1.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
3.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
4.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
5.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
6.
Arthur Sheekman
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Arthur Sheekman was an American theater and movie critic, columnist, playwright and editor—but best known for his writing for the screen. Groucho Marx called him The Fastest Wit in the West, Arthur Sheekman was born February 5,1901 in Chicago, Illinois. His parents, Nettie Green Sheekman and Charles Grover Sheekman were Jewish immigrants from Russia, Sheekman was the middle child of three, coming between Edith and Harvey. In Sheekmans early years, the family lived in St. Paul, Minnesota, as Charlie Sheekman wasnt much of a provider, the children had to scramble to help support their family. At twelve, Sheekman got his first job, working after school, Sheekman rose to become the papers theater and movie critic, writing his column, The Voice Off-Stage. Wanting to go to college, Sheekman enrolled at the University of Minnesota, in 1926, Sheekman is rumoured to have filled in for a colleague’s place on journalist’s trip to the Sesquicentennial International Exposition in Philadelphia. When the editor of the Chicago Journal stopped laughing, he offered Sheekman three times the salary he was getting at the Daily News and that was how Sheekman got back to his native Chicago. On the Chicago Journal, Sheekman continued writing about the movies and Hollywood in his column, Short Shot, then he was awarded the noteworthy space, A Little About Everything, a column previously occupied by humorists Bert Leston Taylor, Finley Peter Dunne and Franklin P. Adams. A leading merchant of Chicago. remarked, I like his column because he is a cynic without scorn, finally, Sheekman moved to Chicagos Daily Times where his column Ahead of the Times was a A Daily Potpourri of Wit and Verse. Groucho Marx played a role in Sheekmans life. The two men met in the fall of 1926 when The Marx Brothers came to Chicago on tour in their musical play, The Cocoanuts. When Sheekman interviewed them for his column, the brothers told him that Groucho, Harpo, then again after the Broadway run of their musical play, Animal Crackers, the brothers again came to Chicago on tour. Sheekman gave Groucho his columns space, advising his readers, On Tuesday, Mr. Groucho Marx, Mr. Marx is the man who said, It would be a happier world for children if parents ate the spinach themselves. The following year, the version of Animal Crackers was released. Groucho wanted Sheekman to come to Hollywood and write for The Boys, instead, with Sheekman in Chicago and The Boys in Los Angeles, Sheekman did write for one of them. In 1929, a book titled Beds was serialized in the magazine, College Humor, Beds bore Groucho Marxs name as author but it was Arthur Sheekman who wrote it. Early in 1931, Sheekman accepted Grouchos invitation and moved west to work on Monkey Business—his credit on that first picture was Dialog by Arthur Sheekman, next he worked on Horse Feathers but just with Groucho. Sheekman makes an appearance in the movie as a sports writer in the press box
7.
Visual arts
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The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design. Current usage of the visual arts includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes, training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. Visual arts have now become a subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used, the main techniques used in drawing are, line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman, drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture, drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier, like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet, in shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, in the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost, one of the best remaining representations are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages
8.
Summer stock theatre
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Summer stock theatre is any theatre that presents stage productions only in the summer. The name combines the season with the tradition of staging shows by a resident company, reusing stock scenery, summer stock theatres frequently take advantage of seasonal weather by having their productions outdoors or under tents set up temporarily for their use. Some smaller theatres still continue this tradition, and a few summer stock theatres have become regarded by both patrons as well as performers and designers. Equity status and pay for actors in these theatres varies greatly, often viewed as a starting point for professional actors, stock casts are typically young, just out of high school or still in college. Summer stock started in 1919-1920s with four theatres, The Muny, St. Louis, many of the theatres of the heyday, the 1920s through the 1960s, were in New England. Part of the straw hat circuit, theatres also were in New York, Pennsylvania, the structure was to present different plays in weekly or biweekly repertory, performed by a resident company, generally between June and September. The usual fare consisted of comedies, romances and mysteries. The theatres were located in rural areas, touring companies would carry hand props and costumes to each venue, where sound, lights and set would be awaiting them. Summer stock provided a ground for actors and great, inexpensive entertainment for vacationing East Coast urbanites. Such stage luminaries as Maude Adams, Ethel Barrymore, Lilian Gish, students took classes in acting, stagecraft, makeup, and voice, and if they were talented enough, they might be asked to appear in plays with the resident acting company. Additionally, many notable performers spent their summers on the circuit, plays and musicals that had closed on Broadway would play the circuit. The Westport Country Playhouse in Connecticut, since renovated with the support of Joanne Woodward, the circuit toured in Florida and the Southeast during the winter. Venues included the Beacham Theater in Orlando and the Royal Poinciana Playhouse in Palm Beach, Florida where performers from Bob Cummings in 1958 to Arlene Francis, stars of Broadway, film, and television would regularly spend summers performing in stock. The Council of Stock Theatres negotiated a contract with Actors Equity to cover the work of actors. Starting in 1958 performers such as Dan Dailey in Guys and Dolls, Barbara Eden in Lady in the Dark, Kenley cast movie stars and television personalities who were nationally known. During Gypsy Rose Lees engagement in Auntie Mame at the Warren theatre, Erik Preminger wrote, everything about his operation was first-class from the director and supporting cast he had assembled through the scenery, props, and costumes. He was attentive, supportive. Performers such as Paul Lynde, Bill Bixby, Karen Morrow, Phyllis Diller, Andy Devine, Gordon MacRae, Ethel Merman performed in Call Me Madam at the Kenley Players in 1968. The Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts opened in 1927 with The Guardsman, starring Basil Rathbone, in some cases, five or six of the summer plays would be star vehicles, featuring a familiar actor or actress
9.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
10.
The Old Dark House
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The Old Dark House is a 1932 American pre-Code horror comedy film directed by James Whale and starring Boris Karloff. The film is based on the novel Benighted by J. B, the supporting cast includes Melvyn Douglas, Gloria Stuart, Charles Laughton and Ernest Thesiger. Seeking shelter from a rainstorm in a remote area of Wales, several travellers are admitted to a gloomy. Trying to make the best of it, the guests must deal with their sepulchral host, Horace Femm, who claims to be on the run from the police, and his religious, obsessive, malevolent sister, Rebecca. Priestley, published in the United States under the title as the film. The movie also stars Melvyn Douglas and features Charles Laughton, Ernest Thesiger, Raymond Massey, Gloria Stuart, the Old Dark House was largely ignored at the American box office, although it was a huge hit in Whales native England. Levy was loaned to Paramount Pictures, where he worked on the screenplay for Devil, when Levy finished work on the film, he returned to Universal to start work on The Old Dark House. The film is based on novel Benighted by J. B, priestley, a novel about post-World War I disillusionment. The film follows the plot of the book, while adding levels of comedy to the story. The film appeared on Universals schedule in February 1932 and the script was submitted to the Hays Office in March, filming had finished by May 1932. Sherriff, who wrote the play for Journeys End which Whale made into a film of the same name in 1930. The Old Dark House was previewed in early July 1932, in the United States, Variety and The Hollywood Filmograph gave the film negative reviews, with Variety calling it a somewhat inane picture. All nine of the New York City dailies gave the positive reviews. The box office reception started well in the first week of release and it was booked for three weeks at the Rialto Theatre in New York City where the audience turn-out dropped to less than half in its second week and the film was pulled after ten days. The film performed better in England, where it broke records at the Capitol Theatre in London. It was re-issued into theaters in 1939, in 1957, Universal Studios lost the rights to the original story, and a remake was released in 1963 directed by William Castle. For many years, the version was considered a lost film. Whales fellow director and friend Curtis Harrington helped to prevent The Old Dark House from becoming a lost film, Harrington repeatedly asked Universal to locate the film negative, although it was Harrington who discovered a print of the film in the vaults of Universal Studios in 1968
11.
