1.
Antisemitism
–
Antisemitism is hostility, prejudice, or discrimination directed against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite, Antisemitism is generally considered to be a form of racism. The root word Semite gives the impression that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic people. However, the compound word antisemite was popularized in Germany in 1879 as a term for Judenhass Jew-hatred. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, the origin of antisemitic terminologies is found in the responses of Moritz Steinschneider to the views of Ernest Renan. As Alex Bein writes, The compound anti-Semitism appears to have been used first by Steinschneider, avner Falk similarly writes, The German word antisemitisch was first used in 1860 by the Austrian Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider in the phrase antisemitische Vorurteile. Steinschneider used this phrase to characterise the French philosopher Ernest Renans false ideas about how Semitic races were inferior to Aryan races and he coined the phrase the Jews are our misfortune which would later be widely used by Nazis. According to Jonathan M. Hess, the term was used by its authors to stress the radical difference between their own antisemitism and earlier forms of antagonism toward Jews and Judaism. In 1879 German journalist Wilhelm Marr published a pamphlet, Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum, vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet in which he used the word Semitismus interchangeably with the word Judentum to denote both Jewry and jewishness. The pamphlet became very popular, and in the year he founded the Antisemiten-Liga. The Jewish Encyclopedia reports, In February 1881, a correspondent of the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums speaks of Anti-Semitism as a designation which recently came into use, on 19 July 1882, the editor says, This quite recent Anti-Semitism is hardly three years old. The related term philosemitism was coined around 1885, from the outset the term anti-Semitism bore special racial connotations and meant specifically prejudice against Jews. The term is confusing, for in modern usage Semitic designates a language group, though antisemitism has been used to describe bigotry against people who speak other Semitic languages, the validity of such usage has been questioned. The term may be spelled with or without a hyphen, for example, Emil Fackenheim supported the unhyphenated spelling, in order to the notion that there is an entity Semitism which anti-Semitism opposes. Objections to the usage of the term, such as the nature of the term Semitic as a racial term, have been raised since at least the 1930s. Because of this bad nature, Jews have to be not as individuals. Jews remain essentially alien in the surrounding societies, Jews bring disaster on their host societies or on the whole world, they are doing it secretly, therefore the anti-Semites feel obliged to unmask the conspiratorial, bad Jewish character. It was anti-liberal, racialist and nationalist, bernard Lewis defines antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from the rest
Antisemitism
–
Cover page of Marr's The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1880 edition
Antisemitism
–
Antisemitic caricature by C.Léandre (France, 1898) showing
Rothschild with the world in his hands
Antisemitism
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1889 Paris, France elections poster for self-described "candidat antisémite"
Adolphe Willette: "The Jews are a different race, hostile to our own... Judaism, there is the enemy!" (see file for complete translation)
Antisemitism
–
Jews (identified by the mandatory
Jewish badge and
Jewish hat) being burned during the
Black Death in 1348.
2.
Yellow badge
–
A genizah document from 1121 gives the following description of decrees issued in Baghdad, Two yellow badges, one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word Dhimmi on it and he also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes. In largely Catholic Medieval Europe Jews and Muslims were required to wear clothing in some periods. These measures were not seen as being inconsistent with Sicut Judaeis, thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Particularly, since it may be read in the writings of Moses, innocent III had in 1199 confirmed Sicut Judaeis, which was also confirmed by Pope Honorius III in 1216. In 1219, Honorius III issues a dispensation to the Jews of Castile, spanish Jews normally wore turbans in any case, which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive. Elsewhere, local laws were introduced to bring the canon into effect, the identifying mark varied from one country to another, and from period to period. However, these ecclesiastic pronouncements required legal sanctions of a temporal authority, on 19 June 1269, Louis IX of France imposed a fine of ten livres on Jews found in public without a badge. The rota looked like a ring of white or yellow, the shape and color of the patch also varied, although the color was usually white or yellow. Married women were required to wear two bands of blue on their veil or head-scarf. In German-speaking Europe, a requirement for a badge was less common than the Judenhut or Pileum cornutum, in 1267, in a special session, the Vienna city council required Jews to wear a Judenhut, the badge does not seem to have been worn in Austria. There is a reference to a dispensation from the badge in Erfurt on 16 October 1294, there were also attempts to enforce the wearing of full-length robes, which in late 14th century Rome were supposed to be red. In Portugal a red star of David was used, enforcement of the rules was variable, in Marseilles the magistrates ignored accusations of breaches, and in some places individuals or communities could buy exemption. Cathars who were considered first time offenders by the Catholic Church, from the 16th century, the use of the Judenhut declined, but the badge tended to outlast it, surviving into the 18th century in places. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939 there were different local decrees requiring Jews to wear a distinctive sign under the General Government. The sign was an armband with a blue Star of David on it, in the Warthegau a yellow badge in the form of a Star of David on the left side of the breast. Thus, contrary to a belief, Jews within Germany were not required to wear distinctive signs for most of the Third Reich period
Yellow badge
–
Jews being beaten, from an English manuscript.
Yellow badge
–
Yellow badge made mandatory by the
Nazis in France
Yellow badge
–
Jews (identifiable by rouelle) being burned at stake. From medieval manuscript.
Yellow badge
–
Jewish ring from a Hebrew Passover manuscript, German 15th century.
3.
Jewish history
–
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures. The Jewish diaspora began with the Assyrian conquest and continued on a larger scale with the Babylonian conquest. Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to an extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central. In 638 CE the Byzantine Empire lost control of the Levant, the Arab Islamic Empire under Caliph Omar conquered Jerusalem and the lands of Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. The Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, during that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed. During the Classical Ottoman period, the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, in the 17th century, there were many significant Jewish populations in Western Europe. During the period of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community, Jews began in the 18th century to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. During the 1870s and 1880s the Jewish population in Europe began to actively discuss immigration back to Israel. The Zionist movement was founded officially in 1884, meanwhile, the Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were scientist Albert Einstein, a large number of Nobel Prize winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case. In 1933, with the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany, economic crises, racial anti-Semitic laws, and a fear of an upcoming war led many Jews to flee from Europe to Palestine, to the United States and to the Soviet Union. In 1939 World War II began and until 1941 Hitler occupied almost all of Europe and this genocide, in which approximately six million Jews were methodically exterminated, is known as The Holocaust or Shoah. In Poland, three million Jews were killed in gas chambers in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the Auschwitz concentration camp alone, in 1945 the Jewish resistance organizations in Palestine unified and established the Jewish Resistance Movement. The movement began attacking the British authority, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed on May 14,1948, the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel to be known as the State of Israel. Immediately afterwards all neighbouring Arab states attacked, yet the newly formed IDF resisted, in 1949 the war ended and the state of Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of hundreds of thousands of Jews from all over the world. Today, Israel is a democracy with a population of over 8 million people. The largest Jewish communities are in Israel and the United States, with communities in France, Argentina, Russia, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada. For statistics related to modern Jewish demographics see Jewish population, the history of the early Jews, and their neighbors, centers on the Fertile Crescent and east coast of the Mediterranean Sea
Jewish history
–
Moses with the
Tablets of Stone (1659 painting by
Rembrandt)
Jewish history
–
A Semitic slave. Ancient Egyptian figurine.
Hecht Museum
Jewish history
–
Deportation and exile of the
Jews of the ancient
Kingdom of Judah to
Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem and
Solomon's temple
Jewish history
–
Model of the
Second Temple of Jerusalem
4.
History of antisemitism
–
The history of antisemitism – defined as hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group – goes back many centuries, antisemitism has been called the longest hatred. The Islamic world has seen the Jews historically as outsiders. The formation of the state of Israel in 1948 has created new antisemitic tensions in the Middle East, in view of Manethos anti-Jewish writings, antisemitism may have originated in Egypt and been spread by the Greek retelling of Ancient Egyptian prejudices. As examples of writers who spoke positively of Jews, Feldman cites Aristotle, Theophrastus, Clearchus of Soli. Feldman concedes that, after Manetho, the picture usually painted is one of universal, the first clear examples of anti-Jewish sentiment can be traced back to Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE. Alexandria was home to the largest Jewish community in the world and the Septuagint, One of the earliest anti-Jewish edicts, promulgated by Antiochus Epiphanes in about 170–167 BCE, sparked a revolt of the Maccabees in Judea. The ancient Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria describes an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in which thousands of Jews died, the violence in Alexandria may have been caused by the Jews being portrayed as misanthropes. Tcherikover argues that the reason for hatred of Jews in the Hellenistic period was their separateness in the Greek cities, statements exhibiting prejudice against Jews and their religion can be found in the works of many pagan Greek and Roman writers. Edward Flannery writes that it was the Jews refusal to accept Greek religious, hecataeus of Abdera, a Greek historian of the early third century BCE, wrote that Moses in remembrance of the exile of his people, instituted for them a misanthropic and inhospitable way of life. Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that the Jews were expelled Egyptian lepers who had been taught by Moses not to adore the gods, the same themes appeared in the works of Chaeremon, Lysimachus, Poseidonius, Apollonius Molon, and in Apion and Tacitus. Edward Flannery describes antisemitism in ancient times as essentially cultural, taking the shape of a national xenophobia played out in political settings. The terms religious antisemitism and anti-Judaism are sometimes used to refer to animosity towards Judaism as a rather than to Jews defined as an ethnic or racial group. Relations between the Jews in Palestine and the occupying Roman Empire were antagonistic from the very start, several ancient historians report that in 19 CE the Roman emperor Tiberius expelled Jews from Rome. According to the Roman historian Suetonius, Tiberius tried to suppress all foreign religions, in the case of Jews, he sent young Jewish men, under the pretence of military service, to provinces noted for their unhealthy climate. He dismissed all other Jews from the city, under threat of slavery for non-compliance. Josephus, in his Jewish Antiquities, confirms that Tiberius ordered all Jews to be banished from Rome, four thousand were sent to Sardinia but more, who were unwilling to become soldiers, were punished. Cassius Dio reports that Tiberius banished most of the Jews, who had been attempting to convert Romans to their religion, Philo of Alexandria reported that Sejanus, one of Tiberiuss lieutenants, may have been a prime mover in the persecution of the Jews. The Jerusalem Talmud relates that, following Bar Kokhbas revolt, the Romans destroyed very many Jews, however, some historians argue that Rome suppressed revolts in all its conquered territories and point out that Tiberius expelled all foreign religions from Rome, not just the Jews
History of antisemitism
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Jewish martyrdom depicted in a woodcut from 1493
History of antisemitism
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The yellow badge Jews were forced to wear can be seen in this marginal illustration from an English manuscript.
