1.
Dirty Harry (character)
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Inspector Harold Francis Dirty Harry Callahan is a fictional character in the Dirty Harry film series, encompassing Dirty Harry Magnum Force, The Enforcer, Sudden Impact and The Dead Pool. Callahan is portrayed by Clint Eastwood in each film, Callahan is often considered a film icon, so much so that his nickname, Dirty Harry, has entered the lexicon as slang for ruthless police officers. All of the Dirty Harry films feature Callahan killing criminals, mostly in gunfights, phrases he utters in armed stand-offs, Go ahead, make my day and youve got to ask yourself one question, Do I feel lucky. Well, do ya, punk. have become iconic, Callahans primary concern is protecting and avenging the victims of violent crime. In The Dead Pool Callahan shoots a fleeing and unarmed Mafia assassin in the back, Callahan goes a step further in Dirty Harry, in which he shoots serial killer Charles Scorpio Davis after Davis surrenders and put his hands in the air. While his partners and many other officers respect and admire Callahan, a police commissioner admits that Callahans unconventional methods. Get results, but adds that his successes are more costly to the city, Callahan is often reprimanded, suspended, and demoted to minor departments. At the start of Magnum Force Lt. Briggs transfers him to stakeout, in The Enforcer Captain McKay assigns him to personnel. In Sudden Impact he is threatened with a transfer to traffic and being fired, according to film critic Roger Ebert, it would take an hour in each of these movies to explain why hes not in jail. The films routinely depict Callahan as being a marksman and strong hand-to-hand combatant. He is a winner of the SFPDs pistol championship. He refuses to join the police death squad in Magnum Force, as he prefers the present system, despite its flaws. In his fight against criminals, however, including the officers on the death squad, Callahan is merciless. In Dirty Harry, several explanations are suggested for his nickname, when his partner Chico Gonzalez asks of its origins, Frank DiGiorgio says that thats one thing about our Harry, doesnt play any favorites. Harry hates everybody, Limeys, Micks, Hebes, Fat Dagos, Niggers, Honkies, Chinks, even though Frank was lying and Callahan is not a racist. After being called to talk down a jumper, Callahan states he is known as Dirty Harry because he is assigned to every dirty job that comes along. When Harry is ordered to deliver money to Scorpio, Gonzalez opines no wonder they call him Dirty Harry. The films reveal little about Callahans personal background, in the first film, Callahan tells Chico Gonzalezs wife that his wife was killed by a drunk driver
2.
Clint Eastwood
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Clinton Clint Eastwood Jr. is an American actor, filmmaker, musician, and political figure. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring icon of masculinity. For his work in the Western film Unforgiven and the sports drama Million Dollar Baby, Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture, as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor. Eastwoods greatest commercial successes have been the adventure comedy Every Which Way But Loose and its sequel, the war drama biopic American Sniper set box office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film. Eastwood received considerable praise in France for several films, including some that were not well received in the United States. Eastwood has been awarded two of Frances highest honors, in 1994 he became a recipient of the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, in 2000, Eastwood was awarded the Italian Venice Film Festival Golden Lion for lifetime achievement. Since 1967, Eastwood has run his own company, Malpaso. Starting in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as Mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, a non-partisan office, Eastwood was born Clinton Eastwood Jr. May 31,1930, in San Francisco, California, the son of Clinton Eastwood Sr. and he has one younger sister, Jeanne Bernhardt. Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry and he is descended from Mayflower passenger William Bradford, and through this line is the 12th generation of his family born in North America and the 13th generation to live in North America. His family moved often as his father worked at jobs along the West Coast, settled in Piedmont, California, the Eastwoods lived in a very wealthy part of town, had a swimming pool, belonged to the country club, and each parent drove their own car. Clint attended Piedmont Junior High School, shortly before he was to enter Piedmont High School, he rode his bike on the schools sports field and tore up the wet turf, this resulted in his being asked not to enroll. Clint graduated from the airplane shop, I think that was his major, joked classmate Don Kincaid. Another high school friend, Don Loomis, echoed I dont think he was spending much time at school because he was having a pretty good time elsewhere. I think what happened is he just went off and started having a good time, I just dont think he finished high school, explained Fritz Manes, a boyhood friend two years younger than Eastwood, who remained associated with him until their falling out in the mid-1980s. Biographer Patrick McGilligan notes that high school records are a matter of strict legal confidentiality. Eastwood worked at a number of jobs, including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, Eastwood has said that he tried to enroll at Seattle University but was then drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War. He always dropped the Korean War reference, hoping everyone would conclude that he was in combat, actually, hed been a lifeguard at Fort Ord in northern California for his entire stint in the military, commented Eastwoods former longtime companion, Sondra Locke
3.
