1.
Tetsujin 28-go
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Tetsujin 28-gō is a 1956 manga written and illustrated by Mitsuteru Yokoyama, who also created Giant Robo. The series centred on the adventures of a boy named Shotaro Kaneda. The manga was adapted into four anime TV series, a Japanese television drama. Released in 1963, the first series was among the first Japanese anime series to feature a giant robot and it was later released in America as Gigantor. A live-action movie with heavy use of CGI was produced in Japan in 2005, mecha were popularized by Japanese anime and manga, and the first humanoid giant robot is Tetsujin 28-Go, who was controlled externally via remote control by an operator. The first occurrence of mecha being piloted by a user from within a cockpit was introduced later in the manga and anime series Mazinger Z by Go Nagai. In the final phase of the Pacific War, the Imperial Japanese Army were developing a gigantic robot Tetsujin 28-go as the weapon to fight against the Allies. However, Japan had surrendered before they can complete its construction, after the war, Dr. Kaneda, the developer of Tetsujin 28-go passed his robot to his son Shotaro Kaneda. Shotaro Kaneda, The ten-year-old son of Dr. Kaneda and he is Tetsujins assigned controller, with a deep emotional attachment to the robot. Shotaro is a boy detective famous throughout Tokyo, and in the manga,1963 series, professor Shikishima, Dr. Kanedas assistant, later Shotaros mentor and guardian. He is caring and very dedicated to his work, but usually looks serious and he is married, and has a son named Tetsuo. Inspector Ootsuka, The Chief of Tokyo Police and he is warm in personality and very enthusiastic, which isnt to say he doesnt take his job seriously. He is very close to Shikishima and also care of Shotaro. Kenji Murasame, A former intelligence officer who begins to help Otsuka, in the original manga, he and Ryuusaku are the leaders of a criminal organization. Professor Shutain Franken, A reclusive mad scientist who created the robot Black Ox and he is calm and very knowledgeable, but unfortunately uses his talents to create dangerous robots. In the original version of the 1960s series, his name is Dr. Black Dog, superhuman Kelly, An American man who volunteered himself to be turned into an android as part of a wartime experiment. As a result, his body is entirely robotic with the exception of his brain, in the 2004 series, he steals his brother Johnsons identity in order to kill the doctor that made him this way. Tetsujin 28-go was serialized in Kobunshas Shōnen Magazine from July 1956 to May 1966, the series was collected into 12 tankōbon volumes, which are re-released every ten years
2.
Billie Lou Watt
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Billie Lou Watt was an actress in theater and television, including several voice acting roles for commercials, anime and animated series. Watt was born in St. Louis, Missouri, where her career on the stage began at the age of 12 in the role of Becky in a play based on the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Her first role on a professional stage came two years later at the St. Louis Municipal Opera production of The American Way and her first acting role using mainly her voice was heard by listeners of the KMOX radio program The Land We Live In. She graduated from Ritenour High School and Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois before continuing her career in the touring company of the play Kiss. This would lead up to performing on the stages of New York City and she also appeared in Little Women and King of Hearts during her time on Broadway. Watts first regular role on television was for the 1958 series From These Roots as Maggie Barber Weaver. Watts career in animation began after she and her husband Hal Studer were suggested by Fred Ladd as actors in his journey into animation, with their first successful project being Astro Boy in 1963. Along the way, Billie Lou and Hal learned how to write character dialog and situations as Ladd brought in more shows to work on, resulting in series as Kimba the White Lion. Ladds cast remained close during Watts career, including her friend Ray Owens, his wife Sonia, later in life, Watt and her voice became of great help for radio listeners of In-Touch Networks who are visually impaired or completely blind. Watts final acting role was the voice of Ma Bagge on the series Courage the Cowardly Dog from 1999 to 2001 and she would succumb to lung cancer in New York City later that year, leaving her husband Hal and their three children. For her contributions to the entertainment industry, and her charitable works, Billie Lou Watt at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Billie Lou Watt
3.
Peter Fernandez
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Peter Fernandez was an American child model, film actor, voice actor, director and author. Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer, Fernandez co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song. He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences, born in New York City, Fernandez was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency. He then appeared on radio and Broadway, appearing in Lillian Hellmans Watch on the Rhine in 1941. He was drafted into the United States Army at age 18 and his radio appearances included roles on Mr. District Attorney, Lets Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, Superman, and Suspense, as well as soap operas. After his discharge from the Army in 1946, he became a writer for both radio and pulp fiction. He authored the book, Bedtime Stories from the Bible. Fernandez is known for his work, and has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films. Fernandez is best known as the American voice of the title character—and his brother, Racer X -- in the 1967 anime series Speed Racer, besides acting in Speed Racer, he was the lyricist of English version of that shows theme song. He returned in the 2008 animated series Speed Racer, The Next Generation to play a middle-aged Headmaster Spritle, in the live-action 2008 film Speed Racer, Fernandez had a small part as a racing announcer. The rapid-fire delivery of dialogue made famous by Speed Racer was devised by Fernandez and he was the voice director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he has said was his favorite. He made cameos credited as additional characters in episodes, besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy. He was voice director for Robert Mandells Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere, additional voice acting credits include in such dubbed anime titles as Astro Boy, Gigantor, Marine Boy, Star Blazers and Superbook. Fernandez lived in Pomona, New York with his wife, the former Noel Smith, in 2007, he was awarded The Special American Anime Award for Outstanding Achievement. Fernandez was interviewed in 2008 on his activities and voice over work and his last major public appearance was at the 2009 Seattle, Washington Sakura-Con. He died on July 15,2010 after a battle with cancer at the age of 83. Recent commercial voice work by Fernandez Peter Fernandez at the Internet Movie Database Peter Fernandez convention appearances on AnimeCons. com Peter Fernandezs interview at Otakon 2008
4.
