1.
Bunnock
–
Bunnock, also known as the Game of Bones, is a game that is thought to have been created by Russian soldiers to pass the time while stationed in northern Siberia during the early nineteenth century. The game involves what the soldiers had a surplus of, namely and it has been compared to a cross between bowling and curling, in which the two teams stand on opposite ends of the field and take turns trying to knock down each others row of bones. This is done by throwing more bones at the standing bones, Bunnock was brought to Canada sometime in the early 20th century by Russian and German immigrants, many of whom settled in Saskatchewan. The bone is hard to miss when driving past Macklin on Highway 14, Finnish skittles, also known as kyykkä, a Finnish game originating from the same game as Russian gorodki Molkky Washers Official Bunnock Website The Online Home of Bunnock - A Game For All Ages. Town of Macklin Bunnock Page Shows the famous sculpture and provides information on the sport. Official Rules of Bunnock As played in the Macklin World Championship Bunnock Tournament, tossing Games A great Bunnock resource forum
Bunnock
–
World's Largest Bunnock
2.
Rathaus-Glockenspiel
–
The Rathaus-Glockenspiel of Munich is a tourist attraction in Marienplatz, the heart of Munich. Part of the construction phase of the New Town Hall. Every day at 11 a. m. it chimes and re-enacts two stories from the 16th century to the amusement of mass crowds of tourists and locals and it consists of 43 bells and 32 life-sized figures. The top half of the Glockenspiel tells the story of the marriage of the local Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine, in honour of the happy couple there is a joust with life-sized knights on horseback representing Bavaria and Lothringen. The Bavarian knight wins every time, of course and this is then followed by the bottom half and second story, Schäfflertanz. According to myth,1517 was a year of plague in Munich, the coopers are said to have danced through the streets to bring fresh vitality to fearful dispositions. The coopers remained loyal to the duke, and their dance came to symbolize perseverance, by tradition, the dance is performed in Munich every seven years. This was described in 1700 as a custom, but the current dance was defined only in 1871. The dance can be seen during Fasching, the one is in 2019. The whole show lasts somewhere between 12 and 15 minutes long depending on which tune it plays that day, at the very end of the show, a very small golden rooster at the top of the Glockenspiel chirps quietly three times, marking the end of the spectacle. Marienplatz Munich Germany Muenchener Stadtmuseum Guidebook Rathaus-Glockenspiel, munichs Glockenspiel hits wrong note at The Local An illustrated story about the Glockenspiel Waiting on the Glockenspiel
Rathaus-Glockenspiel
–
The Glockenspiel at Marienplatz
3.
Percussion instrument
–
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
Percussion instrument
–
Yoruba drummers: One holds
omele ako and
batá, the other two hold
dunduns.
Percussion instrument
–
Orchestral percussion section with
timpani,
unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched
tubular bells
Percussion instrument
–
Djembé and
balafon played by
Susu people of
Guinea
Percussion instrument
–
Concussion idiophones (
claves), and struck drums (
conga drum)
4.
Range (music)
–
In music, the range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, the equivalent is vocal range, the range of a musical part is the distance between its lowest and highest note. The terms sounding range, written range, designated range, duration range, a piccolo, for example, typically has a sounding range one octave higher than its written range. The designated range is the set of notes the player should or can achieve while playing, all instruments have a designated range, and all pitched instruments have a playing range. Timbre, dynamics, and duration ranges are interrelated and one may achieve registral range at the expense of timbre, the designated range is thus the range in which a player is expected to have comfortable control of all aspects. The duration range is the difference between the shortest and longest rhythm used, dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music. Although woodwind instruments and string instruments have no upper limit to their range. Brass instruments, on the hand, can play beyond their designated ranges. Notes lower than the brass instruments designated range are called pedal tones, the playing range of a brass instrument depends on both the technical limitations of the instrument and the skill of the player. Classical arrangements seldom make woodwind or brass instruments play beyond their designed range, string musicians play the bottom of their ranges very frequently, but the top of a string instruments range is rather fuzzy, and it is unusual for a string player to exceed the designated range. It is quite rare for wind musicians to play the extremes of their instruments, the most common exception is that in many 20th century works, pedal tones are called for in bass trombones. This chart uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C4, in the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that an organ can sound is C−1. However, if acoustic combination counts, the lowest note is C−2, *This chart only displays down to C0, though some pipe organs, such as the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, extend down to C−1. Also, the frequency of the subcontrabass tuba is B♭−1
Range (music)
–
Written range of a
Saxophone.
5.
Musical instrument
–
A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument, the history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment, Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered an instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some refer to as a musical instrument. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago, many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world, however, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in areas and was dominated by the Occident. Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, Instruments can be classified by their effective range, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of instruments is called organology. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies—for example, by using objects to create music from sounds. Primitive instruments were designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments. A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the notion of making music. Musical instruments are constructed in an array of styles and shapes
Musical instrument
–
Anne Vallayer-Coster, Attributes of Music, 1770. This
still life painting depicts a variety of French Baroque musical instruments, such as a
natural horn,
transverse flute,
musette,
violin, and
lute.
Musical instrument
–
Found in
Slovenia, the
Divje Babe Flute is considered the world's
oldest known musical instrument
Musical instrument
–
Two
Aztec slit drums, called teponaztli. The characteristic " H " slits can be seen on the top of the drum in the foreground.
Musical instrument
–
Ancient Egyptian tomb painting depicting lute players,
18th Dynasty (c. 1350 BC)
6.
