1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Eve (rapper)
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Eve Jihan Jeffers-Cooper is an American rapper and actress from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is also the winner of the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002, for the song Let Me Blow Ya Mind. Eve was number 48 on VH1s 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era list and she has also achieved success in fashion, with her clothing line, Fetish. Eve was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Julie Wilch, a publishing company supervisor, and Jerry Jeffers, a chemical plant supervisor. She adopted the name Gangsta in high school as part of a group called EDGP During her early years in Philadelphia. Eves first musical interest was singing and she sang in many choirs and even formed an all-female singing group with a manager. This group covered songs from En Vogue and Color Me Badd, the groups manager suggested that the group should rap after seeing ABC, and Eve stuck with it. She then went on to form a rapping group, after the group split, Eve began working on a solo career under the name Eve of Destruction. Eve has lived in Los Angeles, New York City, in 1999, she was featured on Princes album Rave Un2 The Joy Fantastic, and she was to co-star on the eventually cancelled Hot Wit U single from that same album. Eve is featured on the song You Got Me by The Roots, the song won a Grammy Award in 2000, which should have been Eves first. She stated on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in 2009 that she did not receive a Grammy for the track, questlove, from The Roots, had brought his Grammy to the show that night and showed shes not even credited on the award plaque. She also provided vocals on the song Aint Sayin Nothin New from the same album. In the albums notes, she is referred to as Eve of Destruction. Eve first appeared on the Bulworth soundtrack as Eve of Destruction while signed to Dr. Dres Aftermath Entertainment, Billboard Hot 100 peaking at 29. Her 1999 debut, Let There Be Eve, two singles were released from the album, Gotta Man and Love Is Blind featuring Faith Evans. The first one peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, in November 1999, Eve featured on Missy Elliotts single Hot Boyz along with Nas, Lil Mo and Q-Tip. The song became a hit, spending 18 weeks at one on the Hot Rap Singles from November 16,1999 to March 7,2000. The follow-up to Ruff Ryders First Lady, Scorpion, was released in 2001 and its first single, Whos That Girl guaranteed the rapper first international success
3.
Sean Paul
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Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques, is a Jamaican rapper, singer, songwriter, musician, producer and actor. Sean Paul was born in Kingston, Jamaica to parents Garth and his mother is a well-known painter. His paternal grandfather is from a family that had emigrated from Portugal and his grandmother was Afro-Caribbean, his mother is of English. Sean Paul was raised as a Catholic, though aware that his grandfather came from an old respected Jamaican Jewish family, many members of his family are swimmers. His grandfather was on the first Jamaican mens national water polo team and his father also played water polo for the team in the 1960s, and competed in long-distance swimming, while Pauls mother was a backstroke swimmer. Paul played for the water polo team from the age of 13 to 21. Harding eventually met the singer when Paul came by his studio to ask for some advice, during the meeting Paul recorded a vocal over Hardings rhythm track and in the process created the song Baby Girl. Paul began hanging out at the every day, and the pair collaborated on several more tracks. When they recorded Infiltrate they decided they had something good enough to get on the radio, as Sean Paul started to attract local attention, Harding began looking after his affairs. He later told HitQuarters that his support of Pauls fledgling career initially led him assuming the roles of DJ, manager, road manager, Paul made a quick cameo appearance in the 1998 film Belly on stage performing. He made a successful collaboration with DMX & Mr. Vegas as a soundtrack of the film. In 2000, Paul released his album, Stage One with VP Records. In 2002, he began working extensively with a team of producers and choreographers from Toronto, namely Jae Blaze and Blaze Entertainment and announced the release of his second album, Dutty Rock. Pushed by the success of the singles Gimme the Light and the Billboard Hot 100 topper, Get Busy, the album Dutty Rock won the Reggae Album of the year at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2004. His single Get Busy was also nominated for best Rap Song in that year, simultaneously, Sean Paul was heard on Beyoncés U. S. #1 single Baby Boy and Blu Cantrells Breathe, a chart hit in Europe. Both helped to push his reputation further still in the United States and he appeared on Punkd,106 & Park, Sean Paul Respect, Making the Video and his music videos have been broadcast on MTV and BET. Pauls third album The Trinity was released on 27 September 2005, the album produced five big hits, We Be Burnin, Ever Blazin, Give It Up to Me, Never Gonna Be the Same and the U. S. chart-topping smash hit Temperature. The video of Give It Up to Me was featured in the movie Step Up in 2006 and he also won an American Music Award for Give It Up to Me beating Kanye West and Nick Lachey who were also nominated for the award
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Tambourine (song)
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Tambourine is a hip hop song written by Eve, Swizz Beatz, and Sean Garrett. The song samples Blow Your Whistle from The Soul Searchers and it was released in 2007, becoming Eves first charting single as a lead performer in over four years. In the week of April 19,2007, the song debuted at number 73 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, the song has also been made available for purchase as a single on iTunes. In the United Kingdom, Tambourine debuted at number 38, two weeks before the physical release. The song has so far peaked at number 18 there and is her fifth top twenty solo hit there. The B-side to Tambourine is Dancefloor featuring Mashonda, the song features uncredited vocals by the songs producer Swizz Beatz. The song was #68 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007, the music video directed by Melina Matsoukas premiered on the night of May 24,2007, after Eves episode of BETs Access Granted which featured the making of the video. Eve stated that she wanted the scenes in the video to be colorful, Swizz Beatz and Ya Boy make cameos in the video. The video starts off with four maids dancing and knocking on Eves door, upon entering, they begin to shower Eve with things, which she rejects, then they start dancing while imitating a tambourine. Then the video cuts to Eve tanning and getting ready for a party, throughout the video, Swizz Beatz is seen as cameos. Then Eve gets into a car driven by Swizz Beatz and they arrive at a party there is dancing. The official remix features new verses by rappers Swizz Beatz, Missy Elliott, Fabolous, and Eve
6.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
7.