History of antisemitism
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Luther's 1543 pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies
History of antisemitism
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Antisemitic political cartoon in the US presidential election campaign, 1896
5.
Timeline of antisemitism
–
This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group. It includes events in the history of thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of antisemitism. The history of antisemitism can be traced from ancient times to the present day, Some authors prefer to use the terms anti-Judaism or religious antisemitism for religious sentiment against Judaism before the rise of racial antisemitism in the 19th century. For events specifically pertaining to the expulsion of Jews, please see Jewish refugees,586 BCE During the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylon destroys the temple in Jerusalem, and captures Judea and 10,000 Jewish families. C.475 BCE Haman attempts genocide against the Jews,175 BCE –165 BCE The Deuterocanonical First and Second Books of the Maccabees record that Antiochus Epiphanes attempts to erect a statue of Zeus in Jerusalem. The festival of Hanukkah commemorates the uprising of the Maccabees against this attempt, C.124 BCE, The woman with seven sons was a Jewish martyr described in 2 Maccabees 7 and other sources. Although unnamed in 2 Maccabees, she is known variously as Hannah, Miriam,2 Maccabees states that shortly before the revolt of Judas Maccabeus, Antiochus IV Epiphanes arrested a mother and her seven sons, and tried to force them to eat pork. When they refused, he tortured and killed the one by one. The narrator mentions that the mother was the most remarkable of all and she watched her seven sons die in the space of a single day, yet she bore it bravely because she put her trust in the Lord. Each of the sons makes a speech as he dies, the narrator ends by saying that the mother died, without saying whether she was executed, or died in some other way. The Talmud tells a story, but with refusal to worship an idol replacing refusal to eat pork. Tractate Gittin 57b cites Rabbi Judah saying that this refers to the woman and her seven sons, the woman commits suicide in this rendition of the story, she also went up on to a roof and threw herself down and was killed. Other versions of the story are found in 4 Maccabees and Josippon. 2nd century BCE Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worship a pig, a golden calf, Josephus collects and denies the rumours. 19 CE Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome, Expulsion is reported by the Roman historical writers Suetonius, Josephus, and Cassius Dio. 37–41 Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria, as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus,50 Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius not to hold meetings, in the words of Cassius Dio. Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius and Acts 18,2, 66–73 Great Jewish Revolt against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God, the events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish–Roman historian Josephus
Timeline of antisemitism
–
Judensau at the Cathedral of St. Peter in
Regensburg
Timeline of antisemitism
–
1349 burning of Jews (from a European chronicle written on the
Black Death between 1349 and 1352)
Timeline of antisemitism
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Simon of Trent blood libel. Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493
Timeline of antisemitism
–
Jews from
Worms, Germany wear the mandatory
yellow badge. A moneybag and garlic in the hands are an antisemitic
stereotype (sixteenth-century drawing).
6.
Antisemitism in the Arab world
–
Traditionally, Jews in the Muslim world were considered to be People of the Book and were given dhimmi status. They were afforded relative security against persecution provided they did not contest the inferior social and legal status imposed on them, while there were antisemitic incidents before the twentieth century, antisemitism increased dramatically as a result of the Arab–Israeli conflict. However, by the mid 1970s the vast majority of Jews had left Arab and Muslim countries, moving primarily to Israel, France, the reasons for the exodus are varied and disputed. The rise of political Islam during the 1980s and afterwards provided a new mutation of Islamic antisemitism, Jews, along with Christians and Zoroastrians, typically had the legal status of dhimmi in the lands conquered by Muslim Arabs, generally applied to non-Muslim minorities. Jews were generally seen as a group, thus being a part of the Arab family. Dhimmis were subjected to a number of restrictions, the application and severity of which varied with time, dhimmis had to pay a special poll tax, which exempted them from military service, and also from payment of the zakat alms tax required of Muslims. In return, dhimmis were granted limited rights, including a degree of tolerance, community autonomy in personal matters, there is evidence for this claim in that the status of Jews in lands with no Christian minority was usually worse than their status in lands with one. For example, there were incidents of massacres and ethnic cleansing of Jews in North Africa, especially in Morocco, Libya. Decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were enacted in the Middle Ages in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, at certain times in Yemen, Morocco and Baghdad, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death. The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economic prosperity at times, but were widely persecuted at other times, was summarised by G. E. But it would not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions. The Damascus affair was an accusation of murder and a blood libel against Jews in Damascus in 1840. On February 5,1840, Franciscan Capuchin friar Father Thomas and his Greek servant were reported missing, the Turkish governor and the French consul Ratti-Menton believed accusations of ritual murder and blood libel, as the alleged murder occurred before the Jewish Passover. An investigation was staged, and Solomon Negrin, a Jewish barber, confessed under torture, two other Jews died under torture, and one converted to Islam to escape torture. More arrests and atrocities followed, culminating in 63 Jewish children being held hostage, International outrage led to Ibrahim Pasha in Egypt ordering an investigation. Negotiations in Alexandria eventually secured the release and recognition of innocence of the nine prisoners still remaining alive. Later in Constantinople, Moses Montefiore persuaded Sultan Abdülmecid I to issue a firman intended to halt the spread of blood libel accusations in the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, pogroms spread through the Middle East and North Africa, Aleppo, Damascus, Beirut, Dayr al-Qamar, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Cairo, Mansura, Alexandria, Port Said, the Dreyfus affair of the late nineteenth century had consequences in the Arab world
Antisemitism in the Arab world
–
Haj Amin al-Husseini meeting with
Adolf Hitler (December 1941)
Antisemitism in the Arab world
–
Clockwise from top left: Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak.
7.
Christianity and antisemitism
–
Christianity and antisemitism deals with the hostility of Christian Churches, Christian groups, and by Christians in general to Judaism and the Jewish people. The action taken by Christians against Jews included acts of violence, scholars have debated how Christian antisemitism played a role in the Nazi Third Reich, World War II and the Holocaust. The Holocaust has driven many within Christianity to reflect on the relationship between Christian theology, practices, and that genocide, although Jewish communities lived and generally flourished in all major cities of the Roman Empire, tension existed between the Roman authorities and the Jews. In Rome and throughout the Roman Empire, religion was a part of the civil government. The Emperor was from time to time declared to be a god and this created difficulties for religious Jews, who were prohibited from worshiping any other god than that of the Hebrew Bible. This led to several Jewish revolts against Rome and retaliation by Rome as punishment, Jews revolted against the Romans in the Great Revolt of 66 CE, which culminated with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. They revolted again under the leadership of the professed messiah Simon Bar Kokhba in 132 CE, once gentiles were converted to Christianity, the question arose whether and how far these gentile Christians were obliged to follow Jewish law in order to follow Jesus. The issue of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still debated, thus the Church Fathers tend to emphasise that the Church is the new spiritual Israel, completing or replacing the earthly Israel which was but its prototype. In modern times, this view would come to be called Supersessionism, comparably, Judaism suffered the setbacks of the Jewish-Roman wars, remembered in the legacy of the Ten Martyrs. Jews were exempt from this requirement as long as they paid the Fiscus Judaicus and this had to be confirmed by the local Jewish authorities, who were likely to refuse to accept the Christians as Jewish, often leading to their execution. The Birkat haMinim was often brought forward as support for this charge that the Jews were responsible for the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, in the 3rd century systematic persecution of Christians began and lasted until Constantines conversion to Christianity. In 390 Theodosius I made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire, while pagan cults and Manichaeism were suppressed, Judaism retained its legal status as a licit religion, though anti-Jewish violence still occurred. In the 5th century, some legal measures worsened the status of the Jews in the Roman Empire, Jesus was considered by Christians to be the Messiah, while for most Jews the death of Jesus would have been sufficient proof that he was not the Jewish Messiah. The fact that Jesus had been a Jew and Christianity emerged from Judaism played a role in the way Christians perceived Jews. Because Jews didnt believe Jesus was the son of God and rejected Christian beliefs such as the Eucharist, if Christianity had come from Judaism and Jesus was a Jew, how and why did the Jews reject such core elements of Christianity. Much was done within the Church to clarify that relationship including the attempt to convince the masses that Christianity had in fact come first and it was because of this belief that many Medieval European rulers protected the Jews, but considered them property of the king. Many New Testament passages criticise the Pharisees and it has argued that these passages have shaped the way that Christians viewed Jews. Like most Bible passages, however, they can and have been interpreted in a variety of ways, mainstream Talmudic Rabbinical Judaism today directly descends from the Pharisees who Jesus often criticized
Christianity and antisemitism
–
A miniature from
Grandes Chroniques de France depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182.
Christianity and antisemitism
–
Luther's 1543 pamphlet
On the Jews and Their Lies
Christianity and antisemitism
–
In Proper Hands. Protestant Christian dominated KKK hinting at violence against Jews and Catholics. Illustration by Rev.
Branford Clarke from
Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928 by Bishop
Alma White published by the
Pillar of Fire Church in
Zarephath, NJ.
8.