The Invisible Man (film)
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The Invisible Man is an American 1933 Pre-Code science fiction horror film based on H. G. Wells science fiction novel The Invisible Man, published in 1897, as adapted by R. C. Sherriff, Philip Wylie and Preston Sturges, whose work was considered unsatisfactory, produced by Universal Studios, the film was directed by James Whale and stars Claude Rains, in his first American screen appearance, and Gloria Stuart. It spawned a number of sequels, plus many spinoffs using the idea of a man that were largely unrelated to Wells original story. Rains portrayed the Invisible Man mostly only as a disembodied voice, Rains is only shown clearly for a brief time at the end of the film, spending most of his on-screen time covered by bandages. In 2008 The Invisible Man was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. On a snowy night, a stranger, his face swathed in bandages. The man demands that he be left alone, later, the innkeeper, Mr. Hall is sent by his wife to evict the stranger after he makes a huge mess in his room while doing research and falls behind on his rent. Angered, the stranger throws Mr. Hall down the stairs, confronted by a policeman and some local villagers, he removes his bandages and goggles, revealing that he is invisible. Laughing maniacally, he takes off his clothes, making himself completely undetectable, the stranger is Dr. Jack Griffin, a chemist who has discovered the secret of invisibility while conducting a series of tests involving an obscure drug called monocane. Flora Cranley, Griffins fiancee and the daughter of Griffins employer, Dr. Cranley, Cranley and his other assistant, Dr. Kemp, search Griffins empty laboratory, finding only a single note in a cupboard. Cranley becomes concerned when he reads it, on a list of chemicals is monocane, which Cranley knows is extremely dangerous, an injection of it drove a dog mad in Germany. Griffin, it seems, is unaware of this, having learned about monocane in English books printed before the incident, on the evening of his escape from the inn, Griffin turns up at Kemps home. He forces Kemp to become his partner in a plot to dominate the world through a reign of terror. They drive back to the inn to retrieve his notebooks on the invisibility process, sneaking inside, Griffin finds a police inquiry under way, conducted by an official who believes it is all a hoax. After securing his books, he attacks and kills the officer, back home, Kemp calls first Cranley, asking for help, and then the police. Flora persuades her father to let her come along, in her presence, Griffin becomes more placid and calls her darling. When he realizes Kemp has betrayed him, his first reaction is to get Flora away from danger, after promising Kemp that at 10 oclock the next night he will murder him, Griffin escapes and goes on a killing spree. He causes the derailment of a train, resulting in a hundred deaths, the police offer a reward for anyone who can think of a way to catch the Invisible Man
12.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
13.
Printmaking
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Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating prints that have an element of originality, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print produced is not considered a copy but rather is considered an original, a print may be known as an impression. Printmaking is not chosen only for its ability to multiple impressions. Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix or through a screen to a sheet of paper or other material. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screenprinting process, other types of matrix substrates and related processes are discussed below. Multiple impressions printed from the matrix form an edition. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated books or artists books, Printmaking techniques are generally divided into the following basic categories, Relief, where ink is applied to the original surface of the matrix. Relief techniques include woodcut or woodblock as the Asian forms are known, wood engraving. Intaglio, where ink is applied beneath the surface of the matrix. Intaglio techniques include engraving, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, planographic, where the matrix retains its original surface, but is specially prepared and/or inked to allow for the transfer of the image. Planographic techniques include lithography, monotyping, and digital techniques, stencil, where ink or paint is pressed through a prepared screen, including screenprinting and pochoir. Other types of printmaking techniques outside these groups include collagraphy and viscosity printing, collagraphy is a printmaking technique in which textured material is adhered to the printing matrix. This texture is transferred to the paper during the printing process, Contemporary printmaking may include digital printing, photographic mediums, or a combination of digital, photographic, and traditional processes. Many of these techniques can also be combined, especially within the same family, for example, Rembrandts prints are usually referred to as etchings for convenience, but very often include work in engraving and drypoint as well, and sometimes have no etching at all. Woodcut, a type of print, is the earliest printmaking technique. It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, woodcuts of images on paper developed around 1400 in Japan, and slightly later in Europe. These are the two areas where woodcut has been most extensively used purely as a process for making images without text, the artist draws a design on a plank of wood, or on paper which is transferred to the wood
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Screen printing
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Screen printing is a printing technique whereby a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil. A blade or squeegee is moved across the screen to fill the open mesh apertures with ink, and this causes the ink to wet the substrate and be pulled out of the mesh apertures as the screen springs back after the blade has passed. Screen printing is also a method of print making in which a design is imposed on a screen of polyester or other fine mesh. Ink is forced into the mesh openings by the blade or squeegee and by wetting the substrate. As the screen away from the substrate the ink remains on the substrate. It is also known as silk-screen, screen, serigraphy, one color is printed at a time, so several screens can be used to produce a multicoloured image or design. There are various terms used for what is essentially the same technique, traditionally the process was called screen printing or silkscreen printing because silk was used in the process prior to the invention of polyester mesh. Currently, synthetic threads are used in the screen printing process. The most popular mesh in general use is made of polyester, there are special-use mesh materials of nylon and stainless steel available to the screen printer. There are also different types of mesh size which will determine the outcome, Screen printing first appeared in a recognizable form in China during the Song Dynasty. It was then adapted by other Asian countries like Japan, and was furthered by creating newer methods, Roy Beck, Charles Peter and Edward Owens studied and experimented with chromic acid salt sensitized emulsions for photo-reactive stencils. Commercial screen printing now uses sensitizers far safer and less toxic than bichromates, currently there are large selections of pre-sensitized and user mixed sensitized emulsion chemicals for creating photo-reactive stencils. Serigraphy is a word formed from Latin sēricum and Greek graphein. The Printers National Environmental Assistance Center says Screenprinting is arguably the most versatile of all printing processes, credit is generally given to the artist Andy Warhol for popularising screen printing as an artistic technique, identified as serigraphy, in the United States. Sister Mary Corita Kent, gained fame for her vibrant serigraphs during the 1960s and 1970s. Her works were rainbow colored, contained words that were political and fostered peace and love and caring. American entrepreneur, artist and inventor Michael Vasilantone started to use, develop, Vasilantone later filed for patent on his invention in 1967 granted number 3,427,964 on February 18,1969. The original machine was manufactured to print logos and team information on bowling garments, the Vasilantone patent was licensed by multiple manufacturers, the resulting production and boom in printed T-shirts made this garment screen printing machine popular
15.
Miniature book
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A miniature book is a very small book, sized from.5 inches square to roughly 2 by 3 inches—no larger than 3 inches in height, width, or thickness. These books became popular in the last few decades of the 19th century because they were portable. One could carry a vast number of books in a case for when one travelled. Many are bound in fine Moroccan leather, gilt and contain excellent examples of woodcuts, etchings, more popular topics at that time were dictionaries, language translators, religious stories and readings, and, occasionally, tourist guides. Many are now collectors items, with prices ranging from a few hundred to thousands of US dollars
16.
