1.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
2.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
3.
Industrial metal
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Founding industrial metal acts include Ministry, Godflesh, and KMFDM. Industrial metal developed in the late 1980s, as industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre, in the early years of the 21st century, groups from the black metal scene began to incorporate elements of industrial music. Industrial metal did well in the early 1990s, particularly in North America, the industrial metal movement began to fade in the latter half of the 1990s. Though electric guitars had used by industrial artists since the early days of the genre. British post-punk band Killing Joke pioneered the crossing over between styles, and was an influence on industrial metal bands such as Ministry, Godflesh. Another pioneer industrial rock group, Big Black, also impacted some later groups, by the late 1980s industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre, with Godfleshs self-titled EP and Ministrys The Land of Rape and Honey at the forefront. Godflesh was founded by former Napalm Death guitarist Justin Broadrick, though not a top-seller, Godflesh nonetheless became an influential act, their name mentioned by Korn, Metallica, Danzig, Faith No More, and Fear Factory. Ministry emerged from the scene surrounding Wax Trax, Records, a Chicago label dedicated to industrial music. Ministrys initial foray into guitar rock happened during a session of The Land of Rape and Honey on Southern Studios. The bands frontman, the Cuban-born Al Jourgensen, explained this transition, after the release of Land, he recruited guitarist Mike Scaccia from Texas thrashers Rigor Mortis. On one occasion, Jourgensen told the press that Sepultura was his favorite band and he also expressed the desire to produce a Metallica album. German band KMFDM was another seminal industrial metal group, although not a metal fan, KMFDM leader Sascha Konietzkos infatuation with ripping off metal licks stemmed from his experiments with E-mus Emax sampler in late 1986. He told Guitar World that, A Swiss trio, The Young Gods, brushed with the style on their second album, the rivethead subculture also developed at this time, along with the so-called coldwave subgenre, which encompassed Chemlab,16 Volt, and Acumen Nation. Some electro-industrial groups adopted industrial metal techniques in this period, including Skinny Puppy, british band Pitchshifter, formed in 1989 by brothers Jon and Mark Clayden, also started as an industrial metal band. The band later included elements of drum and bass, frontman JS mentions Industrial metals popularity led a number of successful thrash metal groups, including Megadeth, Sepultura, and Anthrax, to request remixes by industrial artists. Some musicians emerging from the metal scene, such as Fear Factory, Nailbomb. Fear Factory, from Los Angeles, were influenced by the Earache roster. The German band Oomph. after their debut album Sperm started to play Industrial metal combined with elements of death metal, Sepultura singer Max Cavaleras Nailbomb, a collaboration with Alex Newport, also practiced a combination of extreme metal and industrial production techniques
4.
Earache Records
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Earache Records is an independent record label based in Nottingham, England and New York, United States. It helped to pioneer extreme metal by releasing many of the earliest grindcore, Earache was founded in 1985 by Digby Dig Pearson. In 1985, before adopting the name Earache Records, Pearson released Anglican Scrape Attic, the first official Earache release, on vinyl in 1987 and with the catalogue reference MOSH1, was The Accüseds The Return of Martha Splatterhead. This was followed by a split LP by the crust/crossover band Concrete Sox, the labels first release to gain attention outside the hardcore scene was MOSH3, Napalm Deaths Scum. The record did well, getting airplay on John Peels show on BBC Radio 1, the records failed to meet sales expectations, and the deal was cut off prematurely. Death metal experienced a commercial and critical slump in the mid-1990s, at this time, Pearson began to release techno records alongside extreme metal, some of which were moderately successful. Later releases include work by Deicide and by Californian rockers Adema, in early 2007 the label signed a distribution deal with EMI. The deal includes both digital and retail distribution of the labels releases, later on in the year, even though the band had split up months beforehand Earache brought the band over to the UK to play a farewell tour playing numerous dates around the UK and Ireland only. Earache have signed even more adventurous groups such as Ewigkeit in recent years. The original logo of Earache Records was designed by Jeffrey Walker, category, Earache Records albums List of record labels Official website Chronicles of Chaos interview with Digby Pearson
5.
Music for Nations
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Music for Nations is a British independent record label focusing mainly on rock and metal. It was a subsidiary of the larger label distributor Zomba Records, as Music For Nations grew, the company expanded its operation to include not just licensed acts from the USA, but its own signings. It released albums by artists including Paradise Lost, Opeth, Anathema, Cradle of Filth, Testament and countless other metal bands. As well as the metal bands Music For Nations went on to sign up. In 2004, the closed down. The companys catalogue — which had previously included titles from artists as varied as Lost Horizon, Tigertailz. In December 2011, The End Records signed a deal for 50 of Music for Nations catalog albums. They also intend to, in the spirit of the original purpose, sign original heavy talent for singles, EPs. List of record labels Official Website Music For Nations at Discogs. com
6.
Entertainment One Music
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Entertainment One Music, a primary division of Entertainment One, is an independent record label in the United States. It has garnered the most Billboard hits of any independently owned music label in history and it is also distributed by the Universal Music Group in Europe under the name eOne Universal. On January 22,2009, Koch Records was officially branded as E1 Music by parent company Entertainment One, E1 Entertainment acquired KOCH Entertainment in June 2005, and renamed the company E1 Music. Since its inception as KOCH Records, E1 Music has charted over 100 albums on Billboards Independent Chart, E1 Music has been the number one independent label according to Billboard for the last six years and quickly grew to become North Americas largest independently owned and distributed record label. E1 Music covers all genres from adult-contemporary to rock, hip hop/urban to country. E1 Music was formed in January 1987 as Koch Records to serve as the North American umbrella for Koch Entertainment. They would sign many country, classical, and rock acts including Ringo Starr, Joan Baez, Chris Brubeck, Bob James, the label soon began to gain ground on the other independent record labels in the United States. In the 2000s, they began to sign hip hop acts. They signed various distribution deals with labels like Open Bar Entertainment, Terror Squad, D-Block Records, in 2004, they were able to sign a deal with Snoop Dogg and his Doggystyle Records along with Mobb Deep. They hired Snoop Dogg on to head up their western spin off Koch West, Koch also added onto their roster, Camron and his Diplomat Records. Diplomat rapper, Jim Jones would rise to prominence on the label through the deal, Koch later signed Yonkers rapper, J-Hood and his label On Da Grind Ent. Koch has also had releases from 2Pac, Tha Dogg Pound, Kurupt, Daz Dillinger and Gangsta Advisory. In 2007, when they signed J-Hood they gave him a big position in their Koch East division, J-Hood never released this album and he was booted from D-Block. In 2007, they signed a deal with Foxy Brown and her Black Rose Entertainment, as well as with Ray J. Slim Thug was signed to the label along with his Boss Hoggs label in late 2005. Latin Thug Records was formed by CEO Reyes to build a business with his brother and acting VP of A&R Mellow Man Ace that would focus on releasing personal projects. The label represents the extended Latin Thug family, including projects from Sen and Mellow and collaborations with B Real, Soul Assassins. In March 2008, the company signed neo-soul singer Dwele to their lineup, in October 2008, they signed also pop-jazz singer Basia, and released her comeback album Its That Girl Again a year later. Koch Records also releases music, such as Pokémon, Barney, Sesame Street, The Wiggles
7.
