1.
Mecha
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The term mecha may refer to both scientific ideas and science fiction genres that centers on robots or machines controlled by people. Mechas are typically depicted as walker types of Mobile robots and these machines vary greatly in size and shape, but are distinguished from vehicles by their humanoid or biomorphic appearance. Different subgenres exist, with varying connotations of realism, the concept of Super Robot and Real Robot are two such examples found in Japanese anime. The term may refer to real world piloted humanoid robots / non-humanoid robotic platforms. Alternatively, in the original Japanese context of the word, mecha may refer to mobile machinery/vehicles in general, the word mecha is an abbreviation first used in Japanese of the word mechanical. Outside of this usage, it has associated with large robots with limbs or other biological characteristics. While the distinction is often hazy, mecha typically does not refer to form-fitting powered armor such as Iron Mans suit and they are usually much larger than the wearer, like Iron Mans enemy the Iron Monger, and possess a cockpit from which they are operated. In most fiction in which appear, mecha are fighting machines. Often, they are the means of combat, with conflicts sometimes being decided through gladiatorial matches. Other works represent mecha as one component of a military force, supported by and fighting alongside tanks, fighter aircraft. In some continuities, special scenarios are constructed to make mecha more viable than current-day status, for example, in Gundam the fictional Minovsky particle inhibits the use of radar, making long-range ballistic strikes impractical, thus favouring relatively close range warfare of Mobile Suits. Mecha also see roles as transporters, recreation, advanced hazmat suits, Mecha have been used in fantasy settings, for example in the anime series Aura Battler Dunbine, The Vision of Escaflowne, Panzer World Galient and Maze. In those cases, the designs are usually based on some alternative or lost science-fiction technology from ancient times. In case of anime series Zoids, the machines resemble dinosaurs and animals, the 1880 Jules Verne novel La Maison à vapeur featured a steam-powered, piloted, mechanical elephant. One of the first appearances of such machines in modern literature was the tripods of H. G. Wells famous The War of the Worlds. The novel does not contain a detailed description of the tripods mode of locomotion, however it is hinted at. That was the impression those instant flashes gave, but instead of a milking stool imagine it a great body of machinery on a tripod stand. Two of the earliest uses of mecha in the United States were Kimball Kinnisons battle suit in E. E, doc Smiths Lensman novel Galactic Patrol, and the Mobile Infantry battle suits in Robert Heinleins Starship Troopers
2.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
3.
Fuji Television
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Fuji Television Network, Inc. is a Japanese television station based in Odaiba, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, also known as Fuji TV or CX, based on the stations call sign JOCX-DTV. It is the station of the Fuji News Network and the Fuji Network System. Fuji Television also operates three television stations, known as Fuji TV One, Fuji TV Two, and Fuji TV Next. It is owned by Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. the holding company of the Fujisankei Communications Group, the headquarters are located at 2-4-8, Daiba, Minato, Tokyo. The Kansai office is found at Aqua Dojima East, Dojima, Kita-ku, the Nagoya office is found at Telepia, Higashi-sakura, Higashi-ku, Nagoya. Fuji Television Network Inc. was founded on November 18,1957, in June of that year, Fuji TV formed a network with Tokai TV, Kansai TV, and KBC Television. In October 1966, a network of exchanging news with local stations with the name of FNN was formed. On April 1,1986, Fuji TV changed their logo from the old Channel 8 logo. In 1986 and 1987, Fuji TV worked with Nintendo to create two games called All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. and Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic for the Famicom. All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. was a version of Super Mario Bros. with some minor changes. The Lost Levels and some enemies being replaced with Japanese celebrities with comedic effect, Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic later became the basis for Super Mario Bros. 2, which was released a year later. JOCX-TV2 featured numerous experimental programs on low budgets under this and follow-on brands, the JOCX-TV2 branding itself was changed in October 1988 to JOCX-TV+, which lasted until September 1991, when it was replaced with GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT in October 1991. Meanwhile, Fuji TV helped produced only the series of the British childrens television programme Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends with its creator. The GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT branding lasted until September 1992 when it was replaced with the JUNGLE branding, on March 10,1997, Fuji TV moved from their old headquarters in Kawadacho, Shinjuku, into a new building in Odaiba, Minato designed by Kenzo Tange. On March 3,2006, Fuji Television Network Inc. consolidated Nippon Broadcasting Holdings, Inc. the broadcasting business of which was taken over by Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. two days before. On October 1,2008, a former Fuji TV became a certified broadcasting holding company Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. Fuji TV, which broadcasts Formula One in Japan since 1987, is the only media sponsor of a Formula One Grand Prix in the world. Fuji TV has also licensed numerous Formula One video games including Human Grand Prix IV, Channel Sakura called Fuji TV the Traitor Network in these protests
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
WPIX
