1.
Wikivoyage
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Wikivoyage is a free web-based travel guide for travel destinations and travel topics written by volunteer authors. It is a project of Wikipedia and supported and hosted by the same non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Wikivoyage has been called the Wikipedia of travel guides, the resulting site went live as Wikivoyage on December 10,2006 and was owned and operated by a German association set up for that purpose, Wikivoyage e. V. Content was published under the copyleft license Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, in 2012, following a lengthy history of dissatisfaction with their existing host, the English-language version community of Wikitravel also decided as a community to fork their project. Using a wiki model, Wikivoyage is built through collaboration of Wikivoyagers from around the globe, articles can cover different levels of geographic specificity, from continents to districts of a city. These are logically connected in a hierarchy, by specifying that the location covered in one article is within the location described by another. The project also includes articles on travel-related topics, phrasebooks for travelers, Wikivoyage is a multilingual project available in nine languages, with each language-specific project developed independently. While now a Wikimedia project, it was begun independently, Wikivoyage content is broadly categorized as, destinations, itineraries, phrasebooks, and travel topics. Geographical units within the hierarchy may be described in articles, based on the criterion. Itineraries may cross geographical regions, but usually have a well-defined path, a phrasebook includes, An overview of the language, giving a brief history, scope, alphabet or symbol set, and any other general info on the language. A pronunciation guide, with a description of each symbol in the language. Each entry in the phrase list includes the word or phrase being translated, the spelling in the local language symbol set as it would be written down. Wikivoyage uses the free MediaWiki software to allow internet-based editing without requiring registration, quality assurance occurs in the same way as on Wikipedia, through reciprocal control by editors. The use of the software is intended to facilitate familiarization with Wikivoyage. Wikivoyage uses the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, but not the GNU free documentation license and this is intended to facilitate the production of printed guides from a legal point of view. Media files are intended to be published either in the domain or under multiple licenses. The information is built up in a structured way than usual for encyclopaedias. In the German-language version, different name spaces are used to different topics
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
4.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
5.
Mumbai Metropolitan Region
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Mumbai Metropolitan Region is a metropolitan area in Maharashtra state, consisting of the state capital Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of nine municipal corporations, the MMRDA was formed to address the challenges in planning and development of integrated infrastructure for the metropolitan region. The areas outside of Brihan Mumbai and Navi Mumbai have lacked organised development, Navi Mumbai, developed as one of the largest planned cities in the world, was promoted by a Maharashtra Government-owned company, City and Industrial Development Corporation. The region has had problems related to haphazard and illegal development as a result of rapid urbanisation, villages along the NH3 in Bhiwandi Taluka are examples of haphazard developments in the MMR, with some of the largest warehousing areas in India. Government agencies such as the Town Planner and Collector of Thane have had challenges in addressing unorganised development. The region has an area of 4,355 km² and with a population of 20,748,395, it is among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. maharashtra. gov. in/who-we-are
6.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
7.
Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)
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The Eastern Suburbs is the eastern precinct of the city of Mumbai, India. The Eastern Suburbs are also known as the Central Suburbs because the area is served by the Central Line, the Eastern Suburbs consist of Bhandup, Ghatkopar, Kanjurmarg, Kurla, Mulund, Nahur, Powai, Vidyavihar and Vikhroli. To the south-east lie the suburbs of Chembur, Govandi, Mankhurd and these suburbs are sometimes not considered as part of the Eastern Suburbs and are often referred to as the Harbour Suburbs. The city of Mumbai lies on Salsette Island, administratively it has two official divisions, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Mumbai City district consists of the southernmost part of Salsette Island and this region is called South Mumbai. The western part of Mumbai Suburban district is called the Western Suburbs, the northernmost portion of the island which is outside Mumbai city limits, lies in Thane District. South Mumbai, the Western suburbs and the Eastern Suburbs are not officially defined divisions of Mumbai and this article uses the most popular divisions. The Eastern Suburbs is served by the Central Line, with the exception of Powai, each of the suburbs has a railway station. Kurla is a point for the Harbour Line. The Eastern Express Highway is a road in the Eastern Suburbs. Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg is a 21 km long, major road in the Eastern Suburbs. LBS Marg connects the city of Thane with the suburb of Sion in Mumbai. However, connectivity from the Western Suburbs is poor, the Andheri-Ghatkopar Link Road, Jogeshwari - Vikhroli Link Road and the Andheri-Kurla Road are the major road links between the Eastern and Western Suburbs. Santa Cruz – Chembur Link Road which was completed in April 2014 links the suburb of Santa Cruz to Chembur, bus services are provided by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport. There are bus depots at Ghatkopar, Mulund and Vikhroli, Mumbai Western Suburbs South Mumbai Central Line Western Line Harbour Line Mira-Bhayandar
8.