Peter Rodgers Organization
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The Peter Rodgers Organization is a television syndication company based in Hollywood, California. It distributes more than 2,000 films, and dozens of documentaries, PRO claims to hold the largest library of films of any studio distributor. The company was founded in 1976 by Peter S. Rodgers, a Viennese escapee of Nazi persecution, in 1976, he left NTA to form the Peter Rodgers Organization. Lucky, My Favorite Martian, The Invisible Man, and the 1990 series Zorro, daily Variety called Rodgers a pioneer in TV syndication. Peter Rodgers died on February 21,1988 at age 68 and he was succeeded by his son, Stephen Rodgers. Rodgers death left family members arguing, with some of wanting to liquidate the prestigious and prosperous entertainment company he had formed. After resulting legal clashes, Rodgers’ son Stephen surrendered all inheritance left to him by his father and he has served as its CEO since that time. At the time, Stephen Rodgers was believed to be the youngest CEO of any business in this field. Rodgers serves as a representative for the content owners and estates of several film copyright holders, grey’s prolific writing is the basis for more than 100 films. Other clients that Rodgers works with include holdings from William Morris Agency, Rodgers has also handled independent projects for celebrities including rapper/actor/reality show star Ice-T, Bill Cosby and Richard Pryor. Many of the companies proven programs were used in the initial program line-up of now heralded cable giants, such as MTV’s TV Land, other emerging cable channels, Discovery, TLC and Turner Classic movies also turned to PRO for schedule content. PRO represents over 3000 feature film and television properties on behalf of nearly 35 various individuals, estates, PRO is also credited for a substantial number of films licensed to the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. PRO also provided footage for productions to E, the Discovery Channel, the MTV Video Music Awards, The Kennedy Center Honors, the Emmy Awards, and other productions
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Fuji Television
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Fuji Television Network, Inc. is a Japanese television station based in Odaiba, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, also known as Fuji TV or CX, based on the stations call sign JOCX-DTV. It is the station of the Fuji News Network and the Fuji Network System. Fuji Television also operates three television stations, known as Fuji TV One, Fuji TV Two, and Fuji TV Next. It is owned by Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. the holding company of the Fujisankei Communications Group, the headquarters are located at 2-4-8, Daiba, Minato, Tokyo. The Kansai office is found at Aqua Dojima East, Dojima, Kita-ku, the Nagoya office is found at Telepia, Higashi-sakura, Higashi-ku, Nagoya. Fuji Television Network Inc. was founded on November 18,1957, in June of that year, Fuji TV formed a network with Tokai TV, Kansai TV, and KBC Television. In October 1966, a network of exchanging news with local stations with the name of FNN was formed. On April 1,1986, Fuji TV changed their logo from the old Channel 8 logo. In 1986 and 1987, Fuji TV worked with Nintendo to create two games called All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. and Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic for the Famicom. All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. was a version of Super Mario Bros. with some minor changes. The Lost Levels and some enemies being replaced with Japanese celebrities with comedic effect, Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic later became the basis for Super Mario Bros. 2, which was released a year later. JOCX-TV2 featured numerous experimental programs on low budgets under this and follow-on brands, the JOCX-TV2 branding itself was changed in October 1988 to JOCX-TV+, which lasted until September 1991, when it was replaced with GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT in October 1991. Meanwhile, Fuji TV helped produced only the series of the British childrens television programme Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends with its creator. The GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT branding lasted until September 1992 when it was replaced with the JUNGLE branding, on March 10,1997, Fuji TV moved from their old headquarters in Kawadacho, Shinjuku, into a new building in Odaiba, Minato designed by Kenzo Tange. On March 3,2006, Fuji Television Network Inc. consolidated Nippon Broadcasting Holdings, Inc. the broadcasting business of which was taken over by Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. two days before. On October 1,2008, a former Fuji TV became a certified broadcasting holding company Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. Fuji TV, which broadcasts Formula One in Japan since 1987, is the only media sponsor of a Formula One Grand Prix in the world. Fuji TV has also licensed numerous Formula One video games including Human Grand Prix IV, Channel Sakura called Fuji TV the Traitor Network in these protests
7.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
8.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
9.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
10.
Speed Racer
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Speed Racer, also known as Mach GoGoGo, is a Japanese animated franchise about automobile racing. Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print in Shueishas 1966 Shōnen Book and it was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics, and later re-released in Japan by Fusosha. Adapted into anime by Tatsunoko Productions, its 52 episodes aired on Fuji TV from April 1967 to March 1968, the anime was later re-broadcast on Tokyo MX from July 1 to September 25,2008. Selected chapters of the manga were released by NOW Comics in the 1990s under the title Speed Racer Classics and these were later released by Wildstorm Productions, a division of DC Comics, as Speed Racer, The Original Manga. The television series itself is an example of an anime becoming a successful franchise in the United States. Mach GoGoGo was first created and designed by anime pioneer Tatsuo Yoshida as a series in the 1960s. The actual manga was inspired by Yoshida’s earlier, and more popular automobile racing comics, Pilot Ace’s main storyline would form the structure for Mach GoGoGo, which followed the adventures of an ambitious young man who became a professional racer. The characters’ designs in Pilot Ace would set the ground for the character design in Mach GoGoGo. Yoshida got his idea for the story after seeing two films that were popular in Japan at the time, Viva Las Vegas and Goldfinger. Soon enough, Mach GoGoGo hit shelves in the early 1960s, the central character in the anime and manga was a young race car driver named Gō Mifune. The name of the series, Mach GoGoGo has a meaning, Mahha-gō is the name of the car, the name of the main character is Gō Mifune. In the American adaptation, the Mach 5 stems from the number 5 on the door, although, in Japanese, go is the word for the number 5, the Kanji character gō which is used in the car name actually means item number. In addition, gogogo, is used as a general Japanese sound effect for rumble, taken together, the programs title means, Mach-gō, Gō Mifune, Go. In the American version, this would translate into Go, Speed Racer, the manga has several storylines such as The Great Plan, Challenge of the Masked Racer, The Fire Race, The Secret Engine and Race for Revenge that were adapted to the anime. However, minor changes occur between both the manga and the anime series, such as differences between back stories of several characters and places. A few years after the volumes were released, Yoshida decided to release his manga series as an anime program,52 episodes aired in Japan, each one emulating the fast-paced action of the manga. Selected chapters of the original Mach GoGoGo manga series were reprinted by Now Comics as Speed Racer Classics and by DC Comics/Wildstorm Productions as Speed Racer, The Original Manga. In 2008, a box set of the complete manga series was released by Digital Manga Publishing as Speed Racer
11.
The New Adventures of Gigantor
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New Tetsujin-28 is a 1980 Japanese Mecha Animated series produced by Tokyo Movie Shinsha, and a modern style remake of Mitsuteru Yokoyamas manga Tetsujin 28-go. It was directed by Tetsuo Imazawa and produced by both Shigeru Akagawa and Toru Horikoshi and it aired on Nippon Television from October 3,1980 to September 25,1981 with a total count of 51 episodes. Fred Ladd and TMS converted the series into The New Adventures of Gigantor, at the beginning of the 21st century, scientists found that with new computers and super alloys, they could build an even bigger, faster Gigantor. Eiko Yamada as Shotaro Kaneda Ikuko Tani as Utako Shikishima Yoshio Kaneuchi as Dr, the opening theme was Taiyo no Shisha Tetsujin Nijūhachi-gō by Junichi Kawauchi. The two ending themes were Kibō ni mukatte 〜 Shōtarō no tēma 〜 and Muteki no Tetsujin Nijūhachi-gō, the series was adapted for North America by Fred Ladd and broadcast as The New Adventures of Gigantor on Sci-Fi Channel from September 9,1993. This broadcast ended on June 30,1997 after reruns, all 51 episodes span on two DVD Box collections, and was released in Japan by Movic in December 2001 and March 2002 respectively. The Blu-ray version was released in Japan by Warner Bros, home Entertainment, the first box was released on October 2016 and the second in December 2016. In January 2012 New Tetsujin-28 was announced to appear in Super Robot Wars Z2, Regeneration Chapter
12.
