1.
Tetsujin 28-go
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Tetsujin 28-gō is a 1956 manga written and illustrated by Mitsuteru Yokoyama, who also created Giant Robo. The series centred on the adventures of a boy named Shotaro Kaneda. The manga was adapted into four anime TV series, a Japanese television drama. Released in 1963, the first series was among the first Japanese anime series to feature a giant robot and it was later released in America as Gigantor. A live-action movie with heavy use of CGI was produced in Japan in 2005, mecha were popularized by Japanese anime and manga, and the first humanoid giant robot is Tetsujin 28-Go, who was controlled externally via remote control by an operator. The first occurrence of mecha being piloted by a user from within a cockpit was introduced later in the manga and anime series Mazinger Z by Go Nagai. In the final phase of the Pacific War, the Imperial Japanese Army were developing a gigantic robot Tetsujin 28-go as the weapon to fight against the Allies. However, Japan had surrendered before they can complete its construction, after the war, Dr. Kaneda, the developer of Tetsujin 28-go passed his robot to his son Shotaro Kaneda. Shotaro Kaneda, The ten-year-old son of Dr. Kaneda and he is Tetsujins assigned controller, with a deep emotional attachment to the robot. Shotaro is a boy detective famous throughout Tokyo, and in the manga,1963 series, professor Shikishima, Dr. Kanedas assistant, later Shotaros mentor and guardian. He is caring and very dedicated to his work, but usually looks serious and he is married, and has a son named Tetsuo. Inspector Ootsuka, The Chief of Tokyo Police and he is warm in personality and very enthusiastic, which isnt to say he doesnt take his job seriously. He is very close to Shikishima and also care of Shotaro. Kenji Murasame, A former intelligence officer who begins to help Otsuka, in the original manga, he and Ryuusaku are the leaders of a criminal organization. Professor Shutain Franken, A reclusive mad scientist who created the robot Black Ox and he is calm and very knowledgeable, but unfortunately uses his talents to create dangerous robots. In the original version of the 1960s series, his name is Dr. Black Dog, superhuman Kelly, An American man who volunteered himself to be turned into an android as part of a wartime experiment. As a result, his body is entirely robotic with the exception of his brain, in the 2004 series, he steals his brother Johnsons identity in order to kill the doctor that made him this way. Tetsujin 28-go was serialized in Kobunshas Shōnen Magazine from July 1956 to May 1966, the series was collected into 12 tankōbon volumes, which are re-released every ten years
2.
Mecha
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The term mecha may refer to both scientific ideas and science fiction genres that centers on robots or machines controlled by people. Mechas are typically depicted as walker types of Mobile robots and these machines vary greatly in size and shape, but are distinguished from vehicles by their humanoid or biomorphic appearance. Different subgenres exist, with varying connotations of realism, the concept of Super Robot and Real Robot are two such examples found in Japanese anime. The term may refer to real world piloted humanoid robots / non-humanoid robotic platforms. Alternatively, in the original Japanese context of the word, mecha may refer to mobile machinery/vehicles in general, the word mecha is an abbreviation first used in Japanese of the word mechanical. Outside of this usage, it has associated with large robots with limbs or other biological characteristics. While the distinction is often hazy, mecha typically does not refer to form-fitting powered armor such as Iron Mans suit and they are usually much larger than the wearer, like Iron Mans enemy the Iron Monger, and possess a cockpit from which they are operated. In most fiction in which appear, mecha are fighting machines. Often, they are the means of combat, with conflicts sometimes being decided through gladiatorial matches. Other works represent mecha as one component of a military force, supported by and fighting alongside tanks, fighter aircraft. In some continuities, special scenarios are constructed to make mecha more viable than current-day status, for example, in Gundam the fictional Minovsky particle inhibits the use of radar, making long-range ballistic strikes impractical, thus favouring relatively close range warfare of Mobile Suits. Mecha also see roles as transporters, recreation, advanced hazmat suits, Mecha have been used in fantasy settings, for example in the anime series Aura Battler Dunbine, The Vision of Escaflowne, Panzer World Galient and Maze. In those cases, the designs are usually based on some alternative or lost science-fiction technology from ancient times. In case of anime series Zoids, the machines resemble dinosaurs and animals, the 1880 Jules Verne novel La Maison à vapeur featured a steam-powered, piloted, mechanical elephant. One of the first appearances of such machines in modern literature was the tripods of H. G. Wells famous The War of the Worlds. The novel does not contain a detailed description of the tripods mode of locomotion, however it is hinted at. That was the impression those instant flashes gave, but instead of a milking stool imagine it a great body of machinery on a tripod stand. Two of the earliest uses of mecha in the United States were Kimball Kinnisons battle suit in E. E, doc Smiths Lensman novel Galactic Patrol, and the Mobile Infantry battle suits in Robert Heinleins Starship Troopers
3.