Marathi language
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Marathi is an Indian language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra. It is the language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively. There were 73 million speakers in 2001, Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world, Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi, Bengali and Telugu in that order. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, the major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Malvani Konkani has been influenced by Marathi varieties. Marathi has several features that set it aside from most other Indian languages, Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of we and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and, in common with Gujarati, Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Karwar, Nipani, Indore, Gwalior, Adoni, Hyderabad, Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian emigrants worldwide, especially in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Mauritius, and Canada. Marathi is the language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra. In Goa, Konkani is the official language, however. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, the contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the rules give special status to tatsamas. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit and this practice provides Marathi with a large treasure of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed. Jawaharlal Nehru University has announced plans to establish a department for Marathi. Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of poet Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Marathi literature began and grew owing to the rise of the Seuna dynasty of Devgiri, further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a place in court life by the time of the Seuna kings
9.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
10.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
11.
Ghatkopar railway station
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Ghatkopar is a railway station on the Central Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. It was opened in 1877, and serves the Ghatkopar suburb of Mumbai, about 465,000 commuters use the station daily as of 2014. An average of 35,000 tickets are sold daily, the western side of Ghatkopar station is connected with the Ghatkopar metro station through a skywalk
12.
Central Railway zone
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Central Railway is one of the 16 zones of Indian Railways. Its headquarters is in Mumbai at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and it has the distinction of operating first passenger railway line in India, which opened from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853. The Central Railway zone formerly included parts of Madhya Pradesh and part of southern Uttar Pradesh. These areas became the new West Central Railway zone in April 2003, neral is linked to Mumbais Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus by frequent suburban electric trains. Steam engines have now replaced by diesel locomotives but it is still a pleasurable journey. The route is noted for its sharp curves, the central railway covers a large part of the state of Maharashtra and small part of Southern Madhya Pradesh and North-Eastern Karnataka. It is organized into five divisions, Mumbai CST, Bhusawal, Nagpur, Solapur, bhigvan- Vakav Tilati -Gulbarga Roha-Panvel Daund-Manmad Pune-Miraj Sewagram - Nagpur Jn
13.
Mumbai Suburban Railway
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Mumbai Suburban Railway consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 465 kilometres, the railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily. By annual ridership, the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world, trains run from 04,00 until 01,00, and some trains also run up to 02,30. The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first railway to be built by the British in India, the first train ran between Bori Bunder and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 15,35. The 14-coach train took 1.25 h to complete the 34 km journey, since 1991, it has been expanded rapidly. The Bombay Railway History Group has been striving to document railway heritage along this line, the Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways two zonal divisions Western Railways and Central Railways. The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long distance and freight trains, WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line. The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast, on 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a line from Bhiwandi road-Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central and Kandivali, the largest EMU car shed in Asia is located between Nala Sopara and Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi, Western Railways EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current power. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow, Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances. The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns and these two corridors constitute the main Central Line. There is also an 18-km corridor between Kurla and Thane stations for use of outstation and cargo trains, the outstation corridor is being extended further from Thane to Kalyan now as a part of the main line, but is halted because of the costs of tunneling the parsik hills. The Central Line has two stations with the Western Line at Parel and Dadar. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered DC-AC EMUs, the major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service, Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run as slow service, the Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road-Bhiwandi Road-Diva and Panvel
14.
