khere-Ohe, The Place of Combat, sometimes the city is informally referred to as Kayro. The area around present-day Cairo, especially Memphis, had long been a point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upstream from the Nile Delta. However, the origins of the city are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first millennium. Around the turn of the 4th century, as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance and this fortress, known as Babylon, remained the nucleus of the Roman, and, later, the Byzantine, city and is the oldest structure in the city today. It is also situated at the nucleus of the Coptic Orthodox community, many of Cairos oldest Coptic churches, including the Hanging Church, are located along the fortress walls in a section of the city known as Coptic Cairo. Following the Muslim conquest in 640 AD the conqueror Amr ibn As settled to the north of the Babylon in an area became known as al-Fustat. Originally a tented camp Fustat became a permanent settlement and the first capital of Islamic Egypt, in 750, following the overthrow of the Ummayad caliphate by the Abbasids, the new rulers created their own settlement to the northeast of Fustat which became their capital. This was known as al-Askar as it was laid out like a military camp, a rebellion in 869 by Ahmad ibn Tulun led to the abandonment of Al Askar and the building of another settlement, which became the seat of government. This was al-Qattai, to the north of Fustat and closer to the river, Al Qattai was centred around a palace and ceremonial mosque, now known as the Mosque of ibn Tulun. In 905 the Abbasids re-asserted control of the country and their returned to Fustat
9.
Alexandria
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Alexandria is the second largest city and a major economic centre in Egypt, extending about 32 km along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. Its low elevation on the Nile delta makes it vulnerable to rising sea levels. Alexandria is Egypts largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypts imports and exports and it is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Alexandria is also an important tourist destination, Alexandria was founded around a small Ancient Egyptian town c.331 BC by Alexander the Great. Alexandria was the second most powerful city of the ancient world after Rome, Alexandria is believed to have been founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC as Ἀλεξάνδρεια. Alexanders chief architect for the project was Dinocrates, Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile valley. The city and its museum attracted many of the greatest scholars, including Greeks, Jews, the city was later plundered and lost its significance. Just east of Alexandria, there was in ancient times marshland, as early as the 7th century BC, there existed important port cities of Canopus and Heracleion. The latter was rediscovered under water. An Egyptian city, Rhakotis, already existed on the shore also and it continued to exist as the Egyptian quarter of the city. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt and never returned to his city, after Alexanders departure, his viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the expansion. Although Cleomenes was mainly in charge of overseeing Alexandrias continuous development, the Heptastadion, inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the center of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage. In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and and it became Egypts main Greek city, with Greek people from diverse backgrounds. Alexandria was not only a center of Hellenism, but was home to the largest urban Jewish community in the world. The Septuagint, a Greek version of the Tanakh, was produced there, in AD115, large parts of Alexandria were destroyed during the Kitos War, which gave Hadrian and his architect, Decriannus, an opportunity to rebuild it. On 21 July 365, Alexandria was devastated by a tsunami, the Islamic prophet, Muhammads first interaction with the people of Egypt occurred in 628, during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha. He sent Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh with a letter to the king of Egypt and Alexandria called Muqawqis In the letter Muhammad said, I invite you to accept Islam, Allah the sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, you bear the burden of the transgression of all the Copts
10.