Syfy
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Syfy is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The channel features science fiction, fantasy, horror, supernatural, paranormal, drama, as of February 2015, approximately 94.8 million American households receive Syfy. In March 1992, the concept was picked up by USA Networks, Star Treks creator Gene Roddenberry and author Isaac Asimov were among those on the initial advisory board, but both had died by the time the channel finally launched on September 24,1992. Rubenstein recalled, The first thing that was on the screen was Dedicated to the memories of Isaac Asimov, leonard Nimoy was master of ceremonies at the channels launch party, held at the Hayden Planetarium in Manhattan. Asimovs widow Janet and Roddenberrys widow Majel Barrett were both in attendance, the first program shown on the network was the film Star Wars. In 1994, Paramount was sold to Viacom, followed by Seagrams purchase of a stake in MCA from Matsushita (a. k. a Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. the next year. In 1997, Viacom sold its stake in USA Networks to Universal, Three years later, Diller would sell these assets back to Universal, by then a subsidiary of Vivendi SA. Vivendis film and television production and cable television assets were merged with General Electrics NBC to form NBC Universal in 2004. A high definition version of the launched on October 3,2007 on DirecTV. In 2013, Syfy was awarded the James Randi Educational Foundations Pigasus Award, from 1992 to 1999, the networks first logo consisted of a planet with a ring, which made to look like Saturn, and it has SCI-FI CHANNEL written on it. The networks second logo ran from 1999 to 2002, which dropped the hyphen, the networks third and final logo ran from 2002 to 2009, and was designed by Lambie-Nairn. The logo made its debut on December 2,2002, with the launch of the Steven Spielberg miniseries Taken, the network also launched a new image campaign with the tagline If, which expresses the limitless possibilities of the imagination. Identification bumps depicted surreal situations such as a baby breathing fire, on March 16,2009, NBCUniversal announced that Sci Fi was rebranding as Syfy. The name change was greeted with initial negativity, with people deliberately mispronouncing Syfy as SIF-ee, SKIF-ee, the new name took effect on July 7,2009. Syfy has since added reality shows and edged further from strictly science fiction, fantasy, in Polish, Syfy does not suggest imagination or science fiction, but rather syphilis. Syfys programming includes original made-for-cable movies, miniseries, and series, in the past, the channel concentrated on classic science fiction shows. However, under NBCUniversal ownership, the channel has altered its programming to more mainstream audiences. In 2006, it began airing programs such as Law & Order, Special Victims Unit, ECW, the network had gained significant international attention for its successful original miniseries and subsequent four-season series Battlestar Galactica
13.
Island
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An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, an island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, an island may be described as such, despite the presence of an artificial land bridge. Example, Singapore and its causeway, or the various Dutch delta islands, there are two main types of islands in the sea, continental and oceanic. The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland, Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin aqua. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology, continents sit on continental lithosphere which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earths mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than continental lithosphere, Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust or geologically they are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere. This holds true for Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere, continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent. A special type of island is the microcontinental island, which is created when a continent is rifted. Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some of its carrying capacity. While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable, oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, the few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean, one type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring, examples are the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles, another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are two examples, Iceland, which is the second largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. A third type of oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the tectonic plate above it
14.
Firearm
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A firearm is a portable gun - a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles, often driven by the action of an explosive force. The first primitive firearms originated in 13th-century China when the fire lance was combined with projectiles. The technology gradually spread through the rest of East Asia, South Asia, older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability, modern firearms can be described by their caliber or in the case of shotguns their gauge, by the type of action employed together with the usual means of deportment. The word firearms usually is used in a sense restricted to small arms, shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye co-ordination, using either iron sights or optical sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 yards, while most rifles are accurate to 550 yards using iron sights, some purpose-built sniper rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,200 yards. The smallest of all firearms is the handgun, there are three common types of handguns, single-shot pistols, revolvers, and semi-automatic pistols. Revolvers have a number of firing chambers or charge holes in a revolving cylinder, semi-automatic pistols have a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine so they can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the mechanism so that the next cartridge may be fired immediately. This is opposed to double-action revolvers which accomplish the end using a mechanical action linked to the trigger pull. Prior to the 19th century, virtually all handguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, with the invention of the revolver in 1818, handguns capable of holding multiple rounds became popular. Certain designs of auto-loading pistol appeared beginning in the 1870s and had largely supplanted revolvers in military applications by the end of World War I. By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, both designs are common among civilian gun owners, depending on the owners intention. A long gun is any firearm that is larger than a handgun and is designed to be held. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot. Most modern long guns are either rifles or shotguns, both are the successors of the musket, diverging from their parent weapon in distinct ways. A rifle is so named for the spiral fluting machined into the surface of its barrel. Shotguns are predominantly smoothbore firearms designed to fire a number of shot, shotguns are also capable of firing single slugs, or specialty rounds such as bean bags, tear gas or breaching rounds
15.
Pinocchio in Outer Space
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Pinocchio in Outer Space is a 1965 Belgian-American animated film which sets Carlo Collodis Pinocchio character on a rocketship adventure. Peter Lazer does the voice of Pinocchio, the film was produced by Ray Goossens at Belvision Studios, with American involvement from Norm Prescott and Fred Ladd. The French version was titled Pinocchio dans lespace and the Dutch version was known as Pinocchio in de ruimte, the film was released in the USA by Universal Pictures. It was Universals second animated film that it distributed and its last one until 1986s An American Tail, the talking cricket character was not present in this production. Instead, Pinocchios sidekick was Nurtle, an alien Twertle sent by his government to investigate an unusual increase of radiation on Mars, together they do battle against Astro, a marauding intergalactic whale who was seeking revenge after being abducted by a mysterious race of Martians
16.
Astro Boy (1963 TV series)
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It originated as a manga of the same name in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, revered in Japan as the God of Manga. After enjoying success both in Japan and abroad as the first anime to be broadcast overseas, Astro Boy was remade in the 1980s under the same name and it lasted for four seasons, with a total of 193 episodes, the final episode presented on New Years Eve 1966. At its height it was watched by 40% of the Japanese population who had access to a TV, in 1964, there was a feature-length animated movie called Mighty Atom, the Brave in Space released in Japan. It was an anthology of three episodes, The Robot Spaceship, Last Day on Earth and Earth Defense Squadron, the latter two were filmed in color. Astro Boy is set in the year 2000, forty years in the future from its production in the 1960s. Dr. Tenma, a scientist working in the Ministry of Sciences Department of Precision Machinery, loses his son, Tobio. Though the robot is the most advanced anyone has seen, he is not pleased with it because of the fact that it does not grow. After this, he loses his job at the Ministry of Science and he harnesses a complicated relationship towards robots, mainly believing that they should not be treated as humans but as slaves. In the circus, where robots exist, but are a lot more primitively made than Tobio, However, Atom wished to be peaceful, and luckily runs into Professor Ochanomizu, the man who succeeded Dr. Tenma at the head of the Ministry of Science. Ochanomizu is treated differently to Tenma, however, being regarded as a saviour figure by the robots for his large amount of affection. After realising how advanced Atom is compared to the rest of the robots, he sets him free from the circus. This means that it is hard to define what the most original, for the English version, the producers, NBC Enterprises settled on Astro Boy after discussions between producer Fred Ladd and representatives from NBC. The names were adjusted for American audiences, frederik L. Schodt, who created the English version of the original comic, said that the names were “cleverly” changed for American tastes. In one Astro Boy manga story Tezuka expressed frustration towards the restrictions passed by American television networks on the adaptation of the newly titled Astro Boy television series. The U. S. version did not air an episode showing a dog being operated on, as the producers believed it was too cruel and grotesque to show. Tezuka criticized this as hypocrisy, as non-Japanese eat and kill animals in manners he described as “grotesque. ”Tezuka added that many White people in Africa shot animals for sport, yet people in England spread false rumors about Japanese people eating dogs. In 2007 and 2008, Cartoon Network broadcast and webcast NBC’s syndicated edition of the original 1960s episodes as a part of its late night Adult Swim line-up, only the first 52 episodes were aired. The Right Stuf International and Madman Entertainment have recently released the dubbed series on DVD in two box sets
17.
Al Singer
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Al The Bronx Beauty Singer was an American boxer. He was born in the Lower East Side in New York City, Singer captured the World Lightweight Championship in July,1930, with a first round knockout of champion Sammy Mandell. He surrendered the four months later to Tony Canzoneri in a first round KO. Three years earlier, Singer and Canzoneri had battled to a 10-round draw, in his career, Singer won 61 of 72 pro fights, drawing twice, and losing nine. On April 20,1961 he died of an attack in New York City. Singer, who was Jewish, was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2006
18.