Xylophone
–
The xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck by mallets. The term xylophone may be used generally, to all such instruments such as the marimba, balafon. The term is popularly used to refer to similar instruments of the lithophone and metallophone types. The bars of metal sound more high pitched than the wooden ones, the modern western xylophone has bars of rosewood, padauk, or various synthetic materials such as fiberglass or fiberglass-reinforced plastic which allows a louder sound. Some can be as small a range as 2½ octaves but concert xylophones are typically 3½ or 4 octaves, the xylophone is a transposing instrument, its parts are written one octave below the sounding notes. Xylophones should be played with hard rubber, polyball, or acrylic mallets. Sometimes medium to hard rubber mallets, very hard core, or yarn mallets are used for softer effects, lighter tones can be created on xylophones by using wooden-headed mallets made from rosewood, ebony, birch, or other hard woods. Concert xylophones have tube resonators below the bars to enhance the tone, frames are made of wood or cheap steel tubing, more expensive xylophones feature height adjustment and more stability in the stand. In other music cultures some versions have gourds that act as Helmholtz resonators, others are trough xylophones with a single hollow body that acts as a resonator for all the bars. Old methods consisted of arranging the bars on tied bundles of straw, ancient mallets were made of willow wood with spoon-like bowls on the beaten ends. The instrument has obscure, ancient origins, according to Nettl, it originated in southeast Asia and came to Africa c. AD500 when a group of Malayo-Polynesian speaking peoples migrated to Africa, one piece of evidence for this is the similarity between East African xylophone orchestras and Javanese and Balinese gamelan orchestras. This, however has been questioned by ethnomusicologist and linguist Roger Blench who posits an independent origin in Africa, the xylophone-like ranat was used in Hindu regions. Java and Bali use xylophones in gamelan ensembles and they still have traditional significance in Africa, Malaysia, Melanesia, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, and regions of the Americas. The term marimba is also applied to traditional folk instruments such as the West Africa balafon. Early forms were constructed of bars atop a gourd, the wood is first roasted around a fire before shaping the key to achieve the desired tone. A skilled maker can produce startling amplification, the mallets used to play dibinda and mbila have heads made from natural rubber taken from a wild creeping plant. This usually doubles an already rapid rhythmic pulse that may also co-exist with a counter-rhythm, the Mbila is associated with the Chopi people of the Inhambane Province, in southern Mozambique
Xylophone
–
Xylophone with different type of mallets
Xylophone
–
Cameroon, ~1914
Xylophone
–
Kulintang a Kayo, a
Philippine xylophone
Xylophone
–
Timbila
7.
Marimba
–
The marimba is a percussion instrument consisting of a set of wooden bars struck with mallets to produce musical tones. Resonators suspended underneath the bars amplify their sound and this instrument is a type of idiophone, but with a more resonant and lower-pitched tessitura than the xylophone. The marimba was developed in Central America by African slaves, and descended from its ancestral balafon instrument, Marimba is now the national instrument of Guatemala and Costa Rica. Modern uses of the marimba include solo performances, woodwind and brass ensembles, marimba concertos, jazz ensembles, marching band, drum and bugle corps, contemporary composers have used the unique sound of the marimba more and more in recent years. A player of the marimba can be called a marimbist or a marimba player, xylophones are widely used in music of west and central Africa. The name marimba stems from Bantu marimba or malimba, xylophone, the instrument itself is present, but is called balafon or heri in Mali and/or Guinea, while its known as gyil among the Akan peoples in and around Ghana. The word marimba and derivative words is used widely in East, other sources credit the creation of the marimba and the kalimba to Queen Marimba of the Wakambi people, who live south of Lake Victoria. In the Swahili language imba means song, Marimba, is said to be the mother of song and the creator of all the instruments, including the marimba. Mama means mother in Kiswahili, so it makes sense that the word mother would be combined with the word for song. The karimba is also said to have created by Queen Marimba. In much of East & Central Africa the karimba is seen as a version of the marimba. Diatonic xylophones were introduced to Central America in the 16th or 17th century, the first historical record of Mayan musicians using gourd resonator marimbas in Guatemala was made in 1680, by the historian Domingo Juarros. It became more widespread during the 18th and 19th centuries, as Mayan, in 1821, the marimba was proclaimed the national instrument of Guatemala in its independence proclamation. The gourd resonators were later replaced by harmonic wooden boxes, variants with slats made of steel, glass or bamboo instead of wood appeared during the 19th century. In 1892, Corazón de Jesús Borras Moreno, a musician from Chiapas, expanded marimba to include the chromatic scale by adding another row of sound bars, the name marimba was later applied to the orchestra instrument inspired by the Latin American model. In the United States, companies like Deagan and Leedy company adapted the Latino American instruments for use in western music, metal tubes were used as resonators, fine-tuned by rotating metal discs at the bottom, lowest note tubes were U-shaped. The marimbas were first used for music and dance, such as Vaudeville theater. Clair Omar Musser was a proponent of marimba in the United States at the time
Marimba
–
Classical marimba, model Antonko AMC-12
Marimba
–
"The Marimba" from "The Capitals of Spanish America" (1888)
Marimba
–
Folk and popular marimba
Marimba
–
Contra Bass Marimba: range of G1–G3
8.
Vibraphone
–
The vibraphone is a musical instrument in the struck idiophone subfamily of the percussion family. The vibraphone resembles the xylophone, marimba, and glockenspiel, each bar is paired with a resonator tube that has a motor-driven butterfly valve at its upper end. The valves are mounted on a shaft, which produces a tremolo or vibrato effect while spinning. The vibraphone also has a sustain pedal similar to that on a piano, with the pedal up, the bars are all damped and produce a shortened sound. With the pedal down, they sound for several seconds, the vibraphone is commonly used in jazz music, in which it often plays a featured role and was a defining element of the sound of mid-20th-century Tiki lounge exotica, as popularized by Arthur Lyman. It is the second most popular solo keyboard percussion instrument in music, after the marimba. It is an instrument in the modern percussion section for orchestras. The first musical instrument called vibraphone was marketed by the Leedy Manufacturing Company in the United States in 1921, however, this instrument differed in significant details from the instrument now called the vibraphone. The Leedy vibraphone achieved a degree of popularity after it was used in the novelty recordings of Aloha Oe and this popularity led J. C. Deagan, Inc. in 1927 to ask its Chief Tuner, Henry Schluter, to develop a similar instrument. Schluters design was more popular than the Leedy design, and has become the template for all instruments now called vibraphone, however, when Deagan began marketing Schluters instrument in 1928, they called it the vibraharp. The name derived from similar aluminum bars that were mounted vertically, since Deagan trademarked the name, others were obliged to use the earlier vibraphone for their instruments incorporating the newer design. The name confusion continues, even to the present, but over time vibraphone became significantly more popular than vibraharp, by 1974, the Directory of the D. C. Federation of Musicians listed 39 vibraphone players and 3 vibraharp players, the initial purpose of the vibraphone was to add to the large arsenal of percussion sounds used by vaudeville orchestras for novelty effects. This use was quickly overwhelmed in the 1930s by its development as a jazz instrument, the use of the vibraphone in jazz was pioneered by Paul Barbarin, the drummer with Luis Russells band. Bergerault, of Ligueil, France also began manufacturing vibraphones in the 1930s, Deagan struck endorsement deals with many of the leading players, including Lionel Hampton and Milt Jackson. The Deagan company went out of business in the 1980s, its trademark, Yamaha continues to make percussion instruments based on Deagan designs. In 1948, the Musser Mallet Company was founded by Clair Omar Musser, the Musser company continues to manufacture vibraphones as part of the Ludwig Drum Company. The standard modern instrument has a range of three octaves, from the F below middle C, larger three-and-a-half or four octave models from the C below middle C are also becoming more common
Vibraphone
–
Vibraphone
Vibraphone
–
Former headquarters of
J.C. Deagan, Inc. in Chicago, where Henry Schluter invented the vibraphone. Now (2008) home to Century Mallet Instrument Service.