Bonsai
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Bonsai is a Japanese art form using trees grown in containers. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Chinese tradition of penjing from which the art originated, the Japanese tradition dates back over a thousand years. Bonsai is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier Chinese term penzai, the word bonsai is often used in English as an umbrella term for all miniature trees in containers or pots. The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation and the pleasant exercise of effort, by contrast with other plant cultivation practices, bonsai is not intended for production of food or for medicine. Instead, bonsai practice focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more trees growing in a container. A bonsai is created beginning with a specimen of source material and this may be a cutting, seedling, or small tree of a species suitable for bonsai development. Some species are popular as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as leaves or needles. The source specimen is shaped to be small and to meet the aesthetic standards of bonsai. When the candidate bonsai nears its planned final size it is planted in a pot, usually one designed for bonsai display in one of a few accepted shapes. From that point forward, its growth is restricted by the pot environment, throughout the year, the bonsai is shaped to limit growth, redistribute foliar vigor to areas requiring further development, and meet the artists detailed design. Bonsai does not require genetically dwarfed trees, but rather depends on growing trees from regular stock. Bonsai uses cultivation techniques like pruning, root reduction, potting, defoliation, the Japanese art of bonsai originated from the Chinese practice of penjing. From the 6th century onward, Imperial embassy personnel and Buddhist students from Japan visited and returned from mainland China and they brought back many Chinese ideas and goods, including container plantings. Over time, these container plantings began to appear in Japanese writings, in the medieval period, recognizable bonsai were portrayed in handscroll paintings like the Ippen shonin eden. The 1195 scroll Saigyo Monogatari Emaki was the earliest known to depict dwarfed potted trees in Japan, wooden tray and dish-like pots with dwarf landscapes on modern-looking wooden shelves also appear in the 1309 Kasuga-gongen-genki scroll. In 1351, dwarf trees displayed on short poles were portrayed in the Boki Ekotoba scroll, several other scrolls and paintings also included depictions of these kinds of trees. A close relationship between Japans Zen Buddhism and the trees began to shape bonsai reputation and esthetics. In this period, Chinese Chan Buddhist monks taught at Japans monasteries, one of the monks activities was to introduce political leaders to various arts of miniature landscapes as admirable accomplishments for men of taste and learning
17.
Decoupage
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Decoupage or Découpage is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf and other decorative elements. Commonly, an object like a box or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts from magazines or from purpose-manufactured papers. Each layer is sealed with varnishes until the stuck on appearance disappears, the traditional technique used 30 to 40 layers of varnish which were then sanded to a polished finish. Pyramid decoupage is a similar to 3D decoupage. In pyramid decoupage, a series of images are cut into progressively smaller. The word decoupage comes from Middle French decouper, meaning to cut out or cut from something, the origin of decoupage is thought to be East Siberian tomb art. Nomadic tribes used cut out felts to decorate the tombs of their deceased, from Siberia, the practice came to China, and by the 12th century, cut out paper was being used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes and other objects. Artisans in Florence, Italy have produced decorative objects using decoupage techniques since the 18th century and they combined decoupage with other decorative techniques already popular in Florence, such as gilt with gold leaf and carved wood designs. These older techniques were used to produce articles such as furniture, frames for paintings. Known as Florentine style crafts, these items are now collectible antiques. Florentine artisans made use of decoupage by adding it to the space within a gilt frame. Artisans used pasted reproductions of artworks, nearly always religious depictions. Florentine triptychs using decoupage images of such Biblical scenes as the Crucifixion are a common motif, common household materials can be used to create effects. Here is a short list of supplies, Something to decoupage onto, examples include, furniture, photograph albums, plates, ceramics, shelving, frames, mirrors. These can come from sources, newspapers, magazines, catalogs, books, printed clip art, wrapping paper, greeting cards, fabric, tissue paper, lace. Scissors, craft knife or razor blades can be used, standard white glue works best if it is diluted with a little water. Specialty glues can be found in most crafting stores, a brayer is a specialized tool like a miniature rolling pin designed to help remove wrinkles, remove excess glue and smooth pictures. Many things around the house can be use for this, cotton swabs, rags, sponges, tissue paper to help wipe up glue and other clean up
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Richard Benjamin
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Richard Samuel Benjamin is an American actor and film director. After directing for television, Benjamins first feature as director was 1982 comedy My Favorite Year and his other films as director include City Heat, starring Burt Reynolds and Clint Eastwood, Made in America with Whoopi Goldberg and The Money Pit with Tom Hanks. Benjamin was born in New York City, the son of Samuel Roger Benjamin, a garment industry worker, and Chelsea Angelina Benjamin, a homemaker. He attended the High School of Performing Arts and graduated from Northwestern University and he married actress Paula Prentiss on October 26,1961, they have two children. They appeared together in short-lived television series He & She and the version of Catch-22, as well as the Australian film No Room to Run. In 1978, he starred in the ambitious but short-lived television series Quark and he played a sexually ambiguous murder suspect in The Last of Sheila, a mystery conceived and co-scripted by Anthony Perkins and Stephen Sondheim. Benjamin also played a frustrated fiance of a woman who falls for the vampire Count Dracula in the surprise box-office smash Love at First Bite starring George Hamilton, on April 7,1979, Benjamin hosted Saturday Night Live. Benjamins acting appearances have become less frequent and his later work includes a role in the Woody Allen comedy Deconstructing Harry. He directed and appeared in Marci X, a comedy starring Lisa Kudrow, Benjamins first movie project as a director was highly acclaimed period comedy My Favorite Year, which brought an Oscar nomination to its star, Peter OToole. Benjamin went on to direct a number of Hollywood films, mainly comedies, including City Heat with Burt Reynolds and Clint Eastwood and The Money Pit with Tom Hanks and Shelley Long. He also directed Cher and Winona Ryder in Mermaids and the 1993 romantic comedy Made in America that co-starred Whoopi Goldberg, in 2006, Benjamin directed award-winning cable television drama A Little Thing Called Murder, starring Australian Judy Davis. It was based on the story of Sante and Kenny Kimes, mother. Child and Youth Actors, Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985
19.
My Favorite Year
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My Favorite Year is a 1982 American comedy film written by Dennis Palumbo and Norman Steinberg, and directed by Richard Benjamin, which tells the story of a young comedy writer. It stars Peter OToole, Mark Linn-Baker, Jessica Harper, OToole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The film was adapted into an unsuccessful 1992 Broadway musical of the same name, Benjy Stone, the narrator, tells of the summer he met his idol, swashbuckling actor Allan Swann. In the early days of television, Benjy works as a comedy writer for a variety show starring Stan King Kaiser. As a special upcoming guest, they get the still famous Swann, however, when he shows up, they realize that he is a roaring drunk. Kaiser is ready to dump him, until Benjy intervenes and promises to keep him sober during the leading up to the show. As Benjy watches out for Swann, they learn much about each other, in Benjys case, its his Jewish mother, who is married to a Filipino former bantamweight boxer, Rookie Carroca, and Benjys embarrassing relatives, such as uncouth Uncle Morty. For Swann, it is his daughter, Tess, who has been raised entirely by her mother. He stays away, but continues to keep tabs on her secretly, during the week of rehearsals, Kaiser is threatened by corrupt union boss Karl Rojeck, who does not appreciate being parodied on the show. Accidents start happening when Kaiser refuses to stop performing the Boss Hijack sketches, in a subplot, Benjy tries, clumsily and over-enthusiastically, to win the affections of co-worker K. C. Swann advises him on the approach, which includes crashing a party at the home of K. C. s affluent parents. The night of the show arrives, but minutes away from going on-air. As Benjy puts it, Nobodys that good an actor, as the Boss Hijack sketch gets underway, Rojecks men show up backstage and begin beating up Kaiser. The fight spills onto the stage during the live broadcast, Swann and Benjy observe the melee from a balcony, when the audience suddenly notices Swann and breaks into enthusiastic applause. Swann grabs a rope and swings into action, saving Kaiser in front of an appreciative if still clueless audience. Benjy narrates the epilogue, relating that Swann, his confidence bolstered, finally gets up the nerve to visit his daughter the next day, Peter OToole as Alan Swann Mark Linn-Baker as Benjy Stone Jessica Harper as K. C. Horn Cady McClain as Tess Swann Mel Brooks, executive producer of the film, was a writer for the Sid Caesar variety program Your Show of Shows, Movie swashbuckler Errol Flynn was a guest on one episode, and this real-life occurrence inspired Dennis Palumbos largely fictional screenplay. Swann was obviously based on Flynn, while Benjy Stone is loosely based on both Brooks and Woody Allen, who wrote for Caesar
20.