Economic antisemitism
–
Economic antisemitism comprises stereotypes and canards based on the economic status, occupation or economic behavior of Jews. It also includes economic behavior, laws and governmental policies targeting the economic status, leon Poliakov writes that economic antisemitism is not a distinct form of antisemitism, but merely a manifestation of theologic antisemitism. In opposition to this argument, Derek Penslar contends that in the modern era, throughout history, the stereotype of Jews as being connected to greed, money-lending and usury has stoked anti-Jewish sentiments and still to a large extent influences the perception of Jews today. Reuveni and Wobick-segev suggest that we are still haunted by the image of the mighty, allegations regarding the relationship of Jews and money have been characterized as underpinning the most damaging and lasting antisemitic canards. Abraham Foxman cites examples of economic antisemitism found around the world, particularly in United Kingdom, Germany, Argentina and he also cites many modern instances of money-related antisemitism that are found on the internet. Gerald Krefetz summarizes the myths as control the banks, the supply, the economy. Krefetz gives, as illustrations, many slurs and proverbs which suggest that Jews are stingy, or greedy, or miserly, or aggressive bargainers. Polling data showed that respondents agreed with that statement as follows, 61% in Hungary, 43% in Austria, 40% in Switzerland, 40% in Belgium, 21% in the United Kingdom, and 13% in the Netherlands. Another poll conducted by the ADL in 2009 found that 31% of Europeans surveyed blamed Jews for the financial crisis that began in 2008. One form of antisemitism in the medieval period were legal restrictions imposed on the occupations and professions of Jews. Catholic doctrine of the time held that money for interest was a sin. Not being subject to restriction, Jews dominated this business. The Torah and later sections of the Hebrew Bible criticize usury, since few other occupations were open to them, Jews were motivated to take up money lending. This was said to show Jews were usurers, and subsequently led to negative stereotypes. Natural tensions between creditors and debtors were added to social, political, religious, and economic strains, peasants who were forced to pay their taxes to Jews could personify them as the people taking their earnings while remaining loyal to the lords on whose behalf the Jews worked. Jews were re-cast into various occupational roles, and as a result became a people that could be coveted, sold. This use” of Jews also had political causes and ramifications in the time period, Krefetz lists middlemen occupations subject to this canard as distributors, shoppers, wholesalers, brokers, financiers, and retailers and writes that they are all notably Jewish occupations. For example, Robert von Mohl characterized European Jews of the 19th century as being concentrated in trade and finance with some representation in the artistic, perceptions of over-representation of Jews in certain occupations have driven antisemitic sentiment in the Soviet Union
Economic antisemitism
–
Karl Marx
Economic antisemitism
–
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Economic antisemitism
–
Dearborn Independent
Economic antisemitism
–
Mein Kampf by
Adolf Hitler
9.
Islam and antisemitism
–
Islam and antisemitism relates to Islamic theological teaching against Jews and Judaism and the treatment of Jews in Muslim countries. With the origin of Islam in the 7th century and its spread in the Arabian peninsula and beyond. Reuven Firestone says, negative assessments and even condemnation of prior religions, scholars have studied and debated Muslim attitudes to, and treatment of, Jews in Islamic thought and societies throughout history. For these scholars, antisemitism in Medieval Islam was local and sporadic rather than general and he argues that Muslims did not attribute cosmic evil to Jews. In Lewis view, it was only in the late 19th century that movements first appeared among Muslims that can be described as antisemitic in the European forms. Frederick M. Schweitzer and Marvin Perry state that there are mostly negative references to Jews in the Quran and Hadith, Jews had the status of dhimmis. They state that much of history Christians treated Jews worse, saying that Jews in Christian lands were subjected to worse polemics, persecutions. According to Walter Laqueur, the interpretations of the Quran are important for understanding Muslim attitudes. Many Quranic verses preach tolerance towards the Jews, others make hostile remarks about them, Muhammad interacted with Jews living in Arabia, he preached to them in hopes of conversion, he fought against and killed many Jews, while he made friends with other Jews. For Martin Kramer, the idea that contemporary antisemitism by Muslims is authentically Islamic touches on some truths, Kramer believes that contemporary antisemitism is due only partially to Israeli policies, about which Muslims may have a deep sense of injustice and loss. But Kramer attributes the primary causes of Muslim antisemitism to modern European ideologies, the Quran makes forty-three specific references to Bani Isrāʾīl. The Arabic term yahud, denoting Jews, and yahudi occur eleven times, according to Khalid Durán, the negative passages use Yahūd, while the positive references speak mainly of the Banī Isrā’īl. Jews are not mentioned at all in dating from the Meccan period. According to Bernard Lewis, the given to Jews is relatively insignificant. The references in the Quran to Jews are interpreted in different ways, according to Bernard Lewis and other scholars, the earliest verses of the Quran were largely sympathetic to Jews. Alongside the 200 odd emigrants from Mecca, who had followed Mohammad, its population consisted of the Faithful of Medina, Arab pagans, three Jewish tribes and some Christians. In paragraph 16 of this document, it states that, Those Jews who follow us are entitled to our aid, paragraph 37 has it that To the Jews their own expenses and to the Muslims theirs. They shall help one another in the event of any attack on the covered by this document
Islam and antisemitism
–
Burning synagogue in
Aleppo in 1947.
Islam and antisemitism
–
The
massacre of the Banu Qurayza. Detail from miniature painting The Prophet, Ali, and the Companions at the Massacre of the Prisoners of the Jewish Tribe of Beni Qurayzah, illustration of a 19th-century text by Muhammad Rafi Bazil.
Islam and antisemitism
–
Al-Husseini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the chairman of the Supreme Islamic Council and
Adolf Hitler, 1941
Islam and antisemitism
–
Al-Husseini inspects Islamic
Waffen SS recruits, 1943
10.
Holocaust denial
–
Holocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of Jews and other groups in the Holocaust during World War II. Holocaust deniers generally do not accept the term denial as a description of their activities. The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are often based on a conclusion that ignores overwhelming historical evidence to the contrary. For this reason, Holocaust denial is considered to be an antisemitic conspiracy theory. Holocaust deniers prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism, scholars consider this misleading, since the methods of Holocaust denial differ from those of legitimate historical revision. Is not concerned with the actuality of these events, rather, in contrast, the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach on the predetermined idea that the Holocaust, as understood by mainstream historiography, did not occur. Koenraad Elst writes, Negationism means the denial of historical crimes against humanity and it is not a reinterpretation of known facts, but the denial of known facts. The term negationism has gained currency as the name of a movement to deny a specific crime against humanity, Negationism is mostly identified with the effort at re-writing history in such a way that the fact of the Holocaust is omitted. While the Second World War was still underway, the Nazis had already formed a plan that in case of defeat they would carry out the total destruction of German records. Heinrich Himmler instructed his camp commandants to destroy records, crematoria, as one of many examples, the bodies of the 25,000 mostly Latvian Jews whom Friedrich Jeckeln and the soldiers under his command had shot at Rumbula in late 1941 were dug up and burned in 1943. Similar operations were undertaken at Belzec, Treblinka and other death camps and we can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary. I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, to the extermination of the Jewish people, for example, at Liberation, the Prefecture of Police destroyed nearly all of the massive archive of Jewish arrest and deportation. Exposure meant the death penalty, and as a result little actually happened before liberation, serious work began after the center moved to Paris in late 1944 and was renamed the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation. It was near the town of Gotha, I have never been able to describe my emotional reactions when I first came face to face with indisputable evidence of Nazi brutality and ruthless disregard of every shred of decency. Up to that time I had known about it only generally or through secondary sources, I am certain however, that I have never at any time experienced an equal sense of shock. Some members of the party were unable to go through with the ordeal. I felt that the evidence should be placed before the American
Holocaust denial
–
April 12, 1945: Generals
Eisenhower,
Omar Bradley and
George S. Patton inspect, at
Ohrdruf forced labor camp, an improvised crematory pyre
Holocaust denial
–
The
KKK: Nazi salute and Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial
–
Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood (pseudonym of
Richard Verrall). The Supreme Court of Canada found in 1992 that the book "misrepresented the work of historians, misquoted witnesses, fabricated evidence, and cited non-existent authorities."
11.
Nation of Islam and antisemitism
–
The Nation of Islam has repeatedly rejected such charges as false and politically motivated. A Catholic magazine, This Rock, has described the Nation of Islam as both antisemitic and anti-Catholic, some articles by scholars of comparative religion have argued that the Nation of Islam is antisemitic and advocates Holocaust denial. The common thread running through all these manifestations is anti-Semitism, that is, a number of prominent secular humanists have written that the NOI is antisemitic. Hating in the Name of God, by Benjamin Radford, over the years, NOI ministers and representatives have regularly expressed anti-Semitic, anti-white, anti-homosexual and anti-Catholic sentiments in their speeches. Furthermore, The Final Call, the NOIs official organ, reflects the anti-Semitism of Farrakhan, for many years certain Nation of Islam ministers have been preaching that the Jews control the American economy and the world economy. Statements to this effect can be found in its newspaper The Final Call and in speeches given in their temples, Farrakhan, Who owns the federal reserve. Farrakhan, The same year set up the IRS, they set up the FBI. And the same year set up the Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith. It could be a coincidence. To see Black intellectuals free. I want to see them not controlled by members of the Jewish community, the Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews is a book published in 1991 by the Nation of Islam. The book alleges that Jews dominated the Atlantic slave trade and its thesis was that Jews played a major role in the Atlantic slave trade. The book has been labeled an antisemitic canard by historians including Saul S. Friedman, for example, We are not giving them power by getting into the debate, they already have power. They control Black intellectuals, they control Black politicians, Black preachers, Farrakhan gave a speech attacking then National Security Advisor Sandy Berger, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, and presidential advisor Rahm Emanuel. Some NOI ministers have called Jews bloodsuckers and you are wicked deceivers of the American people. You are not real Jews, those of you that are not real Jews and you are the synagogue of Satan, and you have wrapped your tentacles around the U. S. government, and you are deceiving and sending this nation to hell. But I warn you in the name of Allah, you would be wise to leave me alone, but if you choose to crucify me, know that Allah will crucify you. One former NOI minister Khalid Abdul Muhammed referred to Jews as bloodsuckers, Im not going to change that. Our lessons talk about the bloodsuckers of the poor in the Supreme Wisdom of the Nation of Islam. and I feel everything Im saying up here is kosher, quotes from Khalid Abdul Muhammad, the spokesperson until 1993, Who are the slumlords in the Black community. Who is it sucking our blood in the Black community, the Nation of Islam has repeatedly denied charges of antisemitism, and NOI leader Louis Farrakhan has stated, The ADL
Nation of Islam and antisemitism
–
Mosque Maryam,
Chicago,
Illinois,
United States
12.