El Mahalla El Kubra
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The city is known for its textile industry. It is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and the second largest in the Nile Delta, over 15,000 protesters clashed with police in El Mahalla in 2006, following the publication of a cartoon mocking Islam in Denmark. Later in 2006 textile workers struck to protest market reforms, demanding better living conditions, beginning in April 2008 the city held mass demonstrations protesting the election results of President Hosni Mubarak, claiming election fraud and demanding better wages. Security forces were ordered to crack down on the dissidents, images of protesters in Mahalla overturning billboards of Mubarak were viewed by some Egyptians as a turning point in Egyptian politics, according to The Washington Post. The Observer has written that protests in El Mahalla from 2006 to 2011 spearheaded larger political changes throughout Egypt, a Facebook group established by 28-year-old engineer Ahmad Maher to support striking textile workers in El Mahalla gained 70,000 followers and helped organize support for the strikers nationally. In 2011, protests in Mahalla contributed to the collapse of the Mubarak dictatorship, clashes between protesters supporting or opposing the Muslim Brotherhood on November 28 left over 100 people injured. Protesters stormed the city council and announced their intentions to replace it with a revolutionary council, the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert. The tallest structure in Egypt, a 323-metre-high TV mast, lies southwest of the city, El Mahalla El Kubra is home to the largest public sector Egyptian textile company, the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company, employing over 27,000 workers. The city has two teams, Ghazl Al-Mehalla and Baladeyet Al-Mahalla. Mohamed Elneny, footballer April 6 Youth Movement Media related to El Mahalla El Kubra at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Muslim conquest of Egypt
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At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Egypt was part of the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, which had its capital at Constantinople. Before the Muslim conquest of Egypt had begun, the Byzantines had already lost the Levant and its Arab ally, all of this left the Byzantine Empire dangerously exposed and vulnerable. In December 639, Amr ibn al-As left for Egypt with a force of 4,000 troops, most of the soldiers belonged to the Arab tribe of Ak, although Al-Kindi mentions that one-third of the soldiers belonged to the Arab tribe of Ghafik. The Arab soldiers were joined by some Roman and Persian converts to Islam. However, Umar, the Muslim caliph, reconsidered his orders to Amr, accordingly, he wrote a letter to Amr commanding him to come back. The messenger, Uqbah ibn Amr, caught up with Amr at Rafah, guessing what might be in the letter, Amr ordered the army to quicken its pace. Turning to Uqbah, Amr said that he would receive the letter from him when the army had halted after the days journey. Uqbah, being unaware of the contents of the letter, agreed and marched along with the army, the army halted for the night at Shajratein, a little valley near the city of El Arish, which Amr knew to be beyond the Egyptian border. Amr then received and read Umars letter and went on to consult his companions as to the course of action to be adopted, the unanimous view was that as they had received the letter on Egyptian soil, they had permission to proceed. When Umar received the reply, he decided to further developments. On Eid al-Adha, the Muslim army marched from Shajratein to El Arish, the town put up no resistance, and the citizens offered allegiance on the usual terms. The Muslim soldiers celebrated the Eid festival there, in the later part of December 639 or in early January 640, the Muslim army reached Pelusium, an Eastern Roman garrison city that was considered Egypts eastern gate at the time. The Muslim siege of the town dragged on for two months, in February 640, an assault group led by a prominent field commander Huzaifah ibn Wala successfully assaulted and captured the fort and city. Armanousa, the daughter of Cyrus who fiercely resisted the Muslims in Pelusium, the losses incurred by the Arab Muslim army were ameliorated by the number of Sinai Bedouins who, taking the initiative, had joined them in conquering Egypt. After the fall of Pelusium, the Muslims marched to Bilbeis,40 miles from Memphis via desert roads, Belbeis was the first place in Egypt where the Byzantines showed some measure of resistance towards the Arab conquerors. Two Christian monks accompanied by Cyrus of Alexandria and the famous Roman general Aretion came out to negotiate with Amr ibn al-As, Aretion was previously the Byzantine governor of Jerusalem, and had fled to Egypt when the city fell to the Muslims. Amr gave them three options, to convert to Islam, to pay Jizya, or to fight the Muslims. They requested three days to reflect, then—as mentioned by al-Tabari—requested two extra days, at the end of the five days, the two monks and the general decided to reject Islam and Jizya and fight the Muslims
12.
Cotton
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Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the family of Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersal of the seeds. The plant is a native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa. The greatest diversity of wild species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds, the fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, China is the worlds largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years, in the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure approximately 0.48 cubic meters and weigh 226.8 kilograms. Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, the Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India, for example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC. Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacán, Mexico have been dated to around 5800 BC, the domestication of Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico is dated between 3400 and 2300 BC. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and this may be a reference to tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum, which is a native of the Indian subcontinent. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, Cotton has been spun, woven and it clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, in Iran, the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era, however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran, in Persian poets poems, especially Ferdowsis Shahname, there are references to cotton. Marco Polo refers to the products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, during the Han dynasty, cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of Yunnan. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt, and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops
13.
Gharbia Governorate
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Gharbia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north of the country, south of Kafr El Sheikh Governorate and its capital is Tanta, which is 90 km north of Cairo, and 120 km south east of Alexandria. The largest city in Gharbia is El Mahalla El Kubra, the total area of Gharbia governorate is 25,400 km2, making it the tenth-largest governorate of Egypt. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 4,751.865 people residing in the governorate,3,324,630 people live in areas as opposed to only 1,427,235 in urban areas. El Mahalla El Kubra Kafr El Zayat Samanoud Tanta Zifta El Santa Kotoor Basyoun Mohamed Salah Gharbia Governorate Official website
14.
