1.
Extended play
–
An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
2.
White Zombie (band)
–
White Zombie was an American heavy metal band that formed in 1985. Based in New York City, White Zombie was originally a rock band. The group officially disbanded in 1998, in 2000, White Zombie was included on VH-1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, ranking at No.56. White Zombie was co-founded by writer, vocalist and graphic artist Rob Zombie, Zombies girlfriend at the time, Sean Yseult, was the other co-founder. She had been playing the Farfisa keyboard in the band LIFE with Ivan de Prume, ena Kostabi owned a recording studio, which he would rent out to different bands. When he met Yseult, she asked if he could teach her to play bass and they then recruited Peter Landau to play drums and began to write and record songs. White Zombies first release, Gods on Voodoo Moon, was an EP and was recorded on October 18,1985 and it was released under the bands own label Silent Explosion, under which they would release most of their early work. Only 300 copies were pressed, of which only 100 were sold and it was at this time the band started touring, making their live performance debut at CBGB on April 28,1986. White Zombie released their second EP, Pig Heaven, that year, the release contained two songs, Pig Heaven and Slaughter the Grey. The EP was recorded at 6/8 Studios on Houston St and Bleecker St in NoHo in New York City, other songs that were recorded during the session but never released were titled Follow Wild, Rain Insane, Paradise Fireball and Red River Flow. After touring for a year in the band, Tim Jeffs left and was replaced by Tom Guay, the band released a second pressing of Pig Heaven with different cover art, but retained the same recording with Jeffs on guitar. Only 500 copies of each pressing were released on vinyl, in 1987, the band released their third EP, Psycho-Head Blowout. John Ricci replaced Tom Guay shortly after the release of Soul-Crusher, in 1988, the band signed to Caroline Records, permanently discontinuing their own indie label. Their second album, Make Them Die Slowly, was released in February 1989, the album was a musical shift for White Zombie. While their previous releases had been strictly punk-influenced noise rock, Make Them Die Slowly had more of a metal sound. This is also the first album crediting Rob Zombie instead of his previous stage name, riccis carpal tunnel syndrome severely affected his ability to play guitar, forcing him to leave the band when Make Them Die Slowly was finished. Jay J Yuenger replaced him before the release, affecting their future sound. After searching for a label and being turned down multiple times
3.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
Caroline Records
–
Caroline Records is an American record label that started as a subsidiary of Richard Bransons Virgin Records America during the early to mid-1970s. It specialized in inexpensive LPs by mainly progressive rock and jazz artists that lacked commercial appeal, the first release was Outside the Dream Syndicate by Tony Conrad and Faust in 1973. The logo was a variation of Virgins Twins logo designed by Roger Dean. Both the US and UK branches of Caroline Records are subsidiaries of Caroline Music, Caroline has or had a number of subsidiary labels including Astralwerks, Gyroscope, Caroline Blue Plate, Rocks the World, Scamp, and Passenger. On February 20,2014, it was revealed that American rapper 50 Cent had signed with the label, steven Wilson joined the labels roster in April 2017, ahead of the release of his fifth studio album. Artist Shop Caroline Records Caroline Distribution Official website Discogs Caroline Records Discogs Gyroscope EMI Group Website links
5.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
6.
Make Them Die Slowly (album)
–
Make Them Die Slowly is the second studio album by White Zombie, released on March 22,1989 by Caroline Records. It is named after the 1981 cannibal movie Cannibal Ferox, which was released in the US as Make Them Die Slowly. There is an error on the CDs side saying Let Them Die Slowly instead of the albums correct title. White Zombie entered the studio in early 1988 to record the follow-up to Soul-Crusher, since their previous release the band had started embracing a more heavy metal influenced sound, which they wanted to capture in recording their new album. They recorded sixteen songs over the course of four days but decided against releasing any of the material due to its similarity with their previous output. Guitarist Tom Guay left the band during this time and was replaced with John Ricci, the new line-up switched to a larger recording venue and attempted to re-record the material but ran out of the funds necessary to complete the album. Iggy Pop, who was an admirer of their last album, Laswell opted to record the album from scratch at Platinum Island studio in New York City. The final guitar overdubs, vocals and mixing were done with Martin Bisi, at his studio in Gowanus, Brooklyn, the band was critical of Laswells production, with Sean saying, it sounds like a tin can to me, with a muffled non-existent bass. In a 2010 interview, she recalled her experience recording the album, Some of the cut from the release are Dead Ringer, Freak War, Punishment Park, Scum Kill II. Guitarist John Ricci exited the band the day the record was completed having been diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome, the album displays change from the punk-influenced noise rock of their earlier albums to a sound more reminiscent of thrash metal. Rob has claimed We fell into the scene by accident. We tried to move away from it consciously, although he had previously disliked the heavy metal scene, Robs opinion changed after borrowing Metallicas Ride the Lightning from drummer Ivan de Prume. Sean has cited both Metallica and Slayer as being influential to the band during this time. Because of the shift in musical style critics usually review the album less-favorably than the previous efforts, citing it as being too derivative. However, some tend to enjoy this release more as the album more closely resembles the sound that would dominate much of White Zombies later career. Sprague also gave the production uncommon praise, writing that Laswell brings with him the simultaneously thin and heavy sound hes so fond of, all lyrics written by Rob Zombie, all music composed by White Zombie. Adapted from the Make Them Die Slowly liner notes
7.