Reggae fusion
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Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass. Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970s, artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed. It was not until the late 1990s when the term was coined, the subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, for some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for such as UB40. This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U. S, traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000. The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as Baby Boy, Breathe, Like Glue and Make It Clap, among many others. His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, Get Busy & Temperature. In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits All That She Wants, The Sign, other Eurodance artists such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regularly fused their style with Reggae as well. The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell Skatta Burrell, Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, Ramping Shop by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year. Holiday was also nominated and won for the Best Collaboration, in 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called Ranch Entertainment. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012 and its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture. While On A Mission was recognized as the official song and was applauded by some. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying It doesnt represent Jamaica 50, it doesnt reflect our culture or where our music is coming from. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight. Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic
8.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
9.
Ruff Ryders Entertainment
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Ruff Ryders Entertainment is a record label founded by Joaquin Waah Dean and Darin Dee Dean and Chivon Dean, uncles and aunt of producer Swizz Beatz. It operated as a subsidiary of Universal Music Group, and was distributed by Fontana Distribution, Ruff Ryders founders were initially famous for managing rappers DMX and The Lox who became multi-platinum stars for Def Jam Recordings and Bad Boy Records in the late-1990s. After DMXs success, the management company started its own label imprint through Interscope Records, the Deans nephew Swizz Beatz is the main producer for most of the acts on the roster. In 2000, when DMX accepted an award for the best Rap album at the Billboard Music Awards, in 2001, Cassidy and the labelmate Yung Wun signed to the label Full Surface through Swizz Beatz. A Ruff Ryders Reunion Album was announced by Swizz Beatz and was set to release in 2008. In 2010, founders Joaquin and Darin Dean decided to revamp the brand through a new venture known as Ruff Ryders Indy, in addition to Ruff Ryder Indy, other brands include Ruff Ryders Films, Powerhouse Recording Studios, NatPro, a promotional company, and RR Rescue. 1 Ryde or Die Vol.2 Ryde Or Die Vol.3, In the R We Trust The Redemption Vol.4 Ruff Ryders, Past, Present, stories One Man Band Man Cassidy Split Personality Im A Hustla B. A. R. S. The Barry Adrian Reese Story Yung Wun The Dirtiest Thirstiest Official Ruff Ryders Website
10.
Full Surface Records
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Full Surface Records was a record label founded in 2001, by American hip hop recording artist and record producer Kasseem Swizz Beatz Dean. With the help of his protégé, Philadelphia-based rapper Cassidy, who was the first artist signed, the label used to operate through Sony Music Entertainments J Records and through Universal Music Groups Interscope Records, Motown Records and Universal Motown. However, the also had released material through joint ventures with other companies outside the Sony BMG Music Entertainment group. It operated as a subsidiary of Warner Music Group and was distributed by Atlantic Records, in 2001, Philadelphia-based battle rapper Cassidy, was the first artist to sign a recording contract with Full Surface. In 2002, it was announced Swizz Beatz signed Southern rapper Yung Wun, in a January 2003 interview with AllHipHop, Swizz Beatz said, My new label is on its way, by storm. We are moving like the army on the creep, I wanted something new so I got a mix of talent – Bounty Killa, Cassidy, Mashonda, Yung Wun, Big Tigg and Mr. Sweat – with me the beat man. In 2005, legendary Cleveland-based rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, signed with Full Surface and secured a deal with Interscope Records. In 2005, DMX was about to sign to Full Surface Records, in April 2006, it was announced Ruff Ryders alumni Eve, signed a joint venture deal with Full Surface Records and Dr. Dres Aftermath Entertainment. Eve went on to release the singles Tambourine and Give It to You, on October 25,2007, it was announced another Ruff Ryders alumni, Drag-On, signed a record deal with Full Surface Records. Neo da Matrix - A producer from Philadelphia, also signed to Ruff Ryders Entertainment and was signed with Roc-A-Fella Records. Snags - A producer who has produced songs for Swizz Beatz, Swizz Beatz All releases distributed by J Records, unless otherwise noted
11.