Mumbai Metro
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Mumbai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. The system is designed to reduce congestion in the city. It is being built in three phases over a 15-year period, with completion expected in 2021. When completed, the system will comprise seven high-capacity metro railway lines. Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro is operated by Metro One Operation Private Limited, while the under-construction lines 2,4 and 7 will be operated by MMRDA and the underground line 3 also under-construction will be operated by Mumbai Metro Rail Cooperation Limited. In June 2006, then-Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh laid the stone for the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project. Construction work began in February 2008, a successful trial run was conducted in May 2013, and the systems first line entered into operation on 8 June 2014. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra, one of the most economically developed states of India and it is among the largest cities in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of over 20 million as of 2011, and a population growth rate of around 2% per annum. Mumbai has the advantage of a modal share of the public in favour of a public mass transport system. Until 1980s, transport in Bombay was not a big problem, the discontinuation of trams resulted in the pressure directly on suburban railway network. By 2010 the population of Bombay doubled, however, due to the citys geographical constraints and rapid population growth, road and rail infrastructure development has not been able to keep pace with growing demand over the last 4-5 decades. Moreover, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, though extensive, is not built to rapid transit specifications, the study recommended a mass transit corridor from Andheri to Ghatkopar as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining a number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by MMRDA in May 2004, the State Government declared the project as a public vital infrastructure project and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency. The master plan unveiled by the MMRDA in 2004 encompassed a total of 146.5 kilometres of track, the Mumbai Metro was proposed to be built in three phases, at an estimated cost of ₹19,525 crore. In September 2009, the proposed Hutatma Chowk – Ghatkopar was reduced to a line between Hutatma Chowk and Carnac Bunder, in 2011, the MMRDA unveiled plans for an extended Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ metro line. However, the MMRDA decided to increase ridership on the line by running it out past Bandra to Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, the 33. 5-kilometre Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ line will be built at a cost of ₹21,000 crore, and will be the citys first underground metro line. On 27 February 2012, the Union Government gave in-principle approval to the plan for Line 3, money for the project is being borrowed from Japanese International Cooperation Agency, the state government, the central government, and others. In April 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to grant the Mumbai Metro Rail Company increased management autonomy, in July 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to add more metro lines to its existing plan, including a line parallel to the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Dahisar
15.
2000 Mumbai landslide
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The 2000 Mumbai landslide was a landslide that occurred in Ghatkopar, a suburban neighbourhood located in Mumbai, India on July 12,2000. Seventy-eight people, including men, fifteen women, and fifteen children, were killed. Most of the victims were residents of the Mumbai slums, where building, government officials promised that the immediate family of each deceased victim would receive Rs 25,000 from the government, while the immediate family of each injured would receive Rs 10,000. The landslide was caused by erosion, following heavy rains. According to meteorologists, more than three hundred and fifty millimeters of rain fell on the suburbs of Mumbai in the period before the landslide. Since this revelation, thousands of huts have been relocated or reinforced to protect the inhabitants from landslides
16.