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WPIX, channel 11, is a television station located in New York City. Owned and operated by Tribune Media, WPIX is an affiliate, the stations studios and offices are located in Midtown Manhattan, and its transmitter is based at the Empire State Building. WPIX is also available as a regional superstation via satellite and cable in the United States, the station first signed on the air on June 15,1948, it was the fifth television station to sign on in New York City and was the markets second independent station. It was also the second of three stations to launch in the New York market during 1948, debuting one month after Newark-based independent WATV, since 1948, WPIXs studios and offices have been located in the Daily News Building at Second Avenue and East 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan. In its earliest years, WPIX maintained a studio at 110 Central Park South. British businessman Robert Maxwell bought the Daily News in 1991, Tribune retained WPIX and WQCD, the radio station was sold to Emmis Communications in 1997. To generations of New York children, channel 11 was also the home of memorable personalities, jazz singer Joya Sherrill hosted a weekday childrens show, Time for Joya. Channel 11 produced the Magic Garden series, which ran on the station from 1972 to 1984, in the late 1970s and 1980s, PIX Games were played during commercial breaks of afternoon programs, in which kids would call into the station for the chance to play for prizes. From its early years through the 1960s, WPIX, like the two major independents in New York – WOR-TV and WNEW-TV – struggled to acquire other programming. In 1966, WPIX debuted The Yule Log, which combines Christmas music with a loop of logs burning inside a fireplace. Airing on Christmas Eve and/or Christmas morning initially until 1989, the film was made in 1966 and was shot at the Gracie Mansion, WPIX revived the Yule Log due to viewer demand in 2001, and has proven to be just as popular. Several of Tribunes other television stations have carried the WPIX version, complete with its audio soundtrack, Channel 11 also airs a live broadcast of Midnight Mass from St. Patricks Cathedral every Christmas Eve. The stations famous Circle 11 logo – predating the existence of the World Trade Center, by the mid-1970s, WPIX emerged as the second highest-rated independent station in the area, behind WNEW-TV. The running gag in these ads was the fact that Tillman was constantly surrounded by – but never noticed – objects resembling a giant 11, in 1978, WPIX was uplinked to satellite and became a superstation that was distributed to cable providers throughout the U. S. Two years later, WPIX began operating on a 24-hour programming schedule, during the late 1980s, WPIX fell to sixth place in the ratings among New Yorks VHF stations, behind WNYW and a resurgent WWOR. In 1994, the became the exclusive home of the New York City Marathon. On November 2,1993, the Warner Bros, Television division of Time Warner and the Tribune Company announced the formation of The WB Television Network. WPIX could have been considered The WBs flagship station – however this is a designation in name only, the station was verbally branded as The WB, Channel 11, until it was simplified to WB11 in 1997
6.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
7.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
8.
Speed Racer
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Speed Racer, also known as Mach GoGoGo, is a Japanese animated franchise about automobile racing. Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print in Shueishas 1966 Shōnen Book and it was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics, and later re-released in Japan by Fusosha. Adapted into anime by Tatsunoko Productions, its 52 episodes aired on Fuji TV from April 1967 to March 1968, the anime was later re-broadcast on Tokyo MX from July 1 to September 25,2008. Selected chapters of the manga were released by NOW Comics in the 1990s under the title Speed Racer Classics and these were later released by Wildstorm Productions, a division of DC Comics, as Speed Racer, The Original Manga. The television series itself is an example of an anime becoming a successful franchise in the United States. Mach GoGoGo was first created and designed by anime pioneer Tatsuo Yoshida as a series in the 1960s. The actual manga was inspired by Yoshida’s earlier, and more popular automobile racing comics, Pilot Ace’s main storyline would form the structure for Mach GoGoGo, which followed the adventures of an ambitious young man who became a professional racer. The characters’ designs in Pilot Ace would set the ground for the character design in Mach GoGoGo. Yoshida got his idea for the story after seeing two films that were popular in Japan at the time, Viva Las Vegas and Goldfinger. Soon enough, Mach GoGoGo hit shelves in the early 1960s, the central character in the anime and manga was a young race car driver named Gō Mifune. The name of the series, Mach GoGoGo has a meaning, Mahha-gō is the name of the car, the name of the main character is Gō Mifune. In the American adaptation, the Mach 5 stems from the number 5 on the door, although, in Japanese, go is the word for the number 5, the Kanji character gō which is used in the car name actually means item number. In addition, gogogo, is used as a general Japanese sound effect for rumble, taken together, the programs title means, Mach-gō, Gō Mifune, Go. In the American version, this would translate into Go, Speed Racer, the manga has several storylines such as The Great Plan, Challenge of the Masked Racer, The Fire Race, The Secret Engine and Race for Revenge that were adapted to the anime. However, minor changes occur between both the manga and the anime series, such as differences between back stories of several characters and places. A few years after the volumes were released, Yoshida decided to release his manga series as an anime program,52 episodes aired in Japan, each one emulating the fast-paced action of the manga. Selected chapters of the original Mach GoGoGo manga series were reprinted by Now Comics as Speed Racer Classics and by DC Comics/Wildstorm Productions as Speed Racer, The Original Manga. In 2008, a box set of the complete manga series was released by Digital Manga Publishing as Speed Racer
9.