Aftermath Entertainment
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Aftermath Entertainment is an American record label founded by hip hop producer and rapper Dr. Dre. It operates as a subsidiary of, and is distributed through, Universal Music Groups Interscope Records. Current acts include Dr. Dre himself, Eminem, Kendrick Lamar, Anderson Paak, Jon Connor and Justus with former acts including 50 Cent, Busta Rhymes, The Game, Raekwon, Eve, Rakim and many others. The labels acts over the years have earned RIAA certifications of platinum or higher on 18 of its 22 released albums, upon his departure from Death Row Records in the summer of 1996, Dr. Dre quickly launched Aftermath Entertainment through Interscope Records. It was founded as a label that prides itself on quality over quantity. Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath was released towards the end featuring artists who were amongst the labels first signees. In 1997, Dawn Robinson announced her departure from the R&B group En Vogue, before the years end, however, she abruptly left the label, claiming that Dr. Dre had been too slow to get the ball rolling on her project. In the autumn of 1997, Aftermath released the collaborative project by hip hop super-group The Firm. Despite the highly anticipated album featuring production and cameo appearances by Dr. Dre himself, debuting atop the Billboard 200 and being certified platinum, aftermaths next release was supposed to be by rapper King Tee. His album, however, was shelved, and King Tee was released from his obligations in 2001. Last Emperor had also signed during this time, but was shelved due to creative differences with an A&R at Aftermath. Upon recommendation from Interscope Records head, Jimmy Iovine, Aftermath signed multi-platinum rapper Eminem in 1998, the following year, Eminems major-label debut album, The Slim Shady LP was released. The album topped the Billboard albums chart, went on to be certified quadruple platinum, also in 1999, Aftermath released 2001, Dr. Dres follow-up to his 1992 album, The Chronic. The album went on to be certified six-times-platinum, several more artists were signed to, and later dropped from Aftermath, including Hittman and Rakim due to production conflicts. Legal troubles forced singer Truth Hurts to subsequently get dropped from the label after her albums release, Aftermath released 50 Cents multi-platinum major-label debut album Get Rich or Die Tryin through a joint venture with Shady Records in 2003. Rapper The Game, who signed with the label in 2003, shortly after the release of The Documentary, tension between The Game and 50 Cent ignited, resulting in The Game leaving Aftermath Entertainment in mid-2006. Busta Rhymes was also signed and released one album before later being dropped from the due to conflict with Interscope head. His album, then titled Blessed, since retitled Back on My B. S. was to be released on Aftermath
12.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
13.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
14.
Swizz Beatz
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Kasseem Dean, better known by his stage name Swizz Beatz, is an American hip hop recording artist and record producer from New York City, New York. Born and raised in The Bronx, he began his career as a disc jockey and has since added rapper, producer, record executive, creative director and fashion designer. At the age of 16, he gained recognition in the hip hop industry, through his friendship and work with East Coast rapper DMX, Dean later found a protégé in Philadelphia-based rapper Cassidy, whose success helped the launch of his own label imprint, Full Surface Records. He went on to multiple artists to the label, including Eve and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Dean also went on to two albums under the label, the first was a compilation, titled Swizz Beatz Presents G. H. E. T. T. O. Stories, released in 2002, in conjunction with DreamWorks Records and he later released his debut studio album, One Man Band Man, in 2007. Swizz Beatz has produced hit singles for several prominent artists throughout various music genres, such as hip hop, pop, soul. His catalog includes Ruff Ryders Anthem, Banned from T. V, gotta Man, Jigga My Nigga, Party Up, Check on It, Ring the Alarm, Good Times, Bring Em Out, Hotel, Im a Hustla, Touch It and much more. Swizz Beatz was named the first Producer in Residence at New York University, about. com ranked him number 27 on its list of the Top 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Producers, while The Source placed him on its list of the 20 greatest producers in the magazines 20-year history. Fellow American rapper and music producer Kanye West has also praised Dean, Dean is married to American singer Alicia Keys, with whom he has two children. Due to his parents separation in his life, Dean did not see much of his father. He spent much of his childhood raised by his mother in the North East Bronx, after obtaining the necessary equipment from his stepfather and uncles, he began deejaying as a teenager and enjoyed a modicum of success. In his early work, he chose not to sample, instead using the Korg Trinity and Triton keyboards. With his uncles Dee and Waah, as well as his aunt Chivon Dean, all involved with the Ruff Ryders Entertainment record label, a year later he sold his first beat to Ruff Ryders artist DMX, which became his chart-topping single Ruff Ryders Anthem. Swizz Beatz then began producing major hip-hop songs released in 1998 such as Banned from T. V. by Noreaga, Money, Cash, Hoes by Jay-Z and more. The following year, he produced most of the songs of the Ruff Ryders compilation album Ryde or Die Vol.1, as well as the bulk of Eves debut album. In 2001, in a joint venture with Clive Davis, Swizz Beatz established his own label, Full Surface Records. The first artist signed was Philadelphia-based rapper Cassidy, when Swizz Beatz released his first compilation album Swizz Beatz Presents G. H. E. T. T. O
15.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
16.
Patron Tequila (song)
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Patron Tequila is a song by The Paradiso Girls featuring Lil Jon and female rapper Eve, intended to appear on their debut unreleased studio album, Crazy Horse. The song was released as the lead single in the United States on April 14,2009. The Paradiso Girls have released The Remixes and The Remixes Part 2 to promote the song, the song was written and produced by Keri Hilson, Lil Jon and T-Pain for Hilsons debut studio album In a Perfect World. However, at the last minute before her albums turn in date, the group recorded the song and made several alterations. Lil Jons verse was omitted whilst T-Pain was replaced with US female rapper Eve, the song was released in the US on April 14,2009 as a CD Single and digital download, along with a release in Canada. The girls will be promoting the song throughout October 2009 in Canada, the song was given mainly positive reviews. Many online sites created a Who Did It Better, poll, comparing the Paradiso version to the Hilson version. The song was named MuuMuses Summer Jam of 2009, the music video, directed by Ray Kay, was shot over a three-day process in May 2009. It opens with a man purchasing Dr. Dre headphones from a Best Buy store after hearing the beat to Patron Tequila through them, the girls are also in the club where Eve raps along with Lil Jon. They also dance in front of a white backdrop, clips are interspersed of the man dreaming about the girls being in the club but coming back to reality every now and again. The video premiered on Yahoo on June 15,2009, there is an alternative uncensored version of the video containing new scenes and the explicit version of the song
17.