WPIX
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WPIX, channel 11, is a television station located in New York City. Owned and operated by Tribune Media, WPIX is an affiliate, the stations studios and offices are located in Midtown Manhattan, and its transmitter is based at the Empire State Building. WPIX is also available as a regional superstation via satellite and cable in the United States, the station first signed on the air on June 15,1948, it was the fifth television station to sign on in New York City and was the markets second independent station. It was also the second of three stations to launch in the New York market during 1948, debuting one month after Newark-based independent WATV, since 1948, WPIXs studios and offices have been located in the Daily News Building at Second Avenue and East 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan. In its earliest years, WPIX maintained a studio at 110 Central Park South. British businessman Robert Maxwell bought the Daily News in 1991, Tribune retained WPIX and WQCD, the radio station was sold to Emmis Communications in 1997. To generations of New York children, channel 11 was also the home of memorable personalities, jazz singer Joya Sherrill hosted a weekday childrens show, Time for Joya. Channel 11 produced the Magic Garden series, which ran on the station from 1972 to 1984, in the late 1970s and 1980s, PIX Games were played during commercial breaks of afternoon programs, in which kids would call into the station for the chance to play for prizes. From its early years through the 1960s, WPIX, like the two major independents in New York – WOR-TV and WNEW-TV – struggled to acquire other programming. In 1966, WPIX debuted The Yule Log, which combines Christmas music with a loop of logs burning inside a fireplace. Airing on Christmas Eve and/or Christmas morning initially until 1989, the film was made in 1966 and was shot at the Gracie Mansion, WPIX revived the Yule Log due to viewer demand in 2001, and has proven to be just as popular. Several of Tribunes other television stations have carried the WPIX version, complete with its audio soundtrack, Channel 11 also airs a live broadcast of Midnight Mass from St. Patricks Cathedral every Christmas Eve. The stations famous Circle 11 logo – predating the existence of the World Trade Center, by the mid-1970s, WPIX emerged as the second highest-rated independent station in the area, behind WNEW-TV. The running gag in these ads was the fact that Tillman was constantly surrounded by – but never noticed – objects resembling a giant 11, in 1978, WPIX was uplinked to satellite and became a superstation that was distributed to cable providers throughout the U. S. Two years later, WPIX began operating on a 24-hour programming schedule, during the late 1980s, WPIX fell to sixth place in the ratings among New Yorks VHF stations, behind WNYW and a resurgent WWOR. In 1994, the became the exclusive home of the New York City Marathon. On November 2,1993, the Warner Bros, Television division of Time Warner and the Tribune Company announced the formation of The WB Television Network. WPIX could have been considered The WBs flagship station – however this is a designation in name only, the station was verbally branded as The WB, Channel 11, until it was simplified to WB11 in 1997
19.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
20.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
21.
Trans-Lux
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These indoor and outdoor displays are used worldwide in many industries including financial, banking, gaming, corporate, retail, healthcare, sports and transportation. The company was created by Percy Norman Furber, an Englishman, Furber was interested in developing a projection system that could be used in a lighted room, and enlisted the aid of a friend, Arthur Payne, a former employee of Thomas Edison. Payne hit upon the idea of projection, projecting an image through a screen rather than on it. However, this required a finer and more translucent material for the screen than any that currently existed. It was only after a visit to the New York Stock Exchange that Furber saw a truly profitable application for rear projection, at the time, brokers obtained the latest stock quotes, provided by Western Unions telegraph, or wire service, from a glass dome-topped ticker. The machine printed the results onto a thin piece of paper known as a ticker tape. Prior to this invention, any information was hand-written, usually on a chalk board, although the results were less immediate. Furber combined the best aspects of both methods, by enlarging the stock quotations from the ticker tape and displaying them onto a rear projection screen. In 1923, the company installed the first Movie ticker ticker tape projection system at the New York Stock Exchange. Like every ticker of the time it was a mechanical format and it is this stock ticker that provided the companys name, Trans-Lux meaning moving light. Financing this new operation required more capital, so Furber took his company public on August 26,1925 and it was listed on the New York Curb Exchange, which later became the American Stock Exchange. Until being delisted in 2011 Trans-Lux stock was the oldest company to be listed on the American Stock Exchange, in 1925, the company had 41 installations on stock exchange floors and brokerage house boardrooms throughout the country. By 1927 the company had created a larger, commercial-sized theater screen and took it, along with its rear projector system. To further penetrate the market, the Trans-Lux Movies Corporation, in partnership with RKO Studios, was created, using Trans-Lux as its trade name, it began a theater-building program. Seating only 158, it was too small for the crowd it attracted. In accordance with its news heritage the theatre featured a program made up exclusively of shorts, when the companys third theater opened two blocks away on 60th and Madison on November 10,1933, it was turned back into retail space. In 1931, Percy Furber turned over operations to his son. By this time, Trans-Lux had 4,000 stockholders, over 100 employees, in 1934, the company opened two more newsreel theaters in Brooklyn, New York and one in Philadelphia
22.
ATV (Australia)
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ATV is a television station in Melbourne, Australia, part of Network Ten – one of the three major Australian commercial television networks. In April 1963 the licence to operate Melbournes third commercial station was awarded to Austarama Television. The new station opened with a program hosted by Barry McQueen and Nancy Cato followed by a variety program. Reception difficulties in parts of the city resulted in the stations virtually permanent third position in the Melbourne television ratings, ATV had been experimenting with colour transmissions from 1967, when the station was the first to mount a colour outside broadcast in Australia, from the Pakenham races. Many other colour test transmissions occurred subsequently, full-time colour transmission was introduced to ATV-0 in March 1975 in line with other stations around the country. Rupert Murdoch gained a controlling interest in Sydney television station TEN-10 in 1979 and had bought a stake in transport company Ansett. On 20 January 1980, the revamped ATV-10 was launched with a campaign, Graham Kennedys introductory presentation. Wendt left the channel in 1981 with Charles Slade replacing her and was replaced by Jo Pearson. By the end of 1981 Murdoch had finally received approval for control of ATV-10, the 1986 transfer of Neighbours to the Ten Network proved to be a success. Aside from its use of locations in Melbourne itself, ATVs Nunawading studios were used to produce the program. That is still the case today, on 7 September 1992, ATV-10 relocated from the stations famous Nunawading studios to the Como Centre in inner suburban South Yarra. Months after the switch the channel, together with the network, in 1992, ATV-10 produced The Morning Show for the Ten Network, hosted by Bert Newton. The program was re-titled Good Morning Australia in 1993, GMA stayed on air until December 2005 and the following month was replaced by 9am with David & Kim hosted by Kim Watkins and David Reyne. The show had four years on air and in 2010 was replaced by The Circle hosted by Gorgi Coghlan, Yumi Stynes, Chrissie Swan, in November 2013 the Network launched breakfast show Wake Up which was broadcast live from both Sydney and Melbourne. News Updates were presented by Nuala Hafner live from a studio at Melbournes Federation Square. The show was axed in May 2014 due to cost cutting measures. Locally produced programs by or with ATV-10 Melbourne, Ten Eyewitness News, Melbourne The Project Have You Been Paying Attention. ATV-0s first news presenter was its news director, Brian Wright, the stations initial news format on weeknights was a 45-minute bulletin starting at 6. 15pm, aimed at competing with the 30-minute bulletins offered by rival stations GTV-9 and HSV-7
23.