Sudden Impact
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Sudden Impact is a 1983 American action thriller and the fourth film in the Dirty Harry series, directed by Clint Eastwood, and starring Eastwood and Sondra Locke. The film tells the story of a rape victim who decides to seek revenge on the rapists ten years after the attack by killing them one by one. A police detective famous for his unconventional and often brutal crime-fighting tactics is tasked with tracking down the serial killer, as the detective investigates the killings, he becomes romantically entangled with the woman, and he is drawn deeper into the mystery surrounding the murders. That phrase, although in its Italian localization Coraggio, fatti ammazzare, was also chosen as title for the Italian version of the film. A college-age artist, Jennifer Spencer, and her sister are raped by a group of young men, the brutal rape leaves Jennifers sister in a vegetative state from the physical and emotional trauma. Ten years later, Spencer seeks revenge on the attackers and she kills one of the rapists with two shots—one in the groin and one in the head—from a.38 Colt Detective Special revolver. Spencer then leaves San Francisco because of the subsequent police investigation, once relocated to the town of San Paulo, Spencer begins restoring its boardwalks historic carousel near the beach where the rapes occurred. Meanwhile, San Francisco Police Department Homicide Inspector Harry Callahan is frustrated when a judge yet again dismisses a case of his due to what she sees as unreasonable search, later, at his favorite diner, the inspector interrupts a robbery and kills most of the criminals. When the surviving robber takes a hostage, Callahan targets the man with his.44 Magnum and challenges him to Go ahead, make my day. Callahan later causes powerful crime lord Threlkis to suffer a heart attack at his granddaughters wedding reception when Callahan threatens him with prosecution in a murder case. Lieutenant Donnelly, Harrys supervisor and other senior officers call Callahan in. They cannot fire or suspend the notorious inspector because, as the police commissioner admits, get results, albeit with many deaths and bad publicity for the department. They instead order him to take a vacation, which Callahan spends target shooting with his.44 AutoMag, but Callahans relaxation is short-lived, as four of Threlkiss hitmen attack him. The inspector dispatches three, and the other narrowly escapes, the suspect from the dismissed case and his friends also attack Callahan, throwing two Molotov cocktails into Callahans car. He retrieves an unbroken firebomb and throws it at the attackers car, lieutenant Donnelly immediately sends the inspector to San Paulo to investigate the murder of the man Spencer killed. While the victim is from there, the assignment is also to protect both Callahan and civilians, as Donnelly notes, People have a nasty habit of getting dead around you. Upon arriving in sleepy San Paulo, Callahan chases down a would-be robber, the reckless hot pursuit using a commandeered vehicle draws the anger of the local police. While jogging with his bulldog Meathead — a present from Horace — Callahan accidentally runs into Jennifer Spencer, upon returning to his motel, Callahan is targeted by the surviving Threlkis hitman
4.
Catchphrase
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A catchphrase is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance. Such phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts, some become the de facto or literal trademark or signature of the person or character with whom they originated, and can be instrumental in the typecasting of a particular actor. People are doing it to feel good about themselves, to make others laugh, to make themselves laugh and he found that all of the participants in his study had used film quotes in conversation at one point or another. They overwhelmingly cited comedies, followed distantly by dramas and action adventure flicks, horror films, musicals and childrens films were hardly ever cited. List of catchphrases List of political catchphrases List of exclamations by Robin Category, Catchphrases Barba, Catchy Phrases, over 2000 Catchy Slogans Ideas, Powerful Copy Connectors, Catchy Phrases for Business Tag lines, Magnetic Blog Triggers. Catchphrase, Slogan and Cliché, the origins and meanings of our favourite expressions, a Dictionary of Catch Phrases, American and British, from the sixteenth century to the present day Lanham, Maryland, Scarborough House,1992. Planet Simpson, How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation
5.