Break It Off
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Break It Off is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her second studio album A Girl like Me, and features guest vocals from Sean Paul. It was written by Donovan Bennett, Paul, K. Ford and Rihanna, the song was released on November 13,2006, as the albums fourth and final single. Break It Off is a futuristic song, which is layered over an electro-reggae beat. Critical reception of the song was positive, with praising the collaboration between Rihanna and Paul and as a return to the formers roots. Break It Off made chart appearances on the charts of the United States. It peaked at nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. In the Flanders region of Belgium, it peaked at number 10, Break It Off was recorded at 2 Hard Studios in Kingston, Jamaica. It was written by Donovan Bennett, Sean Paul Henriques, K. Ford and Rihanna, production of the song was handled by Don Corleon. It was engineered by Jeremy Harding and Bennett, who mixed the song. All instrumentation was provided by Bennett, Paul explained how he and Rihanna met in a 2011 interview with Rap-Up. During her visit to Jamaica, Rihanna was taken on a tour around the island by Paul and he continued to explain that they spent a few days together and that he took her to the Bob Marley Museum, which was something she had always wanted to do. Reminiscing on Break It Off and Rihanna, Paul stated that working with the singer, Break It Off was released as the fourth and final single from Rihannas second studio album, A Girl like Me. It was released to US Contemporary hit radio playlists on November 13,2006. It was also available to download digitally via iTunes in various countries around the world on February 27,2007, including Australia, Austria, Belgium. Break It Off is a song, which is layered over an electro-reggae beat. It received a comparison by Ruth Jamieson for The Guardian to Rihannas debut single Pon de Replay from her first studio album, according to Dan Charnas for The Washington Post, Break It Off showcases Rihannas Caribbean roots. We Ride is written in the key of D major and is set in time with a moderate dance groove with 130 beats per minute. Rihannas vocal range in the song spans one octave from the note of A3 to the higher note of A4
18.
Watch Dem Roll
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Watch Dem Roll is a single by Sean Paul. It was originally the single from Sean Pauls album Imperial Blaze. Produced by Stephen McGregor, the uses the Tremor dancehall riddim. The song can be found on the Reggae Gold 2007 compilation album, watch Dem Roll Tremor Version Note, A-side and B-side are the same
19.
Dancehall
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Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, in the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably, with digital dancehall becoming increasingly characterized by faster rhythms. Dancehall music saw mainstream success in Jamaica throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, by the 2010s, dancehall began to heavily influence the work of established Western artists producers which has helped to further bring the genre into the Western music mainstream. Dancehall is named after Jamaican dance halls in which popular Jamaican recordings were played by local sound systems and they began in the late 1940s among people from the inner city of Kingston, who were not able to participate in dances uptown. Themes of social injustice, repatriation and the Rastafari movement were overtaken by lyrics about dancing, violence, around the same time, producer Don Mais was reworking old rhythms at Channel One Studios, using the Roots Radics band. Sound systems such as Killimanjaro, Black Scorpio, Gemini Disco, Virgo Hi-Fi, Volcano Hi-Power and Aces International soon capitalized on the new sound, deejay records became, for the first time, more important than records featuring singers. The early 1980s also saw the emergence of female deejays in dancehall music, such as Lady G, Lady Saw, other female dancehall stars include artistes like Diana King and in the late 1990s to the 2000s Ce Cile, Spice, Macka Diamond and more. In the mid-1980s, French Caribbean group Kassav, the first in the Caribbean to use MIDI technology, King Jammys 1985 hit, Sleng Teng by Wayne Smith, with an entirely-digital rhythm hook took the dancehall reggae world by storm. Many credit this song as being the first digital rhythm in reggae, however, this is not entirely correct since there are earlier examples of digital productions, such as Horace Fergusons single Sensi Addict produced by Prince Jazzbo in 1984. The Sleng Teng rhythm was used in over 200 subsequent recordings and this deejay-led, largely synthesized chanting with musical accompaniment departed from traditional conceptions of Jamaican popular musical entertainment. Dub poet Mutabaruka said, if 1970s reggae was red, green and gold and it was far removed from reggaes gentle roots and culture, and there was much debate among purists as to whether it should be considered an extension of reggae. This shift in style again saw the emergence of a new generation of artists, such as Buccaneer, Capleton and Shabba Ranks, the deejays became more focused on violence, with Bounty Killer, Mad Cobra, Ninjaman and Buju Banton becoming major figures in the genre. By the early 2000s, dancehall inspired pop music saw increased popularity in Jamaica, as well as in the United States and international markets. This was first seen with artists, such as Sean Paul whos single Get Busy became the first dancehall single to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The late 2000s saw domestic success for artists, such as Popcaan, Vybz Kartel, Konshens, Mr. Vegas. Donna P. Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview, such a drastic change in the popular music of the region generated an equally radical transformation in fashion trends, specifically those of its female faction. In lieu of traditional, modest rootsy styles, as dictated by Rastafari-inspired gender roles, women began donning flashy and this transformation is said to coincide with the influx of slack lyrics within dancehall, which objectified women as apparatuses of pleasure. These women would team up others to form modeling posses, or dancehall model groups
20.