Relapse Records
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Relapse Records is an American independent record label based in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. It was founded by Matthew F. Jacobson in 1990, the label features a large number of grindcore, death metal and sludge metal artists. The label was started by Matthew F. Jacobson in August,1990 in his parents basement in Aurora, after this, Jacobson became acquainted with William Yurkiewicz Jr. who became his partner in the record label. Yurkiewicz had founded his own label, which was soon to release albums from the bands General Surgery, Disrupt, Destroy, Misery. The two joined forces to create Relapse Records, aiming to release high-quality, professionally packaged extreme music, in 1991, the label moved their headquarters to Millersville, Pennsylvania. In 1992, the label expanded its range with the creation of its subsidiary label called Release Entertainment, which specializes in experimental, ambient, industrial, with continued growth came a mail-order/wholesale operation that soon became the largest underground distribution center for all things metal in the United States. The mail-order service carried an array of extreme music recordings and merchandise. Throughout the years Relapse has continued to grow and sign on more influential artists from a range of genres. In 1996, Relapse unveiled the Resound Music Resource Guide, Resound gave fans direct access to the labels roster through interviews and reviews, as well as being part mail-order catalog. In 1998, Relapse opened a office in Berlin, as well as establishing a German Distribution deal. In 2000, the relocated to Upper Darby, outside of Philadelphia. In June 2001, the label opened their first record store off of South Street in Philadelphia, in 2010, Relapse announced that they had done a deal with intellectual property lawyer Eric Greif and Perseverance Holdings Ltd. to take over the Death catalog and brand internationally. On August 5,2011, Relapse announced a pay what you want partnership with Moshpit Tragedy Records, the label specializes in various types of heavy metal. And video plays on TV music channels, along with some albums charting on the Billboard 200, the word has also been spread by the sponsorship of such festivals as the Milwaukee Metalfest. The officially licensed reissues the label has also released also adds many other genres into their style, list of record labels Relapse Records artists Official website Relapses entire back catalogue on Bandcamp
8.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
9.
Relativity Records
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Relativity Records, often self-identified as Relativity, was an American record label founded by Barry Kobrin at the site of his company, Important Record Distributors in metro New York. Early on, as a label, Relativity released music in a variety of styles, including dance, jazz, punk. As it grew and became associated with Sony Music Entertainment, it more known for its popular metal. Although it was established in 1985, there is evidence that the brand began c.1982 as an in-house IRD label. In the 1980s, Relativity was mostly focused on music, including heavy metal. Releases in this genre were split among Relativity and its sister labels Combat and In-Effect Records, around 1992, the label went under restructuring and did limited partnership deals with two regional independent hip hop record labels, Suave Records and Ruthless Records in 1995. Ed. IRD became Relativity Entertainment Distribution at some point and this company was renamed RED Distribution when acquired by Sony in 2007. List of record labels Bessman, Jim
10.
Napalm Death
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Napalm Death are a British grindcore band formed in Meriden, West Midlands, England, in 1981. The bands debut album Scum, released in 1987 by Earache Records, according to the Guinness World Records, their song You Suffer is the shortest song in the world, at only 1.316 seconds long. Napalm Death have released fifteen albums and are listed by Nielsen SoundScan as the seventh best-selling death metal band in the United States. Napalm Death were formed in the village of Meriden near Coventry, in the United Kingdom, in May 1981 by Nic Bullen and Miles Ratledge while the duo were still in their early teenage years. The duo had been playing in bands since 1980 as an extension of their fanzine writing. The band were inspired by the early wave of punk bands, particularly the anarcho-punk movement. The first stable line-up of the group consisted of Nicholas Bullen on vocals and bass, Simon Oppenheimer on guitar, and Miles Ratledge on drums, Graham Robertson joined on bass in January 1982. The band entered a period of hiatus from the end of 1983 onwards, Bullen joined Broadricks Final project for a period in 1983. In July 1985, Napalm Death briefly reformed in order to appear at a concert at the Mermaid in Birmingham which was notable as the last concert by Final. The group consisted of a 4-piece line-up of Miles Ratledge - drums, Bullen - vocals, bass and guitar, Graham Robertson - guitar and bass, and Damien Errington - guitar. After this concert, Miles Ratledge and Bullen asked Broadrick to join Napalm Death as guitarist, with Bullen as vocalist, the band began to develop a musical style which blended elements of post-punk, heavy hardcore punk in the vein of Discharge, and thrash metal. In September 1985, Peter Shaw joined on bass, the 4-piece line-up recorded Hatred Surge on 23 October 1985 which the band made available at their concerts and by mail. This recording later became the first side of the debut album Scum in 1987. The band then faced a number of line-up changes, Nic Bullen was becoming frustrated with the musical direction of the group, and began to lose interest as a whole, as a result, Jim Whiteley was asked to join as bass player. The band played a number of concerts as a four-piece before Justin Broadrick left the group to play the drums for local band Head of David, the group attempted to find a new guitarist by asking Shane Embury to join and giving a trial period to Frank Healy. After Broadricks departure, Nic Bullens dissatisfaction with the direction of the group led him to leave the group in December 1986. With the departure of Broadrick and Bullen, the band had to look for new members, guitarist Bill Steer played in a band based in Liverpool, called Carcass and given the affinity between the bands, he joined Napalm Death while still playing an active role in Carcass. The band asked a friend to join as vocalist due to his relationship with the band
11.