Vibraphone
–
Hampton in 1946
Vibraphone
–
The Musser M-55 Pro Vibe, a middle level instrument in
Musser's line, played by professionals and in schools around the United States.
9.
Tubular bell
–
Tubular bells are musical instruments in the percussion family. Their sound resembles that of church bells, carillon, or a bell tower, each bell is a metal tube, 30–38 mm in diameter, tuned by altering its length. Its standard range is C4–F5, though many professional instruments reach G5, Tubular bells are often replaced by studio chimes, which are a smaller and usually less expensive instrument. Studio chimes are similar in appearance to tubular bells, but each bell has a smaller diameter than the bell on tubular bells. Tubular bells are struck on the top edge of the tube with a rawhide- or plastic-headed hammer. Often, a pedal will be attached to allow extended ringing of the bells. They can also be bowed at the bottom of the tube to produce a very loud, the tubes used provide a purer tone than solid cylindrical chimes, such as those on a mark tree. Chimes are often used in concert band pieces and it rarely plays melody, instead being used most often as a color to add to the ensemble sound. It does have solos occasionally, often depicting church bells, the perceived strike pitch is thus an octave below the fourth mode. Multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield has used tubular bells on many of his albums, most notably Tubular Bells, Tubular Bells II. He has also used them on most of his other albums such as Hergest Ridge, Ommadawn, Incantations, Crises, Islands and Amarok. Pink Floyd used tubular bells on The Dark Side of the Moon on the song Brain Damage but are rendered almost inaudible on the stereo mix. Percussionist Carl Palmer used tubular bells on ELPs Brain Salad Surgery tour featuring them on the song, as well as during his solo. Culture Club guitarist Roy Hay used tubular bells on the song Time, the Flaming Lips 2002 track Do You Realize. Film composer James Horner took advantage of the quality of tubular bells in his score for the Civil War film Glory. The animated television series Futuramas theme is played on tubular bells, the funding for this program provided by. Rider that followed the end credits of the television show Sesame Street also prominently featured tubular bells in the 1980s. The Smashing Pumpkins 1994 recording Disarm uses tubular bells to create a haunting mood, tracey Ullmans 1983 cover of Kirsty MacColls They Dont Know features tubular bells in a celebratory manner, reminiscent of wedding bells
Tubular bell
–
Chimes/Tubular Bells (by
Yamaha)
Tubular bell
–
Adams Bass Chimes, range F3-B3
Tubular bell
–
Chimes/Tubular bells
10.
Percussion
–
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
Percussion
–
Yoruba drummers: One holds
omele ako and
batá, the other two hold
dunduns.
Percussion
–
Orchestral percussion section with
timpani,
unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched
tubular bells
Percussion
–
Djembé and
balafon played by
Susu people of
Guinea
Percussion
–
Concussion idiophones (
claves), and struck drums (
conga drum)
11.
Piano
–
The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
Piano
–
A grand piano (left) and an upright piano (right)
Piano
Piano
–
Grand piano by Louis Bas of
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
Piano
–
Early piano replica by the modern builder Paul McNulty, after Walter & Sohn, 1805
12.
Metallophone
–
A metallophone is any musical instrument consisting of tuned metal bars which are struck to make sound, usually with a mallet. Metallophones have been used in music in Asia for thousands of years, there are several different types used in Balinese and Javanese gamelan ensembles, including the gendér, gangsa and saron. These instruments have a row of bars, tuned to the distinctive pelog or slendro scales. The Western glockenspiel and vibraphone are also metallophones, they have two rows of bars, in an imitation of the keyboard, and are tuned to the chromatic scale. In music of the 20th century and beyond, the word metallophone is sometimes applied specifically to a row of metal bars suspended over a resonator box. Metallophones tuned to the scale are often used in schools, Carl Orff used diatonic metallophones in several of his pieces. Metallophones with microtonal tunings are used in Iannis Xenakis Pléïades and in the music of Harry Partch, metallophones are a subset of Hornbostel-Sachs category 111.22 Percussion plaques. Celesta Fangxiang Gangsa Gendér Glockenspiel Jegogan Jublag Kulintang a Tiniok/Sarunay Ranat ek lek Ranat thum lek Roneat dek Roneat thong Saron Slentem Step bell Steel marimbaphone Ugal Vibraphone
Metallophone
–
A metallophone used in a
Gamelan —Indonesian Embassy in Canberra
Metallophone
–
Kulintang a Tiniok: A
Philippine metallophone
13.
Pitch (music)
–
Pitch can be determined only in sounds that have a frequency that is clear and stable enough to distinguish from noise. Pitch is a major attribute of musical tones, along with duration, loudness. Pitch may be quantified as a frequency, but pitch is not a purely objective physical property, Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent, frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each persons subjective perception of a wave, which cannot be directly measured. However, this not necessarily mean that most people wont agree on which notes are higher and lower. Sound waves themselves do not have pitch, but their oscillations can be measured to obtain a frequency and it takes a sentient mind to map the internal quality of pitch. However, pitches are usually associated with, and thus quantified as frequencies in cycles per second, or hertz, by comparing sounds with pure tones, Complex and aperiodic sound waves can often be assigned a pitch by this method. According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. That is, high pitch means very rapid oscillation, and low pitch corresponds to slower oscillation, despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down, the exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the frequency is increased or reduced. The pitch of tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, Pitch depends to a lesser degree on the sound pressure level of the tone, especially at frequencies below 1,000 Hz and above 2,000 Hz. The pitch of lower tones gets lower as sound pressure increases, for instance, a tone of 200 Hz that is very loud seems one semitone lower in pitch than if it is just barely audible. Above 2,000 Hz, the pitch gets higher as the sound gets louder, theories of pitch perception try to explain how the physical sound and specific physiology of the auditory system work together to yield the experience of pitch. In general, pitch perception theories can be divided into place coding, place theory holds that the perception of pitch is determined by the place of maximum excitation on the basilar membrane. However, a purely place-based theory cannot account for the accuracy of pitch perception in the low, temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus
Pitch (music)
–
In musical notation, the different vertical positions of notes indicate different pitches. Play top (
help ·
info) & Play bottom (
help ·
info)
14.