ITunes
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ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
21.
Viacom International Media Networks
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Channel 5 is a British commercial television network. It was launched in 1997, and was the national terrestrial analogue network in the United Kingdom after BBC One, BBC Two, ITV. It is generally the network in the country in audience share. The station was branded as Five between 2002 and 2011, when it was owned by the RTL Group, on 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by Viacom for £450 million. Well Take It Away. and Gibraltar, Britain in the Sun, the station has been very successful with imports from the United States in particular, including the CSI franchise, the NCIS franchise, the first 3 series in the Law & Order franchise. Power Rangers, The Mentalist, Body of Proof, Once Upon a Time, Dallas, in July 2014, Channel 5 announced plans to open up its production arm and allow it to create shows for other channels, aping the BBC and ITV Studios. Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited was licensed by the UK Government in 1995 after a process that started in 1993. The difficulty with the lay in use of television broadcast frequencies that had been allocated to RF outputs from domestic videocassette recorders. To achieve national coverage, large numbers of domestic video recorders had to be retuned or fitted with a filter, the project was revived in mid-1994 when the ITC re-advertised the franchise. Lord Hollick, then chief executive of Meridian Broadcasting took up the project as lead investor as UK law prohibited Time Warner from owning more than 25%, pearson Television, who by now owned original licence bidders Thames Television, also came on board. When McGrath left to become President of Paramount, Time Warner dropped out of the project and was replaced by CLT, the channel would be both modern and mainstream. After re-tuning around 65% of the populations televisions could view the channel on launch night, the channels launch on Easter Sunday 1997 at 6pm featured the Spice Girls singing a re-written version of Manfred Manns hit 5-4-3-2-1 as 1-2-3-4-5. Presenters Tim Vine and Julia Bradbury introduced the nation to the UKs fifth terrestrial channel with half an hour of previews, on 16 September 2002, Channel 5 re-branded to Five, in a multimillion-pound project directed by Trevor Beattie. The channels director of marketing at the time, David Pullen, said, On 27 February 2004, it was reported that Five, Channel 4 and Five announced in November of that year that merger plans were being called off. Early in 2009, rumours started re-surfacing about Five, Channel 4, pearson Television and CLT later merged, becoming RTL Group who became part of Bertelsmann and, control the network, after buying UBMs 35. 4% stake for £247.6 million on 20 July 2005. The acquisition was approved on 26 August 2005, after Holleck became involved, he and McGrath brought on board Greg Dyke as interim CEO during the application and launch phase of the project. On 18 November 2005, it was announced that Five had bought a stake in DTTs pay-TV operator and it was said that the investment may lead to the development of new free and pay services on DTT, and other platforms. The channel previously aired pre-school shows under the Milkshake and it was renamed Fiver in 2008, 5* in 2011 and eventually its current name in 2016
22.
Kanye West
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Kanye Omari West is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. Intent on pursuing a career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success. He went on to pursue a variety of different styles on subsequent albums Late Registration, Graduation, and 808s & Heartbreak. In 2010, he released his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to rave reviews from critics, West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. His seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016, Wests outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy for his conduct at award shows, on social media and he is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to media coverage. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time, three of his albums have been included and ranked on Rolling Stones 2012 update of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. He has also included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015, West was born on June 8,1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three years old, after the divorce, he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, according to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in school, West replied, I got As. West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age and his mother recalled that she first took notice of Wests passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in Chicago, West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene and he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists
23.
Cassidy (rapper)
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Barry Adrian Reese, better known by his stage name Cassidy, is an American hip hop recording artist from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He embarked on his career as a freestyle and battle rapper, later earning a record deal in 2002, with Ruff Ryders and Full Surface Records. Cassidy is perhaps best known for his hit singles Hotel, Get No Better, Im a Hustla, B-Boy Stance, Split Personality, Cassidys debut album, arrived in March 2004, and debuted at the number two spot on the US Billboard 200 chart. The following year, Cassidy returned with Im a Hustla, which was released two weeks after he was charged with a murder that took place in his Philadelphia neighborhood. After being seriously injured in a accident in October 2006 and suffering from amnesia. In 2002, Cassidy signed a contract with American music producer Swizz Beatzs Full Surface imprint, under the aegis of Ruff Ryders Entertainment. On November 29,2003, he released his debut single, Hotel. The song reached the Top 10 of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, the second single, Get No Better, features Mashonda. On March 16,2004, Cassidy released his debut album and it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, in the first month. On March 14,2005, Cassidy released the single Im a Hustla, the next single, B-Boy Stance, features vocals and production from his mentor, Swizz Beatz. On June 28,2005, Cassidy released his studio album. It debuted at one on the US Billboard 200 chart. In 2006, after his release from prison and recovering from an accident, Cassidy began work on his third studio album. The album was released on November 6,2007, debuting at number 10 on the Billboard 200, the album was led by the single My Drink n My 2 Step, featuring vocals and production from Swizz Beatz. In late 2009, Cassidy signed with Carmelo Anthonys label Kross Over Entertainment, while preparing his fourth studio album, he released a mixtape series entitled Apply Pressure. On August 24,2010, Cassidy released the 5-track EP Face 2 Face, on November 16,2010, Cassidys fourth studio album, C. A. S. H. was released. On its first week it had sold about 5,200 copies, drumma Bass was the only official single from the album. On May 21,2012, Cassidy hosted a party for his mixtape Mayhem Music
24.