Mohamed Salah
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Mohamed Salah Ghaly is an Egyptian professional footballer, who plays for Italian club Roma and the Egypt national team as a winger. As well as representing the Egyptian national team since 2011, he participated in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He won the Swiss Super League in his first season with Basel, in 2013, he was awarded the SAFP Golden Player award for being the best player in the Swiss Super League. Salah played his football with El Mokawloon. He played his debut in their team in the Egyptian Premier League being substituted in on 3 May 2010 in the 1–1 away draw against El Mansoura. During the 2010–11 season Salah advanced and became a regular in the team and he scored his first goal for them on 25 December 2010 during the 1–1 away draw against El Ahly. He remained a regular for El Mokawloon, appearing in game of the 2011–12 season. However, following the Port Said Stadium disaster, early February 2012, on 10 March 2012, the Egyptian Football Association announced their decision to cancel the remainder of the season. Swiss Super League club Basel had been monitoring Salah for some time and this match took place on 16 March in the Stadion Rankhof, in Basel, and despite Salah only playing during the second half, he scored twice. The game ended in a 4–3 win for the Egypt U-23 team, Basel subsequently invited Salah to remain in the city for a weeks training. On 10 April 2012, it was announced that Salah had signed for Basel on a contract starting from 15 June 2012. Salah scored on his debut on 23 June 2012 against Steaua Bucureşti during a friendly match. He made his official Basel debut in a UEFA Champions League preliminary stage match against the Norwegian club Molde on 8 August and he made his league debut on 12 August against Thun, playing the full match. He scored his first league goal a week later, the goal in the 2–0 home win against Lausanne. Salah scored his first Europa League goal in the quarter-finals on 11 April 2013, in the semi-final on 2 May, Salah scored against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge, although they were beaten 2–5 on aggregate. Despite late disappointment in Europe, Basel comfortably won the Swiss Super League season 2012–13 Championship title, to the start of the 2013–14 Swiss Super League season Salah was member of the Basel team that won the 2013 Uhrencup. Salah scored on his first league appearance against Aarau on 13 July 2013 and he scored his first Champions League goal a month later against Maccabi Tel Aviv on 6 August 2013 in the third qualifying round. Before the first leg on 30 July 2013, Salah did not take part in the UEFA-mandated pre-match handshakes with Maccabi players, Basel called the incident a coincidence and said it was not intended as a snub
15.
Liverpool F.C.
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Liverpool Football Club is a professional association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. They compete in the Premier League, the top tier of English football, the club has won 5 European Cups,3 UEFA Cups,3 UEFA Super Cups,18 League titles,7 FA Cups, a record 8 League Cups, and 15 FA Community Shields. The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year, the club has played at Anfield since its formation. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United, the clubs supporters have been involved in two major tragedies. The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing, the team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since. The clubs anthem is Youll Never Walk Alone, Liverpool F. C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding, club president and owner of the land at Anfield. After eight years at the stadium, Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892, the team won the Lancashire League in its début season, and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893–94 season. After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division, Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914, losing 1–0 to Burnley. Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950, playing against Arsenal, the club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953–54 season. Soon after Liverpool lost 2–1 to non-league Worcester City in the 1958–59 FA Cup, the club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964, for the first time in 17 years. In 1965, the club won its first FA Cup, in 1966, the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners Cup final. Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972–73 season, and the FA Cup again a year later, Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant, Bob Paisley. In 1976, Paisleys second season as manager, the club won another League, the following season, the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time, but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final. Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979, Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan. Liverpool won the League, League Cup and European Cup in Fagans first season, Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985, against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium. Before kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separated the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a wall to collapse, killing 39 fans. The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster, the match was played in spite of protests by both managers, and Liverpool lost 1–0 to Juventus
16.