Australasia
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Australasia, a region of Oceania, comprises Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. Charles de Brosses coined the term in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes and he derived it from the Latin for south of Asia and differentiated the area from Polynesia and the southeast Pacific. The bulk of Australasia sits on the Indo-Australian Plate, together with India, physiographically, Australasia includes New Zealand, Australia, and Melanesia, New Guinea and neighbouring islands north and east of Australia in the Pacific Ocean. The designation is applied to all the lands and islands of the Pacific Ocean lying between the equator and latitude 47° south. Most of Australasia lies on the portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, flanked by the Indian Ocean to the west. Sometimes the term encompasses the island of New Guinea. Many organisations whose names include the prefix Australasian Society of, limit their scope of operation to just Australia and New Zealand. In the past, Australasia has been used as a name for combined Australia/New Zealand sporting teams, examples include tennis between 1905 and 1915, when New Zealand and Australia combined to compete in the Davis Cup international tournament, and at the Olympic Games of 1908 and 1912. From an ecological perspective the Australasia ecozone forms a region with a common geologic and evolutionary history. In this context, Australasia is limited to Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Wallace Line marks the biological divide from the Indomalaya ecozone of tropical Asia – Borneo and Bali lie on the western, Asian side. These three land masses have been separated from other continents, and from one another, for millions of years, all of Australasia shares the Antarctic flora, although the northern, tropical islands also share many plants with Southeast Asia. Mainland Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania are separated from one another by shallow continental shelves and they share a similar fauna which includes marsupial and monotreme mammals and ratite birds. Eucalypts are the predominant trees in much of Australia and New Guinea, New Zealand has no extant native land mammals aside from bats, but also had ratite birds, including the kiwi and the extinct moa. Media related to Australasia at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Madman Entertainment
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Madman Entertainment is an Australian company that distributes Australian and foreign films as well as Japanese anime and manga in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. Madman is one of the entertainment companies in Australia. It employs approx 100 people and has a turnover of around A$50 million. Its headquarters is in Richmond, Victoria, Madman has secured the local release rights to popular titles including Sailor Moon, One Piece, Dragon Ball, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Akira, Steins, Gate and almost all of Studio Ghiblis catalogue. In addition to DVD sales, Madman manages the theatrical release of some of their titles, according to market research, Madman accounts for 97% of the total anime home media market in Australia. Later on in 1997, Madman started to distribute anime from ADV Films along with Siren Entertainment, in 2001 Madman Entertainment bought Sirens distribution equipment and established The AV Channel, allowing Madman to distribute their own titles. As of 2008, only some of Manga Entertainment Australias titles from the 1990s have been distributed by Madman, some of their DVD releases have been jointly mastered with Britains MVM Films or Revelation Films to save costs, and are therefore dual-region. A few DVD titles from Madman, such as the Oh My Goddess, oVAs, are all-region or multi-region DVDs in the NTSC format, imported from the US and repackaged for sale in Australia and New Zealand. Madman & Manga UK also work together on PAL DVD & Region B Blu-ray masters and video transfers, a growing selection of manga titles translated by Tokyopop in the United States and Chuang Yi in Singapore are being imported and distributed through Madman Entertainment. In February 2008, Madman announced that they would also be distributing manga titles from Viz Media, Madman currently distributes manga from Viz Media, Dark Horse Comics, Tokyopop, and recently from Yen Press with the 2012 release of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. Madman launched in 1996 solely as a distribution company, but has since expanded. Madman also has a distribution arm called Madman Cinema. In addition, the company distributes original series produced by Australias Special Broadcasting Service on