TV Week
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TV Week is an Australian magazine, issued weekly, first published as a Melbourne-only publication in December 1957, and bearing a strong affiliation to television station Channel Nine GTV. The publication is still publishing weekly, in its current format it previews upcoming storylines for popular television programs, particularly soap operas, dramas and reality shows airing in Australia, and reports on some musical acts. As well as featuring interviews and a weekly program guide with highlights. The first issue to be published covered the week 5–11 December 1957, with popular GTV-9 performers Geoff Corke, in 1958, the title was shortened to TV Week and circulation expanded to Sydney, then the only other TV market in Australia, in June. At the close of that year, Melbourne readers of TV Week were invited to vote for their favourite TV personalities and programmes, graham Kennedy and Panda Lisner from GTVs In Melbourne Tonight were voted Melbournes most popular TV personalities. Kennedy then named the awards the Logies, after the inventor of the first working television system, rival publication Television Preview, produced by the Television Owners Club of Australia, was launched in 1957. By June 1958, TV Week had a competitor, TV News, published by the Australian Broadcasting Commission, TV Week added a Sydney edition in July 1958 and continued to expand publication as television launched in other capital cities and regional areas across Australia. It was thought that four titles in the market was unsustainable, so ACP entered into a co-publishing deal with the ABC. By the end of the year, Television Preview was incorporated into TV Week, TV Week introduced colour internal pages in 1962, moving to gloss colour covers and internal pages in 1967. As a final stage, the magazine doubled size from A5 to A4 in July 1968. In 1980, TV Week merged with rival publications TV Times, in 2002, Packer effectively bought TV Week out of the joint venture. A legal battle over the custody of the magazines Logie Awards followed as both Australian Consolidated Press and Pacific Publications claimed ownership, Pacific wanted to use the Logies to promote their new rival TV listing Whats On Weekly. Packer won the battle and the Logies remain connected to TV Week, in 2013, TV Week received criticism from former Neighbours actress Kym Valentine for not giving Neighbours as much coverage as their long-time rival, Home and Away. Valentine tweeted to TV Week, saying, Why dont you give Neighbours as much coverage as Home, the fans are asking for it. TV Week Soap Extra was an Australian fortnightly television magazine that was published on a Thursday and it was a sister magazine to TV Week and was originally launched in January 2014 as a one-off special. The magazine featured exclusive teasers and first-look photos of upcoming storylines, reviews, the final issue of Soap Extra was released on 29 October 2015. Following the magazines closure, all of their coverage for soap operas moved back to TV Week, on 14 July 2014, Bauer Media confirmed that they would be launching TV Week Soap Extra as a fortnightly magazine dedicated to the storylines of Australian and overseas soaps and dramas. The decision came after Bauer Media had identified a gap in the market for a magazine that covered television soaps
24.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
25.
Jet engine
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A jet engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion. This broad definition includes airbreathing jet engines and non-airbreathing jet engines, in general, jet engines are combustion engines. In common parlance, the jet engine loosely refers to an internal combustion airbreathing jet engine. These typically feature an air compressor powered by a turbine. Jet aircraft use such engines for long-distance travel, early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use more complex high-bypass turbofan engines and these engines offer high speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and propeller aeroengines over long distances. Jet engines date back to the invention of the aeolipile before the first century AD and this device directed steam power through two nozzles to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. So far as is known, it did not supply mechanical power, instead, it was seen as a curiosity. However, although powerful, at reasonable flight speeds rockets are very inefficient. The earliest attempts at airbreathing jet engines were hybrid designs in which a power source first compressed air. In one such system, called a thermojet by Secondo Campini but more commonly, motorjet, examples of this type of design were the Caproni Campini N.1, and the Japanese Tsu-11 engine intended to power Ohka kamikaze planes towards the end of World War II. None were entirely successful and the N.1 ended up being slower than the design with a traditional engine. If aircraft performance were ever to increase beyond such a barrier and this was the motivation behind the development of the gas turbine engine, commonly called a jet engine. The key to a jet engine was the gas turbine. The gas turbine was not an idea developed in the 1930s, the first gas turbine to successfully run self-sustaining was built in 1903 by Norwegian engineer Ægidius Elling. Limitations in design and practical engineering and metallurgy prevented such engines reaching manufacture, the main problems were safety, reliability, weight and, especially, sustained operation. The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Frenchman Maxime Guillaume and his engine was an axial-flow turbojet. Alan Arnold Griffith published An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design in 1926 leading to work at the RAE
26.
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
27.
TEN (TV station)
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TEN is Network Tens Sydney station. It was originally owned and operated by United Telecasters Sydney Limited, TEN often lagged in the ratings behind the more established commercial channels TCN and ATN who had dominated viewing habits in Sydney for eight years. The turning point came in 1972 with the premiere of the soap opera series Number 96 which immediately lifted TENs overall profile. TEN launched Australias first metropolitan nightly one-hour news bulletin in 1975, in 1978, Katrina Lee became only the third female TV newsreader on Australian TV – the first being Melody Illiffe on QTQ-9. The current anchor for the 5pm Sydney news on weeknights is Sandra Sully, however a decline set in from 1987, when the station, along with ATV-10 in Melbourne, was bought by Frank Lowys Westfield Group. In 1989, falling ratings and revenue prompted a major relaunch by American TV executive Bob Shanks, the station were rebranded as 10 TV Australia in 1989, however this did little to help Tens fortunes with the network soon going into receivership. The network began to be turned around in 1991 under the control of Gary Rice and this logo continues to this day. In 1992, Westpac Bank bought Ten out of receivership and later sold the network to a consortium headed by Canadian group CanWest. In 1994, The network was managed in receivership and it was in period that it sold its North Ryde studios. TEN-10 began a slow and steady recovery, to the point where now, as the station in the network. TEN commenced digital television transmission in January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 11 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 10, the analogue signal for TEN was shut off at 9. 00am AEDST, Tuesday,3 December 2013. TEN-10s broadcast facilities have been in the city suburb of Pyrmont since 1997. These studios feature an open plan newsroom and news-set where all Tens national and local Sydney news bulletins are produced. This facility is also the head office and broadcasts the network signal to other cities. When TEN-10 opened in 1965, it operated from newly built facilities at North Ryde. The North Ryde complex, which was used by Global Television in recent years, was demolished in September 2007. Following the move from North Ryde in 1990, TEN relocated to a warehouse in Ultimo. Most series are produced on location or at external studios by external companies, Ten Eyewitness News Sydney is presented by Sandra Sully with sport presenter Matt Burke, weather presenter Tim Bailey and traffic reporter Vic Lorusso
28.
Adelaide
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Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
29.