God of Thunder (song)
–
God of Thunder is a song by Kiss from their album Destroyer. The song has also featured on many of Kiss live albums. Many various sound effects were used to make the song including explosions, clapping, zippers, overdubbed audience chatter, the song was and is Simmons theme song for the band. It is often performed live with blood-spitting, a solo. The song was dropped from the setlist and replaced by I Love It Loud in 2008, Kiss did play it at a show in Athens, Greece, during the Kiss Alive/35 World Tour. The song was eventually returned to the setlist on the leg of The Hottest Show on Earth Tour starting in Everett, WA. God of Thunder was originally a frenetic up-tempo rocker, but it underwent a change when Ezrin decided it would be a vehicle for Simmons. All these touches gave Kiss recording of God of Thunder a sense of gothic rock bombast that fully lived up to the larger-than-life lyrics. It was a bit too heavy to be a single but became a natural live showpiece for Simmons in an exciting, since then, it has been covered by Entombed. In 1999, Kiss lip-synced the song on WCW Monday Nitro, according to Dean Malenko on the WCW DVD, it was the lowest rated Nitro ever. The American doom metal band Rigor Sardonicous released a cover of the song on their album Risus Ex Mortuus, white Zombie released a cover of the song as a vinyl-only single in 1989, entitled God of Thunder. The Swedish death metal band Entombed covered this song on the Out of Hand single, a supergroup consisting of Rob Zombie, Ace Frehley, Slash, Tommy Lee, Gilby Clarke and Scott Ian played a cover of the song for the VH1 Rock Honors of Kiss. Iced Earth covered God of Thunder on their album Tribute to the Gods, raging Speedhorn covered the song on their album How the Great Have Fallen. The Melvins covered the song for the Kiss tribute album Hard to Believe, quintron and Miss Pussycat covered the song on their 2005 album Swamp Tech. Ripper covered the song on their 2009 album The Dead Have Rizen on Black Widow Records, the song is featured in the movie Halloween. The Kiss Symphony version of the song appeared in the video game Tony Hawks Underground The song is featured on the soundtrack of the heavy metal-themed video game Brutal Legend
8.
Kiss (band)
–
Kiss is an American hard rock group formed in New York City in January 1973 by Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley. The band has gone through several changes, with Stanley. The original and best-known lineup consisted of Stanley, Simmons, Frehley, with their make-up and costumes, they took on the personae of comic book-style characters, The Starchild, The Demon, The Spaceman or Space Ace, and The Catman. Due to creative differences, both Criss and Frehley had departed the group by 1982, in 1983, Kiss began performing without makeup and costumes, thinking that it was time to leave the makeup behind. The band accordingly experienced a commercial resurgence, and their music videos received regular airplay on MTV. Drummer Eric Carr, who had replaced Criss in 1980, died in 1991 of a type of heart cancer and was replaced by Eric Singer. In response to a wave of Kiss nostalgia in the mid-1990s, the band announced a reunion of the lineup in 1996. The resulting Alive/Worldwide Tour was commercially successful, Criss and Frehley have both since left the band again and have been replaced by Singer and Tommy Thayer, respectively. Kiss has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, including 25 million RIAA-certified albums, on April 10,2014, Kiss was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Kiss traces their roots to Wicked Lester, a New York City-based rock band led by Gene Simmons and they recorded one album, which was shelved by Epic Records, and played a handful of live shows. Simmons and Stanley, feeling a new direction was needed, abandoned Wicked Lester in 1972. Simmons and Stanley met him in a nightclub where he was playing drums, after hearing Criss sing, they thought of him being in the band. Criss then auditioned for and later joined the new version of Wicked Lester, the trio focused on a much harder style of rock than Wicked Lester played. They also began experimenting with their image by wearing makeup and various outfits, in November 1972, the trio played a showcase for Epic Records A&R director Don Ellis, in an effort to secure a record deal. Although the performance went well, Ellis disliked the groups image, in early January 1973, the group added lead guitarist Ace Frehley. Frehley impressed the group with his first audition, although he showed up wearing two different colored sneakers, one red and one orange, a few weeks after Frehley joined, Wicked Lester changed their name to Kiss. Stanley came up with the name while he, Simmons and Criss were driving around New York City, Criss mentioned that he had been in a band called Lips, so Stanley said something to the effect of What about Kiss. Frehley created the logo, making the SS look like lightning bolts
9.
Destroyer (Kiss album)
–
Destroyer is the fourth studio album by American rock band Kiss, released on March 15,1976 by Casablanca Records in the US. It was the third successive Kiss album to reach the top 40 in the US, as well as the first to chart in Germany and New Zealand. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on April 22,1976, and platinum on November 11 of the same year, the album marked a departure from the raw sound of the bands first three albums. After attaining modest commercial success with their first three albums, Kiss achieved a commercial breakthrough with the 1975 concert album Alive. It was the first album by the band to be certified gold, the success of Alive. which spent 110 weeks on the charts, benefited not only the struggling band but their cash-strapped label Casablanca Records. Kiss signed a new contract with Casablanca in late 1975, partly because the label had been very supportive from the start of the bands career, the contract was for two albums, an indication that Casablanca was unsure if the group could duplicate the accomplishments of Alive. Bob Ezrin, who had worked with Alice Cooper, was brought in to produce the album. Among the production flourishes Ezrin introduced to Kiss were sound effects, strings, screaming children, reversed drums and a childrens choir. The song Great Expectations uses the first phrase of the theme from the second movement of Beethovens Piano Sonata No.8 in C minor, Op.13. Destroyer is the first Kiss album to feature outside musicians. One musician not credited was Dick Wagner, from Alice Coopers band, Wagner also played the acoustic guitar found on the song Beth. The success of Alive. and Destroyer enabled the band to embark on their first tour of Europe, rehearsals for Destroyer began in August 1975, while the group was embarked on their supporting tour for Alive. The band felt that Bob Ezrin was the person to help them take their sound to the next level. The first recording sessions for the album took place from September 3–6,1975 at Electric Lady Studios in New York City, the basic album tracks were recorded during this time. The majority of the sessions for Destroyer took place in January 1976. The first demo recorded during the Destroyer sessions was Aint None of Your Business featuring Peter Criss on vocals. The plodding, heavy song, written by country songwriters Becky Hobbs and Lew Anderson, was rejected by the band, although this song was rejected, other outside songs and suggestions were accepted by the band. In particular, Kim Fowley and Mark Anthony became important contributors during the songwriting process, bringing in the title and basic structure of the song King of the Night Time World from their previous band Hollywood Stars then-unreleased 1974 album Shine Like a Radio
10.
AllMusic
–
AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
11.