DVD, at the 2008 Supanova Pop Culture Expo, Madman announced plans to explore new distribution methods. The company now offers streaming of selected anime episodes, beginning with the first episode of School Rumble. Madman now has a sub-page, Madman Scereening Room, dedicated to video streaming, Madman has also begun releasing Blu-ray Disc titles, starting with The Transformers, The Movie in June 2009. On 1 June 2009, Madman Entertainment released an English adaption of Tamagotchi, The Movie, Madman also intended to dub the films sequel, Tamagotchi, Happiest Story in the Universe. But the dub was cancelled for unknown reasons, in April 2008, the company announced a collaboration with British company Warp Films. Warp and Madman plan to make at least two films together over the three years, starting with Tyrannosaur
5.
Northern America
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Northern America is the northernmost subcontinent of North America. It lies directly north of the region of Middle America, consisting of Mexico, the Caribbean, the land border between the two regions coincides with the border between the United States and Mexico. Geopolitically, according to the scheme of geographic regions and subregions, Northern America consists of Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, maps using the term Northern America date back to 1755, when the region was occupied by France, Great Britain, and Spain. The Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America in 1813 applied to Mexico, Central America Middle America Americas Anglo-America
6.
Universal Television
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Universal Television is the television production subsidiary of the NBCUniversal Television Group and, by extension, the production arm of the NBC television network. It was formerly known as Revue Studios, MCA/Universal, NBC Studios, NBC Universal Television Studio, both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios. Revue Productions was founded in 1943 by MCA to produce live radio shows, Revue was re-launched as MCAs television production subsidiary in 1950. The partnership of NBC and Revue extends as far back as September 6,1950, with the television broadcast of Armour Theatre, MCA bought the Universal Studios lot in 1958 and was renamed Revue Studios. Following its merger with Decca Records, the then-parent of Universal Pictures, during the early years of television, Revue was responsible for producing and/or distributing many television classics. The most noteworthy included Leave It to Beaver, which ran for one season on CBS before going to ABC from 1958 until 1963. It produced Bachelor Father, for Bachelor Productions, Edmond OBriens syndicated crime drama Johnny Midnight, another of its offerings was the 52-episode Crusader, the first Brian Keith series, which ran on CBS 1955–1956. Also McHales Navy was produced by Revue from 1962 to 1966, in December 1958 MCA/Revue purchased Universal Studioss 367 acre backlot to produce television series, then leased it back to Universal for a million dollars a year for a decade. Wagon Train was the only Revue-produced TV show ever to finish an American television season in first place, NBC Productions was founded in 1947 by RCA. In 1996, the company was renamed NBC Studios, in 2004, NBC Studios was merged with Universal Network Television to form NBC Universal Television Studio. MCA TV was founded in 1951, several years before parent MCAs purchase of the US branch of Decca Records, for more than four decades, it was one of the most active syndicators of television programming. MCA Television and Paramount Domestic Television had formed Premier Advertiser Sales, as a possible outgrowth of this sales joint venture, MCA and Paramount began plans for a new network, Premier Program Service. MCA Television Entertainment was formed in 1987 and it primarily dealt with made-for-TV movies and series like Dream On that were made for cable networks like HBO. Like MCA TV, in 1996 it was renamed Universal Television Entertainment, EMKA, Ltd. is the holding company responsible for a majority of the pre-1950 Paramount Pictures sound library. As an official part of the Universal Pictures library, they are part of the television unit. The first incarnation of Universal Television was reincorporated from Revue Productions in 1966,4 years after MCA bought Universal Pictures, uni TV also co-produced many shows with Jack Webbs Mark VII Limited such as Emergency. Adam-12 and a revival of the 1951 series Dragnet. I, which received critical acclaim and several TV movie spin-offs after their cancellations. In 1990, MCA/Uni TV began the Law & Order franchise, in 1996, MCA was reincorporated as Universal Studios
7.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
8.