Charles B. Pierce
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Charles B. Pierce was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, set decorator, cinematographer and actor, and is considered one of the first modern independent filmmakers. Pierce directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years, but is best known for his cult hits The Legend of Boggy Creek and The Town That Dreaded Sundown. An Arkansas resident most of his life, Pierce made his debut with Boggy Creek. Pierce continued directing films into the 1980s, when he wrote the story for the Clint Eastwood film Sudden Impact. For that screenplay, he is said to have written the phrase, Go ahead, make my day, Charles B. Pierce was born in Hammond, Indiana on June 16,1938, one of three boys born to Mack McKenny Pierce and Mayven Bryant Pierce. His family moved to the southwestern Arkansas city of Hampton when he was just a few months old. There he was a friend and neighbor of future film and television director Harry Thomason. His first professional foray into entertainment was in the mid-1960s as an art director at KTAL-TV in Shreveport. He later became a weatherman and hosted a childrens show for that channel. Pierce continued working in jobs at television stations in Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas until 1969. He started a contract with Ledwell & Son Enterprises, a Texarkana-based firm that built 18-wheel trailers, Pierce developed commercials for the company that played throughout the Southwestern United States, using mostly footage he shot of trucks on the highway and farming equipment being used. He said the reputation he developed with those commercials later helped him launch his film career, also during this time, Pierce played a character named Mayor Chuckles on The Laffalot Club, a local Arkansas childrens television show. Pierce launched his independent film career in the early 1970s, when he sought funding from L. W, Ledwell, the owner of Ledwell & Son Enterprises. Ledwell was skeptical of the idea, but ultimately agreed to provide about $100,000 of the $160,000 budget for Pierces first film. Prior to his debut, Pierce worked as a set decorator for television shows like the Western series Hondo and for films like Waco. Pierces directorial debut was The Legend of Boggy Creek, which was inspired by the Fouke Monster, Pierce said he did not necessarily believe in the legend, but was fascinated with the stories. After interviewing Fouke residents who said they encountered the monster, Pierce became impressed with their authenticity and he approached Earl E. Smith, an acquaintance from the advertising business, to adapt those eyewitness tales into a screenplay. The film was shot at locations in Fouke, Texarkana and Shreveport and it was filmed in a faux documentary style, and included interviews with Fouke residents mixed with dramatizations of their supposed encounters with the creature
6.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
7.
Vice Squad (1982 film)
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Vice Squad is a 1982 action/crime drama film, starring Wings Hauser, Season Hubley, and Gary Swanson, directed by Gary Sherman. The original music score was composed by Joe Renzetti and Keith Rubenstein, Wings Hauser sang the vocal track on the films opening and closing theme song Neon Slime. When Los Angeles police force down-on-her-luck businesswoman-turned-prostitute Princess to help capture a murderous pimp named Ramrod, soon, the escaped killer is after her, and vice squad detective Tom Walsh and his team are hard pressed to keep the woman safe. Sugar Pimp Dorsey Grand L. Bush, the two films are sometimes referred to by the other films name. Vice Squad at the Internet Movie Database Vice Squad at AllMovie
8.
Diner
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A diner is a small fast food restaurant that is found in the American Northeastern United States and Midwest, as well as in other states, Canada, and parts of Western Europe. Diners offer a range of foods, mostly American, a distinct exterior structure, a casual atmosphere, a long counter with bar stools where patrons eat their meals. Diners frequently stay open 24 hours a day, especially in cities, bar patrons seeking a post-last call venue to socialize and get food and shift workers leaving their factories historically provided a key part of the customer base. From the 1920s to the 1940s, diners were usually prefabricated in factories, as a result, old diners were typically narrow and small, because they had to fit onto a rail car or truck for delivery to the restaurant site. Some vintage diners have been expanded over the years, by building additions into the prefab structure, in the 2010s, many new diners are built on site instead. Diners were historically small businesses operated by the owner, in the 2010s, some diners are operated by chains. Diners typically serve American food such as hamburgers, french fries, club sandwiches, much of the food is grilled, as early diners were based around a grill. Coffee is the ubiquitous beverage at diners, even if it is not always of high quality, diners often serve hand-blended milkshakes and desserts such as pies, which are typically displayed in a glass case. Classic American diners often have a layer of stainless steel siding—a feature unique to diner architecture. In some cases, diners share nostalgic, retro style features also found in some restored drive-ins, some car culture enthusiasts also enjoy going to diners, such as hot rod and vintage muscle car fans. The first diner was created in 1872 by Walter Scott, who sold out of a horse-pulled wagon to employees of the Providence Journal, in Providence. Scotts diner can be considered the first diner with “walk up” service, commercial production of lunch wagons began in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1887, by Thomas Buckley. Buckley was successful and became known for his White House Cafe wagons, charles Palmer received the first patent for the diner, which he billed as a Night-Lunch Wagon. He built his fancy night cafes and night lunch wagons in the Worcester area until 1901. Built by the J. B. Judkins coach company, who had built custom car bodies, two Sterling Streamliners remain in operation, the Salem Diner at its original location in Salem, Massachusetts and the Modern Diner in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. As the number of seats increased, wagons gave way to pre-fabricated buildings made by many of the manufacturers who had made the wagons. Like the lunch wagon, a stationary diner allowed one to set up a service business quickly using pre-assembled constructs. Until the Great Depression, most diner manufacturers and their customers were located in the Northeast, after World War II, as the economy returned to civilian production and the suburbs boomed, diners were an attractive small business opportunity
9.