Pitchfork (website)
–
Pitchfork is an American online magazine launched in 1995 by Ryan Schreiber, based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by Condé Nast. The site generally concentrates on new music, but Pitchfork journalists have also reviewed reissues, in late 1995, Ryan Schreiber, a recent high school graduate, created the magazine in Minneapolis. Influenced by local fanzines and KUOM, Schreiber, who had no writing experience. At first being Turntable, the site was updated monthly with interviews and reviews, in May 1996, the site began publishing daily and was renamed Pitchfork, alluding to Tony Montanas tattoo in Scarface. In early 1999, Schreiber relocated Pitchfork to Chicago, Illinois, by then, the site had expanded to four full-length album reviews daily, as well as sporadic interviews, features, and columns. It had also begun garnering a following for its coverage of underground music and its writing style. In October, the added a daily music news section. Pitchfork has launched a variety of subsidiary websites, Pitchfork. tv, a website displaying videos related to many independent music acts, launched in April 2008. It features bands that are found on Pitchfork. In July 2010, Pitchfork announced Altered Zones, a blog devoted to underground. On 21 May 2011, Pitchfork announced a partnership with Kill Screen, Altered Zones was closed on November 30. On December 26,2012, Pitchfork launched Nothing Major, a website that covered visual arts such as fine art, Nothing Major closed in October 2013. On October 13,2015, Condé Nast announced that it had acquired Pitchfork, following the sale, Schreiber remained as editor-in-chief. On March 13,2016, Pitchfork was redesigned, some publications have cited Pitchfork in having played a part in breaking artists such as Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Interpol, The Go. Conversely, Pitchfork has also seen as being a negative influence on some indie artists. A dismissive 0.0 review of former Dismemberment Plan frontman Travis Morrisons Travistan album led to a sales drop. On the other hand, an endorsement from Pitchfork – which dispenses its approval one-tenth of a point at a time, up to a maximum of 10 points – is very valuable, indeed. Examples of Pitchforks impact include, Arcade Fire is among the bands most commonly cited to have benefited from a Pitchfork review
12.
Everett True
–
For the cartoon character, see The Outbursts of Everett True. Everett True is an English music journalist and musician, who grew up in Chelmsford and he became interested in rock music after hearing The Residents, and formed a band with school friends. He has written and recorded as The Legend, in 1982, he went to a gig by The Laughing Apple and met the groups lead singer Alan McGee. According to McGee, there used to be this guy whod stand at the front of all the gigs and he was originally billed as the legendary Jerry Thackray, eventually shortened to simply The Legend. He instead started his own zine, The Legend, under which name he recorded the single 73 in 83, the first to be released by McGees Creation Records. In 1984, he released a single, Legend Destroys the Blues. He puts this down to the fact that he didnt like to perform a more than once. In 1983, Thackray began working at the New Musical Express, in 1988, he was sacked from the paper, and instead took a job at its rival, Melody Maker. He was told to adopt a new pseudonym, as the Legend, name was too closely associated with the NME. He chose Everett True, from the twentieth century cartoon The Outbursts of Everett True. Within months, he was sent to Seattle to cover the emerging grunge scene and he helped to publicise the music and befriended many of the bands. In 1989, he performed guest vocals on a single with Calvin Johnson, in 1991, he introduced Kurt Cobain to Courtney Love at a Butthole Surfers and L7 gig. The three became friends, and, in 1992, True wheeled Cobain on stage at the Reading Festival. In 2006, True published Nirvana, The True Story, a book about his relationship with the band. Leaving MM in the late 1990s, he became editor of Vox and it has been claimed that the band theaudience were formed after founder member Billy Reeves bet True £100 that he could form a band and get it signed. In 1998, True returned to Seattle, where he worked for a year as editor for The Stranger before heading for Australia. He also recorded an album under the name The Legend featuring well-known Hobart guitarist, back again in the UK, he set up the magazine Careless Talk Costs Lives in 2002. By the twelfth issue, it was clear that it would not achieve its ambitions, between 2004 and 2009, True helped oversee Plan B alongside others, notably Frances Morgan, Chris Houghton and designer Andrew Clare
13.
Melody Maker
–
Melody Maker was a British weekly pop/rock/disco music newspaper, one of the worlds earliest music weeklies. It was founded in 1926, largely as a magazine for dance band musicians, by Leicester-born composer, publisher Lawrence Wright, in 2000 it was merged into long-standing rival New Musical Express. Originally the Melody Maker concentrated on jazz, and had Max Jones, one of the leading British proselytizers for that music and it was slow to cover rock and roll and lost ground to the New Musical Express, which had begun in 1952. MM began its Melody Maker LP charts in November 1958, two years after the Record Mirror published the first UK Albums Chart, MM had larger and more specialised advertising, soon-to-be well-known groups would advertise for musicians. It ran pages devoted to minority interests like folk and jazz, a 1968 Melody Maker poll named John Peel best radio DJ, attention which John Walters revealed may have helped Peel keep his job despite concerns at BBC Radio 1 about Peels style and record selection. Melody Maker supported glam rock and progressive rock in the 1970s, Coleman had been insistent that the paper should look like The Daily Telegraph, but Williams wanted the paper to look more contemporary. He commissioned a design, but this was rejected by Coleman. During this period Melody Maker was described as the journal. In January 1972, in a moment for rock journalism. It was during this interview that Bowie claimed, Im gay, OH YOU PRETTY THING ran the headline, and swiftly became part of pop mythology. Bowie later attributed his success to this interview, stating that, Yeah and it was that piece by Mick Watts. During his tenure at the paper, Watts also toured with and interviewed artists including Syd Barrett, Waylon Jennings, Pink Floyd, Bob Dylan, in 1980, after a strike which had taken the paper out of publication for a period, Williams left MM. Several journalists, such as Chris Bohn and Vivien Goldman, moved to NME, Coleman left in 1981, the papers design was updated, but sales and prestige were at a low ebb through the early 1980s, with NME dominant. While MM continued to devote most space to rock and indie music, it covered techno, rap and post rock, two of the papers writers, Push and Ben Turner, went on to launch IPC Medias monthly dance music magazine Muzik. The paper printed harsh criticism of Ocean Colour Scene and Kula Shaker, in 1992, they gave a French rock band called Darlin a negative review calling them a daft punky thrash. Darlin eventually became the music duo Daft Punk. The magazine retained its large classified ads section, and remained the first call for musicians wanting to form a band, Suede formed through ads placed in the paper. In early 1997, Allan Jones left to edit Uncut and he was replaced by Mark Sutherland, formerly of NME and Smash Hits, who thus fulfilled boyhood dream and stayed on to edit the magazine for three years
14.