Fuji Television
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Fuji Television Network, Inc. is a Japanese television station based in Odaiba, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, also known as Fuji TV or CX, based on the stations call sign JOCX-DTV. It is the station of the Fuji News Network and the Fuji Network System. Fuji Television also operates three television stations, known as Fuji TV One, Fuji TV Two, and Fuji TV Next. It is owned by Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. the holding company of the Fujisankei Communications Group, the headquarters are located at 2-4-8, Daiba, Minato, Tokyo. The Kansai office is found at Aqua Dojima East, Dojima, Kita-ku, the Nagoya office is found at Telepia, Higashi-sakura, Higashi-ku, Nagoya. Fuji Television Network Inc. was founded on November 18,1957, in June of that year, Fuji TV formed a network with Tokai TV, Kansai TV, and KBC Television. In October 1966, a network of exchanging news with local stations with the name of FNN was formed. On April 1,1986, Fuji TV changed their logo from the old Channel 8 logo. In 1986 and 1987, Fuji TV worked with Nintendo to create two games called All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. and Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic for the Famicom. All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. was a version of Super Mario Bros. with some minor changes. The Lost Levels and some enemies being replaced with Japanese celebrities with comedic effect, Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic later became the basis for Super Mario Bros. 2, which was released a year later. JOCX-TV2 featured numerous experimental programs on low budgets under this and follow-on brands, the JOCX-TV2 branding itself was changed in October 1988 to JOCX-TV+, which lasted until September 1991, when it was replaced with GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT in October 1991. Meanwhile, Fuji TV helped produced only the series of the British childrens television programme Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends with its creator. The GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT branding lasted until September 1992 when it was replaced with the JUNGLE branding, on March 10,1997, Fuji TV moved from their old headquarters in Kawadacho, Shinjuku, into a new building in Odaiba, Minato designed by Kenzo Tange. On March 3,2006, Fuji Television Network Inc. consolidated Nippon Broadcasting Holdings, Inc. the broadcasting business of which was taken over by Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. two days before. On October 1,2008, a former Fuji TV became a certified broadcasting holding company Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. Fuji TV, which broadcasts Formula One in Japan since 1987, is the only media sponsor of a Formula One Grand Prix in the world. Fuji TV has also licensed numerous Formula One video games including Human Grand Prix IV, Channel Sakura called Fuji TV the Traitor Network in these protests
9.
ATV (Australia)
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ATV is a television station in Melbourne, Australia, part of Network Ten – one of the three major Australian commercial television networks. In April 1963 the licence to operate Melbournes third commercial station was awarded to Austarama Television. The new station opened with a program hosted by Barry McQueen and Nancy Cato followed by a variety program. Reception difficulties in parts of the city resulted in the stations virtually permanent third position in the Melbourne television ratings, ATV had been experimenting with colour transmissions from 1967, when the station was the first to mount a colour outside broadcast in Australia, from the Pakenham races. Many other colour test transmissions occurred subsequently, full-time colour transmission was introduced to ATV-0 in March 1975 in line with other stations around the country. Rupert Murdoch gained a controlling interest in Sydney television station TEN-10 in 1979 and had bought a stake in transport company Ansett. On 20 January 1980, the revamped ATV-10 was launched with a campaign, Graham Kennedys introductory presentation. Wendt left the channel