.44 Magnum
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The.44 Remington Magnum, or simply.44 Magnum, and frequently.44 Mag, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After its introduction, it was adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the.44 designation, guns chambered for the.44 Magnum round, and its parent, the.44 Magnum is based on a lengthened.44 Special case, loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity. The.44 Magnum cartridge was the end result of years of tuned handloading of the.44 Special, the.44 Special, and other large-bore handgun cartridges, were being loaded with heavy bullets, pushed at higher than normal velocities for better hunting performance. One of these handloaders was Elmer Keith, a writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century, Elmer Keith settled on the.44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger.45 Colt. At the time, the selection of.44 caliber projectiles for handloaders was more varied, also, the.44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the.45 Colt case. In revolvers of the cylinder size, this meant the.44 caliber revolvers had thicker. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a burst cylinder, Keith encouraged Smith & Wesson and Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, and revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wessons first.44 Magnum revolver, the Model 29, was built on December 15,1955, julian Hatcher, and Elmer Keith received two of the first production models. Hatchers review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the.44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March,1956 issue of the magazine, Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956. By the summer of 1956, Sturm, Ruger became aware of this project, Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November,1956. The film Dirty Harry, prominently featuring the S&W M29, contributed to that models popularity, Ruger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the Ruger Model 44 chambered for.44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with a lever action Model 1894 in.44 Magnum, the. 38-40 Winchester and. 32-20 Winchester were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms. In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the.44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, the.44 Magnum delivers a large, heavy bullet with high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the hands, especially for shooters of smaller build or with small hands. Although marketed as a.44 caliber, the.44 Magnum, the.44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of heeled bullets, used in the later 19th century. In those times, bullets were measured on the outside of the cartridge, not the inside of the cartridge
10.
Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles
11.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
12.
Makmende
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The video became the first viral internet sensation originating from Kenya. The word Makmende is a word which means a hero. The name supposedly originated from a mispronunciation of a spoken by Dirty Harry, played by Clint Eastwood, Go ahead. The word made its way into Kenyan streets in the 1990s whereby in the streets a bad-guy wannabe would be called out, the character Makmende is associated with the fashion wear of the early 1980s. He is portrayed with long John Shaft-like afro hair and bell bottom trousers that were the trend then. The video, directed by Jim Chuchu and Mbithi Masya, became an internet sensation and Kenyans launched an internet campaign for the superhero on Facebook. The videos references blaxploitation and kung-fu movies in its style and features Makmende fighting with a variety of named characters in a fictional city. The success of video and the subsequent internet discussion has centered on the ways in which Kenyans were adopting social media. The role of Makmende on the video was played by graphics designer Kevin Maina, as of April 2010, the Makmende website was one of the most visited by Kenyan Internet users, and the meme had a quickly growing fanbase on Facebook and Twitter. The Makmende story has also featured on CNN and was presented by CNNs David McKenzie, Makmende has also featured in articles in popular Kenyan media. The meme is discussed by Heather Ford in an analysis of African contributions to Wikipedia
13.