Jesu (band)
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Jesu is a British experimental band formed in 2003 by Justin Broadrick following the breakup of his band Godflesh. It is named after the last song on Hymns, the album of Godfleshs initial run. Jesus sound is layered and textured, incorporating a diverse mix of influences. Broadrick himself has stated that. its very loosely speaking pop/rock/metal/electronica, im intentionally writing what I consider to be coherent pop songs. Jesus first release, the Heart Ache EP, was released in 2004 and featured Broadrick performing all of the instruments and vocals alone. It was followed four months later by the full-length Jesu LP, a spring 2005 tour of Europe, in support of the album, featured Roderic Mounir of Knut filling in for Ted Parsons on drums. Commenting on the influences of the band, Broadrick said, I really wanted to take that rhythm and weld it to the Godflesh sensibilities of abstract, surreal. With their third release, 2006s four song Silver EP, Jesu took a more melodic and layered approach, the majority of this release features Broadrick and Dalton, with Parsons joining them for the title track. Broadrick and Dalton recorded the Sun Down / Sun Rise EP without Parsons for an April 23 release and this EP had already seen release in Japan where it had been packaged as a bonus CD for the Conqueror album. Jesu returned as an act with the release of a split 12 album with Eluvium. October 2007 saw the release of Pale Sketches, a collection of previously unreleased Jesu songs, performed entirely by Broadrick, the album was released on Broadricks own label, Avalanche. That same month, a four song EP titled Lifeline, once again featuring Broadrick as the member, was released by Hydra Head in the United States. The band made their United States live debut in March 2007 as an act for Isis. Neither Parsons nor Dalton were able to participate in the tour and were replaced by Danny Walker and long-time Broadrick collaborator Dave Cochrane. During this tour, Jesu also made their South by Southwest debut as part of a Hydra Head Records showcase, in late 2007, the band embarked on headlining tours of the United Kingdom, Japan, Europe and the United States. During this tour, Phil Petrocelli of Seattle band, Black Noise Cannon, Jesu released their second split release, this time with Japanese post-rock band, Envy, exclusively in Japan through Daymare Records on July 11,2008. On August 12,2008, a third split 12, this time with Battle of Mice, was engineered by Joel Hamilton, the album had originally been announced in 2006 but was delayed while awaiting cover art. On September 9,2008, Hydra Head released Why Are We Not Perfect, Daymare released the album, in Japan, with an additional third remix not available on the American release
12.
Justin Broadrick
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Justin Karl Michael Broadrick is a British singer, songwriter, guitarist and drummer. He was briefly in the English grindcore band Napalm Death when he was a teenager in the mid-1980s and he is best known as a founding member of the band Godflesh, one of the first bands to combine elements of extreme metal and industrial music. Broadrick has also maintained a career as a producer, producing records and remixes for groups such as Pantera, Isis, Mogwai. Broadrick has set up record labels such as HeadDirt, Avalanche Recordings, Post Mortem Productions, Lo Fibre, Broadrick was born on 15 August 1969, in the council estates of inner Birmingham. His mother is of German descent and was born in Bielefeld, to a British father who was a soldier in World War II and her family moved to England in 1953. For the first four years of his life, Broadrick was raised by his mother and stepfather in a commune in Shard End. During a period of addiction, Justins biological father was mostly absent from the family home. By the age of ten, Broadrick was surrounded by the punk-rock that his parents listened to, there was Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, but it was always the stuff that wasnt so standard that grabbed me. I was always playing things like Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music when I was about eight, stuff like Can, the weirdest parts of Pink Floyd, Hendrix, says Broadrick. The first thing I probably heard out of the house, when I was about 11 years old, was Crass, by the age of 12 I fell into early industrial music, stuff like Throbbing Gristle, Whitehouse. Broadrick began to play with his stepfathers guitar, who was then into Roxy Music, in 1982, he started his first musical project, the band Final with his friend Andy Swan, who had a synthesizer. The first name they went under was Atrocity Exhibition, named after a Joy Division track and their first recording was titled Live in the Studio, and was the first catalogued release on their cassette label Post Mortem Rekordings. Shortly after, the project was named Smear Campaign, after a Nocturnal Emissions track and this was the name they went under at their first live performance on 7 July 1984 in The Mermaid in Birmingham. Promptly after the show settled on the name Final. We were pretty heavily into the whole industrial tape culture and fanzines of the very early 80s, the project developed to embrace the power electronics subgenre of industrial music in 1983, releasing material on Post Mortem. I had about 50 Final releases over about a year and a half, other project names Broadrick recorded under included Last Exit, Crusade and Dead Pulp. In 1984 Broadrick joined the group Fall of Because as a drummer, the group recorded the Extirpate demo cassette in 1986, which contained a number of songs which were later re-worked as songs for Godflesh. The Life is Easy compilation album of demo and live recordings was released in 1999, Broadrick met Nicholas Bullen in 1985 at the flea market where he met Andy
13.
G. C. Green
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Ben George Christian G. C. Green is an English musician, best known as the co-founder and bass guitarist of the Birmingham-based industrial metal band, Godflesh. A native of Birmingham, Green was involved in the citys post-punk and goth scenes in early 1980s and was friends with musicians such as Paul Neville. He formed his first band, OPD, in 1982 with Neville, the band usually rehearsed at Greens house or Nevilles house. They changed their name to Fall Of Because after the Killing Joke song of the name in 1985. Initially they used a drum machine, with Neville playing guitar, and Green on bass and vocals. Green was also introduced to artists such as Throbbing Gristle, Whitehouse and SPK at this time. In 1986 they recorded a demo, Extirpate, at Rich Bitch studios in Birmingham, the band also played several gigs at The Mermaid public house in Birmingham with the likes of Napalm Death, Heresy, Amebix. In 1987 Broadrick left Fall of Because to join Head of David, after recording Godfleshs sixth album, Hymns, in October 2001, he left Godflesh. He was replaced by Prong bassist Paul Raven, nevertheless, the band disbanded in 2002 in the midst of their European tour. In following years, Green, who supported himself with various professions, Greens only solo album, I-VII, was released under his Vitriol moniker in 1998 through Neurot Recordings. Broadrick and Green reunited Godflesh in 2010 and started touring live, the bands seventh album and the first since the reunion, A World Lit Only by Fire, was released in 2014. Rob Haynes of The Quietus described Greens bass sound as like the noise a glacier might make as it ground a mountain to dust. Greens basslines were essential in Godfleshs music and freed up Broadrick to conjur the atmosphere with his guitar sound. Green also adapted his style to Godfleshs various influences, including music, dub, breakbeat. Green describes his sound as heavy, downtuned and driving and tunes his bass to B standard and he occasionally plays chords to give extra weight and depth and sometimes uses slapping to add a percussive tone and physicality
14.