in 1981 with Charles Slade replacing her and was replaced by Jo Pearson. By the end of 1981 Murdoch had finally received approval for control of ATV-10, the 1986 transfer of Neighbours to the Ten Network proved to be a success. Aside from its use of locations in Melbourne itself, ATVs Nunawading studios were used to produce the program. That is still the case today, on 7 September 1992, ATV-10 relocated from the stations famous Nunawading studios to the Como Centre in inner suburban South Yarra. Months after the switch the channel, together with the network, in 1992, ATV-10 produced The Morning Show for the Ten Network, hosted by Bert Newton. The program was re-titled Good Morning Australia in 1993, GMA stayed on air until December 2005 and the following month was replaced by 9am with David & Kim hosted by Kim Watkins and David Reyne. The show had four years on air and in 2010 was replaced by The Circle hosted by Gorgi Coghlan, Yumi Stynes, Chrissie Swan, in November 2013 the Network launched breakfast show Wake Up which was broadcast live from both Sydney and Melbourne. News Updates were presented by Nuala Hafner live from a studio at Melbournes Federation Square. The show was axed in May 2014 due to cost cutting measures. Locally produced programs by or with ATV-10 Melbourne, Ten Eyewitness News, Melbourne The Project Have You Been Paying Attention. ATV-0s first news presenter was its news director, Brian Wright, the stations initial news format on weeknights was a 45-minute bulletin starting at 6. 15pm, aimed at competing with the 30-minute bulletins offered by rival stations GTV-9 and HSV-7
10.
TEN (TV station)
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TEN is Network Tens Sydney station. It was originally owned and operated by United Telecasters Sydney Limited, TEN often lagged in the ratings behind the more established commercial channels TCN and ATN who had dominated viewing habits in Sydney for eight years. The turning point came in 1972 with the premiere of the soap opera series Number 96 which immediately lifted TENs overall profile. TEN launched Australias first metropolitan nightly one-hour news bulletin in 1975, in 1978, Katrina Lee became only the third female TV newsreader on Australian TV – the first being Melody Illiffe on QTQ-9. The current anchor for the 5pm Sydney news on weeknights is Sandra Sully, however a decline set in from 1987, when the station, along with ATV-10 in Melbourne, was bought by Frank Lowys Westfield Group. In 1989, falling ratings and revenue prompted a major relaunch by American TV executive Bob Shanks, the station were rebranded as 10 TV Australia in 1989, however this did little to help Tens fortunes with the network soon going into receivership. The network began to be turned around in 1991 under the control of Gary Rice and this logo continues to this day. In 1992, Westpac Bank bought Ten out of receivership and later sold the network to a consortium headed by Canadian group CanWest. In 1994, The network was managed in receivership and it was in period that it sold its North Ryde studios. TEN-10 began a slow and steady recovery, to the point where now, as the station in the network. TEN commenced digital television transmission in January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 11 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 10, the analogue signal for TEN was shut off at 9. 00am AEDST, Tuesday,3 December 2013. TEN-10s broadcast facilities have been in the city suburb of Pyrmont since 1997. These studios feature an open plan newsroom and news-set where all Tens national and local Sydney news bulletins are produced. This facility is also the head office and broadcasts the network signal to other cities. When TEN-10 opened in 1965, it operated from newly built facilities at North Ryde. The North Ryde complex, which was used by Global Television in recent years, was demolished in September 2007. Following the move from North Ryde in 1990, TEN relocated to a warehouse in Ultimo. Most series are produced on location or at external studios by external companies, Ten Eyewitness News Sydney is presented by Sandra Sully with sport presenter Matt Burke, weather presenter Tim Bailey and traffic reporter Vic Lorusso
11.