Lovex
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Lovex is a rock band from Tampere, Finland. Lovex started officially in 2001–2002, when several members and one former member, as of 2004 they have written and recorded a number of songs, and then received a record deal with EMI Finland. In August 2005 saw the release of their first hit, Bleeding and their second single, Guardian Angel, was released in January 2006 and became a huge hit in Finland. The bands first album, Divine Insanity, was released in March 2006. In Germany, Switzerland and Austria, the single Guardian Angel was released on 5 January 2007, Lovex released their album in Japan on 17 September 2007. Lovex gave a performance in the Eurovision song contest 2007 with their song Anyone. In January 2010, Lovex uploaded a demo called Marble Walls on their Myspace, in the summer of 2010, Lovex started recording their third album, Watch Out. On October 8, Vivian announced via Facebook that the album was ready, in early 2011, Lovex announced that Watch Out. s release date was May 11. On April 5, the cover of Watch Out. was released, on April 14, Lovex released the video for Slave For the Glory. Finally, on 11 May 2011, Lovexs third album, Watch Out. was released, and on the same day, the video for U. S. A. was shot in the U. S. and in Finland. The video was released on 7 June 2011, in October 2011, the third single Watch Out. From the album of the name was released. Theon McInsane – vocals Vivian SinAmor – guitar Sammy Black – guitar Christian – keyboards Julian Drain – drums Jason – bass All the band members have pseudonyms, Divine Insanity Pretend or Surrender Watch Out. State of Mind Dust to Diamonds Lovexs official website
14.
The Economist
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The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London. Continuous publication began under its founder, James Wilson, in September 1843, in 2015 its average weekly circulation was a little over 1.5 million, about half of which were sold in the United States. The publication belongs to the Economist Group and it is 50% owned by the English branch of the Rothschild family and by the Agnelli family through its holding company Exor. The remaining 50% is held by investors including the editors. The Rothschilds and the Agnellis are represented on the board of directors, a board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. Although The Economist has an emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster. For the year to March 2016 the Economist Group declared operating profit of £61m, previous major shareholders include Pearson PLC. The Economist takes a stance of classical and economic liberalism which is supportive of free trade, globalisation, free immigration. The publication has described itself as a product of the Caledonian liberalism of Adam Smith and it targets highly educated readers and claims an audience containing many influential executives and policy-makers. The publications CEO described this recent global change, which was first noticed in the 1990s and accelerated in the beginning of the 21st century, on the contents page of each issue, The Economists mission statement is written in italics. The Economist was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws, articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties. An article on the principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue. Parliamentary reports, with focus on commerce, agriculture and free trade. Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade, general news from the Court of St. Jamess, the Metropolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland. Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation. A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week, correspondence and inquiries from the news magazines readers. It has long respected as one of the most competent. Its logo was designed in 1959 by Reynolds Stone, in January 2012 The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of a section about the United States in 1942
15.
Angela Merkel
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Angela Dorothea Merkel is a German politician who is currently Chancellor of Germany. She is also the leader of the Christian Democratic Union, Merkel has been described at various times as the de facto leader of the European Union, the most powerful woman in the world, and the worlds second most powerful person. Following German reunification in 1990, Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Merkel was appointed as the Minister for Women and Youth in the federal government under Chancellor Helmut Kohl in 1991, and became the Minister for the Environment in 1994. In the 2009 federal election, the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, in 2007, Merkel was President of the European Council and chaired the G8, the second woman to do so. Merkel played a role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon. One of Merkels consistent priorities has been to strengthen economic relations. Merkel played a role in managing the financial crisis at the European and international level. On 26 March 2014, Merkel became the incumbent head of government in the European Union. On 20 November 2016, Merkel announced she would seek re-election to a fourth term and she has two younger siblings, her brother Marcus Kasner, a physicist, and her sister Irene Kasner, an occupational therapist. In her childhood and youth, Merkel was known among her peers by the nickname Kasi, Merkel is of Polish and German descent. Her paternal grandfather Ludwik Kaźmierczak was a German policeman of Polish ethnicity and he married Merkels grandmother Margarethe, a German girl from Berlin, and relocated to her hometown where he worked in the police. In 1930 they Germanized the Polish name Kaźmierczak to Kasner, Merkels maternal grandparents were the Danzig politician Willi Jentzsch and Gertrud Alma née Drange, a daughter of the city clerk of Elbing Emil Drange. Merkel has mentioned her Polish heritage on several occasions, but her Polish roots became better known as a result of a 2013 biography, religion played a key role in the Kasner familys migration from West Germany to East Germany. In 1954, he received a pastorate at the church in Quitzow, the family moved to Templin and Merkel grew up in the countryside 80 km north of East Berlin. Like most young people in the German Democratic Republic, Merkel was a member of the Free German Youth, membership was nominally voluntary, but those who did not join found it difficult to gain admission to higher education. She did not participate in the coming of age ceremony Jugendweihe, however. Later, at the Academy of Sciences, she became a member of the FDJ district board, Merkel claimed that she was secretary for culture. When Merkels one-time FDJ district chairman contradicted her, she insisted that, According to my memory, I believe I wont know anything when Im 80
