1.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
2.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
3.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
4.
Central Railway zone
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Central Railway is one of the 16 zones of Indian Railways. Its headquarters is in Mumbai at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and it has the distinction of operating first passenger railway line in India, which opened from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853. The Central Railway zone formerly included parts of Madhya Pradesh and part of southern Uttar Pradesh. These areas became the new West Central Railway zone in April 2003, neral is linked to Mumbais Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus by frequent suburban electric trains. Steam engines have now replaced by diesel locomotives but it is still a pleasurable journey. The route is noted for its sharp curves, the central railway covers a large part of the state of Maharashtra and small part of Southern Madhya Pradesh and North-Eastern Karnataka. It is organized into five divisions, Mumbai CST, Bhusawal, Nagpur, Solapur, bhigvan- Vakav Tilati -Gulbarga Roha-Panvel Daund-Manmad Pune-Miraj Sewagram - Nagpur Jn
5.
Mumbai Suburban Railway
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Mumbai Suburban Railway consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 465 kilometres, the railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily. By annual ridership, the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world, trains run from 04,00 until 01,00, and some trains also run up to 02,30. The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first railway to be built by the British in India, the first train ran between Bori Bunder and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 15,35. The 14-coach train took 1.25 h to complete the 34 km journey, since 1991, it has been expanded rapidly. The Bombay Railway History Group has been striving to document railway heritage along this line, the Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways two zonal divisions Western Railways and Central Railways. The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long distance and freight trains, WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line. The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast, on 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a line from Bhiwandi road-Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central and Kandivali, the largest EMU car shed in Asia is located between Nala Sopara and Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi, Western Railways EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current power. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow, Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances. The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns and these two corridors constitute the main Central Line. There is also an 18-km corridor between Kurla and Thane stations for use of outstation and cargo trains, the outstation corridor is being extended further from Thane to Kalyan now as a part of the main line, but is halted because of the costs of tunneling the parsik hills. The Central Line has two stations with the Western Line at Parel and Dadar. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered DC-AC EMUs, the major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service, Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run as slow service, the Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road-Bhiwandi Road-Diva and Panvel
6.
Mumbai Metro
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Mumbai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. The system is designed to reduce congestion in the city. It is being built in three phases over a 15-year period, with completion expected in 2021. When completed, the system will comprise seven high-capacity metro railway lines. Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro is operated by Metro One Operation Private Limited, while the under-construction lines 2,4 and 7 will be operated by MMRDA and the underground line 3 also under-construction will be operated by Mumbai Metro Rail Cooperation Limited. In June 2006, then-Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh laid the stone for the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project. Construction work began in February 2008, a successful trial run was conducted in May 2013, and the systems first line entered into operation on 8 June 2014. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra, one of the most economically developed states of India and it is among the largest cities in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of over 20 million as of 2011, and a population growth rate of around 2% per annum. Mumbai has the advantage of a modal share of the public in favour of a public mass transport system. Until 1980s, transport in Bombay was not a big problem, the discontinuation of trams resulted in the pressure directly on suburban railway network. By 2010 the population of Bombay doubled, however, due to the citys geographical constraints and rapid population growth, road and rail infrastructure development has not been able to keep pace with growing demand over the last 4-5 decades. Moreover, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, though extensive, is not built to rapid transit specifications, the study recommended a mass transit corridor from Andheri to Ghatkopar as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining a number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by MMRDA in May 2004, the State Government declared the project as a public vital infrastructure project and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency. The master plan unveiled by the MMRDA in 2004 encompassed a total of 146.5 kilometres of track, the Mumbai Metro was proposed to be built in three phases, at an estimated cost of ₹19,525 crore. In September 2009, the proposed Hutatma Chowk – Ghatkopar was reduced to a line between Hutatma Chowk and Carnac Bunder, in 2011, the MMRDA unveiled plans for an extended Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ metro line. However, the MMRDA decided to increase ridership on the line by running it out past Bandra to Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, the 33. 5-kilometre Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ line will be built at a cost of ₹21,000 crore, and will be the citys first underground metro line. On 27 February 2012, the Union Government gave in-principle approval to the plan for Line 3, money for the project is being borrowed from Japanese International Cooperation Agency, the state government, the central government, and others. In April 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to grant the Mumbai Metro Rail Company increased management autonomy, in July 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to add more metro lines to its existing plan, including a line parallel to the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Dahisar
7.