SAS (TV station)
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SAS is a television station in Adelaide, South Australia. It is part of the Australian Seven Network, SAS-7 was originally known as SAS-10, commencing broadcasting on 26 July 1965, under the same owners as TVW-7 Perth. On 27 December 1987, SAS-10 and ADS-7 switched broadcast channels, ADS moving to channel 10, ADS was owned by Kerry Stokes who also owned NEW-10 and Capital Television. SAS was owned by TVW-7 starting from 1974 and thus, in 2 occasions, the station celebrated 40 years in 2005 with a special television program Made in Adelaide 40 Years of Television. Television shows made during the SAS-10 era include childrens shows Fat Cat and Friends, The Early Birds, Crackerjack, music shows included In Time, Trax and Simulrock. Variety talent shows included Adelaides New Faces and Pot Luck, there was also the long running daytime show Touch of Elegance. SAS10 employed actor Hedley Cullen as horror host Deadly Earnest, from 1973 to 1989 the Christmas Appeal telethon was held each year. Other shows after the change over included Fat Cat and Friends until 1992, currently the station produces Discover, Seven News and local editions of Today Tonight, which outrates the national A Current Affair. The last edition of Seven News and Today Tonight was broadcast from the Gilberton studios in North Adelaide on 14 December 2007, on weekends Jessica Adamson presents the news. Previously, Graeme Goodings had been weeknight presenter and John Riddell the weekend reader, Goodings and Riddell agreed to swap roles in 2004, both Goodings and Doyle had been presenting Seven News together since 1989, which had proven a success. Prior to 27 December 1987, the presenters and crew behind Seven News broadcast as Ten News Adelaide. On 27 December 1987, Seven National News reporter Alan Murrell reported the following on then-ADS-7, hours before the switch of channels, Tonight will mark the end of the callsigns ADS-7, tomorrow, itll be ADS-10 and SAS-7. Its the first time such a change has been made, the switch follows a media shake-up earlier this year, which left ADS in the hands of the owners of the Ten Network. Already, the changes are being made at Strangways Terrace. But viewers will notice little difference, theyll still turn the knob to Ten for Channel Ten programs, and to Seven for Seven programs. The only difference will be that the local personalities will be seen on different channels, so if you want to watch Steve Whitham and Caroline Ainslie reading the news tomorrow night, you simply turn the dial three positions, from Seven-to ADS-10. As a result, from the last days of 1987 up to 1988 the new SAS-7 adopted the On the Move slogan to mark the change, with a music video made for this purpose. Local News updates for Adelaide are typically presented by reporters in the afternoon, followed by news presenters Jane Doyle, John Riddell or Jessica Adamson in the late afternoon
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
13.
WPIX
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WPIX, channel 11, is a television station located in New York City. Owned and operated by Tribune Media, WPIX is an affiliate, the stations studios and offices are located in Midtown Manhattan, and its transmitter is based at the Empire State Building. WPIX is also available as a regional superstation via satellite and cable in the United States, the station first signed on the air on June 15,1948, it was the fifth television station to sign on in New York City and was the markets second independent station. It was also the second of three stations to launch in the New York market during 1948, debuting one month after Newark-based independent WATV, since 1948, WPIXs studios and offices have been located in the Daily News Building at Second Avenue and East 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan. In its earliest years, WPIX maintained a studio at 110 Central Park South. British businessman Robert Maxwell bought the Daily News in 1991, Tribune retained WPIX and WQCD, the radio station was sold to Emmis Communications in 1997. To generations of New York children, channel 11 was also the home of memorable personalities, jazz singer Joya Sherrill hosted a weekday childrens show, Time for Joya. Channel 11 produced the Magic Garden series, which ran on the station from 1972 to 1984, in the late 1970s and 1980s, PIX Games were played during commercial breaks of afternoon programs, in which kids would call into the station for the chance to play for prizes. From its early years through the 1960s, WPIX, like the two major independents in New York – WOR-TV and WNEW-TV – struggled to acquire other programming. In 1966, WPIX debuted The Yule Log, which combines Christmas music with a loop of logs burning inside a fireplace. Airing on Christmas Eve and/or Christmas morning initially until 1989, the film was made in 1966 and was shot at the Gracie Mansion, WPIX revived the Yule Log due to viewer demand in 2001, and has proven to be just as popular. Several of Tribunes other television stations have carried the WPIX version, complete with its audio soundtrack, Channel 11 also airs a live broadcast of Midnight Mass from St. Patricks Cathedral every Christmas Eve. The stations famous Circle 11 logo – predating the existence of the World Trade Center, by the mid-1970s, WPIX emerged as the second highest-rated independent station in the area, behind WNEW-TV. The running gag in these ads was the fact that Tillman was constantly surrounded by – but never noticed – objects resembling a giant 11, in 1978, WPIX was uplinked to satellite and became a superstation that was distributed to cable providers throughout the U. S. Two years later, WPIX began operating on a 24-hour programming schedule, during the late 1980s, WPIX fell to sixth place in the ratings among New Yorks VHF stations, behind WNYW and a resurgent WWOR. In 1994, the became the exclusive home of the New York City Marathon. On November 2,1993, the Warner Bros, Television division of Time Warner and the Tribune Company announced the formation of The WB Television Network. WPIX could have been considered The WBs flagship station – however this is a designation in name only, the station was verbally branded as The WB, Channel 11, until it was simplified to WB11 in 1997
14.