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European debt crisis
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The European debt crisis is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009. The detailed causes of the debt crisis varied, in several countries, private debts arising from a property bubble were transferred to sovereign debt as a result of banking system bailouts and government responses to slowing economies post-bubble. The structure of the eurozone as a union without fiscal union contributed to the crisis. European banks own a significant amount of debt, such that concerns regarding the solvency of banking systems or sovereigns are negatively reinforcing. The ECB also contributed to solve the crisis by lowering interest rates, return to economic growth and improved structural deficits enabled Ireland and Portugal to exit their bailout programmes in July 2014. Greece and Cyprus both managed to regain market access in 2014. Spain never officially received a bailout programme and its rescue package from the ESM was earmarked for a bank recapitalization fund and did not include financial support for the government itself. In 1992, members of the European Union signed the Maastricht Treaty, under which they pledged to limit their deficit spending and debt levels. The crisis subsequently spread to Ireland and Portugal, while raising concerns about Italy, Spain, and the European banking system, in Greece, the low forecast was reported until very late in the year, clearly not corresponding to the actual situation. The fact that the Greek debt exceeded $400 billion and France owned 10% of that debt, as of January 2009, a group of 10 central and eastern European banks had already asked for a bailout. At the time, the European Commission released a forecast of a 1. 8% decline in EU economic output for 2009, the many public funded bank recapitalizations were one reason behind the sharply deteriorated debt-to-GDP ratios experienced by several European governments in the wake of the Great Recession. The states that were affected by the crisis faced a strong rise in interest rate spreads for government bonds as a result of investor concerns about their future debt sustainability. Together these three international organisations representing the creditors became nicknamed the Troika. By the end of 2011, Germany was estimated to have more than €9 billion out of the crisis as investors flocked to safer. By July 2012 also the Netherlands, Austria, and Finland benefited from zero or negative interest rates, looking at short-term government bonds with a maturity of less than one year the list of beneficiaries also includes Belgium and France. While Switzerland equally benefited from lower interest rates, the crisis also harmed its export sector due to an influx of foreign capital. This is the biggest Swiss intervention since 1978, in total, the debt crisis forced five out of 17 eurozone countries to seek help from other nations by the end of 2012. This has also greatly diminished contagion risk for other eurozone countries, as of October 2012 only 3 out of 17 eurozone countries, namely Greece, Portugal, and Cyprus still battled with long-term interest rates above 6%
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Language localisation
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Language localisation is the process of adapting a product that has been previously translated into multiple languages to a specific country or region. It is the phase of a larger process of product translation and cultural adaptation to account for differences in distinct markets. Language localization differs from translation activity because it involves a study of the target culture in order to correctly adapt the product to local needs. Localisation can be referred to by the numeronym L10N, the former Localization Industry Standards Association said that globalisation can best be thought of as a cycle rather than a single process. Localisation is an part of the overall process called globalisation. There are two primary technical processes that comprise globalisation, internationalisation and localisation, the first phase, internationalisation, encompasses the planning and preparation stages for a product that is built by design to support global markets. This process removes all cultural assumptions, and any country- or language-specific content is stored so that it can be easily adapted, if this content is not separated during this phase, it must be fixed during localisation, adding time and expense to the project. In extreme cases, products that were not internationalised may not be localisable, the second phase, localisation, refers to the actual adaptation of the product for a specific market. The localisation phase involves, among other things, the four issues LISA describes as linguistic, physical, business and cultural, at the end of each phase, testing is performed to ensure that the product works properly and meets the clients quality expectations. Though it is difficult to draw the limits between translation and localisation, in general localisation addresses significant, non-textual components of products or services. All these changes aim to recognise local sensitivities, avoid conflict with culture, customs, common habits. For example, localisation aims to offer country-specific websites of the company or different editions of a book depending on where it is published. Whereas localisation is the process of adapting one product to a particular locale, suppose someone is working for a company that, until now, has operated exclusively in the United States. However, the company is now opening an office in China. Thus, that company might lose a market because of small details of presentation. Furthermore, this company might need to adapt the product to its new buyers, now, suppose instead that this company has major offices in a dozen countries and needs a specifically designed website in each of these countries. The company might want to design a framework to codify and support this global strategy, the globalization strategy and the globalization framework would provide uniform guidance for the twelve separate localisation efforts. Globalization is especially important in mitigating extra work involved in the cycle of localisation
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Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