SAS-10
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SAS is a television station in Adelaide, South Australia. It is part of the Australian Seven Network, SAS-7 was originally known as SAS-10, commencing broadcasting on 26 July 1965, under the same owners as TVW-7 Perth. On 27 December 1987, SAS-10 and ADS-7 switched broadcast channels, ADS moving to channel 10, ADS was owned by Kerry Stokes who also owned NEW-10 and Capital Television. SAS was owned by TVW-7 starting from 1974 and thus, in 2 occasions, the station celebrated 40 years in 2005 with a special television program Made in Adelaide 40 Years of Television. Television shows made during the SAS-10 era include childrens shows Fat Cat and Friends, The Early Birds, Crackerjack, music shows included In Time, Trax and Simulrock. Variety talent shows included Adelaides New Faces and Pot Luck, there was also the long running daytime show Touch of Elegance. SAS10 employed actor Hedley Cullen as horror host Deadly Earnest, from 1973 to 1989 the Christmas Appeal telethon was held each year. Other shows after the change over included Fat Cat and Friends until 1992, currently the station produces Discover, Seven News and local editions of Today Tonight, which outrates the national A Current Affair. The last edition of Seven News and Today Tonight was broadcast from the Gilberton studios in North Adelaide on 14 December 2007, on weekends Jessica Adamson presents the news. Previously, Graeme Goodings had been weeknight presenter and John Riddell the weekend reader, Goodings and Riddell agreed to swap roles in 2004, both Goodings and Doyle had been presenting Seven News together since 1989, which had proven a success. Prior to 27 December 1987, the presenters and crew behind Seven News broadcast as Ten News Adelaide. On 27 December 1987, Seven National News reporter Alan Murrell reported the following on then-ADS-7, hours before the switch of channels, Tonight will mark the end of the callsigns ADS-7, tomorrow, itll be ADS-10 and SAS-7. Its the first time such a change has been made, the switch follows a media shake-up earlier this year, which left ADS in the hands of the owners of the Ten Network. Already, the changes are being made at Strangways Terrace. But viewers will notice little difference, theyll still turn the knob to Ten for Channel Ten programs, and to Seven for Seven programs. The only difference will be that the local personalities will be seen on different channels, so if you want to watch Steve Whitham and Caroline Ainslie reading the news tomorrow night, you simply turn the dial three positions, from Seven-to ADS-10. As a result, from the last days of 1987 up to 1988 the new SAS-7 adopted the On the Move slogan to mark the change, with a music video made for this purpose. Local News updates for Adelaide are typically presented by reporters in the afternoon, followed by news presenters Jane Doyle, John Riddell or Jessica Adamson in the late afternoon
30.
The Samurai (TV series)
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The Samurai is a Japanese historical fiction television series made by Senkosha Productions during the early 1960s. Its original Japanese title was Onmitsu Kenshi, the series premiered in 1962 on TBS and ran continuously until 1965 for ten self-contained story arcs, usually of 13 episodes each. Also created were two feature films by Toei Company, made in 1964 by the same crew which has created the TV series. The Samurai proved to be successful despite its initially very limited budget. In 1973, a color TV series was made for 26 new episodes in an abortive attempt of a remake. All of the TV series were sponsored by Takeda Pharmaceutical and he lives among the ordinary people while posing as a rōnin, working undercover to protect Ienaris position as the shogun. Shintarō is a swordsman, using the two traditional swords of the samurai. He is usually wearing a kimono, sometimes with a hakama. Tombei is a master of disguise, skilled with shuriken, swords and scaling hooks, also able to call-in the additional Men of Iga, and the two saved each others lives numerous times. His outfit is a version of the shinobi shōzoku Iga outfit and he has a chonmage top-knot hair. Later Shintarō is also accompanied by young boy with a pet monkey - Baba Shūsaku, some of the series other most memorable characters were its ninja antagonists, especially those played by the recurring Bin Amatsu. Spy Swordsman The opening arc is distinctly western-inspired, with horseback riding. It portrays the native Ainu people sympathetically as they substitute for American Indians in the frontier-like Ezo, fuyukichi Maki appears in several episodes as the Ainu rebel leader Kamokuin, while Bin Amatsu plays two minor roles. It was actually aired as the last season in the Australian run of the series, Shintarō has been ordered to investigate the resources of the Matsumae clan and write a report about them. The lord of Matsumae suspects that this lead to the shogunate taking control of his fiefdom and sends his fanatically loyal but rightful retainer, Kiba Jinjūrō. Koga Ninjas The second story introduces ninja to the series, setting a theme that would then dominate The Samurai. The Kōga Ninja are led by Kōga Ryūshirō, a descendant of the founder of the Kōga, and include Genzō the Spider, Kurobei who eventually defects to Shintaro, and the female ninja Oyo. Also introduced to the series is Shūsaku, a descendant of the great Takeda general Baba Nobukatsu, unknown to his employer, Momochi himself has a secret agenda, to plunge the country back into civil war and revive the golden age of ninjutsu
31.
Ninja
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A ninja or shinobi was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of the ninja included espionage, sabotage, infiltration, assassination and their covert methods of waging irregular warfare were deemed dishonorable and beneath the samurai-caste, who observed strict rules about honor and combat. Following the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate, the ninja faded into obscurity, a number of shinobi manuals, often based on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the Bansenshukai. By the time of the Meiji Restoration, the tradition of the shinobi had become a topic of popular imagination, Ninja figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as invisibility, walking on water and control over the natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in popular culture is based more on such legend. Ninja is a reading of the two kanji 忍者. In the native kunyomi reading, it is pronounced shinobi. The word shinobi appears in the record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the Manyōshū. The underlying connotation of shinobi means to steal away, to hide and — by extension — to forbear, hence its association with stealth and invisibility. Historically, the ninja was not in common use. Along with shinobi, some examples include monomi, nokizaru, rappa, kusa, in historical documents, shinobi is almost always used. Kunoichi, meaning a female ninja, supposedly came from the characters くノ一, in the West, the word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post-World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers. In English, the plural of ninja can be either unchanged as ninja, reflecting the Japanese languages lack of grammatical number, despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian Stephen Turnbull asserts that the ninja were recruited from the lower class. Instead, war epics such as the Tale of Hōgen and the Tale of the Heike focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, the title ninja has sometimes been attributed retrospectively to the semi-legendary 4th-century prince Yamato Takeru. In the Kojiki, the young Yamato Takeru disguised himself as a charming maiden, however, these records take place at a very early stage of Japanese history, and they are unlikely to be connected to the shinobi of later accounts. The first recorded use of espionage was under the employment of Prince Shōtoku in the 6th century, such tactics were considered unsavory even in early times, when, according to the 10th century Shōmonki, the boy spy Koharumaru was killed for spying against the insurgent Taira no Masakado. Later, the 14th century war chronicle Taiheiki contained many references to shinobi and it was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose
32.
Astro Boy
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Astro Boy, known in Japan by its original name Mighty Atom, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka from 1952 to 1968. The story follows the adventures of an android named Astro Boy, the manga was adapted for TV as Astro Boy, the first popular animated Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as anime. After enjoying success abroad, Astro Boy was remade in the 1980s as New Mighty Atom, known as Astroboy in other countries, in November 2007, he was named Japans envoy for overseas safety. An American computer-animated film based on the manga series by Tezuka was released on October 23,2009. In March 2015, a trailer was released announcing a new animated series, Astro Boy is a science fiction series set in a futuristic world where robots co-exist with humans. Its focus is on the adventures of the titular Astro Boy, Dr. Tenma created Astro to replace his son Tobio, who died in a car accident. Dr. Tenma built Astro in Tobios memory and treated Astro as lovingly as if he was the real Tobio. However, Dr. Tenma soon realized that the little android could not fill the void of his lost son, in the original 1960 edition, Tenma rejected Astro and sold him to a cruel circus owner, Hamegg. After some time, Professor Ochanomizu, the new head of the Ministry of Science, notices Astro Boy performing in the circus and he then takes Astro in as his own and treats him gently and warmly, becoming his legal guardian. He soon realizes that Astro has superior powers and skills, as well as the ability to experience human emotions, most of his enemies are robot-hating humans, robots gone berserk, or alien invaders. Almost every story includes a battle involving Astro and other robots, in one manga episode, Astro takes on the US Air Force, and stops it from bombing some innocent Vietnamese villagers. The Astro Boy series consists of story lines. Schodt added that the page layouts used in Astro Boy episodes became more creative, when designing supporting characters, Tezuka sometimes created characters that were homages to Walt Disney, Max Fleischer, and other American animators. In several of the Astro Boy stories, the first few pages were in color, Tezuka had a Star System of characters where characters from his other works played various roles in Astro Boy. Similarly, several characters in Astro Boy appear in his other works, Tezuka developed a type of dialog with his readers since he developed so many stories during his lifetime. Astro Boy was described by Schodt as an analog, a world where man, as a result, the plots of the Astro Boy stories often involve issues that stem from this idea. When Astro Boy was created in the 1950s and 1960s, Japan did not have the reputation for science and this made the analog nature of Astro Boy unique. The novels were published by Akita Shoten,23 volumes of paper backs were printed
33.