Carillon
–
A carillon is a musical instrument that is typically housed in the bell tower of a church or municipal building. The instrument consists of at least 23 cast bronze, cup-shaped bells, a traditional manual carillon is played by striking a keyboard – the stick-like keys of which are called batons – with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the feet. Although unusual, real carillons have occasionally been fitted to theatre organs, such as the Christie organ installed at the Regal Cinema, Marble Arch, a carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. The carillon is the second heaviest of all extant musical instruments, the heaviest carillon in the world weighs over 100 tons, whereas the Wanamaker organ in Philadelphia weighs 287 tons. The word carillon is from the French quadrillon, meaning four bells, in German, a carillon is also called a Glockenspiel, while the percussion instrument called a glockenspiel by English speakers is often called a carillon in French. In medieval times, swinging bells were first used as a way of notifying people of imminent church services, however, the use of bells to play melodic musical compositions originated in the 16th century in the Low Countries. The first carillon was in Flanders, where a fool performed music on the bells of Oudenaarde Town Hall in 1510 by using a baton keyboard, major figures in the evolution of the modern carillon were Pieter and François Hemony working in the 17th century. They are credited as being the greatest carillon bell founders in the history of the Low Countries, since each separate note is produced by an individual bell, a carillons musical range is determined by the number of bells it has. Different names are assigned to instruments based on the number of bells they comprise, players of these instruments often use music arranged specifically for their limited range of notes. A concert carillon has a range of at least four octaves and this is sometimes referred to as the standard-sized carillon. The Riverside Carillon in New York City has the largest tuned bell in the world. Travelling or mobile carillons are not placed in a tower, some of them can even be played indoors—in a concert hall or church—like the mobile carillon of Frank Steijns. The World Carillon Federation defines a carillon as A musical instrument composed of tuned bronze bells which are played from a baton keyboard, only those carillons having at least 23 bells may be taken into consideration. The carillonneur or carillonist is the title of the musician who plays the carillon, the carillonneur/carillonist usually sits in a cabin beneath the bells and presses down, with a loosely closed fist, on a series of baton-like keys arranged in the same pattern as a piano keyboard. The batons are almost never played with the fingers as one does a piano, though this is sometimes used as a special carillon playing technique. The keys activate levers and wires that directly to the bells clappers, thus, as with a piano. In addition to the keys, the heavier bells are also played with a pedal keyboard. These notes can either be played with the hands or the feet, poorly tuned bells often give an out of tune impression and also can be out of tune with themselves
Carillon
–
The carillon in
Munich 's
Olympiapark
Carillon
–
The
Cast in Bronze traveling carillon at the Colorado Renaissance Festival in June 2008
Carillon
–
The 56-bell carillon at the
Plummer Building,
Rochester, Minnesota
Carillon
–
Machinery for playing automated music on a carillon, inside the
Belfry,
Ghent, Belgium
15.
Mardi Gras
–
Mardi Gras is French for Fat Tuesday, reflecting the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season. Related popular practices are associated with Shrovetide celebrations before the fasting, in countries such as England, Mardi Gras is also known as Shrove Tuesday, which is derived from the word shrive, meaning confess. In many areas, the term Mardi Gras has come to mean the period of activity related to the celebratory events. In some American cities, it is now called Mardi Gras Day, the festival season varies from city to city, as some traditions, such as the one in New Orleans, Louisiana, consider Mardi Gras to stretch the entire period from Twelfth Night to Ash Wednesday. Others treat the final period before Ash Wednesday as the Mardi Gras. In earlier times, parades were held on New Years Day, Carnival is an important celebration in Anglican and Catholic European nations. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the week before Ash Wednesday is called Shrovetide and it has its popular celebratory aspects, as well. Pancakes and related fried breads or pastries made with sugar, fat, and eggs are traditionally consumed at this time in many parts of Latin America. The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is an annual LGBT pride parade and festival in Sydney, Australia, attended by hundreds of thousands of people from around Australia and overseas. In the Belgian city of Binche, the Mardi Gras festival is one of the most important days of the year, around 1000 Gilles dance throughout the city from morning until past dusk, whilst traditional carnival songs play. In 2003, the Carnival of Binche was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral, Carnival is the most famous Brazilian holiday. During this time, Brazil attracts 70% of its tourists, variations in carnival celebrations are observed throughout the multitude of Brazilian cities. Yet, a commonality observed among them is the incorporation of samba into the celebrations, the southeastern cities of Brazil have massive parades that take place in large sambadromes. The Rio Carnival is where two million people celebrate in the city, the city of Salvador holds a very large carnival celebration where millions of people celebrate the party in the streets of the city with a very big diversity of musical styles together. Cayman Mardi Gras has now been recognised as one of the national festivals. Celebrating the traditional Fat Tuesday, they also host a festive Monday Food Festival as well as an all day EDM Ash Wednesday, the event attracts thousands of attendees during the 3 day festival and includes a line up of international celebrities and performers. The Cayman Mardi Gras Festival is slowly becoming a major tourist attraction to the island nation, Carnaval de Barranquilla is Colombias Mardi Gras celebration. In 2003, it was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral, in the Czech Republic it is a folk tradition to celebrate Mardi Gras, which is called Masopust
Mardi Gras
–
Celebrations in
New Orleans, USA
Mardi Gras
–
Mardi Gras in
Dakar, Senegal
Mardi Gras
–
Mardi Gras in
Marseille, France
Mardi Gras
–
Mardi Gras in
Binche, Belgium
16.
Lyre
–
The lyre is a string instrument known for its use in Greek classical antiquity and later periods. The lyre is similar in appearance to a small harp but with distinct differences, the word comes via Latin from the Greek, the earliest reference to the word is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning lyrists and written in the Linear B script. The lyres of Ur, excavated in ancient Mesopotamia, date to 2500 BC, the earliest picture of a lyre with seven strings appears in the famous sarcophagus of Hagia Triada. The sarcophagus was used during the Mycenaean occupation of Crete, the recitations of the Ancient Greeks were accompanied by lyre playing. The lyre of classical antiquity was ordinarily played by being strummed with a plectrum, the fingers of the free hand silenced the unwanted strings in the chord. However, later lyres were played with a bow in Europe, one example from Wales that has been resurrected recently is the crwth. In organology, lyres are defined as yoke lutes, being lutes in which the strings are attached to a yoke which lies in the plane as the sound-table. A classical lyre has a body or sound-chest, which. Extending from this sound-chest are two raised arms, which are hollow, and are curved both outward and forward. They are connected near the top by a crossbar or yoke, an additional crossbar, fixed to the sound-chest, makes the bridge which transmits the vibrations of the strings. They were stretched between the yoke and bridge, or to a tailpiece below the bridge, according to ancient Greek mythology, the young god Hermes stole a herd of sacred cows from Apollo. In order not to be followed, he made shoes for the cows which forced them to walk backwards, Apollo, following the trails, could not follow where the cows were going. Along the way, Hermes slaughtered one of the cows and offered all, from the entrails and a tortoise/turtle shell, he created the Lyre. Apollo, figuring out it was Hermes who had his cows, Apollo was furious, but after hearing the sound of the lyre, his anger faded. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre, hence, the creation of the lyre is attributed to Hermes. Other sources credit it to Apollo himself, locales in southern Europe, western Asia, or north Africa have been proposed as the historic birthplace of the genus. The instrument is played in north-eastern parts of Africa. Some of the cultures using and developing the lyre were the Aeolian and Ionian Greek colonies on the coasts of Asia bordering the Lydian empire, some mythic masters like Musaeus, and Thamyris were believed to have been born in Thrace, another place of extensive Greek colonization
Lyre
–
Greek vase with muse playing the
phorminx, a type of lyre
Lyre
–
Lyre with tortoiseshell body (
rhyton, 480–470 BC)
Lyre
–
The Hagia Triada
Mycenaean sarcophagus, 14th century BCE, depicting the earliest lyre with seven strings, held by a man with long robe, third from the left.