Bernard Lewis
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Bernard Lewis, FBA is a British American historian specializing in oriental studies. He is also known as an intellectual and political commentator. Lewis is the Cleveland E. Dodge Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, Lewis expertise is in the history of Islam and the interaction between Islam and the West. He is also noted in academic circles for his works on the history of the Ottoman Empire, Lewis served as a soldier in the British Army in the Royal Armoured Corps and Intelligence Corps during the Second World War before being seconded to the Foreign Office. After the war, he returned to the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London and was appointed to the new chair in Near and Middle Eastern History. In 2007 and 1999, respectively, Lewis was called the West’s leading interpreter of the Middle East and the most influential historian of Islam. His advice was sought by neoconservative policymakers, including the Bush administration. Lewis, therefore, is regarded as the dean of Middle East scholars. However, his support of the Iraq War and neoconservative ideals have since come under scrutiny and these views prompted a number of scholars to accuse Lewis of genocide denial and resulted in a successful civil lawsuit against him in a French court. Lewis turned 100 in May 2016, Bernard Lewis was born to middle-class Jewish parents in Stoke Newington, London. He became interested in languages and history while preparing for his bar mitzvah, Lewis has been a naturalized citizen of the United States since 1982. He married Ruth Hélène Oppenhejm in 1947 with whom he had a daughter and their marriage was dissolved in 1974. In 1936, Lewis graduated from the School of Oriental Studies at the University of London with a BA in history with reference to the Near. He earned his PhD three years later, also from SOAS, specializing in the history of Islam, Lewis also studied law, going part of the way toward becoming a solicitor, but returned to study Middle Eastern history. He undertook post-graduate studies at the University of Paris, where he studied with the orientalist Louis Massignon and he returned to SOAS in 1938 as an assistant lecturer in Islamic History. During the Second World War, Lewis served in the British Army in the Royal Armoured Corps, after the war, he returned to SOAS. In 1949, at the age of 33, he was appointed to the new chair in Near, in 1974, aged 57, Lewis accepted a joint position at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study, also located in Princeton, New Jersey. The terms of his appointment were such that Lewis taught only one semester per year, after retiring from Princeton in 1986, Lewis served at Cornell University until 1990
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Cairo Governorate
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Cairo Governorate is the most populated of the governorates of Egypt. Its capital, the city of Cairo, is the capital of Egypt. Because it is urbanized, the governorate is considered a city proper. However, there are uninhabited desert areas, parts of the governorate were separated in April 2008 to form the Helwan Governorate. The Cairo Governorate is divided into 41 administrative divisions, called qism in Arabic, uN-Habitat is promoting alternative methods of transportation with the aim of relieving these issues. In a program began on August 28,2012, the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Cairo Governorate. Greater Cairo Cairo Governorate Official website City subdivisions List of previous governors
19.
Alexandria Governorate
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Alexandria Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, directly on the Mediterranean Sea. Along with Cairo and Giza, Alexandria is one of three governorates in the country that are also municipalities, the governorate capital is the city of Alexandria, the second largest city in Egypt. Alexandria governorate lies along the Mediterranean coast and stretch for about 70 km northwest of the Nile Delta, the governorate is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the north, El Behera governorate in the south and the east and Matrouh governorate in the west. The total area size of Alexandria governorate is almost 2818 km2, Alexandria has a unique geographical location and a mild climate. It is also considered an industrial governorate where 40% of Egyptian industries are concentrated, especially chemicals, food, spinning and weaving as well as petrol industries, the bond between Egypt and the Hellenic Empire dates from centuries before Alexander the Great. The crushing victory of Alexander the Great over the Persians in Asia gave him control over the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. As Alexander took control of all ports and harbour of the Eastern Mediterranean, on entering Alexandria, the Persian ruler of the city surrendered without resistance and Alexander entered the city in triumph. Travelling further south, he reached the City of Menf where he was given a welcome by the poor farmers who were euphoric at the ousting of the Persians. Alexander was ceremoniously crowned in a Pharaonic ceremony as the Son of Amun and ordered the construction of the city of Alexandria. As Alexander the Great rides along the Mediterranean Coast, a plot of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Mariout catches his attention, with its unique features and intrinsic peculiarity, the spot was ideal for founding a great city of the most modern style back then. To the south was Lake Mariout, another natural border, which fortified the city defences. Alexander was firmly persuaded of the importance of building a city bearing his name to immortalise his memory for good, at the outskirts of the area to the west was the Rhacotis Village, which was populated with fishermen. Faithfully conceived by Alexander the Great, the idea was conveyed to Denocrates, the Greek architect, the name of Denocrates remains closely associated with the history of Alexandria since he started planning the citys layout in 331 B. C. The genius of this became evident as he blueprinted plans for roads, squares. Denocrates was born in the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean Sea, such a cityscape was widespread across Greek cities in the fifth Century B. C. Denocrates also thought of building a bridge linking the mainland with the island, later on called Pharos, Alexandria was divided into five quarters, bearing the first five letters of the Greek Alphabet. Alexandria lays north-west of the Nile delta and stretches along a land strip between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Maryut
20.