Robert Hampson
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Joshua Robert Hampson is an English musician and composer, known primarily as a guitarist in the band Loop, which he co-founded in London in 1985 with his then-girlfriend Becky Bex Stewart. Loop recorded three albums, the last of which, A Gilded Eternity, made the UK album charts, following the bands breakup, Hampson formed the experimental project Main with Scott Dawson. After Loop disbanded, Hampson formed the more experimental Main with fellow Loop member Scott Dowson, releasing several albums and he was quoted in interviews as saying the guitar was a chain around his neck and he was unhappy to be so strongly associated with it still. He has also associated with like-minded organisations and institutes around the world. A planned Loop reunion later followed, in a statement by Hampson in April 2013, on Editions Mego Five Mountains of Fire / Antarctica Ends Here - Cindytalk / Robert Hampson 10-inch vinyl only, limited to 500 copies
15.
Bryan Mantia
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Bryan Kei Mantia, better known by his stage name Brain, is an American contemporary rock drummer and composer. He has played with such as Primus, Guns N Roses, Praxis, and Godflesh, and with other popular performers such as Tom Waits, Serj Tankian, Bill Laswell, Bootsy Collins. He has also done work for numerous artists and bands. The late 90s saw Mantia appear on releases by Godflesh and the instructional video Brains Lessons, Shredding Repis On the Gnar Gnar Rad, which includes the Ostinato and the Up Down Technique. The video is shot to look like a movie and includes many humorous moments including a sit down steak dinner with his parents right in the middle of Brain shredding on a toy drum set. As a parody of late 90s gangsta rap, the cover is done in a Pen & Pixel style similar to No Limit Records, although silly at times, the video is extremely informative for drummers looking to learn the hard grooves he is known for. Mantia appears on several songs on BTs 2003 release Emotional Technology as well BTs score for the 2003 film Monster, in the early summer of 2006, after four warm-up dates in New York City, Mantia toured Europe with Guns N Roses. On June 21,2006 it was announced he was taking a break from the GNR tour, in Brains absence replacement drummer Frank Ferrer has been performing in most of the bands shows. In the Fall of 2006, Ferrer was promoted to a member of the band. However, Axl Rose mentioned him working on things for the band during his interviews in December 2008. In the liner notes for GNRs 2008 album, Chinese Democracy, replacement drummer Frank Ferrer thanks Mantia, Brain, God bless you and your family. Ultimately, Brain only ended up making a guest appearance at Guns N Roses House of Blues West Hollywood show on March 12,2012 playing congas on Youre Crazy and Rocket Queen. Since his hiatus from GNR, Mantia has primarily focused on music behind the scenes as a composer and producer. Though in 2013/14 Mantia did a stint of drumming with band The Crystal Method for their new record, in 2010, along with Buckethead, they released the multi-CD sets Kind Regards and Best Regards. Other video games the duo worked on include, PlayStation Home, ModNation Racers, Twisted Metal, Fantasia, Music Evolved and Infamous and they also scored the films Detention and Power/Rangers. They have worked with video director Joseph Kahn on several television commercials, including NASCAR, SEAT. In addition, they scored a commercial for Johnnie Walker Blue which featured a computer-generated Bruce Lee and they also worked on several remixes of songs off of Chinese Democracy for a planned remix album. The two created a music album called Eclectic Cinema alongside former Guns N Roses guitarist Paul Tobias
16.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
17.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
18.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
19.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
20.
Industrial music
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Industrial music is a genre of experimental/electronic music that draws on transgressive or provocative sounds and themes. In general, the style is harsh and challenging, allMusic defines industrial as the most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music, initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments and punk provocation. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, musically and visually, such as fascism, serial killers and their production was not limited to music, but included mail art, performance art, installation pieces and other art forms. Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs, and philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche as influences. These artists expanded the genre by pushing it into noisier and more electronic directions, over time, its influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient and rock, all of which now fall under the post-industrial music label. Electro-industrial music is a subgenre that developed in the 1980s. These three distinct genres are often referred to as simply industrial, Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. Industrial music was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery, monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of the industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include The Velvet Underground, Joy Division, genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had a cassette library including recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Manson, and William S. Burroughs. P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as The Doors, Pearls Before Swine, The Fugs, Captain Beefheart, chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream. Boyd Rice was influenced by the music of 60s girl groups, Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerks Trans-Europe Express. Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick, Nurse with Wound cited a long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Daviss On the Corner, many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten, took inspiration from world music. Many of the industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians. Simon Reynolds declares that Being a Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism, John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, Friedrich Nietzsche, Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard, and Tristan Tzara. Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to the Marquis de Sade, another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork Music cites this album as inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, the album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrials use of non-musical sounds
21.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
22.