Lyre
–
Pothos (Desire), restored as
Apollo Citharoedus during the Roman era (1st or 2nd century AD, based on a Greek work ca. 300 BC); the cithara strings are not extant
17.
Snare drum
–
The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick. Snare drums are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps. It is one of the pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer. Snare drums are played with drum sticks, but the use of other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve very different sounds. The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due its sensitivity, the snare drum originates from the tabor, a drum first used to accompany the flute. The tabor evolved into more modern versions, such as the kit snare, marching snare, tarol snare, each type presents a different style of percussion and size. The snare drum that one might see in a music concert is usually used in a backbeat style to create rhythm. In marching bands, it can do the same but is used mostly for a front beat, in comparison with the marching snare, the kit snare is generally smaller in length between the two heads, while the piccolo is the smallest of the three. The snare drum is easily recognizable by its loud cracking sound when struck firmly with a stick or mallet. The depth of the sound varies from snare to snare because of the different techniques, some of these qualities are head material and tension, dimensions, and rim and drum shell materials and construction. The snare drum is constructed of two heads—both usually made of plastic—along with a rattle of metal wires on the head called the snares. The wires can also be placed on the top, as in the tarol snare, the top head is typically called the batter head because that is where the drummer strikes it, while the bottom head is called the snare head because that is where the snares are located. The tension of each head is constant by tension rods. Tension rod adjustment allows the pitch and tonal character of the drum to be customized by the player, the strainer is a lever that engages or disengages contact between the snares and the head, and allows snare tension adjustment. If the strainer is disengaged, the sound of the drum resembles a tom because the snares are inactive. The rim is the ring around the batter head, which can be used for a variety of things. The drum can be played by striking it with a stick or any other form of beater, including brushes, rute and hands. When using a stick, the drummer may strike the head of the drum, when the top head is struck, the bottom head vibrates in tandem, which in turn stimulates the snares and produces a cracking sound
Snare drum
–
A drum kit snare drum.
Snare drum
Snare drum
–
Snares on a drum
Snare drum
–
Snare Strainer
18.
Orchestra
–
The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
Orchestra
–
The Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra.
Orchestra
–
Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra
Orchestra
–
Göttinger Symphonie Orchester
Orchestra
–
A modern orchestra concert hall: Philharmony in
Szczecin, Poland
19.
Percussion mallet
–
A percussion mallet or beater is an object used to strike or beat a percussion instrument in order to produce its sound. Some mallets, such as a wand, are normally used only with a specific instrument. Some mallets, such as mallets, are normally just called mallets, others have more specialised names including, Drum sticks, of many types. Wands used to strike a triangle, brushes, used particularly with snare drum but also with many other instruments. Tippers used to strike a bodhrán, hammers, also just called mallets or dongers, used with a xylophone. Bachi, used with Japanese taiko drums, Drum sticks are beaters normally used in pairs, with each held in one hand, and are similar to or derived from the snare drum sticks that were subsequently adopted for kit drumming. They are the most general-purpose beaters, and the covers a wide variety of beaters. As well as being a term for a hand-held beater, mallet is also used specifically to refer to a hand-held beater comprising a head connected to a thin shaft. Wrapped mallets are also the mallets of choice to play suspended cymbal, felt mallets or cartwheel mallets have heads composed of layers of felt, held between two steel washers. They are mainly used on untuned percussion, and in the context of kit drumming are referred to as soft sticks, mallet shafts are commonly made of rattan, birch, or synthetic materials such as fibreglass. Different mallets are used primarily to alter the timbre of the instrument being played. Generally, mallets composed of materials will stick to the instrument for longer as they bounce off of it. Mallet choice is left up to the performer, though some compositions specify if a certain sound is desired by the composer. Players frequently employ two mallets in a grip or four mallets in a four-mallet grip, however, use of up to six mallets is not uncommon. Brushes are a set of bristles connected to a handle so that the make a rounded fan shape. They are often used in jazz or blues music, but also in other such as rock, country. The bristles can be made of metal or plastic, the handles are made of wood or aluminum. Some brushes are telescoping so that the bristles can be pulled inside a hollow handle, retracting the bristles also protects the brush when it is not being used
Percussion mallet
–
Mallet bag showing variety of mallets
Percussion mallet
–
Yarn mallets (model 13)
Percussion mallet
–
Timpani Mallets
Percussion mallet
–
Cartwheel mallets, with wooden shafts and heads of felt held between steel washers
20.
Chord (music)
–
A chord, in music, is any harmonic set of pitches consisting of two or more notes that are heard as if sounding simultaneously. In everyday use by musical ensembles such as bands and orchestras, however, the notes of a chord do not have to be played together at the same time, arpeggios and broken chords may, for many practical and theoretical purposes, also constitute chords. Other chords with more than three notes include added tone chords, extended chords and tone clusters, which are used in classical music, jazz. Triads commonly found in the Western classical tradition are major and minor chords, the descriptions major, minor, augmented, and diminished are referred to collectively as chordal quality. Chords are also classified by their root note—for instance, a C major triad consists of the pitch classes C, E. While most chords have at least three notes, power chords, which are used in rock music, particularly in hard rock. An ordered series of chords is called a chord progression, one example of a widely used chord progression in Western traditional music and blues is the 12 bar blues progression, the simplest versions of which include tonic, subdominant and dominant chords. To describe this, Western music theory has developed the practice of numbering chords using Roman numerals which represent the number of steps up from the tonic note of the scale. Common ways of notating or representing chords in Western music include Roman numerals, figured bass, macro symbols, the chords in a song or piece are also given names which refer to their function. The chord built on the first note of a scale is called the tonic chord. The chord built on the note of a major scale is called the subdominant chord. The chord built on the degree of the major scale is called the dominant chord. There are names for the built on every note of the major scale. Chords can be played on instruments, including piano, pipe organ, guitar. Chords can also be performed when multiple musicians play together in an ensemble or when multiple singers sing in a choir. The English word chord derives from Middle English cord, a shortening of accord in the sense of agreement and later. A sequence of chords is known as a progression or harmonic progression. These are frequently used in Western music, a chord progression aims for a definite goal of establishing a tonality founded on a key, root or tonic chord
Chord (music)
–
Instruments and voices playing and singing different
notes create chords.