Total Request Live
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Total Request Live was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. TRL was MTVs prime outlet for music videos as the continued to concentrate on reality-based programming. In addition to videos, TRL featured daily guests. The show was a promotion tool used by musicians, actors. TRL played the ten most requested videos of the day. The show generally aired Monday through Thursday for one hour, though the scheduling, despite the word Live in the title of the show, many episodes were actually pre-recorded. MTV announced the cancellation of TRL on September 15,2008, the special three-hour finale episode, Total Finale Live, aired on November 16,2008. An international version of TRL aired on MTV Italy until 2010, origin of TRL can be traced back to 1997 when MTV began producing MTV Live from the newly opened MTV studios in Times Square in New York City. MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and regular news updates, music videos were not the major focus of the program. For a time, the show more than 750,000 viewers. During the same period, MTV aired a countdown show simply called Total Request. Total Request was far more subdued, as Daly introduced music videos from an empty, as the show progressed and gained more momentum with viewers tuning in, it was soon added to the list of daytime programming during MTVs Summer Share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. In Fall 1998, MTV producers merged the real-time aspect of MTV Live with the fan-controlled countdown power of Total Request into Total Request Live, the series made its debut from MTV Studios on September 14,1998. The show then grew to become MTVs unofficial flagship program, the original host of TRL, Carson Daly, brought popularity to the show. The widely known abbreviation of TRL was adopted as the title of the show in February 1999, after Daly. In the years following, the program was referred to by its complete title. TRL spent its first year developing a cult-type following, in the fall of 1999, a live studio audience was added to the show. By spring 2000, the countdown reached its peak, becoming a recognizable pop culture icon in its first two years of existence
25.
106 & Park
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106 & Park was an American hip hop and R&B music video show set up in a countdown format, that was broadcast Monday to Friday at 6/5c on BET. Since its inception, it had been the networks number-one rated show, on November 14,2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park. The show was produced in Harlem, New York City. Viacoms acquisition of BET prompted a change to the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street between 10th & 11th Avenues, in the Hells Kitchen section of Midtown Manhattan, around this time, Terrence J would be guest co-host the show with Julissa. And notable celebrities hosted the show as well, on July 6,2006, Rocsi, who was a radio host on Power 92.3 in Chicago in the afternoon, and Terrence Jenkins became the hosts after winning the BET New Faces Contest. On May 29,2012, Rocsi and Terrence J announced they would be leaving 106 & Park in 2012, thus beginning a nationwide search for the next hosts of 106 & Park, which has been active since June 1,2012 and ended on October 1,2012. Terrence J and Rocsis last episode as hosts was broadcast on September 28,2012, the announcement for the new hosts of 106 & Park was broadcast on Monday, October 1,2012. The highly anticipated farewell episode aired on September 28,2012 and was hosted by La La Anthony, in the taped video messages, several celebrities wish their farewell for Terrence J and Rocsi. They included Jim Jones, French Montana, Julissa Bermudez, Big Tigger,2 Chainz, Ace Hood, Alicia Keys, Amare Stoudemire, Big Sean, B. o. B, Bobby V. On October 1,2012, the new hosts for 106 & Park were announced, including Shad Bow Wow Moss, Jordan Shorty da Prince Johnson, Kimberly Paigion Walker and Mykel Miss Mykie Gray. For the first time in the shows 12-year history, there were officially four hosts for 106 & Park, on January 15,2013,106 & Park revealed a new set, graphics, logo, and theme song. On January 23,2013, the former hostess Rocsi Diaz made an appearance on the show. New segments included The Mykie Report, The Battle of the Sexes, Girl Chat, Inside the Rappers Studio, the hosts had not appeared on the show in nearly two months dating back to May 2013. On November 14,2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park, the series aired its final episode on December 19,2014. The show began for one hour and, until 2005, the show was broadcast late night at 2am/1am, immediately before BET After Dark, in 2001, it was extended to 90 minutes. In 2008, the show was extended to two hours, but still reverts to 90 minutes depending on BETs scheduling for that day, the show celebrated its 2, 000th episode on August 20,2008. From July 25,2011, to September 2,2011, the shows tenth anniversary special was on October 6,2010. The previous hosts A. J. Calloway & Free, Julissa & Big Tigger, Terrence J & Rocsi, The Search consisting of Miss Mykie, Paigion, & Shorty da Prince, Angela Simmons, Bow Wow & Keshia Chanté returned to the show to celebrate
26.
House
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Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses may have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space, most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms, a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A house may have a dining room, or the eating area may be integrated into another room. Some large houses in North America have a recreation room, in traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock may share part of the house with humans. The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household, most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also be other social groups, such as roommates or, in a rooming house, unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a space for one family or similar-sized group. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment, a house may have a backyard or frontyard, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. The English word house derives directly from the Old English Hus meaning dwelling, shelter, home, house, the house itself gave rise to the letter B through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called bayt, bet or beth in various related languages, and became beta, ideally, architects of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Such designing, known as design, has become a popular subject in universities. Feng shui can also mean the aura in or around a dwelling, making it comparable to the real-estate sales concept of indoor-outdoor flow, the square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of living space, excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The square metres figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the enclosing the home. The number of floors or levels making up the house can affect the square footage of a home, many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons. These may include an area, a sleeping area, and separate or combined washing. Some larger properties may also feature such as a spa room, indoor pool, indoor basketball court. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock often share part of the house with human beings, most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. Little is known about the earliest origin of the house and its interior, roman architect Vitruvius theories have claimed the first form of architecture as a frame of timber branches finished in mud, also known as the primitive hut. Philip Tabor later states the contribution of 17th century Dutch houses as the foundation of houses today, as far as the idea of the home is concerned, the home of the home is the Netherlands
27.