Prince Planet
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It currently runs on The Works television network. While on his mission, Prince Planet adopts the identity of an Earth boy named Bobby and gains comrades who work alongside him fighting forces of evil. Prince Planet was originally produced in Japan by TCJ for Dentsu advertising in conjunction with K. Fujita Associates, the show was one of the first heavily merchandised shows in Japan, with simple things like shoes getting the Planet Boy Papi logo. An English-dubbed version was released by American International Television Productions in September 1966, the American theme was composed by Guy Hemric and Jerry Styner, who had previously written songs for several of American Internationals Beach Party movies. Glico was a sponsor for the series and made Papi prizes that came in certain candy products. Prizes included mini action figures to play jewelry, the main characters appearing throughout most of the series are all introduced by the fourth episode. In episode 1, Prince Planet arrives on Earth and meets a girl, Riko or Diana Worthy in the English-dubbed version and her father, Pops Worthy, who live on a large ranch. In episode 2, a known as Dan Dynamo, billed as The strongest man in the world. The last major team member is a magician named AjiBaba of Abbadon, from the desert of the eastern hemisphere who debuts in episode 4 as an arch-enemy of Warlock, Warlock finally returns in the second-to-last episode of the series. While on Earth, Prince Planet exists usually as Bobby, a normal boy and he transforms similarly to Captain Marvel by holding his pendant with both hands and saying Peeeeeee Pazow. with the Pazow being added to cover the Japanese Papi. When Bobby is transformed into Prince Planet, a suit of battle armor comes with the transformation. This includes a helmet, which all members of Radion society seem to wear. Prince Planets main powers are not altogether unlike those of Superman and his pendant-endowed powers include super strength, flight, and resistance to harsh environments like outer space, though he can be injured in his transformed state. A recurring plot element of many episodes hinges on a limitation resembling that of the Green Lantern of DC Comics, but unlike the Green Lantern, Prince Planet cannot perform this task himself. Instead, replenishment of the energy is handled from the planet Radion. As his energy supply diminishes, the P in his pendant goes from black to white like a thermometer in dropping temperatures. On Prince Planets home planet of Radion, in the tower, there is a person whose job is to monitor the pendants energy level. The series was as known in Australia
34.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
35.
Computer-generated imagery
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The term CGI animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films, etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, the evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where runs of the simulated camera are not constrained by the laws of physics. Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery, natural looking landscapes are generated via computer algorithms. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the triangular mesh method, relying on the construction of special case of a de Rham curve. The creation of a Brownian surface may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created, thus a topographical map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the plasma fractal, modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be accurate than traditional drawings. Architectural animation can also be used to see the relationship a building will have in relation to the environment. The rendering of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now an accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems. Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform walk-throughs in an interactive manner, Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind those of sophisticated in-house modeling systems, in some applications, computer-generated images are used to reverse engineer historical buildings. Computer generated models used in animation are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute have developed anatomically correct computer-based models, Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a body of artist produced medical images continue to be used by medical students, such as images by Frank H. Netter. However, a number of anatomical models are becoming available. A single patient X-ray is not a computer generated image, even if digitized, however, in applications which involve CT scans a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from a large number of single slice x-rays, producing computer generated image
36.
Golden Age of Radio
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The old-time radio era, sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Radio, was an era of radio programming in the United States during which radio was the dominant electronic home entertainment medium. It began with the beginning of broadcasting in the early 1920s and lasted until the 1950s. During this period radio was the only broadcast medium, and people regularly tuned into their favourite radio programs, according to a 1947 C. E. Hooper survey,82 out of 100 Americans were found to be radio listeners. Since this era, radio programming has shifted to a narrow format of news, talk, sports. It allowed subscribers to eavesdrop on live performances and hear news reports by means of a network of telephone lines. The development of radio eliminated the wires and subscription charges from this concept, on Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden is said to have broadcast the first radio program, consisting of some violin playing and passages from the Bible. The first apparent published reference to the event was made in 1928 by H. P, davis, Vice President of Westinghouse, in a lecture given at Harvard University. In 1932 Fessenden cited the Christmas Eve 1906 broadcast event in a letter he wrote to Vice President S. M, Fessendens wife Helen recounts the broadcast in her book Fessenden, Builder of Tomorrows, eight years after Fessendens death. The issue of whether the 1906 Fessenden broadcast actually happened is discussed in Donna Halpers article In Search of the Truth About Fessenden and also in James ONeals essays. It was not until after the Titanic catastrophe in 1912 that radio for communication came into vogue. Radio was especially important during World War I as it was vital for air, after the war, numerous radio stations were born in the United States and set the standard for later radio programs. The first radio program was broadcast on August 31,1920 on the station 8MK in Detroit, owned by The Detroit News. This was followed in 1920 with the first commercial station in the United States, KDKA. The first regular entertainment programs were broadcast in 1922, and on March 10, Variety carried the front page headline, a highlight of this time was the first Rose Bowl being broadcast on January 1,1923 on the Los Angeles station KHJ. Several radio networks broadcast in the United States, airing programs nationwide and their distribution made the golden age of radio possible. The networks declined in the early 1960s, Mutual and NBC both closed down their operations in the 1980s, while ABC lasted until 2007 and CBS still operates its network as of 2016. Mutual, ABC and NBCs radio assets now reside with Cumulus Medias Westwood One division through numerous mergers, cBSs radio assets are in the process of being integrated with Entercom as of 2017. Mutual was run as a cooperative in which the stations owned the network
37.