Dub music
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Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s, and is commonly considered a subgenre, though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae. Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo, reverb, panoramic delay, Dub was pioneered by Osbourne King Tubby Ruddock, Lee Scratch Perry, Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s. Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub, and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre, similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy. These producers, especially Ruddock and Perry, looked upon the mixing console as an instrument, manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different. Dub has influenced many genres of music, including rock, pop, hip hop, disco, and later house, techno, ambient, electronic dance music, the verb dub is defined as making a copy of one recording to another. The term dub had multiple meanings in Jamaica around the time of the musics origin, in concert, the order dub this one. Meant put an emphasis on bass and drums, drummer Sly Dunbar points to a similar interpretation, relating the term dubwise to using only drums and bass. Another possible source was the term dub plate, as suggested by Augustus Pablo, the word duppy also relates to dub through Jamaicas history of intra-racial terror, violence, and murder that is often overlooked in favor of Jamaican ideologies of racial solidarity. The ghosts of these victims, or duppies, are thought to be captured best within the dub instrumentals, a version is a record with the vocals removed, the alternative cut of a song made for the DJ to toast over. These versions were used as the basis of new songs by rerecording them with new elements, the instrumental tracks are typically drenched in sound effects such as echo, reverberation, with instruments and vocals dropping in and out of the mix. Another hallmark of the dub sound is the prominent use of bass guitar, the music sometimes features other noises, such as birds singing, thunder and lightning, water flowing, and producers shouting instructions at the musicians. It can be augmented by live DJs. There is usually an organic feel to the music, even though the effects are electronically created. Often these tracks are used for toasters rapping heavily rhymed and alliterative lyrics, in forms of sound system based reggae, the performer using a microphone is referred to as the DJ or deejay, and the person choosing the music and operating the turntables is called the selector. A major reason for producing multiple versions was economic, a producer could use a recording he owned to produce numerous versions from a single studio session. A version was also an opportunity for a producer or remix engineer to experiment, Dub music and toasting introduced a new era of creativity in reggae music. From their beginning, toasting and dub music developed together and influenced each other, in 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operator Rudolph Ruddy Redwood went to Duke Reids Treasure Isle studio to cut a one-off dub plate of The Paragons hit On The Beach. Engineer Byron Smith left the track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result
23.
Streetcleaner (album)
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Streetcleaner is the second release and the debut full-length album by British industrial metal band Godflesh. It was released on November 13,1989, on Earache Records, in 2017, the band released a live album playing Streetcleaner in its entirety. The album cover is a shot from the third scene in the movie Altered States. Streetcleaner was recorded in several sessions, the first five songs were recorded at Soundcheck in Birmingham, from May–August,1989. The next five songs were recorded at Square Dance in Derby in May,1989, the last four songs were originally recorded as the Tiny Tears EP, which the band wanted the label to release as their follow up to the Godflesh EP. Earache Records, however, pushed the band to record an album instead. The tracks were later appended as bonus tracks to the second CD issue of Streetcleaner. The sample used at the beginning of the track is taken from a recording of an interrogation of convicted serial killer Henry Lee Lucas. Streetcleaner was released on November 13,1989, on Earache Records and it was remastered and re-released on June 21,2010. This reissue includes a disc of bonus material, which is composed of alternate mixes, live excerpts, guitar and drum machine demo tracks. Streetcleaner received positive reviews, and was hailed as a creative masterpiece and he also stated that the band deliver everything with a pinpoint precision. In The New Metal Masters, H. P. Newquist and Rich Maloof wrote, Never before had one band incorporated metal, industrial, techno, and electronica into a single form—let alone one so sinister sounding. Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that while the vocals were typical of death metal, all tracks written by J. K. Broadrick and G. C. Green. Tracks 6 to 9 also written by Paul Neville, G. Christian Green – bass, production Paul Neville – guitar Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals, production Machine – rhythm Pete Gault – engineering Ric Peet – engineering
24.
Hip hop
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Hip hop is a subculture and art movement developed by African-Americans and Latinos from the inner-city South Bronx neighbourhood in New York City in the late 1970s. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc also played a key role in developing hip hop music, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Herc mixed samples of existing records and DJed percussion breaks, mixing this music with his own Jamaican-style toasting to rev up the crowd and dancers. These youths mixed these influences with existing musical styles associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s, Hip hop music became popular outside of the African-American community in the late 1980s, with the mainstream commercial success of gangsta rap. Critic Greg Tate described the hip hop movement as the only avant-garde still around, Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s. Sampling older culture and re-using it in a new context or a new format is called flipping in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted musical genres such as blues, jazz, rag-time, funk, cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them hip hoppers. The name was meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music. The song Rappers Delight, by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you dont stop. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called The Positive Life in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the hip hop. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to popularize the term. In the 1970s, an urban movement known as Hip Hop began to develop in the South Bronx in New York City. It focused on emceeing over breakbeats, house parties and neighbourhood block party events, Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Jamaican-born DJ Clive Kool Herc Cindy Campbell pioneered the use of DJing percussion breaks in hip hop music, beginning at Hercs home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of impromptu toasting, on August 11,1973 DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sisters back-to-school party
25.
Us and Them (Godflesh album)
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Us and Them is Godfleshs fifth album. It was released on May 17,1999, in Europe, as with Songs of Love and Hate, the album is influenced by breakbeats, drum and bass, industrial and hip hop. Frontman Justin Broadrick later admitted that he hated the album as it was the expression of an identity crisis, G. C. Green – bass Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals
26.
Hymns (Godflesh album)
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Hymns is Godfleshs sixth studio album. It was released on 23 October 2001, on Music for Nations and was their final album before breaking up in 2002, the album marks the debut of drummer Ted Parsons, and is the second Godflesh album with a drummer recorded live in the studio. It was also the bands first album to be recorded in a professional studio, Parsons later revealed that the band recorded in a professional studio due to label pressure, and described the decision as a mistake. The final song on the album, Jesu, became the name of Broadricks next project after he dissolved Godflesh on 10 April 2002, Hymns was released on 23 October 2001, on Music for Nations. A remastered version of Hymns containing bonus tracks was released on 19 February 2013, Justin Broadrick stated that Hymns was a reaction to the previous album, Us and Them, which he absolutely fucking hated because he lost sight of what Godflesh should be. In contrast, Broadrick described Hymns as a new beginning that was intended to counter the watered down rock associated with the nu metal genre. Credits for Hymns adapted from 2013 reissue liner notes, G. C. Green – bass Justin Broadrick – vocals, guitar, programming Ted Parsons – drums, percussion D Dalton - moog, shortwave on 13
27.