Ghatkopar metro station
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Ghatkopar is a metro station and the eastern terminus of Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro serving the Ghatkopar suburb of Mumbai, India. It was opened to the public on 8 June 2014, Ghatkopar is the busiest station on Line 1, with a daily passenger traffic of 94,053 in February 2017. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority acquired a 1,400 square metre plot near the Ghatkopar railway station for construction of the Ghatkopar metro station, the MMRDA initially believed that the land belonged to the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. While the metro was being constructed, the CR wrote letters to the MMRDA informing them that the land belonged to CR. After CR submitted documents proving the same, the MMRDA agreed to them for the plot. At a meeting between MMRDA and CR officials in April 2014, it was agreed that the former would pay ₹18 crore for acquiring the land as part of an inter-governmental agency deal. However, some CR officials were upset as the amount was far lower than the market value of the land. As per market trends at the time, the land was estimated to be worth ₹180 crore, in March 2017, MMOPL completed the installation of LED lights at the station. The replacement of the stations 1,718 lamps with LED lights halved its energy consumption, only lamps were replaced, fixtures were not. The total reduction in the electricity consumption amounts to 120,000 units per year providing the MMOPL with an annual saving of ₹12 lakh. There are 7 sets of automated fare collection gates at Ghatkopar station, three more will be installed by the end of June 2014. The station has textured tiles intended to provide grip to wheelchair-bound commuters, the station also has an elevator wide enough to accommodate a wheelchair, and a ramp from road level up to the elevator, enabling access for the disabled. The Ghatkopar station is connected with the side of the Ghatkopar railway station through a 12-meter wide foot-over-bridge. Commuters who want to exit the station from the main gate must purchase a platform ticket to cross the FOB. A CR official told Mid Day, We have seen the flow of passengers, therefore we are now insisting that Metro passengers buy tickets to use the railway-owned overbridge. Railway Pravasi Sangh President Subhash Gupta told the paper, I am aware of this issue, the railway FOB here cant take the burden of thousands of additional Metro passengers. The rush has increased manifold after Metro services started
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Times of India
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The Times of India is an Indian English-language daily newspaper. It is the fourth-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest selling English-language daily in the according to Audit Bureau of Circulations. It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India still in circulation, in 1991, the BBC ranked The Times of India among the worlds six best newspapers. It is owned and published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In 2014 however, The Times of India was ranked 174th among Indias most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, the Times of India issued its first edition 3 November 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. In 1850, it began to publish daily editions, in 1860, editor Robert Knight bought the Indian shareholders interests, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started Indias first news agency. It wired Times dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service, in 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. In the 19th century, this company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India. In 1946, Bennett Coleman & Co, Ltd was sold to sugar magnate Ramkrishna Dalmia of the then-famous industrial family, the Dalmiyas, for Rs 20 million, as India was becoming independent and the British owners were leaving. In the court case followed, Ramkrishna Dalmia was sentenced to two years in Tihar Jail after having been convicted of embezzlement and fraud. But for most of the term he managed to spend in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in-law, Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain, to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, in the early 1960s, Shanti Prasad Jain was imprisoned on charges of selling newsprint on the black market. Based on the pleading, Justice directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper which resulted in replacing half of the directors, curiously, the court appointed D K Kunte as Chairman of the Board. Kunte had no business experience and was also an Opposition member of the Lok Sabha. In 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Government transferred ownership of the back to Ashok Kumar Jain. The move was a critique of Prime Minister Indira Gandhis 21-month state of emergency, in late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited. VPL previously published two Kannada newspapers, Vijay Karnataka and Usha Kiran, and an English daily, Vijay Times, Vijay Karnataka was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then. The paper launched a Chennai edition,12 April 2008 and it launched a Kolhapur edition, February 2013
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South Mumbai