Wildcats (film)
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Wildcats is a 1986 American sports comedy film directed by Michael Ritchie starring Goldie Hawn, James Keach and Swoosie Kurtz, and is also the film debut of Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson. Molly McGrath is the daughter of a football coach who is dying to head her own team. At first the new coach’s idealism and optimism are suffocated with racial and gender prejudice, at the same time, she must also struggle to win a battle for the custody of her two young daughters. The real test for Molly comes when her Central High team faces Prescott in the city championship, the film was met with a mostly negative response from critics. The film debuted at No.4, white savior narrative in film Wildcats at the Internet Movie Database Wildcats at Rotten Tomatoes
21.
James Cameron
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James Francis Jim Cameron is a Canadian filmmaker, director, producer, screenwriter, inventor, engineer, philanthropist, and deep-sea explorer. He first found success with the science fiction action film The Terminator. He then became a popular Hollywood director and was hired to write and direct Aliens and he found further critical acclaim for his use of special effects in Terminator 2, Judgment Day. After his film True Lies Cameron took on his biggest film at the time, Titanic, despite Avatar being his only movie made to date in 3D, Cameron is the most successful 3D film-maker in terms of box-office revenue. In the time between making Titanic and Avatar, Cameron spent several years creating many documentary films and co-developed the digital 3D Fusion Camera System, described by a biographer as part scientist and part artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies. On March 26,2012, Cameron reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench and he is the first person to do this in a solo descent, and is only the third person to do so ever. In total, Camerons directorial efforts have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America, not adjusted for inflation, Camerons Titanic and Avatar are the two highest-grossing films of all time at $2.19 billion and $2.78 billion respectively. Cameron also holds the achievement of having directed two of the three films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide, in March 2011, he was named Hollywoods top earner by Vanity Fair, with estimated 2010 earnings of $257 million. Cameron was born in 1954 in Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada, the son of Shirley, an artist and nurse, and Phillip Cameron and his paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland, in 1825. Cameron grew up in Chippawa, Ontario, and attended Stamford Collegiate School in Niagara Falls and his family moved to Brea, California in 1971, when Cameron was 17 years old. He dropped out of Sonora High School, then attended Brea Olinda High School to further his secondary education, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a two-year community college, in 1973 to study physics. He switched to English, then dropped out before the start of the fall 1974 semester, next, he worked several jobs, including as a truck driver, writing when he had time. That way I could sit down and read it, and if theyd let me photocopy it, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry after seeing Star Wars in 1977. When Cameron read Syd Fields book Screenplay, it occurred to him that science and art was possible. They raised money, rented camera, lenses, film stock and they dismantled the camera to understand how to operate it and spent the first half-day of the shoot trying to figure out how to get it running. He was the director, writer, producer, and production designer for Xenogenesis and he then became a production assistant on a film called Rock and Roll High School, though uncredited, in 1979. While continuing to educate himself in film-making techniques, Cameron started working as a miniature-model maker at Roger Corman Studios, making rapidly produced, low-budget productions taught Cameron to work efficiently and effectively. He soon found employment as an art director in the sci-fi movie Battle Beyond the Stars and he did special effects work design and direction on John Carpenters Escape from New York, acted as production designer on Galaxy of Terror, and consulted on the design of Android
22.
Titanic (1997 film)
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Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance-disaster film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron. Camerons inspiration for the film came from his fascination with shipwrecks, production began in 1995, when Cameron shot footage of the actual Titanic wreck. The modern scenes on the vessel were shot on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. Scale models, computer-generated imagery, and a reconstruction of the Titanic built at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California were used to re-create the sinking, the film was partially funded by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox. It was the most expensive film made at time, with an estimated budget of $200 million. Upon its release on December 19,1997, Titanic achieved critical and commercial success, with an initial worldwide gross of over $1.84 billion, Titanic was the first film to reach the billion-dollar mark. It remained the highest-grossing film of all time until Camerons 2009 film Avatar surpassed it in 2010. A 3D version of Titanic, released on April 4,2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking, earned it an additional $343.6 million worldwide and it became the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide. In 2015, Titanic Live, an orchestra version of the film. In 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team aboard the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh search the wreck of RMS Titanic for a necklace with a rare diamond, the Heart of the Ocean. They recover a safe containing a drawing of a woman wearing only the necklace dated April 14,1912. Rose Dawson Calvert, the woman in the drawing, is brought aboard Keldysh, in 1912 Southampton, 17-year-old first-class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater, her fiancé Cal Hockley, and her mother Ruth board the luxurious Titanic. Ruth emphasizes that Roses marriage will resolve their familys financial problems, distraught over the engagement, Rose considers suicide by jumping from the stern, Jack Dawson, a penniless artist, intervenes and discourages her. Discovered with Jack, Rose tells a concerned Cal that she was peering over the edge, when Cal becomes indifferent, she suggests to him that Jack deserves a reward. He invites Jack to dine with them in first class the following night, Jack and Rose develop a tentative friendship, despite Cal and Ruth being wary of him. Following dinner, Rose secretly joins Jack at a party in third class, aware of Cal and Ruths disapproval, Rose rebuffs Jacks advances, but realizes she prefers him over Cal. After rendezvousing on the bow at sunset, Rose takes Jack to her room, at her request, Jack sketches Rose posing nude wearing Cals engagement present. They evade Cals bodyguard and have sex in an automobile inside the cargo hold, on the forward deck, they witness a collision with an iceberg and overhear the officers and designer discussing its seriousness
23.
Screen Actors Guild Award
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The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called The Actor. It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, is cast in solid bronze, SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards, the awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT, and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS. The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25,1995 from Universal Studios Stage 12, the second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center
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Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
25.