Nazism
–
National Socialism, more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race and it aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of racial purity. The term National Socialism arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, the Nazi Partys precursor, the Pan-German nationalist and anti-Semitic German Workers Party, was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation, following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism. The full name of Adolf Hitlers party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the shorthand Nazi was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word national. The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a peasant, characterizing an awkward. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the name, Nationalsozialistische. The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, the use of Nazi Germany, Nazi regime, and so on was popularised by German exiles abroad. From them, the spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a name for the ideology the party advocated. The majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of far-right politics, far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements. Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms, a major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist Freikorps, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP, the Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag, the Nazis denounced them as an insignificant heap of reactionaries. The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their violence. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, there were factions in the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical
Nazism
–
Foreground, left to right: Führer
Adolf Hitler;
Hermann Göring; Minister of Propaganda
Joseph Goebbels;
Rudolf Hess
Nazism
Nazism
–
Nazis alongside members of the far-right
reactionary and
monarchist German National People's Party (DNVP), during the brief Nazi-DNVP alliance in the
Harzburg Front from 1931 to 1932
Nazism
–
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, considered one of the fathers of German nationalism
13.
New antisemitism
–
One of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a distinction at all. Anti-Zionism is merely the new anti-Semitism, the old classic anti-Semitism declared that equal rights belong to all individuals within the society, except the Jews. The new anti-Semitism says that the right to establish and maintain an independent national sovereign state is the prerogative of all nations, Policy in the Middle East, while Edward S. When asked in 2014 if anti-Zionism is the new anti-Semitism, Noam Chomsky stated, Actually, the locus classicus and he advised the American Jewish community that they had two tasks to perform. One task was to show that criticism of the policy, what he called anti-Zionism — that means actually criticisms of the policy of the state of Israel — were anti-Semitism. Second task, if the criticism was made by Jews, their task was to show that it’s neurotic self-hatred, then he gave two examples of the latter category. So, we have to be treated for our psychiatric disorders, that’s understandable why Israeli propaganda would take this position. I don’t particularly blame Abba Eban for doing what ambassadors are sometimes supposed to do, but we ought to understand that there is no sensible charge. It’s not a form of anti-Semitism, it’s simply criticism of the criminal actions of a state, period. Political antisemitism, Denial of the Jewish peoples right to self-determination, de-legitimization of Israel as a state, ideological antisemitism, Nazifying Israel by comparing Zionism and racism. Theological antisemitism, Convergence of Islamic antisemitism and Christian replacement theology, cultural antisemitism, The emergence of anti-Israel attitudes, sentiments, and discourse in fashionable salon intellectuals. Economic antisemitism, BDS movements and the application of restrictive covenants against countries trading with Israel. Holocaust denial Anti-Jewish racist terrorism International legal discrimination, Differential and discriminatory treatment towards Israel in the international arena, in each instance, the essence of anti-Semitism is the same – an assault upon whatever is the core of Jewish self-definition at any moment in time. Hence, Cotler writes, it is difficult to show that the concept is a valid one, Cotler elaborated on this position in a June 2011 interview for Israeli television. He continued, Its you say, because its a state, it has to be dismantled – then crossed the line into a racist argument. And who brought them their hatred of Israel in particular. It is this new alignment, he argues, that makes new antisemitism unique. The French philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff argues that antisemitism based on racism and nationalism has been replaced by a new form based on anti-racism and anti-nationalism
New antisemitism
–
Mortimer Zuckerman and Bernard Harrison cited the
New Statesman 's January 14, 2002 cover as an example of new antisemitism.
New antisemitism
–
A sign held at a protest in
Edinburgh, Scotland on January 10, 2009
New antisemitism
–
Brian Klug argues that the new prejudice is not antisemitism, new or old; nor a mutation of an existing virus, but "a brand new 'bug'."
New antisemitism
–
Norman Finkelstein writes that anger at what he calls "Israel's brutal occupation has undoubtedly slipped over to an animus against Jews generally," which he describes as "lamentable" but "hardly cause for wonder."
14.
Racial antisemitism
–
Racial antisemitism is antisemitism -- generally considered as prejudice against Jews, however, the adjective semitic refers to all people who speak a semitic language or are of a semitic heritage. The largest semitic group today is in fact Arabs, nonetheless, the term anti-semitism has, historically in Europe and the US and through present day globally been used to indicate racism against Jewish people. The abhorrence may be expressed in the form of stereotypes or caricatures, Racial antisemitism may present Jews, as a group, as being a threat in some way to the values or safety of society. Racial antisemitism could be seen as worse than religious antisemitism because for religious conversion was an option. With racial antisemitism a Jew could not get rid of their Jewishness, according to William Nichols, religious antisemitism may be distinguished from modern antisemitism based on racial or ethnic grounds. The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion, a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon baptism. However, with racial antisemitism, Now the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, from the Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews. In the context of the Industrial Revolution, following the emancipation of the Jews, scientific racism, the ideology that biology played a role in group behavior and characteristics, was highly respected and accepted as fact between the years of 1870 and 1940. It was not only antisemites that believed in science but highly educated Jews, among others. This acceptance of science made it possible for antisemites to clothe their hatred of Jews in scientific theory. When added to its views on the Jewish racial traits which the Nazi pseudoscience devised, led to the Holocaust as a way of eradicating conjured up Jewish traits from the world, a first appearance of racial antisemitism can be found in the Middle Ages alongside religious antisemitism. Racial antisemitism has existed alongside religious antisemitism since the Middle Ages, in Spain even before the Edict of Expulsion of 1492, Spanish Jews who converted to Catholicism, and their descendants, were called New Christians. They were frequently accused of lapsing to their religious practices. To isolate conversos, the Spanish nobility developed an ideology of cleanliness of blood, the conversos were called New Christians to indicate their inferior status in society. That ideology was a form of racism, as in the past there were no grades of Christianity, cleanliness of blood was an issue of ancestry, not of personal religion. The first statute of purity of blood appeared in Toledo in 1449, initially these statutes were condemned by the monarchy and the Church. In Portugal, the distinction between New and Old Christians continued until the issue of a legal decree by the Marquis of Pombal in 1772. Racial antisemitism was preceded, especially in Germany, by arising from Romantic nationalism
Racial antisemitism
–
1873
Austrian caricature based on racial stereotypes.
Racial antisemitism
–
A stylised
T and O map, depicting Asia as the home of the descendents of Shem (Sem). Africa is ascribed to Ham and Europe to Japheth
Racial antisemitism
15.
Religious antisemitism
–
Religious antisemitism is aversion to or discrimination against Jews as a whole based on religious beliefs, false claims against Judaism and religious antisemitic canards. It is sometimes called theological antisemitism, some scholars have argued that modern antisemitism is primarily based on nonreligious factors. John Higham being emblematic of this school of thought, however, this interpretation has been challenged. In 1966 Charles Glock and Rodney Stark first published public option polling data showing that most Americans based their stereotypes of Jews on religion, further opinion polling since in America and Europe has supported this conclusion. Flannery writes that it was the Jews refusal to accept Greek religious, hecataetus of Abdera, a Greek historian of the early third century BCE, wrote that Moses in remembrance of the exile of his people, instituted for them a misanthropic and inhospitable way of life. Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that the Jews were expelled Egyptian lepers who had been taught by Moses not to adore the gods, the same themes appeared in the works of Chaeremon, Lysimachus, Poseidonius, Apollonius Molon, and in Apion and Tacitus. Religious antisemitism is also known as anti-Judaism, as the name implies, it was the practice of Judaism itself that was the defining characteristic of the antisemitic attacks. As a result, Christians for centuries viewed Jews as the Christ Killers, the destruction of the Second Temple was seen as judgment from God to the Jews for that death, and Jews were seen as a people condemned forever to suffer exile and degradation. According to historian Edward H. Flannery, the Gospel of John in particular contains many verses that refer to Jews in a pejorative manner, described by Hyam Maccoby as the most explicit outburst against Jews in Pauls Epistles, these verses have repeatedly been employed for antisemitic purposes. Craig Blomberg argues that viewing them as antisemitic is a mistake, in his view, Paul is not condemning all Jews forever, but merely those he believed had specifically persecuted the prophets, Jesus, or the 1st-century church. Blomberg sees Pauls words here as no different in kind than the words the prophets of the Old Testament have for the Jews. The Codex Sinaiticus contains two books in the New Testament – the Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistle of Barnabas. The latter emphasizes the claim that it was the Jews, not the Romans, who killed Jesus, and is full of antisemitism. A number of early and influential Church works — such as the dialogues of Justin Martyr, the homilies of John Chrysostom, during a discussion on the celebration of Easter during the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, Roman emperor Constantine said. Let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd, prejudice against Jews in the Roman Empire was formalized in 438, when the Code of Theodosius II established Christianity as the only legal religion in the Roman Empire. These restrictions began as early as 305, when, in Elvira, a Spanish town in Andalucia, Christian women were forbidden to marry Jews unless the Jew first converted to Catholicism. Jews were forbidden to extend hospitality to Catholics, Jews could not keep Catholic Christian concubines and were forbidden to bless the fields of Catholics. In 589, in Catholic Iberia, the Third Council of Toledo ordered that children born of marriage between Jews and Catholic be baptized by force, by the Twelfth Council of Toledo a policy of forced conversion of all Jews was initiated
Religious antisemitism
–
18th century Frankfurt Judensau
Religious antisemitism
–
Branford Clarke illustration of the KKK against both Jews and Catholics in
Heroes of the Fiery Cross by Bishop
Alma White 1928 Published by the
Pillar of Fire Church in
Zarephath, NJ
16.