A World Lit Only by Fire (album)
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A World Lit Only by Fire is the seventh studio album by English industrial metal band Godflesh. It was released on 7 October 2014 through band leader Justin Broadricks own record label and it is the first studio album of new material Godflesh released in 13 years since Hymns. The track New Dark Ages was released for streaming on 5 August 2014, after disbanding in 2002, band leader Justin Broadrick formed bands Jesu and Greymachine, and released music under various monikers, including Final. The band released their first new recording in over 12 years through Decibel magazines Flexi Series, the band started working on the album in 2012. On 2 June 2014, Godflesh released the Decline & Fall EP, the album features an eight-string guitar. In an interview with the French radio station Le 106, Broadrick stated, I just think, like were playing these shows, we feel very pure about were doing and honoring the initial intentions with what we originally set out to do. Which, I think, like most bands and musicians and all the rest of it, by the time you get on to fourth album. It will definitely sound aggressive and it wont sound like any of the other records weve made. Conversely, in the interview, bass guitarist G. C. Green said. Also in an interview with Vice, Broadrick stated, Its certainly more like Streetcleaner than Hymns, a World Lit Only by Fire received rave reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 84. Gregory Heaney of Allmusic wrote that A World Lit Only by Fire makes it clear that Godflesh have a long, unfailing memory. Clash critic James Barry described the album as a record and stated, There’s nothing nostalgic here – it’s the sound of a band reborn. Wrote, Complete with bleak, nihilistic themes, A World Lit Only by Fire is every bit the record fans have been waiting over a dozen years for. Writing for The Guardian, Dom Lawson described the album as a sustained and hypnotic march through minimalist, post-Sabbath landscapes, pitchfork critic Jason Heller commented, As a whole, A World Lit Only by Fire represents music converted into motion—kinetic and mechanical, inexorable and inhuman. Heller also further stated, Godflesh, never a band, has never sounded so relentless. Zachary Houle wrote, A World Lit Only By Fire is revisionist industrial, Houle also further stated that the album basically rewrites the rule book for industrial. All songs written by Justin Broadrick and G. C. Green, Justin Broadrick – vocals, eight-string guitar, production G. C
28.
G.C. Green
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Ben George Christian G. C. Green is an English musician, best known as the co-founder and bass guitarist of the Birmingham-based industrial metal band, Godflesh. A native of Birmingham, Green was involved in the citys post-punk and goth scenes in early 1980s and was friends with musicians such as Paul Neville. He formed his first band, OPD, in 1982 with Neville, the band usually rehearsed at Greens house or Nevilles house. They changed their name to Fall Of Because after the Killing Joke song of the name in 1985. Initially they used a drum machine, with Neville playing guitar, and Green on bass and vocals. Green was also introduced to artists such as Throbbing Gristle, Whitehouse and SPK at this time. In 1986 they recorded a demo, Extirpate, at Rich Bitch studios in Birmingham, the band also played several gigs at The Mermaid public house in Birmingham with the likes of Napalm Death, Heresy, Amebix. In 1987 Broadrick left Fall of Because to join Head of David, after recording Godfleshs sixth album, Hymns, in October 2001, he left Godflesh. He was replaced by Prong bassist Paul Raven, nevertheless, the band disbanded in 2002 in the midst of their European tour. In following years, Green, who supported himself with various professions, Greens only solo album, I-VII, was released under his Vitriol moniker in 1998 through Neurot Recordings. Broadrick and Green reunited Godflesh in 2010 and started touring live, the bands seventh album and the first since the reunion, A World Lit Only by Fire, was released in 2014. Rob Haynes of The Quietus described Greens bass sound as like the noise a glacier might make as it ground a mountain to dust. Greens basslines were essential in Godfleshs music and freed up Broadrick to conjur the atmosphere with his guitar sound. Green also adapted his style to Godfleshs various influences, including music, dub, breakbeat. Green describes his sound as heavy, downtuned and driving and tunes his bass to B standard and he occasionally plays chords to give extra weight and depth and sometimes uses slapping to add a percussive tone and physicality
29.
Public housing in the United Kingdom
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Public housing in the United Kingdom provides the largest proportion of rented accommodation in the country. Houses built for public or social housing use are built by local authorities, before 1865 housing for the poor was provided solely by the private sector. Council houses were built on estates, where frequently other amenities like schools. From the 1950s blocks of flats and three or four blocks of maisonnettes were widely built too. Flats and houses were built in mixed estates. Council homes were built to supply uncrowded, well-built homes on secure tenancies at reasonable rents to primarily working-class people, Public housing in the mid-20th century included many large suburban council estates and numerous urban developments featuring tower blocks. Many of these developments did not live up to the hopes of their supporters, in 1979, the role of council housing was to change. Housing stock has sold off through Right to Buy legislation. A substantial part of the UK population still lives in council housing, approximately 55% of the countrys social housing stock is owned by local authorities, and 45% by housing associations. In Scotland, council estates are known as schemes, the history of public housing is the history of the housing of the poor. Even that statement is controversial, as before 1890 the state was not involved in housing policy, Public housing became needed to provide homes fit for heroes in 1919, then to enable slum clearance. Standards were set to high quality homes. The Labour government of Harold Wilson built houses and flats to the point where there was a surplus in the late 1960s. The documented history of housing in Britain starts with almshouses which were established from the 10th century, to provide a place of residence for poor, old. The first recorded almshouse was founded in York by King Æthelstan, the public workhouse was the final fall back solution for the destitute. Rural poverty had been increased by the Enclosure Acts leaving many in need of assistance. This was divided into outside relief, or handouts to keep the family together, the workhouse provided for two groups of people - the transient population roaming the country looking for seasonal work, and the long-term residents. The two were kept separate where possible, the City of London Corporation built tenements in the Farringdon Road in 1865, but this was an isolated instance
30.
Drum machine
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A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
31.