21.
Octave
–
In music, an octave or perfect octave is the interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. It is defined by ANSI as the unit of level when the base of the logarithm is two. The octave relationship is a phenomenon that has been referred to as the basic miracle of music. The most important musical scales are written using eight notes. For example, the C major scale is typically written C D E F G A B C, two notes separated by an octave have the same letter name and are of the same pitch class. Three commonly cited examples of melodies featuring the perfect octave as their opening interval are Singin in the Rain, Somewhere Over the Rainbow, the interval between the first and second harmonics of the harmonic series is an octave. The octave has occasionally referred to as a diapason. To emphasize that it is one of the intervals, the octave is designated P8. The octave above or below a note is sometimes abbreviated 8a or 8va, 8va bassa. For example, if one note has a frequency of 440 Hz, the note one octave above is at 880 Hz, the ratio of frequencies of two notes an octave apart is therefore 2,1. Further octaves of a note occur at 2n times the frequency of that note, such as 2,4,8,16, etc. and the reciprocal of that series. For example,55 Hz and 440 Hz are one and two away from 110 Hz because they are 1⁄2 and 4 times the frequency, respectively. After the unison, the octave is the simplest interval in music, the human ear tends to hear both notes as being essentially the same, due to closely related harmonics. Notes separated by a ring together, adding a pleasing sound to music. For this reason, notes an octave apart are given the note name in the Western system of music notation—the name of a note an octave above A is also A. The conceptualization of pitch as having two dimensions, pitch height and pitch class, inherently include octave circularity, thus all C♯s, or all 1s, in any octave are part of the same pitch class. Octave equivalency is a part of most advanced cultures, but is far from universal in primitive. The languages in which the oldest extant written documents on tuning are written, leon Crickmore recently proposed that The octave may not have been thought of as a unit in its own right, but rather by analogy like the first day of a new seven-day week
Octave
22.
Transposing instrument
–
A transposing instrument is a musical instrument whose music is notated at a pitch different from the pitch that actually sounds. Playing a written C on an instrument produces a pitch other than C. For example, a written C on a B♭ clarinet sounds a concert B♭, rather than a property of the instrument, the transposition is a convention of music notation—however, instruments whose music is typically notated in this way are called transposing instruments. As transposing instruments is a convention, the issue of transposition is mainly an issue for genres of music which use sheet music, such as classical music. For some instruments, the pitch is still a C, but in a different octave. There are several reasons that composers, orchestrators and arrangers transpose music for certain instruments, many instruments are members of a family of instruments that differ mainly in size. For example, the fingerings which produce the notes of a C major scale on a standard flute, instruments that transpose this way are often referred to as being in a certain key, such as the A clarinet or clarinet in A. The instruments key tells which pitch will sound when the plays a note written as C. A player of a B♭ clarinet who reads a written C will sound a B♭ while the player of an A clarinet will read the same note, the non-transposing member of the family is thus called a clarinet in C. In the early 20th century, however, instruments with basic scales other than C were sometimes written as transposing instruments, before valves were invented in the 19th century, horns and trumpets could play only the notes of the overtone series from a single fundamental pitch. As a result, all music was written as if for a fundamental pitch of C. The introduction of valves made this unnecessary, though many players and composers found the tone quality of valved instruments inferior. F transposition became standard in the early 19th century, with the horn sounding a fifth below written pitch in treble clef. In bass clef composers differed in whether they expected the instruments to transpose down a fifth or up a fourth, when they played together in an ensemble, the parts of some instruments would then have to be transposed to compensate. In many of Bachs cantatas the organ part is notated a full step lower than the other instruments, a few early-music ensembles of the present day must do something similar if they comprise some instruments tuned to A415 and others to A440, approximately a semitone apart. Modern builders of continuo instruments sometimes include moveable keyboards which can play with either pitch standard. The harpsichord has a string for each note, plucked by a plectrum. Moving the keyboard mechanism right or left causes the A key to play the next string, instruments that transpose at the octave are not playing in a different key from concert pitch instruments, but sound an octave higher or lower than written
Transposing instrument
–
The
B♭ clarinet is a transposing instrument. When the note C occurs in a score that is especially written for a B ♭ clarinet (top), the instrument will actually sound a B ♭ (bottom), hence the name of the instrument. The very same fingering when played on an
A clarinet will sound an A, and in a score for A clarinet, an A will be written as a C.
23.
Hip-hop
–
Hip hop is a subculture and art movement developed by African-Americans and Latinos from the inner-city South Bronx neighbourhood in New York City in the late 1970s. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc also played a key role in developing hip hop music, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Herc mixed samples of existing records and DJed percussion breaks, mixing this music with his own Jamaican-style toasting to rev up the crowd and dancers. These youths mixed these influences with existing musical styles associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s, Hip hop music became popular outside of the African-American community in the late 1980s, with the mainstream commercial success of gangsta rap. Critic Greg Tate described the hip hop movement as the only avant-garde still around, Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s. Sampling older culture and re-using it in a new context or a new format is called flipping in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted musical genres such as blues, jazz, rag-time, funk, cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them hip hoppers. The name was meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music. The song Rappers Delight, by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you dont stop. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called The Positive Life in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the hip hop. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to popularize the term. In the 1970s, an urban movement known as Hip Hop began to develop in the South Bronx in New York City. It focused on emceeing over breakbeats, house parties and neighbourhood block party events, Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Jamaican-born DJ Clive Kool Herc Cindy Campbell pioneered the use of DJing percussion breaks in hip hop music, beginning at Hercs home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of impromptu toasting, on August 11,1973 DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sisters back-to-school party
Hip-hop
–
Nas is an
American rapper who is regarded as one of the greatest MCs of all time.
Hip-hop
–
DJ Kool Herc is credited as being highly influential in the pioneering stage of hip hop music.
Hip-hop
–
Afrika Bambaataa with DJ Yutaka of
Universal Zulu Nation in 2004
Hip-hop
–
Rapper
Busta Rhymes performs in
Las Vegas for a
BET party
24.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
–
Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
–
Double bassist
Reggie Workman, saxophone player
Pharoah Sanders, and drummer
Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
–
Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
–
In the late 18th-century painting
The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
25.