Rob Zombie
–
Rob Zombie is an American musician, filmmaker, and screenwriter. Zombie rose to fame as a member of the heavy metal band White Zombie. Zombies first solo effort was a song titled Hands of Death with Alice Cooper, in 1997, he began working on his debut solo studio album, Hellbilly Deluxe, which was released in August 1998. A month later, Zombie officially disbanded White Zombie and his solo album went on to sell over three million copies worldwide, and spawned three singles. He released an album the following year that contained songs from Hellbilly Deluxe. Zombie directed the horror film House of 1000 Corpses in 2000 and his second studio album, The Sinister Urge, became his second platinum album in the United States. In 2003, Zombie released the compilation album Past, Present, Zombie directed The Devils Rejects, a direct sequel to his prior film House of 1000 Corpses. The project received a positive reception than its predecessor. His third studio album, Educated Horses, was a departure from his earlier recordings, the album became his third to enter the top ten of the Billboard 200, though saw a decrease in sales when compared to his previous releases. Deciding to focus on his career, Zombie directed the horror film Halloween. The film became Zombies highest-grossing film to date, though was met with a critical reception. He later directed Halloween II which failed to match the success of its predecessor and he released the animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto that same year. Zombie returned to music with the release of his studio album. The album peaked at eight in the United States. In 2012, Zombie released a remix album and directed the horror film The Lords of Salem. He released his studio album Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor the following year. Since the beginning of his career, Zombies music and lyrics have featured notable horror. His live shows have been praised for their shock rock theatricality
15.
Paul Stanley
–
He is the writer or co-writer of many of the bands highest-charting hits. Stanley established The Starchild character for his Kiss persona, hit Parader ranked him 18th on their list of Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time. Gibson. com Readers Poll also named him 13th on their list of Top 25 Frontmen, Stanley Bert Eisen was born January 20,1952, in upper Manhattan, near 211th Street and Broadway, the Inwood neighborhood near Inwood Hill Park. He was the second of two children, and born two years after his sister Julia and his mother came from a family that fled Nazi Germany to Amsterdam, Netherlands, and then to New York City. His fathers parents were from Poland, Stanley was raised Jewish, although he did not consider his family very observant and did not celebrate his bar mitzvah. His parents listened to music and light opera, Stanley was greatly moved by Beethovens works. Attending PS98, he was taunted by children for his deformed ear. Despite his hearing problem, Stanley enjoyed listening to music, and his favorite musical artists included Eddie Cochran, Dion and the Belmonts, Jerry Lee Lewis and Little Richard. Stanley learned to sing harmony with his family, and he was given a guitar at age seven. Stanleys family relocated to the Kew Gardens neighborhood in Queens in 1960. He listened to a lot of music, but when The Beatles and The Rolling Stones played on U. S. television he was inspired by the performance aspect. Stanley received his first real guitar at age 13, a one that he would have preferred to be electric. He played tunes by Bob Dylan, The Byrds, The Lovin Spoonful, All through his childhood Stanley had been recognized for his talent at graphic arts, so he attended the High School of Music & Art in New York City and graduated in 1970. Despite his skill as a graphic artist, he abandoned that as a career, before Kiss, Stanley was in a local band, Rainbow and was also a member of Uncle Joe and Post War Baby Boom. Through a mutual friend of Gene Simmons, Stanley joined Simmons band Wicked Lester in the early 1970s, the band recorded an album in 1972, but it has not been officially released. Wicked Lester soon fell apart and Stanley and Simmons answered Peter Crisss advertisement in Rolling Stone, Rock & Roll drummer looking for orig. grp. doing soft & hard music. Soon after recruiting Criss, they held auditions for a lead guitarist, Kiss released their self-titled debut album in February 1974. Stanleys persona in Kiss is The Starchild utilizing one star over his right eye, for a brief time, Stanley changed his make-up character to The Bandit, with a Lone Ranger style mask design make-up pattern
16.
Detroit Rock City
–
Detroit Rock City is a song by the American hard rock group Kiss featured on their 1976 album, Destroyer. The song was written by Paul Stanley and producer Bob Ezrin, the song, recorded and released as a single in 1976, was the third single from Kisss album Destroyer and was planned to be their last in support of the album. As a single, it did poorly in sales and radio play, while the song briefly references Detroit, the real-life incident which inspired the lyric evidently did not take place there. I had the riff of the song, the Get up, get down part, Stanley recalls. And then I remembered on the tour, I think it was in Charlotte, somebody had gotten hit by a car. I remember thinking how weird it is that peoples lives end so quickly, people can be on their way to something thats really a party and a celebration of being alive and die in the process of doing it. So that became the basis for the lyric, on Destroyer, the song segues into King of the Night Time World, via the sounds of a car crash. The songs were played together on the Destroyer tour, during the Love Gun/Alive II tour, Stanley changed the lyric, I know Im gonna die, why. To I know Im gonna die, and I dont care, the song was #6 on VH1s 40 Greatest Metal Songs and is featured on the album Heavy Metal – The First 20 Years. Detroit Rock City was based on a song that Kiss performed only in concert called Acrobat. Its title was used for the 1999 motion picture of the same name, the Detroit Tigers often use the song when the team takes the field at the beginning of the game. The Detroit Red Wings play the right before the first face-off of a game and also during television. The fictional venue—The Rock City Theater located in Detroit, Michigan—appeared in the video game Guitar Hero II. It is featured in the 2007 music video game Rock Band, Kiss played it on an episode of Gene Simmons Family Jewels. It is featured in the 2008 music video game Rock Revolution, the Rock Band version of the song appears in the movie Paul Blart, Mall Cop. It is featured in the 2008 movie Role Models and it is featured in the 2009 music video game Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 3. It is featured in the 2011 movie The Dilemma and it is featured in the 2015 movie Scooby-Doo. and Kiss, Rock and Roll Mystery. GO
17.