Killing Joke
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Killing Joke are an English rock band formed in October 1978 in Notting Hill, London, England. The original line-up included Jaz Coleman, Paul Ferguson, Geordie Walker and their first album, Killing Joke, was released in 1980. After the release of Revelations in 1982, bassist Youth was replaced by Paul Raven, the band achieved mainstream success in 1985 with both the album Night Time and the single Love Like Blood. Killing Joke have influenced later bands and artists, such as Metallica, Nine Inch Nails. Coleman and Geordie have been the only constant members of the band, Paul Ferguson was the drummer in the band of Mataya Clifford when he met Jaz Coleman in Notting Hill, London. In October 1978, after Coleman was briefly the keyboard player in that band, he and they placed an advertisement in Melody Maker which attracted guitarist Geordie Walker and bassist Martin Youth Glover. Coleman said their manifesto at the time was to define the exquisite beauty of the age in terms of style, sound. Coleman gave an explanation concerning their name, The killing joke is like when people watch something like Monty Python on the television and laugh and its like a soldier in the first world war. Hes in the trench, he knows his life is gone, and then suddenly he realises that some cunt back in Westminsters got him sussed - What am I doing this for. I dont want to kill anyone, Im just being controlled, the band played a debut gig on 4 August 1979 at Cheltenham Witcombe Lodge supporting The Ruts and The Selecter. G. Records with a distribution through Polydor from 1980, the songs on Killing Jokes early singles were primitive, sparsely produced punk rock, sometimes mixed with electronic sounds and, on the first EP, dub features. Turn to Red came to the attention of legendary DJ John Peel, an NME concert review said that their sound is a bit like early Banshees without the thrilling, amoral imagination. The songs on the Wardance/Pssyche single were described as dance music by the press. The band had changed their sound into something denser, more aggressive and their debut album, Killing Joke, was released in September, the band had considered calling it Tomorrows World. The press started to criticize them for the lack of new material appearing on the B-sides of singles, the group preferred to carry on working into the studio and released Whats THIS For. just nine months after Killing Joke, in June 1981. They hired sound engineer Nick Launay, who had recorded with PiL. They toured extensively throughout the UK during this time, and both fans of post-punk and heavy metal took interest in Killing Joke via singles such as Follow the Leaders, Killing Joke also became notorious largely due to the controversies that arose from their imagery. The images that appeared on their records and stage set were often bizarre and potentially shocking, critics noted the bands black humour and the use of musical and visual shock tactics to create a reaction
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What's THIS For...!
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Whats THIS For. is the second studio album by English rock band Killing Joke. It was released in June 1981 by record label E. G, like Killing Jokes previous, self-titled album, Whats THIS For. was self-produced by the band. It was co-produced by Nick Launay and Hugh Padgham, Launay, Padghams assistant at that time, finished the album after an altercation resulting in damage to the mixing desk caused Padgham to leave before the album was mixed. Launay continued to work under the bands direction, Whats THIS For. was released in June 1981 by E. G. It reached No.42 in the UK Albums Chart, one single was released from the album, a double A-side 7 of Follow the Leaders and Tension. The 10 version included Follow the Leaders and it reached No.55 on the UK singles chart in May 1981. A remastered version with three tracks was released in 2005. Whats THIS For. was generally received by critics. Trouser Press described the album as nearly as terrific as their album, bringing funk to ambient music. Paste magazines Josh Jackson listed the album at No.48 on his list of The 50 Best Post-Punk Albums, all tracks written by Killing Joke. The 1981 cassette featured the titles This Is Madness and Its Very Nice instead of Madness and Unspeakable, respectively
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Aleister Crowley
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Aleister Crowley was an English occultist, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist, and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century, a prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life. Born to a wealthy Plymouth Brethren family in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire and he was educated at the University of Cambridge, where he focused his attentions on mountaineering and poetry, resulting in several publications. Some biographers allege that here he was recruited into a British intelligence agency, in 1898 he joined the esoteric Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, where he was trained in ceremonial magic by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and Allan Bennett. Moving to Boleskine House by Loch Ness in Scotland, he went mountaineering in Mexico with Oscar Eckenstein, before studying Hindu and Buddhist practices in India. Announcing the start of the Æon of Horus, The Book declared that its followers should Do what thou wilt, in 1907, he and George Cecil Jones co-founded a Thelemite order, the A∴A∴, through which they propagated the religion. Thelemite groups were established in Britain, Australia, and North America, in 1920 he established the Abbey of Thelema, a religious commune in Cefalù, Sicily where he lived with various followers. His libertine lifestyle led to denunciations in the British press, and he divided the following two decades between France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema until his death. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual and he was denounced in the popular press as the wickedest man in the world and a Satanist. Crowley has remained an influential figure over Western esotericism and the counter-culture. In 2002, a BBC poll ranked him as the seventy-third greatest Briton of all time, Crowley was born as Edward Alexander Crowley at 30 Clarendon Square in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, on 12 October 1875. His father, Edward Crowley, was trained as an engineer and his mother, Emily Bertha Bishop, came from a Devonshire-Somerset family and had a strained relationship with her son, she described him as the Beast, a name that he revelled in. The couple had married at Londons Kensington Registry Office in November 1874. Crowleys father was particularly devout, spending his time as a preacher for the sect and reading a chapter from the Bible to his wife. Following the death of their daughter in 1880, in 1881 the Crowleys moved to Redhill. At the age of 8, Crowley was sent to H. T, habershons evangelical Christian boarding school in Hastings, and then to Ebor preparatory school in Cambridge, run by the Reverend Henry dArcy Champney, whom Crowley considered a sadist. In March 1887, when Crowley was 11, his father died of tongue cancer, Crowley described this as a turning point in his life, and he always maintained an admiration of his father, describing him as his hero and his friend. Inheriting a third of his fathers wealth, he began misbehaving at school and was punished by Champney
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Swans (band)