The Great Gildersleeve
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The Great Gildersleeve was a radio situation comedy broadcast in the USA from August 31,1941, to 1958. Initially written by Leonard Lewis Levinson, it was one of broadcast historys earliest spin-off programs, the series was built around the character Throckmorton P. Gildersleeve, a regular element of the radio situation comedy Fibber McGee and Molly. The character was introduced in the October 3,1939 episode of that series, actor Harold Peary had played a similarly named character, Dr. Gildersleeve on earlier episodes. The Great Gildersleeve enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 1940s, Peary played the character during its transition from the parent show into the spin-off and later in four feature films released at the height of the shows popularity. In Fibber McGee and Molly, Pearys Gildersleeve had been a pompous windbag, youre a haa-aa-aa-aard man, McGee. became a Gildersleeve catchphrase. The character went by several aliases on Fibber McGee and Molly, gildy grew so popular that Kraft Foods—promoting its Parkay margarine—sponsored a new series featuring Pearys somewhat mellowed and always befuddled Gildersleeve as the head of his own family. The Great Gildersleeve premiered on NBC on August 31,1941, the household also includes a cook named Birdie. While Gildersleeve had occasionally mentioned his wife in some Fibber episodes, at the outset of the series, Gildersleeve administers a girdle manufacturing company, later and during the remainder of the show he serves as Summerfields water commissioner. A key figure in the Gildersleeve home was cook and housekeeper Birdie Lee Coggins, Marjorie matured to a young woman through the 1940s. During the ninth season she met and married Walter Bronco Thompson, Look devoted five pages in its May 23,1950, issue to the wedding. After living in the household for a few years, the newlyweds moved next door. Leroy, who remained age 10–11 during most of the 1940s, began to grow up in the spring of 1949 and he developed interests in driving, playing the drums and dreaming of a musical career. Outside the home, Gildersleeves closest association was with the executor of his brother-in-laws estate, Judge Horace Hooker, after a change in scriptwriters in January 1943, the confrontations slowly subsided and the two men became friends. During the second season, pharmacist Richard Q, peavey and barber Floyd Munson joined Gildersleeves circle of acquaintances. Several women passed through Gildersleeves life during the series, including three he almost married before settling into a pattern of casual dating, in 1950, Harold Peary was convinced to move The Great Gildersleeve to CBS, but sponsor Kraft refused to sanction the move. Peary, now contracted to CBS, was unable to appear on NBC as a star performer. This prompted the hiring of Willard Waterman as Pearys replacement, Peary, meanwhile, began a new series on CBS which attempted to reproduce the Gildersleeve show with the names changed. The Harold Peary Show, lasting one season, included a radio show within the show
38.
Giant Robo (OVA)
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Giant Robo, The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 1992 to 1998 original video animation series based on Mitsuteru Yokoyamas manga series Giant Robo. It was written and directed by Yasuhiro Imagawa, Giant Robo is a homage to Yokoyamas career. The series features characters and plotlines from the artists entire canon of work. The events take place in the future, ten years after the advent of the Shizuma Drive triggers the third energy revolution. The OVA is recognized for its style and operatic score. The character designs emulate Yokoyamas drawing style, and the action setpieces are influenced by Hong Kong action cinema, specifically the new school of wuxia, the first installment of the series, The Black Attaché Case, was released July 22,1992. Originally intended to finish within 36 months, the seven volume series was released over the span of six years. The Grand Finale was released January 25,1998, the OVA has since been translated into English, Cantonese, Dutch, French, Italian and Korean. The series takes place in a setting, where the Shizuma Drive ends the depletion of petroleum resources. The system is a non-polluting recyclable energy source that powers everything on land, sea, Ten years prior to the events of the series a team of scientists, led by Professor Shizuma, created the revolutionary system. In the process they nearly destroyed the world and one of their own, at the start of Giant Robo, the BF Group is in the middle of recreating the event with aid from the resurfaced Vogler. The story explores a society completely brought down, within the span of one week, because of dependency on an energy source. The BF Group is the main antagonist of the series and their origin is unknown, but not so their reason to be, to lead mankind down a road of ruin. The Groups forces consist of mechanical monsters, foot soldiers and Experts, the most powerful Experts form the ruling cadre of the organization, the cabal of The Magnificent Ten. Its members swear allegiance to Big Fire, the Groups founder and leader, at the time of The Day the Earth Stood Still, The Ten are gearing up for the final showdown with the IPO. The International Police Organization is the BF Groups counterpart in the Giant Robo universe, the leaders of the world acknowledged Big Fire as a threat to world security and signed the charter creating the IPO. The IPOs methods are information and espionage, looking to bring down the BF Group rather than defeating them in an all-out war, however, to counter Big Fires superhuman elements, Experts are recruited and granted special international jurisdiction. The agents assembled are known as the Experts of Justice, working with the Experts from the Peking Branch is Daisaku Kusama
39.
Eternity Comics
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Eternity Comics was a California-based comic book publisher active from 1986 to 1994, first as an independent publisher, then as an imprint of Malibu Comics. Eternity published creator-owned comics of an offbeat, independent flavor, as well as some licensed properties, Eternity was also notable for reprinting foreign titles, and introducing Cat Claw, The Jackaroo, and the Southern Squadron to the U. S. market. Such well-known creators as Brian Pulido, Evan Dorkin, Dale Berry, Ben Dunn, Dean Haspiel, Eternity began publishing in 1986, debuting with such titles as Earthlore, Gonad the Barbarian, The Mighty Mites, Ninja, and Reign of the Dragonlord. In April 1987, The Comics Journal revealed that Eternity had been financed, along with Amazing Comics, Wonder Color Comics, one of Eternitys most successful titles was its 1988–1994 licensing of the Robotech franchise. The creators, the Waltrip brothers started with direct adaptations of the Robotech II, The Sentinels scripts, then they began writing additional stories that expanded the canon beyond the initial 85 animated Robotech episodes and The Sentinels. As the series progressed the Waltrips began deviating from the Sentinels novels, adding new story elements, during its existence, Eternity was no stranger to legal squabbles. The popular title Ex-Mutants was first published by Eternity from 1987–1988, Eternitys 1989 publication of The Uncensored Mouse, which reprinted Mickey Mouse comics from the 1930s — without Disneys permission — led to a run-in with Walt Disney Productions. Eternity believed it had not violated any copyrights because strips had fallen into public domain, regardless, Disney brought a lawsuit against the company and the series was cancelled after just two issues. Similarly, Eternitys 1989-1992 adaptation of the popular Japanese manga Captain Harlock was discontinued after it was discovered that Eternity/Malibu did not have the Captain Harlock rights. The alleged representative for the rights to Harlock with whom Malibu exchanged money turned out to be fraudulent and was in no way connected to the rights holders. Eternity Comics at the International Catalogue of Superheroes
40.
Antarctic Press
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Antarctic Press is a United States, San Antonio-based comic book publishing company which publishes American Manga style comic books. Founded by Ben Dunn in 1984, Antarctic Press has produced over 850 titles with a circulation of over 5 million. Its earliest titles were Mangazine and Extremely Silly Comics, many now-established names have started at Antarctic, with most continuing to work there, including Brian Denham, Ben Dunn, Eisner-nominated Rod Espinosa, Guru eFX, Joseph Wight, and Chris Bunting. Graphic novelist Alex Robinson serializes his first book, Box Office Poison, the company produces how-to and you can comics, instructing on areas of comic book creation and craft. In April 2006, popular title Warrior Nun was re-launched as Warrior Nun Lazarus, in the 1990s, the company also published furry comic books such as a revived Albedo Anthropomorphics. In 1998, some of these titles moved off to a separate company, Antarctic has announced David Hutchisons Final Girl, where voters can choose who lives and who dies in the limited series. In August 2016, the company began publication of the creator owned title Rochelle, from creator and writer John E. Crowther, mighty Tiny Nazi Zombies Neotopia Ninja High School Oz, the Manga Pirates versus Ninjas President Evil, a zombie parody comic featuring Barack Obama. The Prince of Heroes Pose File Robotech Rochelle Sarah Palin vs. the World, the Science Fair Shanda The Panda Sentai Shōjo Steampunk Palin, a sci-fi satire featuring Sarah Palin. Included Joe Rosales Wildlifers and John Nunnemachers Buffalo Wings, winds of Winter Zetraman, Revival Artists who have worked for Antarctic Press, past and present, Official website A Tank Vixens history