Alive II
–
Alive II is the second live album by American hard rock band Kiss, released on October 14,1977 by Casablanca Records. The band had released three albums since the previous outing, the seminal 1975 release Alive. and the band drew upon the variety of new tracks. The origins of Alive II go back to early 1977 when the bands manager Bill Aucoin suggested that Kramer record an album during the evening show at Budokan Hall in Tokyo. The plan was to release an album to give Kiss some much deserved time off before recording the album that would become Love Gun later that autumn. Kramer finished work on the album, but Casablanca and Kiss deemed it unusable, most of the live tracks on Alive II were recorded during the bands August 26–28 shows at the Los Angeles Forum while on their Love Gun Tour. The 3 p. m. soundchecks at the August 26 and 27 shows were recorded, Beth and I Want You were lifted from the aborted Japanese live album and used on the finished Alive II. As the band did not want to duplicate songs included on Alive, the songs chosen for the three live sides of the album were all drawn from Kiss three preceding studio albums, Destroyer, Rock and Roll Over and Love Gun. On the original album, the songs on side 4 are studio tracks recorded September 13–16,1977. Frehleys sole involvement for the songs was Rocket Ride, on which he sang lead vocals. Paul Stanley played all guitars on Any Way You Want It, several early copies of the albums cover featured a rare misprint of three additional songs with a slightly altered song order. None of these songs appeared on the LP. On the misprint, Take Me is after Detroit Rock City, Side two features Hooligan after Shock Me, which is placed after Hard Luck Woman. On Side 3, Do You Love Me. appears after God of Thunder, the original vinyl issue of Alive II was a 2-LP set with a gatefold cover and picture inner sleeves. The tattoos depicted the band logo, Kiss Army logo, band member heads, member signatures, the rose and ACE are copies of Stanley and Frehleys actual tattoos, respectively. A merchandise order form was included with the album, listing an array of official Kiss merchandise as well as a chance to enlist in the Kiss Army. The inner sleeves depicted crazed Kiss fans in a confetti storm, Alive II was originally reissued as a double-CD set in what has now become known as a fatboy 2CD case. When the Kiss back catalog was remastered, it was housed in a slimline 2CD case and and this included the set of tattoos. The booklet The Evolution of Kiss and the inner sleeves were incorporated as part of the CD booklet
18.
Head (film)
–
During production, one of the working titles for the film was Changes, which was later the name of an unrelated album by the Monkees. A rough cut of the film was previewed for audiences in Los Angeles in the summer of 1968 under the name Movee Untitled, also appearing on screen in brief non-speaking parts are Dennis Hopper and film choreographer Toni Basil. Head begins at the dedication of a bridge, the rest of the film shows the events leading up to this. Earlier, the four have just all kissed the same groupie, throughout the film, they make their way both together and separately through a series of unrelated vignettes, each being a different type of movie. They continually try to prove to themselves that theyre free and can make any choice they want, while being chased by everyone theyve encountered in the various vignettes, they run onto a bridge, shoving people out of the way. Its revealed that they werent being wacky at the beginning of the film and they jump off the edge and commit suicide, falling a very long way and slamming into the water far below. The films director hauls their soaked bodies away in an aquarium while the four stare blankly through the glass. Laughing, he rolls the aquarium into a slot at the studio warehouse, kolimas role is sometimes attributed to Tor Johnson, who does not appear in the film. Trailers summarized it as a most extraordinary adventure, western, comedy, love story, mystery, drama, musical, there were no pictures of the Monkees on the original poster, only a picture of John Brockman, who did the PR for the film. Jack Nicholson then took the tapes and used them as the basis for his screenplay which he structured while under the influence of LSD. The strike ended after the first day when, to mollify the Monkees, but the incident damaged the Monkees relationship with Rafelson and Bert Schneider, and would effectively end their professional relationship together. The final Were here to give you, is interrupted by a gunshot, with footage of the execution of Viet Cong operative Nguyễn Văn Lém, by Brigadier General and then Chief of National Police Nguyễn Ngọc Loan. Another part of the campaign was placing Head stickers in random places. Rafelson commented that he and Nicholson were arrested at the New York City premiere on October 6 for trying to affix a sticker to an officers helmet as he mounted his horse. A poor audience response at an August 1968 screening in Los Angeles eventually forced the producers to edit the picture down from its original 110-minute length, the 86-minute Head premiered in New York City on November 6,1968, the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20. It was not a commercial success, the films release was also delayed and badly under-promoted. The sole television commercial was a confusing minimalist close-up shot of a head, after 30 seconds the man smiled. This ad was a parody of Andy Warhols 1963 film Blow Job, heads abysmal reception instantly halted studio plans for any further films with the Monkees
19.