Neil Peart
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Neil Ellwood Peart, OC, is a Canadian-American musician and author, best known as the drummer and primary lyricist for the rock band Rush. Peart has received awards for his musical performances, including an induction into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1983. He is known for his proficiency and stamina. Peart grew up in Port Dalhousie, Ontario, during adolescence, he floated between regional bands in pursuit of a career as a full-time drummer. After a discouraging stint in England to concentrate on his music, Peart returned home, early in his career, Pearts performance style was deeply rooted in hard rock. He drew most of his inspiration from such as Keith Moon and John Bonham. As time passed, he began to emulate jazz and big band musicians Gene Krupa, in 1994, Peart became a friend and pupil of jazz instructor Freddie Gruber. It was during this time that Peart decided to revamp his playing style by incorporating jazz, Gruber was also responsible for introducing him to the products of Drum Workshop, the company whose products Peart currently endorses. In addition to being a musician, Peart has published several memoirs about his travels, Peart is also Rushs primary lyricist. In writing lyrics for Rush, Peart addresses universal themes and diverse subject matter including science fiction, fantasy, all five of his books are travel-based non-fiction, though they diverge into his life and these subjects as well. Peart currently resides in Santa Monica, California, with his wife, photographer Carrie Nuttall and he also has a home in the Laurentian Mountains of Quebec, Canada, and spends time in Toronto for recording purposes. On December 7,2015, Peart announced his retirement from music in an interview with Drumhead Magazine, Peart was born in a Hamilton hospital to Glen and Betty Peart and lived his early years on his familys farm in Hagersville, on the outskirts of Hamilton. The first child of four, his brother Danny and sisters Judy, at this time his father became parts manager for Dalziel Equipment, an International Harvester farm machinery dealer. In 1956 the family moved to the Port Dalhousie area of the town, Peart attended Gracefield School and later Lakeport Secondary School, and describes his childhood as happy and says he experienced a warm family life. His first exposure to musical training came in the form of piano lessons and his parents bought him a drum kit for his fourteenth birthday and he began taking lessons from Don George at the Peninsula Conservatory of Music. His stage debut took place that year at the schools Christmas pageant in St. Johns Anglican Church Hall in Port Dalhousie and his next appearance was at Lakeport High School with his first group, The Eternal Triangle. This performance contained an original number titled LSD Forever, at this show he performed his first solo. Peart got a job in Lakeside Park, in Port Dalhousie on the shores of Lake Ontario and he worked on the Bubble Game and Ball Toss, but his tendency to take it easy when business was slack resulted in his termination
Neil Peart
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Peart performing at the
Air Canada Centre on October 16, 2012.
Neil Peart
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Peart (right, behind Alex Lifeson & Geddy Lee) performing with Rush.
Neil Peart
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Neil Peart and his 360-degree drumkit
Neil Peart
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Neil Peart began incorporating electronic drums beginning with 1984's Grace Under Pressure
26.
Rush (band)
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Rush is a Canadian rock band formed in 1968 in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario. The band is composed of bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist and backing vocalist Alex Lifeson, and drummer, percussionist, Rush is known for its musicianship, complex compositions, and eclectic lyrical motifs drawing heavily on science fiction, fantasy, and philosophy. In the early 1990s, Rush returned to a hard rock sound. According to the RIAA, Rush ranks 80th with sales of 25 million units in the U. S, although total worldwide album sales are not calculated by any single entity, several industry sources estimated Rushs total worldwide album sales at over 40 million units as of 2004. The group has been awarded 24 gold,14 platinum, and 3 multi-platinum albums, Rush has received nominations for seven Grammy Awards. Rush announced plans to stop touring at the end of 2015. However, they have not ruled out the possibility of studio albums. The original line-up formed in the neighbourhood of Willowdale in Toronto, Ontario, by guitarist Alex Lifeson, bassist and front man Jeff Jones, and drummer John Rutsey. Within a couple of weeks of forming, and before their performance, bassist and lead vocalist Jones left the band and was replaced by Geddy Lee. After several line-up reformations, Rushs official incarnation formed in May 1971 consisting of Lee, Lifeson, the name Rush was suggested by John Rutseys brother, Bill. The band was managed by local Toronto resident Ray Danniels, a frequent attendee of Rushs early shows, side B contained an original composition, You Cant Fight It, credited to Lee and Rutsey. The single generated little reaction and, because of record company indifference, with the aid of Danniels and the newly enlisted engineer Terry Brown, the band released its self-titled debut album in 1974, which was considered highly derivative of Led Zeppelin. Rush had limited local popularity until the album was picked up by WMMS, donna Halper, a music director and DJ working at the station, selected Working Man for her regular playlist. The songs blue-collar theme resonated with hard rock fans, and this popularity led to the album being re-released by Mercury Records in the U. S. Immediately after the release of the album, Rutsey left the band due to health difficulties stemming from diabetes. His last performance with the band was on July 25,1974, at Centennial Hall in London, Rush held auditions for a new drummer and selected Neil Peart as Rutseys replacement. Peart officially joined the band on July 29,1974, two weeks before the groups first US tour. They performed their first concert together, opening for Uriah Heep and Manfred Mann with an attendance of over 11,000 people at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 14
Rush (band)
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An
Oberheim OB-X synthesizer, as used by Geddy Lee on the albums Moving Pictures and Signals.
Rush (band)
Rush (band)
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Neil Peart began incorporating
Simmons Electronic Drums beginning with Grace Under Pressure, 1984
Rush (band)
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Geddy Lee in concert, 2010
27.
The Spirit of Radio
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The Spirit of Radio is a song released in 1980 by the Canadian rock band Rush from their album Permanent Waves. The songs name was inspired by Toronto radio station CFNYs slogan, the song was significant in the growing popularity of the band. The band had grazed the UK Top 40 two years earlier with Closer to the Heart, but when issued as a single in March 1980 and it remains their biggest UK hit to date. In the US, the peaked at #51 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1980. Promotional 12-inch copies were released in the United States late 1979 with the B-sides of Working Man and The Trees, kobra and the Lotus included a version of The Spirit of Radio on their 2015 covers EP Words of the Prophets. The EPs title is a reference to the song, catherine Wheel covered the song as a hidden track on their 1996 compilation Like Cats and Dogs. The song is sampled on the 1993 track, Conchita Martinez, list of Rush songs Official Rush website Dedicated to the old CFNY Current CFNY
The Spirit of Radio
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"The Spirit of Radio"
28.