Port Said Governorate
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Port Said Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal. Its capital is the city of Port Said, it is the home of the Suez Canal Authority headquarters and it is urban with 98. 2% of the area populated. Port Said Governorate also includes Port Fuad, in 2015 a huge natural gas reserve was discovered and was described as the largest ever found in the Mediterranean Sea. It was found off the coast of Port Said, Egypt now has one of the largest areas of natural gas and Italian company, ENI has been contracted to work on the natural gas liquefaction for Egypt. It was welcome news as Egypt has long suffered an energy crisis, the New Suez Canal project launched in 2015 included dredging of the East Port Said Canal. Port Said Port Fuad At the 2006 Census, there were 570,768 people,2015 estimates put that figure at 666,599. With an urbanization rate of 100%, the Port Said Governorate is one of the most urbanized in the country, along with Cairo, in February,2012, more than 70 people died in the Port Said Stadium Riot after a soccer match. Social unrest in early 2013 continued for at least two weeks, while protesting, on March 5,2013, protesters set fire to the governorates headquarters and several people were injured. In October,2016 Egyptians protested the increase in their rent on apartments, one official and several residents were arrested. Port Said Governorate is a transit point for trade, importing and exporting millions of tons of goods each year. Tourism is also promoted for the region, there are several museums in this area. For cultural tourism one may want to visit the Port Said National Museum of Antiquities which opened in 1987 and is located at the confluence of the Suez Canal waters and the Mediterranean Sea. It houses about 9,000 artifacts from all eras, ranging from the Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, the Military Museum of Port Said, established in 1964, commemorates the 1956 the tripartite aggression on the city. It features armory and military artifacts, equipment used in the wars fought between 1956 -1967 and in 1973, al-Nasr Museum of Modern Art in Port Said opened on December 25,1995 and includes artwork by Egyptian artists in various branches of Fine Art. This makes it a favorite with tourists, nearby, is the Suez Canal Authority building built on the banks of Port Said at the start of the project. The lighthouse and jetties at Port Said, located at the terminus of the Suez canal. The lighthouse is a monolith 180 feet high, in the construction 120,000 tons of Teil hydraulic lime were used
21.
Suez Governorate
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Suez Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country and is coterminous with the city of Suez. It is situated north of the Gulf of Suez, according to population estimates from 2015 all 622,859 residents of the governorate live in urban areas. With an urbanization rate of 100% the Suez Governorate is one of the most urbanized in the country, along with Cairo, natural resources in the Suez Governorate include limestone, clay, coal, petroleum, marble, and lime. The chief exports of Suez are papayas, ein El-Sokhna, a well known recreational and medical destination. Moses springs Judaic Hill at El-Khoor In 1975, the Suez Public Free Zone was established and it is divided between two main locations, Port Tewfik and Adabeya. Suez Canal Suez crisis Official website Ministry of Trade and Industry Free Zones site
22.
Ismailia Governorate
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Ismailia Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. Located in the part of the country, its capital is the city of Ismailia. It was named after Ismail Pasha, who as Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt and it is located between the other two Canal governorates, Port Said Governorate, in the Northern part of Egypt and Suez Governorate. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 1,178,641 people residing in the governorate,643,778 people live in areas as opposed to only 534,863 in urban areas. Instead this festival has been celebrating its annual events in Ismailia Governorate and it is sponsored by the Ministry of Culture, Ismailia Governorate, The National Cinema Center and other sponsors. The Ismailia Governorate is on the banks of the Suez Canal and its Ismailia Canal extends from the Nile River near Cairo, to the Suez Canal at the city of Ismailia, the Ismailia Canal was built to provide fresh water to workers during the building of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal Authority headquarters is located in Ismailia, from 1967 to 1970, Ismailia became a war zone and was damaged in the conflict with Israel. There are several official fishing landing sites in Ismailia, one is at Lake Timsah and the other at Bitter Lake. After a successful SIP from 1992-1997, the United Nations expanded the project to include the entire Governorate of Ismailia calling it SGIP and its goal is to work with local partners to improve the communities in Ismailia
23.
Dakahlia Governorate
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Dakahlia Governorate is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo. Its area is approximately 3,500 km² and it has a population of approximately 6,000,000, according to population estimates from 2015, the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of 28. 2%. Out of an estimated 5,949,001 people residing in the governorate,4,271,428 people live in areas as opposed to 1,677,573 in urban areas. The Urology and Nephrology Center of Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine also features a renowned kidney center, under the management of Dr. Mohamed A. Ghoneim
24.
Sharqia Governorate
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Sharqia Governorate is the 3rd most populous of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the part of the country, its capital is the city of Zagazig. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 6,485,412 people residing in the governorate,4,987,707 people live in areas as opposed to only 1,497,705 in urban areas. According to the Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones the governorate is home to five industrial zones, sharqia is divided into 13 administrative divisions and 15 cities,2 districts,105 rural local units, and 3885 minor villages
25.