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
–
The 1917 Russian Revolution overthrew a centuries-old regime of official antisemitism in the Russian Empire. The success of the Soviet Union in dealing with this legacy of antisemitism. This culminated in the so-called Doctors plot, in which a group of doctors had allegedly conspired to murder Stalin, there were also numerous antisemitic publications of the era which gained widespread circulation. This stance was retained by the later Bolshevik governments, the October Revolution abolished the laws which regarded the Jews as an outlawed people. Several prominent members of Soviet government institutions and the Communist Party came from Jewish backgrounds, the Council of Peoples Commissars adopted a 1918 decree condemning all antisemitism and calling on the workers and peasants to combat it. At the same time, religious traditions among the Jewish population were suppressed, in August 1919 Jewish properties, including synagogues, were seized and many Jewish communities were dissolved. The anti-religious laws against all expressions of religion and religious education were being taken out on all religious groups, many Rabbis and other religious officials were forced to resign from their posts under the threat of violent persecution. This type of persecution continued on into the 1920s, in March 1919, Vladimir Lenin delivered a speech On Anti-Jewish Pogroms in a gramophone recording. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of antisemitism in Marxist terms, according to Lenin, antisemitism was an attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews. Stalin has been accused of resorting to antisemitism in some of his arguments against Trotsky and those who knew Stalin, such as Khrushchev, suggest that Stalin had long harbored negative sentiments toward Jews that had manifested themselves before the 1917 Revolution. As early as 1907, Stalin wrote a letter differentiating between a Jewish faction and a true Russian faction in Bolshevism, Stalins secretary Boris Bazhanov stated that Stalin made crude antisemitic outbursts even before Lenins death. Its also possible that Stalins attitudes towards Trotsky, a Russian Jew, Stalin adopted antisemitic policies which were reinforced with his anti-Westernism. Antisemitism in the Soviet Union commenced openly as a campaign against the rootless cosmopolitan, in this campaign against the rootless cosmopolitan, many leading Jewish writers and artists were killed. Terms like rootless cosmopolitans, bourgeois cosmopolitans, and individuals devoid of nation or tribe appeared in newspapers, the Soviet press accused the Jews of groveling before the West, helping American imperialism, slavish imitation of bourgeois culture and bourgeois aestheticism. Victimization of Jews in the USSR at the hands of the Nazis was denied, Jewish scholars were removed from the sciences, the Stalinist antisemitic campaign ultimately culminated in the Doctors plot in 1953. According to Patai and Patai, the Doctors plot was clearly aimed at the liquidation of Jewish cultural life. Communist antisemitism under Stalin shared a common characteristic with Nazi and fascist antisemitism in its belief in Jewish world conspiracy, immediately following the Six-Day War in 1967 the antisemitic conditions started causing desire to emigrate to Israel for many Soviet Jews. A Jewish Ukrainian radio engineer, Boris Kochubievsky sought to move to Israel, in a letter to Brezhnev, Kochubeivsky stated, Within the week he was called in to the KGB bureau and without questioning, was taken to a mental institution in his hometown of Kiev
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
–
After
Stalin's death, Soviet premier
Nikita Khrushchev criticized Stalin and initiated
De-Stalinization. But he did not view Stalin's anti-Jewish policies as "monstrous acts" or "rude violations of the basic Leninist principles of the nationality policy of the Soviet state."
17.
Stalin and antisemitism
–
Communist leader Joseph Stalin publicly denounced antisemitism. At the same time, instances of antisemitism on Stalins part have been witnessed by contemporaries, although active in the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, he did not attend a party congress until 1905. Although Jews were active among both the Social Democratic Bolshevik and the Menshevik factions, Jews were more prominent among the Mensheviks, statistics showed that the majority of the Menshevik faction consists of Jews—and this of course without counting the Bundists—after which came Georgians and then Russians. On the other hand, the majority of the Bolshevik faction consists of Russians, after which come Jews—not counting of course the Poles and Letts—and then Georgians. The quotefurther continues, Lenin is outraged that God sent him such comrades as the Mensheviks, what kind of people are they, really. Martov, Dan, Axelrod — circumcised Jews, do Georgian workers really not know that the Jewish people are cowardly and no good for fighting. The Council of Peoples Commissars adopted a 1918 decree condemning all antisemitism and calling on the workers, Lenin continued to speak out against antisemitism. As Peoples Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin was the member responsible for minority affairs. In 1922, Stalin was elected the first-ever General Secretary of the party—a post not yet regarded as the highest in the Soviet government, Lenin began to criticize Stalin shortly thereafter. In his December 1922 letters, the ailing Lenin criticized Stalin, at first collaborating with Jewish and half-Jewish Politburo members Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev against Jewish arch-rival Leon Trotsky, Stalin succeeded in marginalizing Trotsky. By 1929, Stalin had also effectively marginalized Zinoviev and Kamenev as well, the intransigent Trotsky was forced into exile. Nevertheless, following Lenins death in early 1924, another large campaign against antisemitism was again conducted in 1927–1930. Anti-semitism, as a form of racial chauvinism, is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism. Anti-semitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at capitalism. Anti-semitism is dangerous for the people as being a false path that leads them off the right road. Hence Communists, as consistent internationalists, cannot but be irreconcilable, anti-semitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system. Under U. S. S. R. law active anti-semites are liable to the death penalty, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the center in Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East was to become a Soviet Zion. Yiddish, rather than reactionary Hebrew, would be the national language, despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign, the Jewish population there never reached 30%
Stalin and antisemitism
–
Joseph Stalin with
Lazar Kaganovich.
18.
Geography of antisemitism
–
This is a list of countries where antisemitic sentiment has been experienced. This list is organized by country, almost all Jews in Algeria left upon independence in 1962. Algerias 140,000 Jews had French citizenship since 1870, and they went to. Since 2000, there has been a large, consistent flow of Jews of Algerian origin leaving France for Israel, professor Peter Schafer of the Freie University of Berlin has argued that antisemitism was first spread by the Greek retelling of ancient Egyptian prejudices. In view of the writings of the Egyptian priest Manetho. Josephus argues that Manethos claims are inconsistent, in 629 the Roman emperor Heraclius I. had driven the Jews from Jerusalem. The mad caliph Al-Ḥakim vigorously applied the Pact of Omar, and compelled the Jews to wear bells, a street in the city, Al-Jaudariyyah, was inhabited by Jews. Al-Ḥakim, hearing that they were accustomed to him in verses, had the whole quarter burned down. Al-Maqrizi relates that the first great Mameluke, Sultan Baibars (Al-Malik al-Thahir, in 1324 the Jews were accused of arson at Fostat and Cairo, they had to exculpate themselves by a payment of 50,000 gold pieces. The lastnamed is referred to by Obadiah of Bertinoro, the Jews of Cairo were compelled to pay 75,000 gold pieces. In 1948, approximately 75,000 Jews lived in Egypt, about 100 remain today, mostly in Cairo. In 1948, Jewish neighborhoods in Cairo suffered bomb attacks killed at least 70 Jews. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and had their property confiscated, after the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt expelled over 25,000 Jews, confiscated their property, and about 3,000 were imprisoned. About 1,000 more were imprisoned or detained, in 1967, Jews were detained and tortured, and Jewish homes were confiscated as emigration continued. Egypt was once home of one of the most dynamic Jewish communities in their diaspora, caliphs in the ninth-eleventh centuries CE exercised various repressive policies, culminating in the destruction and mass murder of the Jewish quarter in Cairo in 1012. Conditions varied between then and the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, when they deteriorated again, there were at least six blood libel persecutions in cities between 1870 and 1892. Also recently published in Egypt, has been Henry Fords antisemitic treatise, The International Jew, the area now known as Libya was the home of one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, dating back to at least 300 BCE. The Shoah, In the late 1930s, the pro-Nazi Fascist Italian regime began passing antisemitic laws, as a result of these laws, Jews were fired from government jobs, some were dismissed from government schools, and their citizenship papers were stamped with the words Jewish race
Geography of antisemitism
–
The imagery revived on the cover of the 2001 Egyptian edition of
The International Jew by
Henry Ford.
Geography of antisemitism
–
A German cartoon circa 1938 depicts
Churchill as a Jewish octopus
encircling the globe. [2]
Geography of antisemitism
–
The
KKK: Nazi salute and
Holocaust denial
19.
Antisemitic canard
–
An antisemitic canard is an unfounded rumor or a false allegation which is defamatory towards Judaism as a religion, or defamatory towards Jews as an ethnic or religious group. Antisemitic canards often form part of broader theories of Jewish conspiracies, according to defense attorney Kenneth Stern, Historically, Jews have not fared well around conspiracy theories. The blame for the death of Jesus has often been cast toward the Jews, the Gospel accounts of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John all contain the betrayal of Jesus by his disciple, Judas Iscariot, into the hands of the ruling religious Jews. According to the New Testament accounts, the Jewish authorities in Judea charged Jesus with blasphemy, however, the Jewish authorities in this case seem to have lacked the authority to have Jesus put to death, according to John 18,31. They brought Jesus to Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor of Iudaea Province, Pilate is portrayed in the Gospel accounts as a reluctant accomplice to Jesus death. All four Gospels indicate that there may have been hesitation on the part of both Jewish and Roman authorities to act immediately or needlessly in the face of popular opposition. The four Gospel accounts also all portray the Roman Governor Pilate as partly responsible for Jesus execution, and never claim he is without guilt. According to the Epistle to the Romans, Jesus death was necessary to save humanity, Paul the Apostle, in 1 Thessalonians, noted that the same Jews who had Jesus crucified continued in their persecution of the church. This passage was used to assign guilt for Christs death specifically to Jewish people everywhere. As a part of Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI issued the document Nostra aetate, the accusations were often supported only by the testimony of the accuser. Jeremy Cohen states that the first host desecration accusation occurred in 1290 in Paris and continues, Edward I of England expelled the Jews from his kingdom in 1290, and they would not reappear in Britain until the late 1650s. In the following centuries, similar accusations circulated throughout Europe, usually accompanied by massacres, the accusation of host desecration gradually ceased after the Reformation when first Martin Luther in 1523 and then Sigismund August of Poland in 1558 were among those who repudiated the accusation. However, sporadic instances of host desecration libel occurred even in the 18th and 19th century, in 1761 in Nancy, several Jews from Alsace were executed on a charge of host desecration. The last recorded accusation was brought up in Bislad, Romania, the blood libel accusation, another famous anti-Semitic canard, is also a twelfth-century creation. The first recorded ritual murder accusation against Jews was that of William of Norwich, the descriptions of torture and human sacrifice in the antisemitic blood libels run contrary to many of the teachings of Judaism. The use of blood in cooking is prohibited by Kashrut and blood, the Tanakh and Jewish teaching portray human sacrifice as one of the evils that separated the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews. Jews were prohibited from engaging in rituals and were punished for doing so. Ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited even being in the room as a human corpse
Antisemitic canard
–
16th-century painting showing alleged
host desecration by Jews in
Passau, Germany
Antisemitic canard
–
Jews were accused of the
ritual murder of
William of Norwich in 1144
Antisemitic canard
–
17th century Judensau engraving, based on a 15th-century painting.