GfK Entertainment Charts
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The GfK Entertainment Charts are the official music charts in Germany and are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH on behalf of Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Following a lawsuit in March 2014 by Media Control AG, Media Control® GfK International had to change its name, dissemination of the charts is conducted by various media outlets, some of which include VIVA music channel, and the Swiss charts website. Other entities that present the charts are MusicLoad and MIX1, furthermore, GfK Entertainment also runs a dedicated website providing chart-related news and access to most of the charts. Charts have been published in Germany since 1959, in a magazine called Der Musikmarkt, since 1959, the growing desire to have a well-developed music program has made Bundesverband Musikindustrie work together with charts providers to improve the way the charts are determined. For this purpose, different research institutes were tested, out of which Media Control, hence, the first official charts were made available in the magazine Der Musikmarkt in September 1977. Initially, there used to be 50 positions only, which later in January 1980, was extended to 75 slots, since 1989, however, GfK Entertainment has adapted the international standards providing 100 positions, now called Offizielle Top 100 Charts. In 2001, the Top-100 singles charts was modified to reflect the sales of the singles, Media Control developed Music Video charts in 2001, which later, in 2004, was renamed as DVD charts. While music-videos have their own charts, in 2001, GfK Entertainment made it possible for the music-video singles to have the ability to enter the Top-100 singles chart. Similarly, in 2002, it was available for music-video albums to chart on the Top-100 album chart. If not, then, the DVD album could qualify for the DVD chart only, in the same vein, if an audio CD contains at least 50% of video recording, then, it could qualify to chart on the DVD chart. In 2003, Media Control joined forces with GfK, thus the name officially being changed to Media Control GfK International GmbH. In 2004, Germany became one of the first music markets wherein sales charts were reflected by online digital downloads, digital-only releases came into existence on 13 July 2007, for online downloads only, which also altered the way the sales figures were conducted up to that point. Consequently, chart positions would no longer be affected by the number of music downloads as before. Thus, the albums would not necessarily be the ones ending up in the number-one position on the charts. In March 2014, GfK announced that the official chart providers name in Germany will change from Media Control GfK International GmbH to GfK Entertainment, there are currently 3,000 outlets that report their sales on weekly bases in Germany. The weekly sales data is transmitted to GfK Entertainment via communication network channel and this is the list of categories, for each of which charts are provided by GfK Entertainment
28.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
29.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
30.
Prometheus Global Media
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Prometheus Global Media was a New York City-based B2B media company. The company was formed in December 2009, when Nielsen Company sold its entertainment and media division to a private equity-backed group led by Pluribus Capital Management, Guggenheim acquired Pluribuss stake in the company in January 2013, giving it full ownership under the division of Guggenheim Digital Media. On December 17,2015, it was announced that Guggenheim would spin out its media properties to a group led by former executive Todd Boehly, known as Eldridge Industries. Two Nielsen properties, Editor & Publisher, and Kirkus Reviews, were not included in the sale, Editor & Publisher would instead be sold to the Duncan McIntosh Company, and Kirkus Reviews would be sold to Herbert Simon. The companys first CEO was Richard Beckman, previously an executive and publisher at Condé Nast and Fairchild Publications, the new format was meant to compete against up-and-coming blogs focusing on industry news, such as Deadline. com and TheWrap, along with its then-struggling rival Variety. The changes had a significant impact on the performance, by 2013, ad sales were up more than 50%. In late 2011, Prometheus went through a number of cost-cutting measures, in April 2013, Guggenheim re-acquired Backstage and made its CEO John Amato president of the Billboard Group—a new group consisting of Billboard, Backstage, and Sonicbids. In a January 2014 restructuring, Levinsohn was shifted to a development role. The remaining properties, consisting of Adweek and Film Expo Group, are led by Jeff Wilbur, the acquisition did not include Mediabistros expo business, which were retained under the name Mecklermedia. On January 13,2015, Adweek and Film Expo Group were merged into Mediabistro to form a new Prometheus subsidiary, at the same time, its blogs were re-launched under the new Adweek Blog Network banner, and all of Mediabistros social media-oriented blogs were merged into SocialTimes. In March 2015, Guggenheim Partners reported that its president Todd Boehly was exploring the possibility of forming his own company, the resultant company is known as Eldridge Industries
31.
Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady
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Let There Be Eve…Ruff Ryders First Lady is the debut album of American rapper Eve. The album was released September 14,1999 on Ruff Ryders Entertainment and it sold 213,000 copies in the first week. The album has sold over 2 million copies and is certified Double Platinum, the album features singles such as Gotta Man, and Love Is Blind with Faith Evans. All of the songs on the album were written by Eve herself, Eve became the third female hip-hop artist to have her album peak at number one on the Billboard 200. Credits for Let There Be Eve. Ruff Ryders First Lady adapted from Allmusic, List of number-one albums of 1999 List of number-one R&B albums of 1999
32.