Qalyubia Governorate
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Qalyubia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in Lower Egypt, it is situated north of Cairo in the Nile Delta region, banha and several other settlements blend into the neighboring Cairo Governorate, as a result, parts of Qalyubia are generally considered to form part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 5,105,972 people residing in the governorate,2,825,045 people live in areas as opposed to only 2,280,927 in urban areas. The most important of these crops include maize, cotton, wheat, citrus fruits, bananas, oranges, Qalyubia is also the leading Egyptian governorate in the production of poultry and eggs. In 1981, the Basic Village Service Program had several projects going on in the Qalyubia Governorate. In a program began on August 28,2012, the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Qalyubia Governorate
26.
Damietta Governorate
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Damietta Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, and has a population of over 1 million. Its capital is the city of Damietta, Damietta is famous for its guava farms, as well as the palm trees that cover the coast from Ras El Bar in the east to Gamasa in the west. The governorate exports millions of trees to many countries every year, including Greece. Damietta also produces wheat, maize, cotton, rice, potatoes, lemon and it is also famous for its sweet industry, sardine packing, and Domiati cheese. Ras El Bar, one of the oldest summer resorts in Egypt, is located at the point where The Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. The governorates area is 1.029 km² or about 5% of the Deltas area, the inhabited area is about 589.2 km². Its population – according to a 1999 census – was 953,430, the average rate of population growth is 2. 09% per year. The governorate consists of 4 subdivisions,10 cities,35 local village units,59 villages and 722 sub-villages, the subdivisons are Damietta, Faraskur, El Zarqa and Kafr Saad. The governorate includes 7 colleges and institutes,19 professional training centers, the city of Damietta is famous for its skilled carpenters and furniture. Their products are sold in Egypt, and throughout the Middle East, Europe, 80% of the governorates income is related to furniture
27.
Beheira Governorate
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Beheira Governorate is a coastal governorate in Egypt. Located in the part of the country in the Nile Delta. Beheira Governorate enjoys an important strategical place, west of the Rosetta branch of the Nile and it comprises four important highways, namely the Cairo-Alexandria desert road, the Cairo agricultural road, the international road and the circular road. Beheira Governorate is also home to a number of the most important Coptic monasteries in Wadi El Natrun, beheira consists of 13 centers and 14 cities, and contains important industries such as cotton, chemicals, carpets, electricity and fishing. In 2017, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sissi appointed the first female governor in the history for Beheiras Governorate. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 5,804,262 people residing in the governorate,4,674,346 people live in areas as opposed to only 1,129,916 in urban areas
28.
Giza Governorate
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Giza Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the center of the country, situated on the west bank of the Nile River opposite Cairo and its capital is the city of Giza. The Giza Governorate is also home to the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in urban areas, with an urbanization rate of 58. 6%. Out of an estimated 7,585,115 people residing in the governorate,4,446,805 people lived in areas as opposed to only 3,138,310 in rural areas. It is located in the Giza pyramid complex, in a program that began on August 28,2012, the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Giza Governorate. Media related to Giza Governorate at Wikimedia Commons
29.
Faiyum Governorate
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Faiyum Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt in the middle of the country. Its capital is the city of Faiyum, located about 81 mi south west of Cairo and it has a population of 3,072,181. The name Faiyum comes from Coptic ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ /Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ efiom/peiom, meaning the Sea or the Lake, which in turn comes from late Egyptian pA y-m of the same meaning, a reference to the nearby Lake Moeris. The governorate of Faiyum includes, The large fertile Faiyum Oasis, which comprises farmland, Lake Moeris, south of the Faiyum Oasis, a smaller depression contains the town of El Gharaq el Sulţāni. It is also irrigated from the Nile, a dry barren depression named Wadi El Rayan, which covers 280 mi², west of the El Gharaq el Sulţāni depression. Desert and dry mountains, which surround the depressions. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 3,170,150 people residing in the governorate,2,456,368 people live in areas as opposed to only 713,782 in urban areas. Fayoum Governorate Official website This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
30.