Antisemitic canard
–
A
Nazi German cartoon circa 1938 depicts
Churchill as a Jewish octopus
encircling the globe.
20.
Blood libel
–
Blood libel is an accusation that Jews kidnapped and murdered the children of Christians in order to use their blood as part of their religious rituals during Jewish holidays. Historically, these claims – alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration – have been a theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe. In some cases, the victim of human sacrifice has become venerated as a martyr. Three of these – William of Norwich, Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and Simon of Trent – became objects of local sects and veneration, one, Gavriil Belostoksky, was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. In Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century. According to Walter Laqueur, Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel resulted in the arrest and killing of Jews throughout history. In almost every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture, the term blood libel can also refer to any unpleasant and damaging false accusation, and has taken on a broader metaphorical meaning. However, this remains controversial and has been protested by Jewish groups. The supposed torture and human sacrifice alleged in the blood libels run contrary to the teachings of Judaism, according to the Bible, God commanded Abraham in the Binding of Isaac to sacrifice his son, but ultimately provided a ram as a substitute. The Ten Commandments in the Torah forbid murder, in addition, the use of blood in cooking is prohibited by the kosher dietary laws. Blood from slaughtered animals may not be consumed, and must be drained out of the animal, according to the Book of Leviticus, blood from sacrificed animals may only be placed on the altar of the Great Temple in Jerusalem. Furthermore, consumption of human flesh would violate kashrut, while animal sacrifice was part of the practice of ancient Judaism, the Tanakh and Jewish teachings portray human sacrifice as one of the evils that separated the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews. Jews were prohibited from engaging in rituals and were punished for doing so. In fact, ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited them from even being in the room as a human corpse. The earliest versions of the accusation involved Jews crucifying Christian children at Easter/Passover because of a prophecy, there is no reference to the use of blood in unleavened matzo bread, which evolves later as a major motivation for the crime. The Graeco-Egyptian author Apion claimed that Jews sacrificed Greek victims in their temple and this accusation is known from Josephus rebuttal of it in Against Apion. Apion states that when Antiochus Epiphanes entered the temple in Jerusalem, every year, Apion claimed, the Jews would sacrifice a Greek and consume his flesh, at the same time swearing eternal hatred to Greeks. Apions claim probably repeats ideas already in circulation as similar claims are made by Posidonius and Apollonius Molon in the 1st century BC, another example concerns the murder of a Christian boy by a group of Jewish youths
Blood libel
–
The crucifixion of William of Norwich depicted on a
rood screen in Holy Trinity church,
Loddon, Norfolk
Blood libel
–
Painting of Werner of Oberwesel as a martyr
Blood libel
–
From an 18th-century etching from Brückenturm. Above: The murdered body of Simon of Trent. Below: The "
Judensau."
Blood libel
–
Fresco in St Paul's Church in
Sandomierz, Poland, depicting blood libel
21.
Jewish deicide
–
Jewish deicide is a historic belief among some in Christianity that Jewish people as a whole were responsible for the death of Jesus. At the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI repudiated belief in collective Jewish guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus. It declared that the accusation could not be made against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, I am innocent of this mans blood, he said. All the people answered, His blood is on us and on our children, the verse that reads, All the people answered, His blood is on us and on our children. Is also referred to as the curse, and has caused more Jewish suffering throughout history than any other passage in the New Testament. According to Jeremy Cohen, ven before the Gospels appeared, the apostle Paul portrayed the Jews as Christs killers and that condemnation, however, was soon to come. He was the first writer in the Lukan-Pauline tradition to raise unambiguously the calumny of deicide against Jews and this text blames the Jews for allowing King Herod and Caiaphas to execute Jesus, despite their calling as Gods people. It says you did not know, O Israel, that one was the firstborn of God. The author does not attribute blame to Pontius Pilate. At a time when Christians were widely persecuted, Melitos speech is believed to have been an appeal, not to punish Jews, st John Chrysostom made the charge of deicide the cornerstone of his theology. He was the first to use the term deicide and the first Christian preacher to apply the word deicide to the Jewish nation and he held that for this putative deicide, there was no expiation, pardon or indulgence possible. The first occurrence of the Latin word deicida occurs in a Latin sermon by Peter Chrysologus, in the Latin version he wrote, Iudaeos. Fecit esse deicidas, i. e. made the Jews deicides, many scholars read the story of the passion as an attempt to take the blame off Pilate and place it on the Jews, one which might have been at the time politically motivated. It is thought possible that Pilate ordered the crucifixion to avoid a riot, david Klinghoffer argues that to attribute blame to Jewish leaders for the death of Jesus is not ipso facto anti-Semitic, since Jewish writings conserve traditions compatible with this view. The Jesus Seminars Scholars Version translation note for John 18,31 adds, its illegal for us, The accuracy of this claim is doubtful. It is noted, for example, that Jewish authorities were responsible for the stoning of Saint Stephen in Acts 7,54, josephus however, notes that the execution of James happened while the newly appointed governor Albinus was but upon the road to assume his office. Also the Acts refers that the stoning happened in a lynch-like manner, and all the people answered and said, His blood on us, and on our children. This passage has no counterpart in the other Gospels and some see it as probably related to the destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70 A. D
Jewish deicide
–
Pilate Washes His Hands by
James Tissot -
Brooklyn Museum
22.
Dreyfus affair
–
The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The affair is often seen as a modern and universal symbol of injustice, the major role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the lasting social conflict. The scandal began in December 1894, with the conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. After high-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, a military court unanimously acquitted Esterházy after a trial lasting two days. The Army then accused Dreyfus with additional charges based on falsified documents, activists put pressure on the government to reopen the case. In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial, the new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was given a pardon and set free. Eventually all the accusations against Dreyfus were demonstrated to be baseless, in 1906 Dreyfus was exonerated and reinstated as a major in the French Army. He served during the whole of World War I, ending his service with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, the affair from 1894 to 1906 divided France deeply and lastingly into two opposing camps, the pro-Army, mostly Catholic anti-Dreyfusards and the anticlerical, pro-republican Dreyfusards. It embittered French politics and encouraged radicalization, the museum created an online platform in 2006 dedicated to the Dreyfus Affair, giving the public access to these documents. After a closed trial, he was guilty of treason. He was deported to Devils Island, at that time, the opinion of the French political class was unanimously unfavourable towards Dreyfus. Certain of the injustice of the sentence, the family of the Captain, through his brother Mathieu, meanwhile Colonel Georges Picquart, head of counter-espionage, found evidence in March 1896 indicating that the real traitor was Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterházy. The General Staff, however, refused to reconsider its judgment, in July 1897 his family contacted the President of the Senate Auguste Scheurer-Kestner to draw attention to the tenuousness of the evidence against Dreyfus. Scheurer-Kestner reported three months later that he was convinced of the innocence of Dreyfus and also persuaded Georges Clemenceau, in the same month, Mathieu Dreyfus complained to the Ministry of War against Walsin-Esterházy. A Dreyfusard declaration that rallied many intellectuals to Dreyfus cause, France became increasingly divided over the case, and the issue continued to be hotly debated until the end of the century. Antisemitic riots erupted in more than twenty French cities, There were several deaths in Algiers. The Republic was shaken, which prompted a sense that the Dreyfus Affair had to be resolved to restore calm, despite increasingly robust evidence to the contrary, Dreyfus was convicted again and sentenced to ten years of hard labour, though the sentence was commuted due to extenuating circumstances. Exhausted by his deportation for four years, Dreyfus accepted the presidential pardon granted by President Émile Loubet
Dreyfus affair
–
Alfred Dreyfus
Dreyfus affair
–
Board game of the Dreyfus Affair.
Dreyfus affair
–
General Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre architect of the military alliance with Russia
Dreyfus affair
–
Photograph of the bordereau dated 13 October 1894. The original disappeared in 1940
23.