Taxi Driver
–
Taxi Driver is a 1976 American vigilante film with neo-noir and psychological thriller elements, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader. Set in New York City following the Vietnam War, the film stars Robert De Niro, and features Jodie Foster, Harvey Keitel, Cybill Shepherd, Peter Boyle, and Albert Brooks. Nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Taxi Driver won the Palme dOr at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival and it is regularly cited by critics, film directors, and audiences alike as one of the greatest films of all time. In 2012, Sight & Sound named it the 31st-best film ever in its critics poll, ranked with The Godfather Part II. The film was considered culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1994. Travis Bickle, a 26-year-old honorably discharged U. S. Marine, is a lonely and he becomes a taxi driver to cope with his chronic insomnia, driving passengers every night around the citys boroughs. He also spends time in seedy porn theaters and keeps a diary, Travis becomes infatuated with Betsy, a campaign volunteer for Senator and presidential candidate Charles Palantine. After watching her interact with fellow worker Tom through her window, Travis enters to volunteer as a pretext to talk to her, on a later date, he takes her to see a Swedish sex education film, which offends her, and she goes home alone. His attempts at reconciliation by sending flowers are rebuffed, so he berates her at the campaign office, before being kicked out by Tom. Travis confides in fellow taxi driver Wizard about his thoughts, which are beginning to turn violent, a fellow taxi driver refers Travis to illegal gun dealer Easy Andy, from whom he buys a number of handguns. At home, Travis practices drawing his weapons and constructs a sleeve gun to hide, one night, Travis enters a convenience store moments before an attempted armed robbery and he shoots and kills the robber. The shop owner takes responsibility for the shooting, taking Travis handgun, earlier, child prostitute Iris had entered Traviss cab, attempting to escape her pimp Matthew Sport Higgins. Sport dragged Iris from the cab and threw Travis a crumpled twenty-dollar bill, which reminds him of her. Some time later, Travis hires Iris, but instead of having sex with her and he fails to completely turn her from her course, but she does agree to meet with him for breakfast the next day. Travis leaves a letter to Iris at his apartment saying he will soon be dead, with money for her to return home. After shaving his head into a mohawk, Travis attends a rally, where he plans to assassinate Senator Palantine. He flees and later goes to the East Village to invade Sports brothel, a violent gunfight ensues and Travis kills Sport, a bouncer, and a mafioso. Travis is severely injured with gunshot wounds
20.
Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)
–
Dawn of the Dead is a 1978 American independent zombie horror film directed by George A. Romero. It was written by Romero in collaboration with the Italian filmmaker Dario Argento and it was the second film made in Romeros Living Dead series, but contains no characters or settings from Night of the Living Dead, and shows in a larger scale the apocalyptic effects on society. In the film, a phenomenon of unidentified origin has caused the reanimation of the dead, who prey on human flesh, the cast features David Emge, Ken Foree, Scott Reiniger, and Gaylen Ross as survivors of the outbreak who barricade themselves inside a suburban shopping mall. Dawn of the Dead was filmed over four months, from late 1977 to early 1978, in the Pennsylvania cities of Pittsburgh. Its primary filming location was the Monroeville Mall, the film was made on a budget estimated at $1.5 million and was a significant box office success for its time, grossing approximately $55 million worldwide. Since opening in theaters in 1978, and despite heavy gore content, in addition to four official sequels, the film has spawned numerous parodies and pop culture references. A remake of the premiered in the United States on March 19,2004. It was labeled a re-imagining of the films concept. In 2008, Dawn of the Dead was chosen by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, the United States is devastated by a mysterious phenomenon which reanimates recently deceased human beings as flesh-eating zombies. Despite the best efforts by the U. S. government and local authorities to control the situation, millions of people are killed and reanimate, social order is collapsing. Some rural communities and the military have been effective in fighting the hordes in open country. Meanwhile, police SWAT officer Roger DiMarco and his team raid a housing project where the residents are defying the law of delivering their dead to National Guardsmen. Some residents fight back with handguns and rifles, and are killed by both the overzealous SWAT team and their own reanimated dead, during the raid, Roger meets Peter Washington, part of another SWAT team, and they partner up together. Roger tells Peter that his friend Stephen intends to steal his workplaces helicopter and flee and they are informed of a group of zombies trapped in the basement, which they assist in the grim job of destroying. That night, Roger and Peter rendezvous with Francine and Stephen, following some close calls while stopping for fuel, the group comes across a shopping mall, which they decide to make their sanctuary. Francine reveals that she is pregnant, Peter offers to abort the child, but this is rejected. During the blockade operation, Roger becomes reckless and is bitten by the zombies, after clearing the interior of zombies, the four are able to enjoy a hedonistic lifestyle with all the goods in every store available to them. Roger eventually succumbs to his wounds, soon reanimates and is shot in the head by Peter, after several months, all emergency broadcast transmissions cease, suggesting that the government has collapsed and a large portion of the population has been killed and reanimated
21.
Horror film
–
Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
22.
Phantasm II
–
Phantasm II is a 1988 American action-horror film and sequel to Phantasm. It was written and directed by Don Coscarelli, starring Angus Scrimm, James LeGros, in it, the first films protagonist Mike, recently released from a mental institution, recruits Reggie and some new friends in an effort to defeat the villain Tall Man. The film caused controversy among fans by recasting main character Mike with LeGros and was not well received by critics, following distribution problems in the U. S. Phantasm II was released in Region 1 on DVD in 2009 and Blu-ray disc in 2013. Picking up where the first film left off, the Tall Man and his minions attempt to kidnap Mike, six years later, the film introduces Liz Reynolds, a young woman whose psychic bond to Mike and the Tall Man manifests in the form of prophetic nightmares. Liz pleads for Mike to find her, as she fears that when her grandfather dies, Mike, who has been institutionalized after the events of the first film, fakes his recovery to make contact with Liz. When Mike returns to Morningside Cemetery to exhume the bodies of his parents, Reggie interrupts him, however, Mike reveals the coffins are empty and urges Reggie to help him hunt down the Tall Man. En route to Reggies house, Mike has a premonition and frantically tries to warn Reggie seconds before an explosion kills Reggies entire family, convinced by Mikes futile warning, Reggie agrees to accompany Mike. They break into a store and stock up on supplies. Traveling country roads, they encounter abandoned towns, pillaged graveyards, the clues lead them to Périgord, Oregon. Meanwhile, Lizs grandfather dies, and her sister Jeri disappears during the funeral, while searching for Jeri, Liz finds the Tall Man and flees. In the morning, Liz finds a funeral pin in her grandmothers empty bed, prior to their arrival in Périgord, Mike awakens to find that Reggie has picked up a hitchhiker named Alchemy who eerily resembles the nude apparition. They find Périgord deserted and decrepit, when Liz arrives at the mortuary, she is confronted by Father Meyers, who tries to convince her to escape with him, but he is killed by a flying sphere. She encounters the Tall Man and discovers that her grandmother is now one of his Lurkers, she flees, later that night, the Tall Man captures Liz and drives away in his hearse, Mike and Reggie chase after him. After the Tall Man runs them off the road, their car explodes, at the crematorium, Liz is taken to the furnace room by the Tall Mans mortician assistants, but she escapes and sends one into the furnace. Mike and Reggie break into the mortuary and find the embalming room, while Reggie pours acid into the embalming fluid, Mike discovers a dimensional portal that requires a sphere to open. They then split up to find Liz, Reggie searches the basement, where he fights off a Graver and several Lurkers with a chainsaw and quadruple shotgun. After a vicious fight Reggie castrates the Graver to death and guns down the Lurkers, Mike saves Liz from a silver sphere, and, when it becomes embedded in the wall, they use it to access the portal. Before they can destroy the building, the Tall Man surprises them, but they fight him off and pump him full of the embalming fluid
23.
