Ghetto benches was a form of official segregation in the seating of university students, introduced in 1935 at the Lwów Polytechnic. Rectors at other higher education institutions in the Second Polish Republic had adopted this form of segregation when the practice became conditionally legalized by 1937. Under the ghetto ławkowe system, Jewish university students were required under threat of expulsion to sit in a left-hand side section of the lecture halls reserved exclusively for them. This official policy of enforced segregation was often accompanied by acts of violence directed against Jewish students by members of the ONR.
Demonstration of Polish students demanding implementation of ghetto benches at Lwów Polytechnic in 1930s.
The University of Warsaw is a public research university in Warsaw, Poland. Established on November 19th, 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country, offering 37 different fields of study as well as 100 specializations in humanities, technical, and the natural sciences.
Main gate on Krakowskie Przedmieście (2019)
Main University campus
University of Warsaw Astronomical Observatory
University main gate, July 1944, when campus served as German military barracks