Island
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An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, an island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, an island may be described as such, despite the presence of an artificial land bridge. Example, Singapore and its causeway, or the various Dutch delta islands, there are two main types of islands in the sea, continental and oceanic. The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland, Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin aqua. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology, continents sit on continental lithosphere which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earths mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than continental lithosphere, Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust or geologically they are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere. This holds true for Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere, continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent. A special type of island is the microcontinental island, which is created when a continent is rifted. Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some of its carrying capacity. While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable, oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, the few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean, one type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring, examples are the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles, another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are two examples, Iceland, which is the second largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. A third type of oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the tectonic plate above it
10.
Firearm
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A firearm is a portable gun - a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles, often driven by the action of an explosive force. The first primitive firearms originated in 13th-century China when the fire lance was combined with projectiles. The technology gradually spread through the rest of East Asia, South Asia, older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability, modern firearms can be described by their caliber or in the case of shotguns their gauge, by the type of action employed together with the usual means of deportment. The word firearms usually is used in a sense restricted to small arms, shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye co-ordination, using either iron sights or optical sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 yards, while most rifles are accurate to 550 yards using iron sights, some purpose-built sniper rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,200 yards. The smallest of all firearms is the handgun, there are three common types of handguns, single-shot pistols, revolvers, and semi-automatic pistols. Revolvers have a number of firing chambers or charge holes in a revolving cylinder, semi-automatic pistols have a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine so they can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the mechanism so that the next cartridge may be fired immediately. This is opposed to double-action revolvers which accomplish the end using a mechanical action linked to the trigger pull. Prior to the 19th century, virtually all handguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, with the invention of the revolver in 1818, handguns capable of holding multiple rounds became popular. Certain designs of auto-loading pistol appeared beginning in the 1870s and had largely supplanted revolvers in military applications by the end of World War I. By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, both designs are common among civilian gun owners, depending on the owners intention. A long gun is any firearm that is larger than a handgun and is designed to be held. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot. Most modern long guns are either rifles or shotguns, both are the successors of the musket, diverging from their parent weapon in distinct ways. A rifle is so named for the spiral fluting machined into the surface of its barrel. Shotguns are predominantly smoothbore firearms designed to fire a number of shot, shotguns are also capable of firing single slugs, or specialty rounds such as bean bags, tear gas or breaching rounds
11.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
12.
Jet engine
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A jet engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion. This broad definition includes airbreathing jet engines and non-airbreathing jet engines, in general, jet engines are combustion engines. In common parlance, the jet engine loosely refers to an internal combustion airbreathing jet engine. These typically feature an air compressor powered by a turbine. Jet aircraft use such engines for long-distance travel, early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use more complex high-bypass turbofan engines and these engines offer high speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and propeller aeroengines over long distances. Jet engines date back to the invention of the aeolipile before the first century AD and this device directed steam power through two nozzles to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. So far as is known, it did not supply mechanical power, instead, it was seen as a curiosity. However, although powerful, at reasonable flight speeds rockets are very inefficient. The earliest attempts at airbreathing jet engines were hybrid designs in which a power source first compressed air. In one such system, called a thermojet by Secondo Campini but more commonly, motorjet, examples of this type of design were the Caproni Campini N.1, and the Japanese Tsu-11 engine intended to power Ohka kamikaze planes towards the end of World War II. None were entirely successful and the N.1 ended up being slower than the design with a traditional engine. If aircraft performance were ever to increase beyond such a barrier and this was the motivation behind the development of the gas turbine engine, commonly called a jet engine. The key to a jet engine was the gas turbine. The gas turbine was not an idea developed in the 1930s, the first gas turbine to successfully run self-sustaining was built in 1903 by Norwegian engineer Ægidius Elling. Limitations in design and practical engineering and metallurgy prevented such engines reaching manufacture, the main problems were safety, reliability, weight and, especially, sustained operation. The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Frenchman Maxime Guillaume and his engine was an axial-flow turbojet. Alan Arnold Griffith published An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design in 1926 leading to work at the RAE