Byculla
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Byculla is a neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line. Byculla falls under E Ward within the limits of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation or BMC. During the late 18th century, Byculla was an extension of Mazagaon, the area was low-lying Flats inundated during the high tide through the Great Breach at Mahalaxmi. However, the breach was closed by the Hornby Vellard project in 1784 and this was followed by the construction of the Bellasis Road causeway in 1793. Thereafter the area saw habitation as Europeans living in the Mazagaon area started shifting here, the famous Byculla Club was opened in 1833. Birthplace of Lady Patricia Helen Marie Rodrigues The Byculla railway station was completed by 1857 and this was also the time the first mills came into this area, until then, used only for residential purposes. Byculla used to house many of the textile mills until the mills shut shop. As of today, few mills are operational and even they are on the brink of closure, many of these old mills are now desolate and some are being razed down to make way for newer constructions. The Khatau Mills were situated in Byculla, in the news for the murder of the owner Sunit Khatau in May,1994. Byculla saw some horrible Riots during 1936-37 rose during Temple-Mosque dispute, today, Byculla is an upper-middle class enclave with a mixture of different societies like Marathi, Gujarati, Christian, Muslims, Jains etc. Traditionally, Byculla has been inhabited by Parsis, Christians, Jewish, Marathi, of late, Byculla has also witnessed the increase of population of Dawoodi Bohra and other traditional Muslims, who are primarily a business community like most of the Gujaratis. Zoo, Byculla houses the city zoo called Jijamata Udyaan or Rani Baug, there are talks of shifting the zoo to a more spacious location. Museum, Byculla also houses the Bhau Daji Lad Museum and it was built in 1871 and is a near replica of its namesake in London. It reopened 5 January 2008, following extensive renovations, National Railway Hospital, Byculla also possesses the biggest National Railway Hospital called Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Railway Hospital in front of Veer Jijamata Prani Sangrahalaya. Vegetable Market, The Byculla Vegetable Market is the largest vegetable market in Mumbai and this was one of the oldest fly-overs built in Mumbai. Fire Brigade Headquarters, Mumbai Fire Brigades headquarters are situated just below the Y Bridge, in the front of the Headquarters building stands a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died during the Bombay Explosion of April,1944. Mustafa bazaar, A wholesale timber market is visited by many from the city
8.
Dharavi
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Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. With an area of just over 2.1 square kilometres, for this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly multi-religious, multi-ethnic, and diverse settlement. Dharavi has an informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents– leather, textiles. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over US$1 billion, Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of Mumbai. In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with predominantly mangrove swamp, daravi is a historical spelling of the area. It was a populated village before the late 19th century. Dharavi was then referred to as the village of Koliwadas, Mumbai has been one of the centers of Indias urbanization for 200 years. At the middle of the 19th century, after decades of growth under East India Company and British Raj. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Mumbai peninsula, most parts of Mumbai faced an acute shortage of housing and serious problems with the provision of water, sanitation and drainage. Residential areas were segregated in Mumbai between European and native residential quarters, slums were heavily concentrated in areas meant for native Indian population, and it attracted no planning or London-like investment for quality of life of its inhabitants. Unsanitary conditions plagued Mumbai, particularly in the so-called Native Town, in 1869, as with 19th century epidemics in European slums, bubonic plague spread in Mumbai and then across most of India. The epidemic killed nearly 200,000 people in Mumbai and 8 million in India, the most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Mumbai into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, other early settlers included the Kumbars, a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895, rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Mumbai, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade. These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or invest in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, Dharavis first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1913. A large influx of Tamil migrants came in the 1920s, bombays first Tamil school and Dharavis first school was constructed in 1924
9.