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South Mumbai, or SoBo, is the southernmost precinct of the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, comprises the citys main business localities and its adjoining areas. It is the richest urban precinct in India, Property prices in South Mumbai are the highest in India and are among the highest in the world. Notably Cumballa Hill, Malabar Hill, Breach Candy, Altamount Road-Kemps Corner as well as parts of Worli are constantly ranked in the Global Property Index. Mount Pleasant Road of Malabar Hill and Altamount Road of Cumballa Hill are listed yearly in Indias most posh addresses, billionaire Mukesh Ambanis $1.5 billion dollar home Antilia is located here and is now a part of the iconic skyline. Most residents of SoBo belong to old money business, law, trade, living here for generations, many residents see no charm of shifting to Suburban Mumbai, even though its proximity to the airport & BKC is more convenient than that of the South. Film stars and their kin reside in the Suburbs, due to the studios being located there. Geographically, South Mumbai lies at the corner of Salsette Island. Most city residents use the term to refer to the stretch extending from Colaba to Mahim as South Mumbai and this delimitation is also known as Mumbai City or Island City. The area is delimited on the east by Mumbai harbour and on the west by the Arabian Sea, the areas from Bandra and beyond form a part of Suburban Mumbai. Most residents confuse Parel to be a part of the suburbs, residents of this part of the island are known as SoBo-ites. South Mumbai hosts the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange and its primary business districts are the Fort, Nariman Point, Ballard Estate and more recently Lower Parel. Many leading Indian and multi-national companies are headquartered here, chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Churchgate serve as headquarters and starting point for countrys Central and Western Railway lines respectively. In South Mumbai, unlike parts of India, uninterrupted supply of power is available around the clock. A particular feature that distinguishes South Mumbai from the rest of Mumbai is the absence of autorickshaws, only black and yellow taxis are permitted to ply in South Mumbai, along with private taxis more recently. Govt of Maharashtra has selected Parel for smart city initiative. S. C. I, the CCI and MCA are located at Mumbais two cricket stadiums, Brabourne and Wankhede respectively. Although land reclamation has allowed the southernmost tip of the district to double in size since the 1970s, as a result, the real-estate prices are among the top ten world-wide. As a ratio to average per capita income, real-estate prices in the districts remain the most expensive in the world. South Mumbai is also the home to several of the sporting grounds, including Brabourne Stadium, Wankhede Stadium, Cooperage Ground, Azad Maidan Oval Maidan
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Byculla
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Byculla is a neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line. Byculla falls under E Ward within the limits of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation or BMC. During the late 18th century, Byculla was an extension of Mazagaon, the area was low-lying Flats inundated during the high tide through the Great Breach at Mahalaxmi. However, the breach was closed by the Hornby Vellard project in 1784 and this was followed by the construction of the Bellasis Road causeway in 1793. Thereafter the area saw habitation as Europeans living in the Mazagaon area started shifting here, the famous Byculla Club was opened in 1833. Birthplace of Lady Patricia Helen Marie Rodrigues The Byculla railway station was completed by 1857 and this was also the time the first mills came into this area, until then, used only for residential purposes. Byculla used to house many of the textile mills until the mills shut shop. As of today, few mills are operational and even they are on the brink of closure, many of these old mills are now desolate and some are being razed down to make way for newer constructions. The Khatau Mills were situated in Byculla, in the news for the murder of the owner Sunit Khatau in May,1994. Byculla saw some horrible Riots during 1936-37 rose during Temple-Mosque dispute, today, Byculla is an upper-middle class enclave with a mixture of different societies like Marathi, Gujarati, Christian, Muslims, Jains etc. Traditionally, Byculla has been inhabited by Parsis, Christians, Jewish, Marathi, of late, Byculla has also witnessed the increase of population of Dawoodi Bohra and other traditional Muslims, who are primarily a business community like most of the Gujaratis. Zoo, Byculla houses the city zoo called Jijamata Udyaan or Rani Baug, there are talks of shifting the zoo to a more spacious location. Museum, Byculla also houses the Bhau Daji Lad Museum and it was built in 1871 and is a near replica of its namesake in London. It reopened 5 January 2008, following extensive renovations, National Railway Hospital, Byculla also possesses the biggest National Railway Hospital called Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Railway Hospital in front of Veer Jijamata Prani Sangrahalaya. Vegetable Market, The Byculla Vegetable Market is the largest vegetable market in Mumbai and this was one of the oldest fly-overs built in Mumbai. Fire Brigade Headquarters, Mumbai Fire Brigades headquarters are situated just below the Y Bridge, in the front of the Headquarters building stands a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died during the Bombay Explosion of April,1944. Mustafa bazaar, A wholesale timber market is visited by many from the city