Beni Suef Governorate
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Beni Suef is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is situated in the center of the country and this governorates capital is the city of Beni Suef, located about 120 km south of Cairo on the west bank of the Nile River. The area is known in Egypt for its cement factories. The nearby Meidum pyramid is the prominent tourist attraction in the area. Due to different ways of transcribing the spelling it can also be known as Beni Suef, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of only 23. 2%. Out of an estimated 2,856,812 people residing in the governorate,2,193,871 people live in areas as opposed to only 662,941 in urban areas
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Minya Governorate
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Minya Governorate is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt. Its capital city, Minya is located on the bank of the Nile River. The name may originate from the citys name in Egyptian Menat Khufu. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 5,156,702 people residing in the governorate,4,183,284 people live in areas as opposed to only 973,418 in urban areas. The capital of Minya governorate is the city of Minya, the governorate is one of the most highly populated governorates of Upper Egypt. Its remarkable history, including Ancient Egyptian, Hellenistic, Roman, dehnet, Fraser Tombs, Sharuna, and Zawyet el-Maiyitin comprise monuments dating back to the Old Kingdom. The village of Bani Hasan al Shurruq houses 390 rock-cut decorated tombs, the Speos Artemidos is nearby, and hosts temples built by Queen Hatshepsut. Akhetaten was built by Pharaoh Akhenaten and dedicated to the god Aten, Akhenaten lived there in isolation with his beautiful wife, Nefertiti, and daughters, devoting himself to the monotheistic religion that he preached. The glorious remains of the palaces, temples and tombs still exist today, other significant archaeological sites in the governorate of Minya include Deir Abu Hinis, Deir el-Bersha, El-Sheikh Said, and Tuna el-Gebel. El Ashmunein was the capital of the region during this period and it was the main center of worship of the god Thoth. Today, the ruins of a Greek temple, similar to the Parthenon, the tomb and chapel of Petosiris are found near the modern village of Tuna el-Gebel. Antinopolis was built in 130 A. D. by the Roman emperor Hadrian in memory of his favorite cup-bearer Antinous, the Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Gebel el-Teir is an important Christian site near the city of Samalut. Its church was built by Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, in 328, oxyrhynchus was an important administrative center during the Hellenistic Period, and remains an important archaeological source for papyri from the Byzantine Egypt. Maghagha hosts the mosque of the famous Muslim Zayid ibn al Mugharah, today, Minya governorate has the highest concentration of Coptic Christians of 50% of the total population. There are also a number of monasteries in the region. In 1981, the Basic Village Service Program of USAID, had several water, in 2013, The United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security helped farmers in Minya by doing consultation work with them and taking soil samples. The national holiday of the Minya governorate is on 18 March and it commemorates those who were executed by the British at Deir Mawas on 18 March 1919
32.
Asyut Governorate
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Asyut Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. The capital of the governorate is the city of Asyut, the name of Asyut is derived from early Egyptian Zawty, late Egyptian Səyáwt into Coptic Syowt. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 4,245,215 people residing in the governorate,3,119,112 people live in areas as opposed to only 1,126,103 in urban areas. Asyut governorate has a population of over 4 million people, with a significant Coptic presence, in 1914, it had the second largest proportion of Copts in Egypt, where they made up 20. 7% of the population. However it is likely that figure is underestimated, since the Church claims up to 48. 5% while the population are Sunni Muslims. Evangelical religions had significant growth in some districts of Asyut, as evidenced in 1907 census data, Muslims and Christians have lived together in Asyut and at times there have been clashes. In July 2013, a number of Christians took to the streets to protest Muslim extremism in Asyut. A very conservative society, which is Asyut, stopped the pageant
33.
Sohag Governorate
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Sohag Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country. Since 1960, its capital has been the city of Sohag, prior to that, the capital was the city of Girga and the name of the governorate was Girga Governorate. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 4,603,861 people residing in the governorate,3,618,543 people live in areas as opposed to only 985,318 in urban areas. Directions of Change in Rural Egypt, Oxford University Press,2004
34.
Qena Governorate
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Qena Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the part of the country, it covers a stretch of the Nile valley. Its capital is the city of Qena, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of only 19. 7%. Out of an estimated 3,045,504 people residing in the governorate,2,445,051 people live in areas as opposed to only 600,453 in urban areas. Contra Latopolis Djerty El Qala Hefat Hut-Sekhem Khenoboskion Madu Per-Hathor Shanhur Tantere Tukh Qena Governorate Official Qena Governorate website
35.
Aswan Governorate
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Aswan Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. The southernmost governorate in Upper Egypt, its capital is Aswan, the Aswan Governorate borders Qena to the north, Red Sea Governorate to the east, New Valley Governorate to the west, and Sudans Northern state to the south. It has a population of 1,394,687 inhabitants, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of only 42. 3%. Out of an estimated 1,431,488 people residing in the governorate,826,543 people live in areas as opposed to only 604,945 in urban areas
36.