Nariman Point
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Nariman Point is a business district in Mumbai city. Formerly the prominent business district on Indias west coast, Nariman Point yielded that status to Mumbais Bandra-Kurla Complex in 2010, prior to Nariman Points development, Mumbais business centre was at Ballard Estate, which – like Nariman Point also – was built on land reclaimed from the sea. Prior to 1940, the area was part of the Arabian sea, a popular leader of the Congress, Khurshed Nariman, a Bombay Municipal Corporation corporator, proposed to reclaim the area from the sea near Churchgate. To accomplish this task, the seafront was filled with debris from various parts of the city. Reinforced concrete cement was used, the steel for which had to be purchased on the black market at higher prices due to World War II. The entire cost was estimated to be ₹300,000. Additional reclamations were carried out in the 1970s, a construction boom in that decade also led to the development of commercial high-rises in the area. In 2006, prior to the crisis of 2007–08, Nariman point was the 7th most expensive location in the world for office space. However, by December 2012 Nariman Point had fallen to 25th place while Delhis Connaught Place remained the 5th most expensive location despite many offices moving to Gurgaon, during the same period, Nariman Point also dropped from 7th to 15th most expensive location for office rentals. The reasons for the decline were the prices, lower quality and age of construction. In the first three quarters of 2012, Nariman Point had a rate of almost 25%, compared with 18% in the rest of the city. Air India had its headquarters in the Air India Building for many years, at one time All Nippon Airways maintained its Mumbai sales office in the Oberoi Towers in Nariman Point
10.
Walkeshwar
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Walkeshwar is an affluent area in South Mumbai, India, at the north-western end of the Marine Drive loop, and is most famous for Walkeshwar Temple, Banganga Tank and Jain temples. Walkeshwar takes its name after Lord Shiva, one part of the Trinity of Hinduism, legend has it that Hindu god, Ram paused at that spot on his way from Ayodhya to Lanka in pursuit of the demon king, Ravana who had kidnapped his wife, Sita. Then Lord Rama was advised to worship Shiv linga and he is said to have constructed the original linga of sand, after getting tired of waiting for his brother, Lakshman to bring an idol. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for an idol made of sand -- Valuka Iswar. As the story progresses, later when Ram was thirsty, as there was no fresh water available, he shot an arrow. The water that feeds the tank stems from a spring at that spot. Walkeshwar also includes Malabar Hill, and is in proximity to the Hanging Gardens. It probably has the most expensive real estate in the whole of India and it has a lot of prime residential buildings in the area. The most of the buildings are sea facing and the location has lot of natural character, the sea is very calm here as it is the bay area. There is also a Jain temple, near the Malabar Hill Police Station, Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple, Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple is one of the most visited Jain temple in Mumbai. This temple was built in 1904 and belongs Shwetambar sect. of Jainism and this Jain temple is famous for there old carving work and beautiful architectures, colors, Paintings etc. This temple is dedicated to Adishwarji, the first tirthankara of Jainism, moolnayak of this temple is a white colored idol of Adishwarji. Idols of other tirthankaras, Jain deities like Goddess Padmavati, Ghantakaran Mahavir are present here, Temple also has an idol of Hindu God Ganesha signifying Jainism and Hinduism unity. Ceiling of the temple has carving of Navgraha, Yaksha and Yakshi, thousand of Jains visit this temple daily. Chandanbala Jain Temple is also present near this temple, Walkeshwar Temple also known as the Baan Ganga Temple, is a temple dedicated to the Hindu god, Shiva. The temple is close to Banganga Tank, the temple and the attached fresh water Banganga Tank were built in 1127 AD. The Hanging Gardens or Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens, are terraced gardens perched at the top of Malabar Hill, on its western side and they provide sunset views over the Arabian Sea and feature numerous hedges carved into the shapes of animals. The park was laid out in 1881 by Ulhas Ghapokar over Bombays main reservoir, Banganga Tank is an ancient water tank which is part of the Walkeshwar Temple Complex in Malabar Hill area of Mumbai in India built in the 1127 AD