Wim Wenders
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Ernst Wilhelm Wim Wenders is a German filmmaker, playwright, author, photographer, and a major figure in New German Cinema. One of Wenders earliest honors was a win for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction for his narrative drama Paris, Texas, which also won the Palme dOr at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. Many of his subsequent films have also recognized at Cannes, including Wings of Desire. Wenders has been the president of the European Film Academy in Berlin since 1996, alongside filmmaking, he is an active photographer, emphasizing images of desolate landscapes. Wenders was born in Düsseldorf into a traditionally Catholic family and his father, Heinrich Wenders, was a surgeon. The use of the Dutch name Wim is a version of the baptismal name Wilhelm/Willem. As a boy, he took unaccompanied trips to Amsterdam to visit the Rijksmuseum and he graduated from high school in Oberhausen in the Ruhr area. He then studied medicine and philosophy in Freiburg and Düsseldorf, however, he dropped out of university studies and moved to Paris in October 1966 to become a painter. Wenders failed his entry test at Frances national film school IDHEC, during this time, Wenders became fascinated with cinema, and saw up to five movies a day at the local movie theater. Set on making his obsession also his lifes work, Wenders returned to Germany in 1967 to work in the Düsseldorf office of United Artists and that fall, he entered the Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München. Between 1967 and 1970 while at the HFF, Wenders also worked as a critic for FilmKritik, then the Munich daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, Twen magazine. Wenders completed several films before graduating from the Hochschule with a feature-length 16mm black and white film. Wenders began his career during the New German Cinema era of the late 1960s, much of the distinctive cinematography in his movies is the result of a highly productive long-term collaboration with Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller. Handkes novel, The Goalies Anxiety at the Penalty Kick was adapted for Wenders second feature film, handke co-wrote the script for Wings of Desire and Until the End of the World, both featuring Solveig Dommartin. Wenders has directed several highly acclaimed documentaries, most notably Buena Vista Social Club, about Cuban musicians and he has also directed a documentary style film on the Skladanowsky brothers, known in English as A Trick of the Light. The Skladanowsky brothers were inventing moving pictures when several others like the Lumiere brothers, alongside Buena Vista Social Club also his documentaries on Pina Bausch, Pina, and Sebastiao Salgado, The Salt of the Earth, got him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. He has also directed music videos for groups such as U2 and Talking Heads, including Stay and Sax. His television commercials include a UK advertisement for Carling Premier Canadian beer, Wenders is a member of the advisory board of World Cinema Foundation
26.
Land of Plenty
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Land of Plenty is a 2004 drama film directed by Wim Wenders starring Michelle Williams and John Diehl. The title of the film comes from the song The Land of Plenty from the album Ten New Songs, written by Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson, which was used in the movie. The movie presents a view of post-9/11 United States as seen through the eyes of Lana, an American girl who has lived in Africa and she is returning from a long trip to the West Bank. In Los Angeles, she works at a mission and looks up her only living relative in the US, her late mothers brother. He is a paranoid Vietnam veteran who drives around filming and spying on Arabs, Lana, in contrast, leans toward anti-war convictions and has been changed by her experiences abroad, so feels outside American culture. Having first-hand knowledge of the Middle East and Africa, she sees similarities between the slums of Los Angeles and those of the Third World, after she and Paul see the murder of a young Pakistani outside the mission, they take his body to his family. Their road trip offers Paul a different view of Muslim home life, over the course of the film, Paul and Lana learn more about each other. The film was using the digital and hand-held Panasonic AG-DVX100 camera. In the United States, the film was distributed by IFC Films, Land of Plenty at the Internet Movie Database Official website
27.
Environmentalism
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While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecologism combines the ideology of social ecology and environmentalism. ‘Ecologism’ is more used in continental European languages while ‘environmentalism’ is more commonly used in English. For this reason, concepts such as an ethic, environmental ethics, biodiversity, ecology. The exact measures and outcomes of this balance is controversial and there are different ways for environmental concerns to be expressed in practice. Environmentalism and environmental concerns are represented by the color green. Environmentalism denotes a movement that seeks to influence the political process by lobbying, activism. The word was first coined in 1922, an environmentalist is a person who may speak out about our natural environment and the sustainable management of its resources through changes in public policy or individual behavior. In various ways, environmentalists and environmental organizations seek to give the world a stronger voice in human affairs. In general terms, environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources, in its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the movement is centered around ecology, health, and human rights. A concern for environmental protection has recurred in diverse forms, in different parts of the world, for example, in Europe, King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke had become a problem. The fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. Earlier in the Middle East, the Caliph Abu Bakr in the 630s commanded his army to Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, at the advent of steam and electricity the muse of history holds her nose and shuts her eyes. The origins of the movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution, typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution. The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs and it was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond, frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke. Although there were pieces of legislation, the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke. It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke, financial incentives were offered to householders to replace open coal fires with alternatives, or for those who preferred, to burn coke instead which produces minimal smoke. Smoke control areas were introduced in some towns and cities in which only smokeless fuels could be burnt, the act formed an important impetus to modern environmentalism, and caused a rethinking of the dangers of environmental degradation to peoples quality of life
28.
Screen Actors Guild
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The Screen Actors Guild was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30,2012, the leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television. The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors. C, since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA, in 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the Hollywood studios. This was one of the concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. A meeting in March 1933 of six led to the guilds foundation. Aubrey Smith, Charles Starrett, Richard Tucker, Arthur Vinton, Morgan Wallace, many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent, a pivotal meeting, at the home of Frank Morgan, was what gave SAG its critical mass. Cantors participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after several years and the passage of the National Labor Relations Act, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937. Robinson, Edwin Stanley, Gloria Stuart, Lyle Talbot, Franchot Tone, Warren William, Ten of those summoned, dubbed the Hollywood Ten, refused to cooperate and were charged with contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison. The president of SAG – future United States President Ronald Reagan – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant T-10, testified before the committee but never publicly named names. He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, subsequently, a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the McCarran Internal Security Act, permeated the film industry. On November 17,1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a non-communist pledge, none of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had Marxist or socialist views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry, unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them, an actors work and his or her identity are inseparable. The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban, the Screen Actors Guild Womens Committee was founded in 1972. In 1998, Naomi Marquez filed suit against SAG and Lakeside Productions claiming they had breached their duty of fair representation, the claim was denied by the Supreme Court
29.
Independence Day (United States)
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It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
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Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
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Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
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The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is a historical Chinese Association established in various parts of the United States and Canada with large populations of Chinese. It is also known by names such as Chong Wa Benevolent Association in Seattle, Washington and United Chinese Society in Honolulu. Chinese Six Companies refers only to the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco, in 1875, they endorsed the position that continued Chinese immigration was resulting in a general lowering of wages, both for whites and for Chinese already in America. In New York City, the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association was established in 1883, the parent organization of the Chinese Community Centre, the CCBA was founded in 1883 and has represented and served the needs of Chinese Americans in New York City ever since. Historically it has performed a role in the Chinese community. Throughout its history, business ownership has been a goal of many residents of Chinatown, today there are local CCBA agencies in 26 cities with substantial Chinese populations across North America. Currently, the CCBA represents the Chinese Americans living in the Greater New York Metro area, internally, the CCBA is the hinge that keeps the Chinese American community intact and vigorous. In September 2005, right after the Hurricane Katrina disaster, CCBA and Sing Tao Daily joined together, working closely with the NYPD, the NYPD community affairs bureau now hosts monthly seminars on different safety topics at the CCBA. Its efforts have resulted in the establishment of a channel to the government without language barriers. The CCBA also works with many organizations to provide services to the Chinese American community, such as the Visiting Nurse Service of New York. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England, popularly known as CCBA, is an organization established in 1923. Currently with 35 members consisting of family associations and community organizations, unlike the 43 members of the board of directors who are delegate representatives from member organizations, the 5 members of the executive board is elected by the board of directors biennially. Besides sponsoring activities, CCBA manages Tai Tung Village and Waterford Place, in Seattle, Washington, the Chong Wa Association was established around 1915. New information however shows that it was already in existence in 1892. C, -510 I Street NW Windsor, Ontario -436 Wyandotte Street West Chinatown Chinatown, San Francisco, California Chinese Clan Association Kongsi List of Chinese American Associations Tong
32.