Host desecration
–
In Catholicism, where the host is held to have been transubstantiated into the body of Jesus Christ, host desecration is among the gravest of sins. Intentional host desecration is not only a sin but also incurs the penalty of excommunication latae sententiae. Throughout history, a number of groups have been accused of desecrating the Eucharist, accusations against Jews were a common pretext for massacres and expulsions throughout the Middle Ages in Europe. Similar accusations were made in witchcraft trials, witch-hunters guides such as the Malleus Maleficarum refer to hosts as being objects of desecration by witches and it is part of many descriptions of the Black Mass, both in ostensibly historical works and in fiction. During the Middle Ages, Roman Catholic theology offered the concept of transubstantiation to explain this change of substance which was believed to be actual and not merely symbolic. The concept, defined as a dogma at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, holds that the substances of the offerings are literally transformed, while the appearance of bread, many Christians believe Jesus to be true God and true man. In the Catholic Church, therefore, his body, blood, soul and they are at the same time body and blood, bread and wine. in this sacrament the Lutheran Christian receives the very body and blood of Christ precisely for the strengthening of the union of faith. The Methodist Church similarly holds that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist through the elements of bread and wine, Host desecration has been associated with groups identified as inimical to Christianity. It is a belief that desecration of the host is part of Satanic practice. LaVeyan Satanists do not typically perform Black Mass as a regular ritual, communion in the hand is now widespread in many parts of the world. The practice means that access to consecrated Hosts is easier than in the past, however, recent statements and practices of Pope Benedict XVI have caused a recent shift in Catholic practice of receiving on the tongue while kneeling, which is also an ancient practice. Accusations of host desecration leveled against Jews were a pretext for massacres. The libel of Jewish deicide, that the Jewish people were responsible for the killing of Jesus and it was spuriously claimed that Jews stole hosts, and further spuriously claimed that they abused these hosts to re-enact the crucifixion of Jesus by stabbing or burning them. It has been asserted by modern scholars, such as the Catholic priest Gavin Langmuir, Catholics were being told, in the transubstantiation doctrine, that they, by consuming the host, were eating human flesh and drinking human blood. Jews in the Middle Ages were frequently victims of similar accusations, considered more serious desecration of other revered items, such as relics or images of Jesus and the saints. The accusations were supported only by the testimony of the accuser. Despite this, some alleged perpetrators were tried and found guilty, the penalties for Jews accused of defiling hosts were severe. According to William Nichol in Christian Antisemitism, over 100 instances of the charge have been recorded, as mentioned above, the first recorded accusation was made in 1247 at Beelitz, south of Potsdam
Host desecration
–
Painting (16th century) showing the alleged desecration of hosts by
Jews in
Passau in 1477 (detail), Oberhausmuseum (de) (Passau).
Host desecration
Host desecration
–
The second panel of
Paolo Uccello 's Miracle of the Profaned Host (c.1467-1469) from the Urbino Confraternity of Corpus Domini predella. Based on the Paris 1290 legend, a Jewish moneylender is cooking the host, which emanates blood. The Jew's wife, her unborn child, and her children look on in terror as the blood pours into the street in rivers while soldiers break through the door. The painting is structured around the Golden Section.
Host desecration
–
Cover of the May 2009 edition of Al-Islam with the page containing the photograph of the desecrated Host superimposed over it.
24.
Jewish Bolshevism
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Jewish Bolshevism, also known as Judeo-Bolshevism, is an antisemitic canard which alleges that the Jews were at the origin of the Russian Revolution and held the primary power among Bolsheviks. Similarly, the Jewish Communism theory implies that Jews have been dominating the Communist movements in the world and it is similar to the ZOG conspiracy theory, which asserts that Jews control world politics. The expressions have been used as a catchword for the assertion that Communism is a Jewish conspiracy and it has often coincided with overtly aggressive nationalistic tendencies in the 20th century and 21st century. In Poland, Judeo-Bolshevism was known as Żydokomuna and was used as an antisemitic stereotype, the theory was propagated by the Nazi Party and their American sympathizers. The conflation of Jews and revolution emerged in the atmosphere of destruction of Russia during World War I, the expression made an issue out of the Jewishness of some leading Bolsheviks during and after the October Revolution. Daniel Pipes says that primarily through the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, james Webb wrote that it is rare to find an antisemitic source after 1917 that. does not stand in debt to the White Russian analysis of the Revolution. Antisemitism in the Russian Empire was both on level and institutionalized. The Jews were restricted to live within the Pale of Settlement, in the period from 1881 to 1920, more than two million Jews left Russia. As a result, Jews in relatively large numbers joined various ideological currents favoring gradual or revolutionary changes within the Russian Empire, according to the 1922 Bolshevik party census, there were 19,564 Jewish Bolsheviks, comprising 5. According to Aaronovitch, an examination of membership of the top committees shows this figure to be an absurd exaggeration. Of particular role was their Aufbau organization (Aufbau, Wirtschafts-politische Vereinigung für den Osten, for example, its leader was instrumental in making the Protocols of The Elders of Zion available in German language. Therefore, his conclusion is that White emigrees were at the source of the Nazist concept of Jewish Bolshevism, annemarie Sammartino argues that this view is contestable. While there is no doubt that White emigres were instrumental in reinforcing the idea of Jewish Boslhevism among Nazis, also, Germany had its own share of Jewish Communists to provide fodder for the paranoid fantasies of German antisemites without Russian Bolsheviks. During the 1920s, Hitler declared that the mission of the Nazi movement was to destroy Jewish Bolshevism, Hitler asserted that the three vices of Jewish Marxism were democracy, pacifism and internationalism, and that the Jews were behind Bolshevism, communism and Marxism. In Nazi Germany, this concept of Jewish Bolshevism reflected a common perception that Communism was a Jewish-inspired and Jewish-led movement seeking world domination from its origin. The term was popularized in print in German journalist Dietrich Eckharts 1924 pamphlet Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin which depicted Moses and Lenin as both being Communists and Jews. A major source for propaganda about Jewish Bolshevism in the 1930s and early 1940s was the pro-Nazi, within the German Army, a tendency to see Soviet Communism as a Jewish conspiracy had grown since the First World War, something that became officialised under the Nazis. This material was not used at the time, but served as a basis for propaganda in the 1940s, members of the SS were encouraged to fight against the Jewish Bolshevik sub-humans
Jewish Bolshevism
–
White movement propaganda poster from the Russian Civil War era (1919), depicting a caricature of Leon Trotsky as a red devil and Chinese soldiers below, wearing braids and blue and gold uniforms.
Jewish Bolshevism
–
Anti-Soviet Nazi propaganda poster in the Polish language, the text reads "Death! Jewish-Bolshevik plague murder".
25.
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
–
The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy is a conspiracy theory involving an alleged secret coalition of Jews and Masons. These theories were popular on the right, particularly in France, Spain, Russia. The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory merges two older strains of conspiracy claims, Anti-Masonic conspiracy claims and Anti-Semitic conspiracy claims. It was heavily influenced by publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Protocols claim that the Jews had infiltrated Freemasonry and were using the fraternity to further their aims. Adherents of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy took the claim made by the Protocols to extremes and claimed that the leaders of Freemasonry and the leaders of the Jewish plot were one and the same. According to Keren, in his treatise, Barruel did not himself blame the Jews and this myth of an international Jewish conspiracy reappeared later on in 19th century Europe in places such as Germany and Poland. Yet they did share certain beliefs and ideals, french Masonry of the time was exclusive, denying initiation to Jews, along with many other classes of people. The founder of a British pro-Nazi association, The Link, retired Admiral Sir Barry Domvile, Domvile claimed that the activities of Judmas are confined to a small section of both Jews and Masons, the large majority have no idea of the work undertaken behind the façade of Judmas. Domvile said that he first started thinking about a Jewish-Masonic theory as a result of Hitler, Domvile referred both to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and to The Secret Powers Behind Revolution by Vicomte Léon de Poncins. Domvile was aware that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion had been denounced as a forgery and these viewpoints are also voiced by several antisemitic writers, notably by Igor Shafarevich, Oleg Platonov, Vadim Kozhinov]and the late Grigory Klimov. An opinion poll conducted in Moscow ca.1990 has shown that 18% of Moscow residents believed that there is Zionist conspiracy against Russia, andinia Plan Anti-Masonry Antisemitic canard Antisemitism Masonic conspiracy theories New World Order Synarchism Teluskin, Joseph. The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Admiral Sir Barry Domvile KBE, CB, CMG, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, Boswell Publishing, London,1947. Richard Giffiths, Patriotism Perverted, Captain Ramsay and the Far Right Club and British Anti-Semitism 1939–40, London,1998, ISBN 0-09-467920-7, online at Google Books The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
–
German poster from 1935 saying, "World politics – World revolution. Freemasonry is an international organisation beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution."
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
–
Catholic France driven by Jews and Freemasons, drawing by Achille Lemot in
Le Pèlerin, 1902.
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
–
"The
Aryan breaks the chains of the Jew and the Freemason that held him captive", drawing of 1897 in a book by Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, France
26.
Kosher tax (antisemitic canard)
–
This claim is generally considered a conspiracy theory, antisemitic canard, or urban legend and is mainly spread by antisemitic, white supremacist, and other extremist organizations. The kosher tax conspiracy theory states that the certification of products is an extra tax collected from unwitting consumers for the benefit of Jewish organizations. It is mainly spread by Antisemitic, white supremacist, and other extremist organizations, similar claims are made that this Kosher tax is extorted from food companies wishing to avoid a boycott, and used to support Zionist causes or the state of Israel. University of Pittsburgh professor of sociology Kathleen M. Blee reported that some racist groups encourage consumers to avoid this Jewish tax by boycotting kosher products. The 2000 Annual Audit of Antisemitic Incidents by the Bnai Brith Canada reported citizens being encouraged to request a refund from the government on their income taxes. In it Jane Stewart, then Minister of National Revenue stated, The intent and message in this literature is deeply offensive to the Jewish community and, indeed, to all Canadians. The so-called deduction described in these flyers does not exist and I urge all taxpayers to ignore this misleading advice. ”Although companies may apply for certification, the cost of the certification is typically minuscule. In 1975 the cost per item for obtaining kosher certification was estimated by The New York Times as being 6.5 millionths of a cent per item for a General Foods frozen-food item. According to the Orthodox Union, one of the largest kashrut organization in the United States, when positioned next to a competing non-kosher brand, according to Berel Wein, The cost of kashrut certification is always viewed as an advertising expense and not as a manufacturing expense. Avi Shafran adds that f the kosher item in fact proves more expensive, the fees charged for kosher certification are used to support the operation of the certifying bodies themselves, and not Zionist causes or Israel
Kosher tax (antisemitic canard)
–
Kosher certification symbol. Kosher certification is a voluntary process, the cost of which is more than offset by the increased revenues generated.
27.