Closer to the Heart
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Closer to the Heart is a single by Rush, released in 1977, from the album A Farewell to Kings. It was the first Rush song to feature a non-member as a songwriter in Peter Talbot and it was issued as a single for Christmas 1977 and was Rushs first hit single in the United Kingdom, reaching No.36 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1978. Closer to the Heart was one of five Rush songs inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame on March 28,2010, closer to the Heart is one of Rushs most popular songs, and has been performed live regularly since its release. It was not played for the bulk of the Vapor Trails Tour, the R30 Tour, the song returned to Rushs setlists during the 2010-11 Time Machine Tour. After not being performed on the 2012-13 Clockwork Angels Tour, it was back for the 2015 R40 Live Tour. The live albums A Show of Hands and Different Stages feature performances of the song with jam-style playing after the last verse. On the 1981 live album Exit. Stage Left, the song segues into Beneath, Between and Behind, on the DVD release of the latter album, a polka rendition of the song is played during the end credits. Although the original recording and most live performances feature acoustic drums, the songs title was used for an episode of Trailer Park Boys, in which Alex Lifeson appears as himself. At the end of the episode, Lifeson and Bubbles play the song together, in 2005, Rush performed the song with Smith and Ed Robertson of Barenaked Ladies as part of a CBC telethon for the Canadian Tsunami Disaster Fund. This performance is included on the R30, 30th Anniversary World Tour DVD, closer to The Heart -2,53 Bastille Day -4,37 Anthem -4,10 The Temples of Syrinx -2,13 List of Rush songs
Closer to the Heart
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"Closer to the Heart"
29.
Danny Federici
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Daniel Paul Danny Federici was an American musician, best known as the organ, glockenspiel, and accordion player and a founding member for Bruce Springsteens E Street Band. In 2014, Federici was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band, Federici started to play accordion when he was seven years old, which he learned from watching The Lawrence Welk Show. When he mastered classical music and polka, his mother booked him at parties, clubs, Federici attended high school at Hunterdon Central High School in New Jersey. Federicis organ fills are a key component in the E Street sound and he pioneered the trademark E Street glockenspiel sound with a rare keyboard glockenspiel, one of only two tube o phone types known to exist. Both were purchased by Danny on separate trips to Europe, in photos showing the instrument sitting atop his Hammond B3 the metal tubes responsible for the sound can be seen protruding from the top in staggered lengths like miniature organ pipes. He subsequently used electronic keyboards to simulate the glockenspiel sound, another notable performance is his accordion solo on 4th of July, Asbury Park. Keyboard Magazine published an article in 2008 detailing the instrumentation Danny used, during the long time the E Street Band was inactive during the 1990s, Federici played with Country/Americana act Diamondback, releasing one record with Diamondback during this period, Ragin Wind. Federicis haunting accordion and B3 work became a component of their Southern Rock sound. During this time Federici recorded an album of jazz instrumentals called Flemington, after his hometown of Flemington. E-Street bandmates, bassist Garry Tallent and guitarist Nils Lofgren supplied backup on the album and this was originally released on Deadeye Records, then picked up by Music Masters Jazz label in 1997, it was later re-worked and re-issued as Danny Federici on Hip-O Records in 2001. Federici followed this up with a jazz album Sweet, self-released on Backstreets. com in 2004. Federici performed on other records as well, including those of Joan Armatrading, Graham Parker. Springsteen stated at the time, Danny is one of the pillars of our sound and has played beside me as a friend for more than 40 years. We all eagerly await his healthy and speedy return, Federici made his only return to the stage on March 20,2008, when he appeared for portions of a Springsteen and E Street Band performance at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. Federici died on April 17,2008 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, Springsteens album, Working on a Dream, is dedicated to him. The fund also aims to raise awareness for the disease. The tracks are taken from the Magic Tour, and feature a performance of 4th of July, various tours, 1972–1974 Born to Run tours, 1975–1977 Darkness Tour, 1978–1979 The River Tour, 1980–1981 Born in the U. S. A. Tour, 1984–1985 Tunnel of Love Express Tour,1988 Human Rights Now. S. A
Danny Federici
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Federici playing organ with the E Street Band, November 2007.
30.
Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)
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Born to Run is a song by American singer songwriter Bruce Springsteen, and the title song of his album Born to Run. Upon its release, music critic Robert Christgau took note of its wall of sound influence and called it the fulfillment of everything Be My Baby was about and lots more. The song ranked number 21 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Written at 7½ West End Court in Long Branch, New Jersey in early 1974, the prior year, Springsteen had released two albums to critical acclaim but with little commercial movement. Written in the first person, the song is a letter to a girl named Wendy, for whom the hot-rod-riding protagonist seems to possess the passion to love. However, Springsteen has noted that it has a much simpler core, U. S. Route 9 is mentioned from the lyric sprung from cages out on Highway 9. The song was recorded in the key of E major, in the period prior to the release of Born to Run Springsteen was becoming well-known for his epic live shows. Born to Run joined his concert repertoire well before the release of the album, being performed in concert by May 1974, if not earlier. The first recording of the song was made by Allan Clarke of the British group The Hollies, although its release was delayed, in recording the song Springsteen first earned his noted reputation for perfectionism, laying down as many as eleven guitar tracks to get the sound just right. The recording process and alternate ideas for the arrangement are described in the Wings For Wheels documentary DVD included in the 2005 reissue Born to Run 30th Anniversary Edition package. Future record executive Jimmy Iovine engineered the majority of the sessions and it immediately became quite popular on these stations, and led to cuts from Springsteens first two albums being frequently played as well as building anticipation for the album release. No music video was made for the release of Born to Run. In 1987, a video was released to MTV and other channels, featuring a performance of Born to Run from Springsteen. Tour, interspersed with clips of other performances from the same tour. It closed with a Thank you message to Springsteens fans, in 1988, director Meiert Avis shot a video of an acoustic version of the song during the Tunnel of Love Express tour. Both videos are included in the compilations Video Anthology / 1978-88, in 2016, Born to Run was ranked #16 in Pitchforks list of The 200 Best Songs of the 1970s In 2004, the song was ranked #6 in WXPNs list of The 885 All-Time Greatest Songs. Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time placed it at #21, the song came in at #920 in Qs list of the 1001 Greatest Songs Ever in 2003, in which they described the song as best for working class heroes. It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock, in 2001, the RIAAs Songs of the Century placed the song 135th
Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)
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"Born to Run"
Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)
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House lights on for a typical performance of "Born to Run".
Hartford Civic Center, October 2, 2007.
Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)
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"Born to Run" in its home state of New Jersey.
Izod Center, May 21, 2009.
"Glockenspiel". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.
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