Star Wars (film)
–
Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis
24.
Drum kit
–
A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
25.
Sean Yseult
–
Sean Yseult is an American rock musician. She has played various instruments with different bands over the years and she married Supagroup musician Chris Lee on January 12,2008, in New Orleans, Louisiana, where she lives. She once owned and ran a bar popular among artists and musicians, The Saint. Yseult played bass in White Zombie for 11 years before they disbanded in 1998, in 1996, she participated along with Jay Yuenger in the tribute band to the Germs called Ruined Eye. After the breakup of White Zombie in September 1998, Yseult started playing bass for the band Rock City Morgue and she formed the Famous Monsters in 1995 which also featured Katie Lynn Campbell, bassist for the Toronto-based Cmon. She plays bass in the band, Star & Dagger, which recorded an album at a studio in Joshua Tree, which was released in 2012. On November 1,2010, Yseult released Im in the Band, before her days as a bassist, Yseult attended North Carolina School of the Arts for high school where she studied ballet and piano. Yseult earned her degree in design at Parsons The New School for Design in New York City. It was there that she first met Rob Zombie after he had a friend ask her out for him in the schools cafeteria, recently, Yseult has begun a design line featuring hand drawn graphics with bold colors. Yseult has also recently joined artist Louis St. Lewis in forming the collaborative art duo of Lewis & Yseult, recent shows include exhibitions in New Orleans, North Carolina and Paris as well as CBGBs 315 gallery in NYC to benefit the ailing nightclub. Yseult has also been a member of The Rawk Show – Fine Art by Musicians, in Texas. Sean Yseults official website Rock City Morgue, The Boy Who Cried Werewolf Sean Yseult designs New York Times Vows Column, February 3,2008 RockBookShow interview about Seans Book, Im In The Band
26.
Bass guitar
–
The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
27.
Electric guitar
–
The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
28.
Singing
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
29.
Illustration
–
The origin of the word “illustration” is late Middle English, via Old French from Latin illustratio, from the verb illustrate. Contemporary illustration uses a range of styles and techniques, including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, montage, digital design, multimedia. Most illustrators work on a freelance basis, depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic or highly technical. This may include exploded views, cutaways, fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, in contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design, original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwells painting Breaking Home Ties sold in a 2006 Sothebys auction for USD15.4 million, many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas, for example, also attracting high prices. Historically, the art of illustration is closely linked to the processes of printing and publishing. The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations, and were hand drawn. With the invention of the press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and every day life, hokusai’s The Great Wave of Kanazawa is a famous image of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching, in 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake, who used relief etching. By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality, in Europe, notable figures of the early 19th Century were John Leech, George Cruikshank, Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne, and, in France, Honoré Daumier. All contributed to both satirical and “serious” publications, at this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. Although all fine art trained, their reputations were gained primarily as illustrators, in common with similar magazines such as the Parisian Le Voleur, Punch realised good illustration sold as well as good text. With publication continuing into the 21st Century, Punch chronicles a gradual shift in popular illustration, from the early 1800s newspapers, mass market magazines, and illustrated books had become the dominant consumer media in Europe and the New World. By the 19th Century, improvements in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color, in America, this led to a golden age of illustration from before the 1880s until the early 20th Century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time
30.
Tom Coyne (music engineer)
–
Tom Coyne is an American mastering engineer. Tom Coyne was born and bred in Union, NJ and he graduated from Roselle Catholic High School in 1972. He attended Kean College where he received a degree in Commercial Design, following college, Coynes first job was at Dick Charles Recording where Lee Hulko, former owner of Sterling Sound, got his first job in the states after arriving from Thunder Bay, ON. In the six months Coyne worked at Dick Charles, he watched Dick master records on the lathe, for the next ten years, Coyne primarily cut records for dance bands with his first big record being Ladies Night by Kool and the Gang. In 1989, Coyne was hired by the Hit Factory where he spent another five years mastering mostly Hip-Hop and R&B records by such as Black Box, Billy Ocean, Tribe Called Quest. In 1994, Coyne was offered a job by Lee Hulko who now owned and operated Sterling Sound, in 1998, Coyne, Ted Jensen, Greg Calbi, Murat Aktar and the UK based Metropolis bought Sterling Sound from Lee Hulko. Coyne has won four Grammy Awards and one Latin Grammy Award and has over 35 category wins, Sterling Sound is located in New York City, occupying the top floor of the Chelsea Market in the Meatpacking District. It was designed by Fran Manzella, FM Design, life and Times of S. Carter - Jay Z1999 Beneath the Surface - GZA1999 Chyna Doll - Foxy Brown 1999 Coming of Age - Memphis Bleek 1999. Dawn 1998 Embrya - Maxwell 1998 The Love Movement - A Tribe Called Quest 1998 Foundation - Brand Nubian 1998 E. L. E. V. Kelly 1993 T. I. M. E. U. Too Short - Too Short 1988 Staring at the Sun - Level 421988 Power Metal - Pantera 1987 Liberty, - Stanley Turrentine 1978 Take a Look at Those Cakes - James Brown
31.