Rootless cosmopolitan
–
Rootless cosmopolitan was a pejorative label used during the anti-Semitic campaign in the Soviet Union after World War II. Cosmopolitans were intellectuals who were accused of expressing feelings and lack of patriotism. The term rootless cosmopolitan referred to Jewish intellectuals and it was popularized during the campaign in a Pravda article condemning a group of theatrical critics. In 1943 a new campaign of Russian patriotism began, with many well-known writers, composers and artists writing articles about patriotism in literature. At the same time the worship of foreign culture was denounced, Stalin, in a meeting with Soviet intelligentsia in 1946, voiced his concerns about recent developments in Soviet culture, which later would materialize in the battle against cosmopolitanism. Frequently in the pages of Soviet literary journals works are found where Soviet people, builders of communism are shown in pathetic, in the theater it seems that Soviet plays are pushed aside by plays from foreign bourgeois authors. The same thing is starting to happen in Soviet films and they along with other scientists were denounced for contacts with their Western colleagues and support for bourgeois science. In 1947 many literary critics were accused of kneeling before the West and it consists of followers of bourgeois aestheticism. They penetrate our press and operate most freely in the pages of the magazine, Teatr, and these critics have lost their sense of responsibility to the people. They represent a rootless cosmopolitanism which is deeply repulsive and inimical to Soviet man and they obstruct the development of Soviet literature, the feeling of national Soviet pride is alien to them. According to journalist Masha Gessen, a definition of rootless cosmopolitan appeared in an issue of Voprosy istorii in 1949. The campaign included a crusade in the mass media to expose literary pseudonyms. However, Stalin is said to have spoken against this and the practice of revealing pseudonyms stopped and those condemned for cosmopolitanism were given warnings, lost their bureaucratic posts, and/or were dismissed from professional organizations like the writers union. A more severe punishment was being fired from work or being expelled from the communist party, the whole anti-cosmopolitan campaign started dwindling down in April 1949. Preference was given to patriotism in everything, for example, even French buns were renamed to urban, the general population was not interested in the struggles among the intelligentsia. The authors who felt victorious after the campaign against the cosmopolitan critics soon found themselves heavily criticized once again, 66–80 http, //www. tandfonline. com/toc/cerh20/17/3 Cosmopolitanism, The End of Jewishness. Michael L. Miller and Scott Ury in European Review of History,17,3,2010, michael L. Miller and Scott Ury, eds. Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and the Jews of East Central Europe
Rootless cosmopolitan
–
Antisemitic caricature of Rootless cosmopolitan. 1949 "Krokodil" magazine cover.
28.
Stab-in-the-back myth
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Advocates denounced the German government leaders who signed the Armistice on November 11,1918, as the November Criminals. Scholars inside and outside Germany unanimously reject the notion, pointing out the German army was out of reserves and was being overwhelmed in late 1918. To many Germans, the stab in the back was evocative of Richard Wagners 1876 opera Götterdämmerung. In the later part of the war, Germany was essentially a military dictatorship, with the Supreme High Command, after the last German offensive on the Western Front failed in 1918, the war effort was doomed. In response, by autumn, OHL arranged for a change to a civilian government. General Erich Ludendorff, Germanys Chief of Staff, said, I have asked His Excellency to now bring those circles to power which we have to thank for coming so far and we will therefore now bring those gentlemen into the ministries. They can now make the peace which has to be made and they can eat the broth which they have prepared for us. On November 11,1918, the representatives of the newly formed Weimar Republic signed an armistice with the Allies which would end World War I, the subsequent Treaty of Versailles led to further territorial and financial losses. Malcolm asked Ludendorff why it was that he thought Germany lost the war, Ludendorff replied with his list of excuses, including that the home front failed the army. Malcolm asked him, Do you mean, General, that you were stabbed in the back, Ludendorffs eyes lit up and he leapt upon the phrase like a dog on a bone. Yes, thats it, exactly, we were stabbed in the back, and thus was born a legend which has never entirely perished. The phrase was to Ludendorffs liking, and he let it be known among the staff that this was the official version. This was picked up by right-wing political factions and used as a form of attack against the SPD-led early Weimar government, the reviews in the German press that grossly misrepresented general Frederick Barton Maurices book, The Last Four Months, also contributed to the creation of this myth. Ludendorff made use of the reviews to convince Hindenburg, as such, the book offered one of the earliest published versions of the stab-in-the-back legend. In November 1919, the newly elected Weimar National Assembly initiated a Untersuchungsausschuß für Schuldfragen to investigate the causes of the World War, maurice later disavowed having used the term himself. It was particularly this testimony of Hindenburg that led to the widespread Dolchstoßlegende in post-World War I Germany, German scholar Boris Barth, in contrast to Steigmann-Gall, implies that Doehring did not actually use the term, but spoke only of betrayal. We would have to be ashamed of ourselves in front of our children and grandchildren if we attacked the front from the rear. Charges of a Jewish conspiratorial element in Germanys defeat drew heavily upon figures like Kurt Eisner and he had written about the illegal nature of the war from 1916 onward, and he also had a large hand in the Munich revolution until he was assassinated in February 1919
Stab-in-the-back myth
–
An illustration from a 1919 Austrian postcard showing a
caricatured Jew stabbing the
German Army in the back with a dagger. The capitulation was blamed upon the unpatriotic populace, the
Socialists,
Bolsheviks, the
Weimar Republic, and especially the Jews.
Stab-in-the-back myth
–
A 1924
right-wing German political cartoon showing
Philipp Scheidemann, the
German Social Democratic politician who proclaimed the
Weimar Republic and was its second Chancellor, and
Matthias Erzberger, an anti-war politician from the
Centre Party, who ended WWI by signing the
armistice with the
Allies, as stabbing the
German Army in the back
Stab-in-the-back myth
–
Reichspräsident
Friedrich Ebert: (1923), as Provisional President of the Weimar Republic in 1919, he contributed to the myth, in telling home-coming veterans that "no enemy has vanquished you".
Stab-in-the-back myth
–
Warrior to War:
Siegfried departs from Kriemhild. (
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, c. 1843). In the
epic poem Nibelungenlied (Song of the Nibelungs), Siegfried is infamously stabbed in the back by
Hagen.
29.
On the Jews and Their Lies
–
On the Jews and Their Lies is a 65, 000-word antisemitic treatise written in 1543 by the German Reformation leader Martin Luther. Luthers attitude toward the Jews took different forms during his lifetime, in his earlier period, until 1537 or not much earlier, he wanted to convert Jews to Christianity, but failed. In his later period when he wrote this treatise, he denounced them. In the treatise, he argues that Jewish synagogues and schools be set on fire, their books destroyed, rabbis forbidden to preach, homes burned. They should be no mercy or kindness, afforded no legal protection. He also seems to advocate their murder, writing e are at fault in not slaying them. In the treatise, Luther describes Jews as a base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth. Luther wrote that they are full of the devils feces. which they wallow in like swine, and the synagogue is an incorrigible whore and an evil slut. In the first ten sections of the treatise, Luther expounds, at length, upon his views concerning Jews and Judaism and how these compare to Christians. Following the exposition, Section XI of the treatise advises Christians to carry out seven remedial actions and he expressed concern for the poor conditions in which they were forced to live, and insisted that anyone denying that Jesus was born a Jew was committing heresy. He wrote, Absurd theologians defend hatred for the Jews, what Jew would consent to enter our ranks when he sees the cruelty and enmity we wreak on them—that in our behavior towards them we less resemble Christians than beasts. In his commentary on the Magnificat, Luther is critical of the emphasis Judaism places on the Torah and he states that they undertook to keep the law by their own strength, and failed to learn from it their needy and cursed state. Yet, he concludes that Gods grace will continue for Jews as Abrahams descendants for all time, not to treat the Jews in so unkindly a spirit, for there are future Christians among them. In his 1523 essay That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew, Luther condemned the treatment of the Jews. Luthers fervent desire was that Jews would hear the Gospel proclaimed clearly, thus he argued, In August 1536, Luthers prince, Elector of Saxony John Frederick, issued a mandate that prohibited Jews from inhabiting, engaging in business in, or passing through his realm. An Alsatian shtadlan, Rabbi Josel of Rosheim, asked a reformer, Wolfgang Capito, to approach Luther in order to obtain an audience with the prince, in response to Josel, Luther referred to his unsuccessful attempts to convert the Jews. I would willingly do my best for people but I will not contribute to your obstinacy by my own kind actions. You must find another intermediary with my good lord, rather he felt that Jews were to be treated in a friendly way in order to avoid placing unnecessary obstacles in their path to Christian conversion, a genuine concern of Luther
On the Jews and Their Lies
–
Title page of
Martin Luther 's On the Jews and Their Lies.
Wittenberg, 1543
30.
La France juive
–
La France juive, subtitled Essay on Contemporary History, was an antisemitic tract published by Édouard Drumont in 1886. A work of 1,200 pages, released in two volumes, it ran to 140 printings during the two years following its initial publication, in 1888 an abridged version of one volume was published. The book was reissued by the publisher Flammarion in 1938, then by Éditions du Trident in 1986, in 2012, it was reissued by the publishing house KontreKulture, run by the nationalist Equality and Reconciliation political group. La France juive became a success and achieved great fame. Its success was due in part to the inclusion of a list of names of people against whom the author made accusations in the book. Many buyers were inspired by curiosity to see if anyone they knew appeared on the list, la France juive developed three strands of antisemitism. One was racial, proposing an opposition between non-Jewish ”Aryans” and Jewish ”Semites”, the author argued that finance and capitalism were controlled by the Jews. A third was religious, referring to the Jews supposed complicity in the death of Jesus, the book appeared in France during a period of turmoil that followed the countrys defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The years after the war saw a crisis, as the Third Republic followed a policy of secularisation. The emergence of liberalism during this period led to malaise. The crash of the Catholic Union General bank occurred in 1882, and Drumont blamed the disaster on the Rothschild family
La France juive
–
Édouard Drumont
Category