Adult Swim
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Adult Swim is a programming block of the American cable network Cartoon Network that operates at night from 8,00 p. m. to 6,00 a. m. It is programmed by Williams Street Productions, a subsidiary of Turner, the name comes from a phrase used by public swimming pools in the United States to label designated times when children are restricted from using the facilities in favor of adults. Much of Adult Swims general content is known for its risqué, unorthodox, the network was granted its own Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to targeting a separate demographic. In the United States, Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, anime, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, live-action, shows may have sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. While the network features comedies and dramas of all types, many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy. In February 2015, Adult Swim was available to approximately 96,390,000 pay-television households in the United States, Cartoon Networks original head programmer Mike Lazzo conceived Adult Swim. The network grew out of Cartoon Networks previous attempts at airing content appropriate for teenagers, the network began experimenting with its late night programming by airing anthology shows like ToonHeads and Late Night Black and White, both of which presented uncensored classic cartoon shorts. Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of Cartoon Networks first forays into original programming, was created in 1994 specifically for late night audiences. The series was created by Mike Lazzos Ghost Planet Industries, which eventually became Williams Street Studios, during early mornings in December 2000, several new Williams Street series made unannounced stealth premieres. Sealab 2021, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and The Brak Show all premiered unannounced, the official schedules listed the shows as Special Programming. Adult Swim launched on September 2,2001 with the airing of the Home Movies episode Directors Cut. The first anime broadcast on Adult Swim also aired on the night of its launch, the block initially aired on Sunday nights, with a repeat of the same block on Thursday nights. On March 28,2005, Atlanta-based Turner Broadcasting System began recording Adult Swim Nielsen ratings separately from Cartoon Network for demographic purposes, promotions for Adult Swim are targeted towards the college age and those in their twenties and thirties, constituting the majority of their viewers. Adult Swim also had a direct and important role in the revival of two animated series, the aforementioned Family Guy and Futurama. On March 29,2004, less one year later, Fox announced it would be renewing Family Guy for a fourth season. Futurama was also revived in 2007 by Comedy Central for similar reasons, Adult Swim obtained Futuramas exclusive cable syndication rights in March 2002 for a reported $10 million, and the series first aired on the network in January 2002. These devices were in part of a guerrilla marketing advertising campaign. The next day, Boston authorities arrested two men involved with the incident, on February 5, Turner Broadcasting and marketer Interference, Inc. announced that they would pay $2 million in amends, one million to the city of Boston, and one million in goodwill funds
15.
Japanese language
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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
16.