Santa Monica High School
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Santa Monica High School, officially abbreviated to Samohi, is located in Santa Monica, California. Founded in 1884, it changed several times in its early years before settling into its present campus at 601 Pico Boulevard. It is a part of the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District, the new campus opened in 1912 with one building, the current History building, with an enrollment of 50 students. The school sits on the hilltop between 4th and 7th streets and Pico and Olympic Blvds. from which one can see the Pacific Ocean, ten years later the campus was expanded with construction of the English building. In 1921, the Open Air Memorial Theater was built to honor the Santa Monicans who served in World War I. One of the best examples of the classical Greek style in Southern California, Barnum Hall Theater, originally called the Auditorium, was built in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration to be the Civic Auditorium of Santa Monica and host school events as well. The campus also added six buildings during this period, the Language, English, Business, History, Administration and Music buildings. In 1952, Santa Monica High School was finally expanded to what it is now,33 acres, as the school aged, renovations took place in Barnum Hall and the Music building was completely rebuilt. As of February 2015, a new Science and Technology Building — known as the Innovation Building — has been constructed along with a gathering space called Centennial Plaza. On September 10,2015 during Back to School Night the Innovation Building was unveiled to the public, in 2003, Samohi adopted a house system, similar to college house systems, each student is part of a house. There are five houses, S, M, O, H and I, the A house was cut due to the California budget cuts to public schools. A principal oversees each of the houses, along with two counselors, Teachers with classrooms in a house building/floor are automatically deemed one of the house teachers with some slight exceptions. Upon enrollment in Santa Monica High School, students are assigned to a house unless the student has already had a sibling in SAMOHI. Santa Monica High School provides many Advanced Placement classes that are offered to all students and they range from Math and Science to Social Studies and Art to Physical Education. Currently, Santa Monica High offers five foreign languages, Chinese, Spanish, Latin, Japanese, Chinese, Japanese, French, and Latin are offered up to the 4th level, preparing students for the A-BMP TRECE-P test. Spanish is offered up to the 6th level preparing students for AP Spanish tests in both language and literature, the music department offers many concerts in the community throughout the year, with performances by the bands, orchestras, and choirs. The school hosts concerts on the campus in Barnum Hall, a 1,200 seat theater with a full stage renovated in 2004, the Band and Orchestra annually hosts the SCSBOA Band and Orchestra Festivals, usually during late March or early April. The bands, orchestras, choral groups and theatre are supported in their efforts by parent, an independent 5013 organization, the Santa Monica Arts Parents Association governs these efforts
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The Daily Californian
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The Daily Californian is an independent, student-run newspaper that serves the University of California, Berkeley campus and its surrounding community. It publishes a print edition four days a week on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday during the academic year, and twice a week during the summer. Established in 1871, The Daily Californian is one of the oldest newspapers on the West Coast, current circulation is about 10,000 for a campus of roughly 35,000 students. The Daily Californian became independent from UC Berkeley in 1971 after the administration fired three senior editors over an editorial that encouraged readers to take back Peoples Park. The paper licenses its name from the Regents of the University of California. On November 24,1982, three days after the November 20th Big Game, early morning readers of the Daily Cal were chagrined to find in the headline of the front page, NCAA Awards Big Game to Stanford. Hundreds of copies of the Daily Cal with this fake headline had been strewn about campus in the wee hours and this was in fact a hoax perpetrated by aggrieved Stanford fans. The Daily Californian has a history of publishing spirited editorials, in 2002, Berkeley Mayor Tom Bates agreed to pay restitution after admitting to having thrown away a thousand copies of The Daily Californian after it endorsed his opponent, then-Mayor Shirley Dean. In May 2003, nearly 5,000 papers were stolen by students protesting coverage of the arrest of a Cal football player, the largest act of theft took place in November 1996 when the papers senior editorial board endorsed Proposition 209. Nearly 23,000 papers were stolen on Election Day 1996, on October 16,2006, the Daily Cal launched its first blog, The Daily Clog, a student-life blog that accumulates various tidbits about Berkeley and college life. On August 25,2008, the Daily Cal announced that it would not print a paper version of the newspaper on Wednesdays amidst a decline in advertising revenues, more than 400 former The Daily Californian staffers have joined The Daily Californian Alumni Association since its resurrection in August 1996. A unit of The Daily Californian Education Foundation, the DCAA exists to bring alumni of the newspaper together as well as to provide mentorship, the DCAA is one of the largest and most active alumni associations of any college newspaper. A chartered club of the California Alumni Association, the Daily Californian Alumni Association holds regular reunions and receptions across the country, membership is open to all former staff members of The Daily Californian or student publications office staff. Reunions are held every October during homecoming weekend on the Berkeley campus and offer a chance for alums to mingle and trade stories with students on the current staff
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Ralph Stackpole
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Ralph Ward Stackpole was an American sculptor, painter, muralist, etcher and art educator, San Franciscos leading artist during the 1920s and 1930s. His son Peter Stackpole became a well-known photojournalist, Stackpole worked as a laborer early in life to support himself and his mother following the death of his father in a lumber mill circular saw accident. At sixteen, he came to San Francisco to study at the California School of Design beginning in 1903, he was influenced strongly by Arthur Frank Mathews, muralist and he met painter Helen Arnstein while both were teenagers, and she became his first girlfriend. Arnstein, the daughter of wealthy Jewish art lovers and one year Stackpoles senior and she was less impressed with his sense of color than with his precision in line. Stackpole polished his craft by working with artists at the Montgomery Block, playfully called Monkey Block, a bohemian hangout which included studios for painting and sculpture. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, he used a grant of US$200 to travel to France to attend the École des Beaux-Arts and Atelier Merces in 1906–1908 and it was in Paris that he became friends with painter Diego Rivera He painted under Robert Henri in New York in 1911. Adele Stackpole was a perfectionist in many ways, including the precision of her bookplate engravings, on June 15,1913, the Stackpoles son Peter was born in San Francisco. Stackpole was part of the foursome that founded, early in 1913, the other founders were Robert B. The CSE exhibited twice in 1913, and grew to 78 artist members, in 1926, the annual publication listed 46 artist members and 156 associate members, Stackpole was still a member. Decades later, the CSE merged with another group to become the California Society of Printmakers. To give a grand portal to the Palace of Varied Industries, he completed a copy of the main entrance to the Hospice of Santa Cruz, built in Toledo. Stackpoles design replaced the original figures of Catholic saints with figures of industry and his works for the Palace of Varied Industries included Man with a pick, Tympanum group of Varied Industries, New World Receiving Burdens of Old, Keystone figure, and Power of Industry. Stackpole also sculpted figures of Thought on the columns flanking the domes of the west facade of the Palace Group. At the Palace of Fine Arts, Stackpole produced a kneeling Venus on the Altar of Inspiration, visitors wishing to view Venus were kept some 50 yards away by a man-made lagoon. With Piazzoni, Stackpole went to France again in 1922, taking his family, he enrolled his son in the École Alsacienne. The two artists wished to investigate the most modern trends in Europe, and they encountered Diego Rivera, Stackpole obtained a divorce, and then married Ginette in Mexico. In late 1923, Stackpole organized an art exhibit, in partnership with Piazzoni. This was the first large-scale art show in San Francisco since 1915, the exhibit, held in Polk Hall in the Civic Auditorium, was companion to a nearby print exhibit which included Gauguin and Matisse works
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San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange
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The Pacific Exchange was a regional stock exchange in California until 2001. Its main exchange floor and building were in San Francisco, California, with a building in Los Angeles. Its history began with the founding of the San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange in 1882, in 1956 the two exchanges merged to create the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, with trading floors maintained in both cities. In 1973, it was renamed the Pacific Stock Exchange, the Pacific Exchange was bought by Archipelago Holdings in 2005, which merged with the New York Stock Exchange in 2006. Pacific Exchange equities and options trading now takes place exclusively through the NYSE Arca platform and its history began with the founding of the San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange in 1882 and the Los Angeles Oil Exchange in 1889. In 1956, the two merged to create the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, though trading floors were maintained in both cities. In 1973, it was renamed the Pacific Stock Exchange and it began trading options three years later in 1976, in 1999, the exchange became the first U. S. stock exchange to demutualize. The trading floor in Los Angeles was closed in 2001, followed by the floor in San Francisco a year later,2003 saw the exchange launch PCX Plus, an electronic options trading platform. By 2005, the Pacific Exchange was bought by the owner of the ArcaEx platform, Archipelago Holdings, the New York Stock Exchange conducts no business operations under the name Pacific Exchange, essentially ending its separate identity. The San Francisco Pacific Exchange building, housing the equities trading floor, is located on Pine Street at the corner of Sansome Street in the Financial District and it was built in 1930 in the Moderne style, with its street facades clad in Yule marble. The building was sold to developers and converted by Equinox Fitness into a fitness center. An options trading floor still operates in the adjacent Mills Building and it was originally connected to the main building. The Mills Building trading floor had an expansion in September 1984. It was again expanded in the beginning with a larger entrance on Montgomery Street which utilized existing spiral marble staircases. The west wall was knocked out and the corridor behind turned into additional trading areas. Next, an area behind the trade-match room was converted into six additional trading areas to accommodate the exponential growth being experienced in late 1990s. The dual listing of issues in August 1999, decimalization of options quotes, other participants maintain offices and trading facilities off the exchange floor, but still remotely partake in electronic exchange trading. The Pacific Stock Exchange building in Los Angeles was in operation from 1931 to 1986, the Moderne style building is located on Spring Street in Downtown Los Angeles, and is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
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Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
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Carmel-by-the-Sea, often simply referred to as Carmel, is a city in Monterey County, California, United States, founded in 1902 and incorporated on October 31,1916. Situated on the Monterey Peninsula, Carmel is known for its natural scenery, the city is known for being dog-friendly, with numerous hotels, restaurants and retail establishments admitting guests with dogs. Carmel-by-the-Sea is located on the Pacific coast, about 330 miles north of Los Angeles and 120 miles south of San Francisco, communities nearby Carmel-by-the-Sea include Carmel Valley Village and Carmel Highlands. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 3,722. The Carmel-by-the-Sea area is permeated by Native American, Spanish, Mexican and American history, the first Europeans to see this land were Spanish mariners led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542, who sailed up the California coast without landing. The Spanish did not attempt to colonize the area until 1770, Portolà and Crespí traveled by land while Serra traveled with the Mission supplies aboard ship, arriving eight days later. The colony of Monterey was established at the time as the second mission in Alta California. When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 Carmel became Mexican territory, in December 1771, the transfer was complete as the new stockade of approximately 130x200 became the new Mission Carmel. Simple buildings of plastered mud were the first church and dwellings until a more sturdy structure was built of wood from nearby pine and this too was only a temporary church until a permanent stone edifice was built. He was buried with military honors. The Mission at Carmel has significance beyond the history of Serra and it also contains the states first library. A welder, John Martin, acquired lands surrounding the Carmel mission in 1833, Carmel became part of the United States in 1848, when Mexico ceded California as a result of the Mexican-American War. Known as Rancho Las Manzanitas, the area that was to become Carmel-by-the-Sea was purchased by French businessman Honore Escolle in the 1850s, Escolle was well known and prosperous in the City of Monterey, owning the first commercial bakery, pottery kiln, and brickworks in Central California. His descendants, the Tomlinson-Del Piero Family, still live throughout the area, by 1889,200 lots had been sold. The name Carmel was earlier applied to place on the north bank of the Carmel River 13 miles east-southeast of the present-day Carmel. A post office called Carmel opened in 1889, closed in 1890, re-opened in 1893, moved in 1902, abbie Jane Hunter, founder of the San Francisco-based Womens Real Estate Investment Company, first used the name Carmel-by-the-Sea on a promotional postcard. In 1902 James Frank Devendorf and Frank Powers, on behalf of the Carmel Development Company, the Carmel post office opened the same year. In 1910, the Carnegie Institution established the Coastal Laboratory, in 1905, the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club was formed to support and produce artistic works
37.
Ansel Adams
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Ansel Easton Adams was an American photographer and environmentalist. His black and white photographs of the American West, especially Yosemite National Park, have been widely reproduced on calendars, posters, books. Adams and Fred Archer developed the Zone System as a way to determine proper exposure, the resulting clarity and depth characterized his photographs. He primarily used large-format cameras because their high resolution helped ensure sharpness in his images, Adams founded the photography group known as Group f/64, along with fellow photographers Willard Van Dyke and Edward Weston. Adams was born in the Western Addition of San Francisco, California and he was named after his uncle, Ansel Easton. His mothers family came from Baltimore, where his grandfather had a successful freight-hauling business but lost his wealth investing in failed mining. The Adams family came from New England, having migrated from Northern Ireland in the early 18th century and his paternal grandfather founded and built a prosperous lumber business which his father later ran, though his fathers natural talents lay more with sciences than with business. Later in life, Adams condemned that very same industry for cutting many of the great redwood forests. In 1907, his family moved 2 miles west to a new home near the Seacliff neighbourhood, the home had a splendid view of the Golden Gate and the Marin Headlands. San Francisco was devastated by the April 18,1906 San Francisco earthquake, the four year-old Ansel Adams was uninjured in the initial shaking but was tossed face-first into a garden wall during an aftershock three hours later, breaking and scarring his nose. Among his earliest memories was watching the smoke from the fire that destroyed much of the city a few miles to the east. A doctor recommended that his nose be reset once he reached maturity, Adams was a hyperactive child and prone to frequent sickness and hypochondria. He had few friends, but his home and surroundings on the heights facing the Golden Gate provided ample childhood activities. His father bought a telescope, and they enthusiastically shared the hobby of amateur astronomy. His father went on to serve as the paid secretary-treasurer of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific from 1925 to 1950, Ansels fathers business suffered great financial losses after the death of Ansels grandfather and the aftermath of the Panic of 1907. By 1912, the standard of living had dropped sharply. Ansel was dismissed from several schools for being restless and inattentive. Adams was then educated by tutors, his aunt Mary
38.
Edward Weston
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Edward Henry Weston was a 20th-century American photographer. He has been called one of the most innovative and influential American photographers…, over the course of his 40-year career Weston photographed an increasingly expansive set of subjects, including landscapes, still lifes, nudes, portraits, genre scenes and even whimsical parodies. It is said that he developed a quintessentially American, and specially Californian, approach to photography because of his focus on the people. In 1937 Weston was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship, some of his most famous photographs were taken of the trees and rocks at Point Lobos, California, near where he lived for many years. Weston was born in Chicago and moved to California when he was 21 and he knew he wanted to be a photographer from an early age, and initially his work was typical of the soft focus pictorialism that was popular at the time. Within a few years, however, he abandoned that style, in 1947 he was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and he stopped photographing soon thereafter. He spent the ten years of his life overseeing the printing of more than 1,000 of his most famous images. Weston was born in Highland Park, Illinois, the child and only son of Edward Burbank Weston, an obstetrician, and Alice Jeanette Brett. His mother died when he was five years old and he was raised mostly by his sister Mary and she was nine years older than he, and they developed a very close bond that was one of the few steady relationships in Westons life. His father remarried when he was nine, but neither Weston nor his sister got along with their new stepmother and stepbrother, after May was married and left their home in 1897, Westons father devoted most of his time to his new wife and her son. Weston was left on his own much of the time, he stopped going to school, as a present for his 16th birthday Westons father gave him his first camera, a Kodak Bulls-Eye #2, which was a simple box camera. He took it on vacation in the Midwest, and by the time he returned home his interest in photography was enough to him to purchase a used 5 ×7 inch view camera. He began photographing in Chicago parks and a farm owned by his aunt, later he would remember that even at that early age his work showed strong artistic merit. In 1904 May and her family moved to California, leaving Weston further isolated in Chicago and this is the first known publication of any of his photographs. At the urging of his sister, Weston left Chicago in the spring of 1906 and moved near Mays home in Tropico and he decided to stay there and pursue a career in photography, but he soon realized he needed more professional training. A year later he moved to Effingham, Illinois, in order to enroll in the Illinois College of Photography and they taught a nine-month course, but Weston finished all of the class work in six months. The school refused to him a diploma unless he paid for the full nine months, Weston refused. He briefly worked at the studio of George Steckel in Los Angeles
39.