Eve-Olution
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Eve-Olution is the third studio album by American rapper-songwriter Eve. It was released by Ruff Ryders Entertainment on August 27,2002, production was handled by frequent collaborators Dr. Dre, Swizz Beatz and also Irv Gotti, among others. The album garnered the internationally successful single Gangsta Lovin, which reached two on the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B/Hip-Hop song charts as well as number four in Australia. The album debuted at six on Billboard 200 with first-week sales 133,000 copies. It reached the top twenty in Canada, France, and Switzerland, the album has sold over 500,000 copies in the US and was certified gold in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America. In a positive review, Entertainment Weekly writer said that Eve-Olution is a complex and sophisticated sound that dexterously mixes up moods. Hope Gonzalez of IGN called the album a smorgasbord of beats because it dapples in soul, electronic and she also said Gangsta Lovin is quite different from most of the tracks on the album because it is the most radio-friendly track on the album. Slant Magazines Sal Cinquemani said Eve fares better when the rhythms are sexy, allmusic noted that the focus here is less hip-hop and more contemporary R&B, with fewer rappers invited as guests. He dismissed the songs What and Gangsta Lovin as surprisingly mediocre, adding that the guest vocalists are vamping over bland choruses and he compared the album to Eves previous releases and claimed Eve-Olution cant offer as much as either of her first two solid LPs. In contrast, Cinquemani said that Eves Eve-Olution might not change the order of the food chain as we know it but its another tight record that will undoubtedly keep her, um. Gangsta Lovin was released in September 2002 as the first single from the album, in the United States, it peaked at number two on both the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts while it reached number four in Australia. The song had success in Austria, peaking at number forty-one. It peaked inside the top twenty in most countries such as Norway, New Zealand, Belgium, satisfaction was released as the second and final single from the album in late March 2003. It saw moderate success in the US, reaching at number twenty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it debuted inside the top twenty in the UK, and dropped off the chart after four weeks. It was a hit in the Netherlands, only peaked at number eighty-seven
33.
Lip Lock
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Lip Lock is the fourth studio album by American hip hop recording artist Eve. The album, her first in years, was released on May 14,2013, by From The Rib. The album features guest appearances from Gabe Saporta, Dawn Richard, Missy Elliott, Snoop Dogg, Chrisette Michele, Juicy J, the album was supported with the singles Make It Out This Town and Eve, in addition to the promotional single She Bad Bad. Lip Lock was met generally positive reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number 46 on the Billboard 200 chart, in 2007, Eve began working on a new album titled Here I Am. In May 2007, XXL magazine profiled six recorded tracks from Here I Am, five of them being produced by Swizz Beatz, including the singles Tambourine and Give It to You. Another song showcased, produced by Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes, was All Night Long, in July 2007, XXL published a review of Here I Am, rating it an L in its shoe size rating system ranging from S to XXL. The project was delayed to September 11,2007 and then October 16,2007, problems at her label, Interscope Records, were responsible for the multiple delays. Due to the delays, the album was reworked, and multiple times the album was renamed from Here I Am to Flirt. In an interview with New York Post, it was revealed under the title Here I Am the album had actually completed, however. On January 10,2010, Eve announced on her Twitter that she left Interscope, saying and she told her followers Left Interscope, free agent now. The album was expected to be released during 2011. In 2012, Eve decided she would release the album independently, creating her own label From The Rib Music, with distribution being handled through Sony/Red. She stated that there would be several buzz singles before the single and said the album would have hard street stuff, radio singles. My ear is different but I think people will recognize me, I think youll hear that Im in a happy place. My hunger is different than the first time around, in anticipation of the album, Eve released the song She Bad Bad, produced by Jukebox, on October 9,2012. It is her first release through her own independent record label, an accompanying music video for the promotional single was released on January 8,2013. An official remix of She Bad Bad, featuring rappers Juicy J, the albums lead single Make It Out This Town, featuring guest vocals from Gabe Saporta of the synthpop band Cobra Starship, was released on February 26,2013
34.
Let Me Blow Ya Mind
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Let Me Blow Ya Mind is a song by American rapper Eve, featuring American singer Gwen Stefani. It was released on March 15,2001 as the second and final single from Eves second album and it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, it also peaked at number 29 in Canada, and number four in the United Kingdom. The song was listed at number seven on the 2001 Pazz & Jop list and it won a Grammy Award in 2002 for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, which was a brand new category at the time. The music video won the 2001 MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video, in the music video, Gwen Stefani and Eve are shown stopping at a red light. Eve brings in a gang of party crashers, and she tells Gwen to tag along, Gwen gets out of her car and gets into the all-terrain vehicle. They arrive at the party where to crash it after parking their ATV, then, they are arrested for disrupting a formal party with their loud music and rowdiness. An older woman appears in the video, the woman shares a resemblance to Leona Helmsley. She tells police officers about the disturbance as Stefani and Eve disrupt the party, dr. Dre also makes an appearance at the end of the video when he comes to jail and pays the bail for Eve and Stefani. Fellow Ruff Ryders Jadakiss and Styles P make a cameo in a scene where Eve acts as a bartender. The song was one of the biggest selling singles of Summer 2001 in both the United States and the United Kingdom, in the latter country, it became Eves second top ten hit single. CD,1 Let Me Blow Ya Mind Whos That Girl, aint Got No Dough Let Me Blow Ya Mind CD,2 Let Me Blow Ya Mind Whos That Girl Gotta Man Let Me Blow Ya Mind Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