Audio mastering
–
Mastering requires critical listening, however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Mastering is a gateway between production and consumption and, as such, it involves technical knowledge as well as specific aesthetics. Results still depend upon the accuracy of speaker monitors and the listening environment, mastering engineers may also need to apply corrective equalization and dynamic compression in order to optimise sound translation on all playback systems. It is standard practice to make a copy of a recording, known as a safety copy, in case the master is lost. In the earliest days of the industry, all phases of the recording and mastering process were entirely achieved by mechanical processes. The cutting head, driven by the energy transferred from the horn and these masters were usually made from either a soft metal alloy or from wax, this gave rise to the colloquial term waxing, referring to the cutting of a record. Until the introduction of recording, master recordings were almost always cut direct-to-disc. Only a small minority of recordings were mastered using previously recorded material sourced from other discs, in the late 1940s, the recording industry was revolutionized by the introduction of magnetic tape. Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, not until the end of World War II could the technology be found outside of Europe. The introduction of tape recording enabled master discs to be cut separately in time. From the 1950s until the advent of recording in the late 1970s. Once the studio recording on tape was complete, a final mix was prepared and dubbed down to the master tape. Prior to the cutting of the disc, the master tape was often subjected to further electronic treatment by a specialist mastering engineer. After the advent of tape it was found that, especially for pop recordings and this was done by making fine adjustments to the amplitude of sound at different frequency bands prior to the cutting of the master disc. Record mastering became a prized and skilled craft, and it was widely recognized that good mastering could make or break a commercial pop recording. As a result, the independent mastering studio was born, early independent mastering engineers included Doug Sax, Bob Ludwig, Bob Katz and Bernie Grundman and Denny Purcell. In large recording companies such as EMI, the process was usually controlled by specialist staff technicians who were conservative in their work practices. In the 1990s, electro-mechanical processes were largely superseded by digital technology, with digital recordings stored on disk drives or digital tape
32.
Audio engineer
–
An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
33.
Cover art
–
Cover art it is either an artwork as illustration or photograph on the outside of a published product such as a book, magazine, comic book, video game, DVD, CD, videotape, or music album. Album cover art is created for a music album. Iconic album cover art includes Pink Floyds The Dark Side of the Moon, King Crimsons In the Court of the Crimson King, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, Abbey Road and their White Album among others. Artists known for their cover art include Alex Steinweiss, an early pioneer in album cover art, Roger Dean. Some album art may cause controversy because of nudity, offending churches, there have been numerous books documenting album cover art, particularly rock and jazz album covers. Alex Steinweiss was an art director and graphic designer who brought custom artwork to record album covers, magazine cover artists include Art Spiegelman, who modernized the look of The New Yorker magazine, and his predecessor Rea Irvin, who created the Eustace Tilly iconic character for the magazine. Sheet music cover artists include Frederick S. Manning, William Austin Starmer, other prolific artists included Albert Wilfred Barbelle, André De Takacs, and Gene Buck
34.
Photography
–
Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
35.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
36.
Phonograph record
–
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
37.
Trouser Press
–
Publication of the magazine ceased in 1984, although Trouser Press has continued to exist in various formats. The magazines original scope was British bands and artists, initial issues contained occasional interviews with major artists like Brian Eno and Robert Fripp and extensive record reviews. After 14 issues, the title was shortened to simply Trouser Press, as the 1970s music scene transformed, so did the magazines editorial focus. From 1976 on, Trouser Press frequently centered on the punk movements in both London and New York. In 1980, the magazine introduced America Underground, a column devoted to local music scenes from different areas of the country. By the early 1980s, the focus was almost exclusively on new wave, alternative rock. Starting in 1982, flexi-discs were included with issue, totaling 27 releases. As a concept, Trouser Press continued to evolve after the publication of the magazine ceased, in 1983, The Trouser Press Guide to New Wave Records, edited by Robbins, was published by Charles Scribners Sons. This final edition featured all-new entries on over 2,000 bands and reviews of approximately 8,500 records, trouserPress. com went online in August 2002
38.
Discogs
–
Discogs, short for discographies, is a website and crowdsourced database of information about audio recordings, including commercial releases, promotional releases, and bootleg or off-label releases. The Discogs servers, currently hosted under the domain name discogs. com, are owned by Zink Media, Inc. and are located in Portland, Oregon, US. While the site lists releases in all genres and on all formats, it is known as the largest online database of electronic music releases. Discogs currently contains over 8 million releases, by nearly 4 and he was inspired by the success of community-built sites such as Slashdot, eBay, and Open Directory Project, and decided to use this model for a music discography database. The sites original goal was to build the most comprehensive database of music, organized around the artists, labels. In 2003 the Discogs system was rewritten, and in January 2004 it began to support other genres. Since then, it has expanded to include rock and jazz in January 2005 and funk/soul, Latin, in January 2006 blues and non-music were added. On 30 June 2004, Discogs published a report, which included information about the number of its contributors and this report claimed that Discogs had 15,788 contributors and 260,789 releases. On 20 July 2007 a new system for sellers was introduced on the site called Market Price History. However, at the beginning of 2008, the Market Price History was also free of charge for all users. In late 2014, the company released two new beta websites, gearogs lets users add and track music equipment like synths, drum machines, and other electronic music making equipment. At the start of 2015, the company began another beta project — Bibliogs, users can submit information about their books, physical or electronic, different versions and editions, and also connect different credits to these books. 21,000 books were submitted by the end of 2016, the project remains in its beta phase. The license has since changed to a public domain one. Prior to the advent of this license and API, Discogs data was only accessible via the Discogs web sites HTML interface and was intended to be viewed only using web browsers, the HTML interface remains the only authorized way to modify Discogs data. On 7 June 2011 version 2 of the API was released, notable in this release was that a license key was no longer required, the default response was changed from XML to JSON, and the 5000 queries per day limit was removed. On 1 November 2011 a major update to version 2 of the API was released and this new release dropped support for XML, data is always returned in JSON format, however the monthly data dumps of new data are only provided in XML format. Additionally the Premium API service was dropped, on 24 June 2014 Discogs deprecated their XML API in lieu of a JSON-formatted API