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Swans are an American experimental rock band formed in 1982 by singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Michael Gira. Since 1990, all Swans records have been released through Giras own label, Michael Gira has repeatedly stated he took the moniker Swans as it described the sound he wanted best. Giras summation of the name follows along the lines of, Swans are majestic, jon Tessler also played percussion and tape loops. Hanels only recordings with the group are on the compilation Body to Body, Job to Job, Kane stated that Sue was the most fearsome guitarist wed ever heard in New York. Hanel did not stay long in the group, and by the time of their recording debut she had replaced by Bob Pezzola. This lineup of the group also featured saxophonist Daniel Galli-Duani, who had played with Kane as the avant-garde duo Transmission. The debut EP, Swans, released on Labor, is different from anything they would do later. The plodding tempos and distorted, detuned guitar work is reminiscent of such post-punk outfits as Joy Division, Kane compares Swans to blues icon Chester Burnett, a. k. a. Some similarities worth noting—the music of early Swans was often based on a single riff, some of Burnetts songs—especially the songs penned by Burnett himself—have a similar structure and quality. Their early music was typified by slow and grinding guitar noise, critics have described Swans early recordings as aggressive beyond words. Their first full-length release, Filth, featured driving, choppy rhythms, Filth was the first album to feature guitarist Norman Westberg, who would play a vital role in much of Swans music and would feature on every subsequent studio album apart from Love of Life. Cop and the originally untitled Young God EP were both released in 1984 and re-released together on CD in 1992, Young God has been known by several names, usually by one of its two A-sides, such as I Crawled or, notoriously, as Raping a Slave. This release is often confused with their self-titled debut, the music continues in the same vein as Filth, and is again vaguely reminiscent of heavy metal music played in extreme slow motion. Swans were, in this era, Gira on vocals, Westberg on guitar, Harry Crosby on bass guitar, Giras vocals had changed slightly, becoming slowly more melodic, although the snarl still remained. Some of the songs on the EP, particularly Young God and I Crawled, have a vocal melody, if rudimentary. Young God is considered by many to be the best of their releases for this reason. Justin Broadrick shared this impression of the group, One of the trademarks of Swans early period was playing at painfully loud volumes during concerts and this lent a reputation to the name Swans which was one of the contributing factors in Giras retirement of the band in 1997. Since Swans re-formation, Gira has made a point of maintaining the intensity of their live show and he has also sometimes turned off the air conditioning before Swans performed and compared the experience to a Native American sweat lodge
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Sonic Youth
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Sonic Youth was an American rock band from New York City, formed in 1981. In their early career Sonic Youth were associated with the no wave art, the band is considered to be a pivotal influence on the alternative and indie rock movements. In 2011 Ranaldo announced that the band was ending for a following the separation of married couple Gordon. Thurston Moore updated and clarified the position in May 2014, Sonic Youth is on hiatus, the band is a democracy of sorts, and as long as Kim and I are working out our situation, the band can’t really function reasonably. Gordon refers several times in her 2015 autobiography Girl in a Band to the band having split up. Shortly after guitarist Thurston Moore moved to New York City in early 1977, he formed a group, Room Tone, with his roommates, after the breakup of the Coachmen, Moore began jamming with Stanton Miranda, whose band, CKM, featured Kim Gordon. Moore and Gordon formed a band, appearing under names like Male Bonding and Red Milk, the name came from combining the nickname of MC5s Fred Sonic Smith with Youth from reggae artist Big Youth. Gordon later recalled that as soon as Thurston came up with the name Sonic Youth, the band played Noise Fest in June 1981 at New Yorks White Columns gallery, where Lee Ranaldo was playing as a member of Glenn Brancas electric guitar ensemble. Their performance impressed Moore, who described them as the most ferocious guitar band that I had ever seen in my life, the new threesome played three songs at the festival later in the week without a drummer. Each band member took turns playing the drums, until they met drummer Richard Edson, Branca signed Sonic Youth as the first act on his record label Neutral Records. In December 1981 the group recorded five songs in a studio in New Yorks Radio City Music Hall, the material was released as the Sonic Youth that, while largely ignored, was sent to a few key members of the US press, who gave it uniformly favorable reviews. After their first release, Edson quit the group for a career and was replaced by Bob Bert. During their early days as part of the New York music scene, the bands came to share the same rehearsal space, and Sonic Youth embarked on its first tour, a two-week journey through the southern United States starting in November 1982, supporting Swans. During a second tour with Swans of the Midwest the following month, tensions ran high and Moore constantly criticized Berts drumming, Bert was fired afterwards and replaced by Jim Sclavunos, who played drums on the bands first studio album, 1983s Confusion Is Sex. Sonic Youth set up a tour of Europe for the summer of 1983. Sclavunos, however, quit after only a few months, the group asked Bert to rejoin, and he agreed, on the condition that he would not be fired again after the tours conclusion. Sonic Youth found themselves well received in Europe, but the New York press largely ignored the noise rock scene. After a substandard September concert in New York, another critic from The Village Voice panned it, Gordon wrote a scornful letter to the newspaper, criticizing it for not supporting its local music scene, to which Christgau responded by saying they are not obligated to support them
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Discharge (band)
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Discharge are a British rock band formed in 1977 by Terence Tezz Roberts and Royston Rainy Wainwright. The band is characterized by an approach of music and lyrics. Heavy, distorted, and grinding guitar-driven sound and raw, shouted vocals similar to a speech, with lyrics on anarchist and pacifist themes. In the early 1980s, numerous singles and EPs placed in the top 10 of the UK Indie Charts, including the 1981 EP Why. and the 1982 single State Violence State Control. Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing paved the way for metal, black metal, crust punk, grindcore. Discharges influence on metal is incalculable and metal superstars such as Metallica, Anthrax. The musical genre of d-beat is named after Discharge and their distinctive drumbeat, Discharge was formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent by Terence Tez Roberts and Royston Rainy Wainwright. They soon recruited Robertss younger brother Anthony Bones Roberts on lead guitar, Nigel Bamford on bass, the musical style of the band was initially influenced by 1977-era punk bands such as the Sex Pistols, The Damned and The Clash. Engaging Tanya Rich as their manager, the recorded their first demo, supported bands such as The Ruts, The Clash and The Damned at The Victoria Hall, Hanley. Atkinson left later that year, followed by Bamford, and the band recruited their roadie Kelvin Cal Morris as vocalist, moving Terry Roberts to drums, with Morriss addition, the group abandoned their previous Sex Pistols-influenced material and developed a new set of songs with a retooled sound. Anthony Roberts played guitar with a heavy, distorted, and grinding style, the tempo of the bands songs also steadily increased over the next year or so. The stylistic transition made by the band was part of a trend in the early 1980s in the UK. The band also expressed its political and social themes in its albums artwork, one of the notable images is the Impaled Dove artwork from a Second World War anti-war poster, which depicts a dove impaled on a bayonet. The first gig with this new line-up and new sound was at Northwood Parish Hall, among the audience was local record shop owner Mike Stone, who ran the Clay Records punk record label. The band also performed their first shows outside of Stoke-on-Trent in 1980, playing in Leicester, Preston, ellesmere did not stay long, and the band replaced him with Garry Maloney of The Varukers on drums. Gave the band their first UK indie number one, Discharge. developed a brutal, extremist approach to punk that would give rise to thrash. The reviewer notes that instead of creating a melody, vocalist Cal’s grunting shout. blends in with the rhythm, Cals lyrics and singing were. short bursts of brutal sloganeering that made no concessions to melody or meter. Vocals that death metal and grindcore later used, the Punknews. org reviewer argues that the early 1981 EP Why. revolutionized everything