Robinson Jeffers
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John Robinson Jeffers was an American poet, known for his work about the central California coast. Much of Jeffers poetry was written in narrative and epic form and this led him to oppose U. S. participation in World War II, a stand that was controversial after the U. S. entered the war. Jeffers was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, the son of a Presbyterian minister and scholar of ancient languages and Biblical history, Reverend Dr. William Hamilton Jeffers and his brother was Hamilton Jeffers, a well-known astronomer who worked at Lick Observatory. Jeffers traveled through Europe during his youth and attended school in Germany, France, an outstanding student, he was instructed in the classics and Greek and Latin language and literature. By age twelve, he was fluent in German and French as well as English and he earned his bachelors degree from Occidental College at age 18. While attending college he was an outdoorsman and active in the schools literary societies. After he graduated from Occidental, Jeffers went to the University of Southern California to study at first literature and he met Una Call Kuster in 1906, she was three years older than he was, a graduate student, and the wife of a Los Angeles attorney. Jeffers and Mrs. Kuster became lovers, mr. Kuster discovered their affair in 1910. By 1912 the affair became a scandal, reaching the front page of the Los Angeles Times, Una spent some time in Europe to quiet things down, then the lovers lived together by Lake Washington to await the completion of Unas divorce. The two were married in 1913, then moved to La Jolla, California, and finally Carmel, California, the couple had a daughter who died a day after birth in 1913, and then twin sons in 1916. Una died of cancer in 1950, Jeffers died in 1962, an obituary can be found in the New York Times, January 22,1962. In the 1920s and 1930s, at the height of his popularity, Jeffers was famous for being an outdoorsman, living in relative solitude. He spent most of his life in Carmel, California, in a house that he had built himself called Tor House. Tor is a term for an outcrop or lookout. To build the first part of Tor House, a small and he worked with Murphy, and in this short, informal apprenticeship, he learned the art of stonemasonry. He continued adding on to Tor House throughout his life, writing in the mornings, many of his poems reflect the influence of stone and building on his life. He later built a large stone tower on the site called Hawk Tower. Construction on Tor House continued into the late 1950s and early 1960s, the completed residence was used as a family home until his descendants decided to turn it over to the Tor House Foundation, formed by Ansel Adams, for historic preservation
40.
Lincoln Steffens
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He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities and for his early support for the Soviet Union. Steffens was born on April 6,1866, in San Francisco to Elizabeth Louisa Steffens and Joseph Steffens and raised in Sacramento and he was the first-born, and only son with three sisters coming later. His familys opulent home in the capital later became the governors mansion. Steffens began his career as a journalist at the New York Evening Post and he later became an editor of McClures magazine, where he became part of a celebrated muckraking trio with Ida Tarbell and Ray Stannard Baker. He specialized in investigating government and political corruption, and two collections of his articles were published as The Shame of the Cities and The Struggle for Self-Government and he also wrote The Traitor State, which criticized New Jersey for patronizing incorporation. In 1906, he left McClures, along with Tarbell and Baker, in The Shame of the Cities, Steffens sought to bring about political reform in urban America by appealing to the emotions of Americans. He tried to provoke outrage with examples of governments throughout urban America. From 1914–1915 he covered the Mexican Revolution and began to see revolution as preferable to reform, in March 1919, he accompanied William C. Bullitt, a low level State Department official, on a visit to the Soviet Union and witnessed the confusing. He wrote that Soviet Russia was a government with an evolutionary plan, enduring a temporary condition of evil, which is made tolerable by hope. The title page of his wife Ella Winters Red Virtue, Human Relationships in the New Russia carries this quote and his enthusiasm for communism soured by the time his memoirs appeared in 1931. He was a member of the California Writers Project, a New Deal program and he married the twenty-six-year-old socialist writer Leonore Sophie Winter in 1924 and moved to Italy, where their son Peter was born in San Remo. Two years later relocated to the largest art colony on the Pacific Coast, Carmel-by-the-Sea. Ella and Lincoln soon became controversial figures in the leftist politics of the region, in 1934, Steffens and Winters help found the San Francisco Workers School, Steffens also served there as an advisor. Steffens died of heart failure on August 9,1936, in Carmel-by-the-Sea, in a country where business is dominant, business men must and will corrupt a government. One business man’s bribery was nothing but a crime, but a succession of business briberies over the years was a corruption of government to make it represent business, I have never heard Christianity, as Jesus taught it in the New Testament, preached to the Christians. Online at the Internet Archive Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens The Letters of Lincoln Steffens, edited by Ella Winter, 527–547, in JSTOR Peter Hartshorn, I Have Seen the Future, A Life of Lincoln Steffens Joseph Lincoln Steffens. Lincoln Steffens collected journalism at The Archive of American Journalism
41.
Miniature golf
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Miniature golf, also known as minigolf, or putt-putt, is an offshoot of the sport of golf focusing solely on the putting aspect of its parent game. When miniature golf retains many of these characteristics but without the use of any props or obstacles, the term Minigolf was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, SC, Branson, MO, Pigeon Forge, TN and Wisconsin Dells, geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle. Thomas McCulloch Fairbairn, a fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere, by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone and this American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s. A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, the first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The Mapes was constructed as a home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914. The popular nightspot burned in 1985, one of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, in 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded a company Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf, during the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations. Swedish minigolf courses typically had a wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand. The Swedish Minigolf Federation was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world, National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939. In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, in 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni. The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States, the first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000. Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, after the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, in 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York started building and operating their own miniature golf courses
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WAMPAS Baby Stars
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The campaign ran from 1922 to 1934. The WAMPAS Baby Stars campaign began in 1922, every year, publicists chose a group of young actresses who were under contract at major studios that they felt were on the threshold of stardom. Awardees were honored at a party called the WAMPAS Frolic and were given media coverage. The awards were not given in 1930 and 1933 due to objections from independent film studios, when the campaign was revived in 1934, freelance actresses, along with studio contract players, were included as the chosen Baby Stars. The campaign ended after 1935, after which the Western Association of Motion Picture Advertisers disbanded, in 1956, a group of veteran stars, among them 1932 WAMPAS Baby Star Ginger Rogers, chose a group of young actresses supposed to be known as The Wampas Baby Stars. However, the Western Association of Motion Picture Advertisers no longer existed, the Wampas Baby Stars, A Biographical Dictionary, 1922–1934 includes biographies of every actress selected, including lists of films in which she appeared