Luxor Governorate
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Luxor Governorate has been one of Egypts governorates since 7 December 2009, when former president Hosni Mubarak announced its separation from the Qena Governorate. It is located 635 km south of Cairo and it is currently the smallest governorate in Egypt, spanning approximately 5 km from north to south, and 1.5 km from east to west, and lies in Upper Egypt along the Nile. The city of Luxor is the capital of the Luxor governorate, the government is studying the possibility of extending the boundaries of the governorate to include the neighboring towns of Armant and Esna. The emblem of Luxor represents the bust of Tutankhamun on board of an Ancient Egyptian canoe boat, cruising in the Nile, with an obelisk, the governorates total area is 55 km2, representing 0. 24% of the countrys area. At the 2012 census, the population of the area which in 2009 was formed into the new Luxor Governorate was 1,064,000 people,47. 4% of them lived in urban areas, while 52. 6% lived in rural areas. The annual population growth rate is 18.2 per thousand, population estimates from 2015 puts the same figure at 1,147,058 with an urbanization rate of 37. 8%
37.
Red Sea Governorate
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Red Sea Governorate is one of the 27 governorates of Egypt. Located between the Nile and the Red Sea in the southeast of the country, its southern border forms part of Egypts border with Sudan and its capital and largest city is Hurghada. The Red Sea Governorate is bordered on the north by the Suez Governorate, to the east by the Red Sea, in the south it is bordered by Sudans Red Sea State. It contains the disputed territory of the Halaib triangle, including the Siyal Islands, in addition to the administrative center of Hurghada, about 60,000 residents live in the cities of Ras Gharib, Safaga, El Qoseir, Marsa Alam and Bir Shalatein. The population in 2006 was 288,233 inhabitants, of more than 275,000 lived in a few towns along the coast. In general, the structure of the provinces cities and tourist areas is concentrated along the coast. Since the early 80s, Hurghada has been a destination for beach lovers. Tourism is also growing in the cities of Al-Qusair, Safaga. In addition to the hotels and tourist establishments in the centers are located in Al-Bahr al-Ahmar 2 official nature reserves are to be developed for tourism or. The Wadi al-Gamal National Park at Hamata near the town of Marsa Alam, besides a strong tourism industry, there is also a large offshore fishing industry. The area, which extends over the province, is rich in minerals, the Ras Gharib region contains 70% of Egypts oil production
38.
New Valley Governorate
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New Valley Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, in Egypts Western Desert, part of the Sahara Desert – between the Nile, northern Sudan, and southeastern Libya. Consisting of roughly a third of Egypts area, the New Valley Governorate is the countrys largest governorate, the capital is at the Kharga Oasis. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 225,416 people residing in the governorate,117,180 people live in areas as opposed to only 108,236 in urban areas. Protesters set fire to police stations and the NDP - National Democratic Party building, multiple deaths were reported in addition to hundreds of injuries amid claims that the police opened fire on protesters in Kharga Oasis with live ammunition. Kharga Farafra Dakhla Baris Manufacturing of palm dates, tourism and Safaris Agricultural activities New Valley Project Gilf Kebir Governorates of Egypt
39.
Matrouh Governorate
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Matrouh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the part of the country, it borders Libya. The interior of the Matrouh Governorate is part of Egypts Western Desert, including the Siwa Oasis, in the center of the Governorate is the Qattara Depression, descending to 133 metres below sea level. Marsa Matrouh is the ancient Paraetonium and it was the westernmost city of Aegyptus as defined in the Hellenistic period. The city of Apis, some 18 km to the west of Paraetonium, marked the boundary to Libycus Nomus, Matrouh Governorate contains many historical sites related to World War II. The latter include El Alamein, which comprises cemeteries of fallen soldiers from Axis, an estimated 16 million mines, planted by the Europeans during the world wars, still hinder development of most of the governorate, and are constantly being removed. The province has been described as religiously conservative, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in urban areas, with an urbanization rate of 70. 6%. Out of an estimated 447,846 people residing in the governorate,316,005 people live in areas as opposed to only 131,841 in rural areas
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North Sinai Governorate
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North Sinai Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country. It is bordered in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, in the south by South Sinai Governorate, in the west by Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez Governorates and its capital is the city of Arish. A governorate is administered by a governor, who is appointed by the President of Egypt, the population of the North Sinai Governorate as at 2014 was 421,984 people, predominantly Bedouin tribesmen. The Governorate covers an area of 27,574 square kilometers, the population density is 15 inhabitants per square kilometer. A significant economic activity of the Bedouin tribes has been smuggling and they have been active in the smuggling of supplies and weapons into the Gaza Strip by way of cross-border tunnels as well as assisting illegal migrants into Israel. These activities have been curtailed by the Egyptian government crackdown of smuggling into the Gaza Strip, North Sinai has since 2011 been especially affected by the Sinai insurgency and measures by government forces to combat it, which has resulted in many casualties. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in urban areas. Out of an estimated 434,781 people residing in the governorate,261,686 people live in areas as opposed to only 173,095 in rural areas
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Egypt
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