Hepburn romanization
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The system was originally proposed by the Romanization Club in 1885. The revised edition by Romaji-Hirome-kai in 1908 is called standard style romanization, Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of Japanese script. In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission was appointed to compare the two, the ordinance was temporarily overturned by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan, but was reissued in 1954. In 1972, a version of Hepburn was codified as ANSI standard Z39. 11-1972. It was proposed in 1989 as a draft for ISO3602, the ANSI Z39. 11-1972 standard was consequently deprecated on October 6,1994. As of 1978, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, in addition The Japan Times, the Japan Travel Bureau, and many other private organizations used Hepburn instead of Kunrei-shiki. The National Diet Library used Kunrei-shiki, although Hepburn is not a government standard, some government agencies mandate it. In many other areas where it de jure status, Hepburn remains the de facto standard. Signs and notices in city offices and police stations, at shrines, temples, English-language newspapers and media use the simplified form of Hepburn. Cities and prefectures use it in information for English-speaking residents and visitors, official tourism information put out by the government uses it, as do guidebooks, local and foreign, on Japan. Many students of Japanese as a foreign language learn Hepburn, there are many variants of Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are, Traditional Hepburn, as defined in various editions of Hepburns dictionary and this variant is characterized by the rendering of syllabic n as m before the consonants b, m and p, e. g. Shimbashi for 新橋. Modified Hepburn, also known as Revised Hepburn, in which the rendering of syllabic n as m before certain consonants is no longer used, in Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses, Railway Standard, which follows the Hyōjun-shiki Rōmaji. All JR railways and other major railways use this type for station names, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Standard, which follows the modified Hepburn style. This is used for road signs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard, a permissive standard which explicitly allows the use of non-Hepburn romaji in personal names, notably for passports. In particular, rendering the syllabic n as m before b, m, p, details of these variants can be found below. The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburns dictionary are primarily of historical interest, supporters argue that Hepburn is not intended as a linguistic tool. The long vowels are indicated by macrons
17.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
18.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
19.
Speed Racer
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Speed Racer, also known as Mach GoGoGo, is a Japanese animated franchise about automobile racing. Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print in Shueishas 1966 Shōnen Book and it was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics, and later re-released in Japan by Fusosha. Adapted into anime by Tatsunoko Productions, its 52 episodes aired on Fuji TV from April 1967 to March 1968, the anime was later re-broadcast on Tokyo MX from July 1 to September 25,2008. Selected chapters of the manga were released by NOW Comics in the 1990s under the title Speed Racer Classics and these were later released by Wildstorm Productions, a division of DC Comics, as Speed Racer, The Original Manga. The television series itself is an example of an anime becoming a successful franchise in the United States. Mach GoGoGo was first created and designed by anime pioneer Tatsuo Yoshida as a series in the 1960s. The actual manga was inspired by Yoshida’s earlier, and more popular automobile racing comics, Pilot Ace’s main storyline would form the structure for Mach GoGoGo, which followed the adventures of an ambitious young man who became a professional racer. The characters’ designs in Pilot Ace would set the ground for the character design in Mach GoGoGo. Yoshida got his idea for the story after seeing two films that were popular in Japan at the time, Viva Las Vegas and Goldfinger. Soon enough, Mach GoGoGo hit shelves in the early 1960s, the central character in the anime and manga was a young race car driver named Gō Mifune. The name of the series, Mach GoGoGo has a meaning, Mahha-gō is the name of the car, the name of the main character is Gō Mifune. In the American adaptation, the Mach 5 stems from the number 5 on the door, although, in Japanese, go is the word for the number 5, the Kanji character gō which is used in the car name actually means item number. In addition, gogogo, is used as a general Japanese sound effect for rumble, taken together, the programs title means, Mach-gō, Gō Mifune, Go. In the American version, this would translate into Go, Speed Racer, the manga has several storylines such as The Great Plan, Challenge of the Masked Racer, The Fire Race, The Secret Engine and Race for Revenge that were adapted to the anime. However, minor changes occur between both the manga and the anime series, such as differences between back stories of several characters and places. A few years after the volumes were released, Yoshida decided to release his manga series as an anime program,52 episodes aired in Japan, each one emulating the fast-paced action of the manga. Selected chapters of the original Mach GoGoGo manga series were reprinted by Now Comics as Speed Racer Classics and by DC Comics/Wildstorm Productions as Speed Racer, The Original Manga. In 2008, a box set of the complete manga series was released by Digital Manga Publishing as Speed Racer
