1.
Fred Ray
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His cover of Superman #14 is one of comics most famous. Fred Ray was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and began his career still in high school, influenced by the works of such artists as Howard Pyle, W. H. D. Koerner, Frederick Gruger. He later studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, at 20, he broke into National Comics, the future DC Comics, with illustrations for two-page text features in Detective Comics #45 and More Fun Comics #61. He penciled and inked his first feature with the six-page Radio Squad story Murder in the Street, by writer Jerry Siegel and he continued with that detective feature in most issues through #72. Ray debuted as the Superman cover artist with the one-shot promotional giveaway Supermans Christmas Adventure and his redesign of the S symbol on Supermans costume became one of the defining features of the characters look during the 1930s to 1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Ray drew only one Superman story, the 12-page I Sustain the Wings, in Superman #25, written by Mort Weisinger while he and it was reprinted as the lead feature in DC100 Page Super Spectacular #DC-18. His cover of Superman #14 is one of comics most famous, Ray also drew occasional Batman covers for Detective Comics and Batman, and various heroes for covers of the anthology titles Star Spangled Comics and Worlds Finest Comics. Ray wrote and drew the jungle-adventure feature Congo Bill in DCs Action Comics, beginning with #39, as well as the Revolutionary War-era feature Tomahawk, Ray also drew the feature in the solo series Tomahawk that began running simultaneously in late 1950. As well, for a time in 1946, he drew the Sunday edition of the Batman newspaper comic strip distributed by the McClure Syndicate. Ray continued drawing Tomahawk tales for more than two decades, through at least Tomahawk #119, with work appearing in some issues afterward. In 1969, he began drawing and occasionally scripting anthological war-comics stories in DCs G. I. Combat, Our Fighting Forces, and Our Army at War, rays last known comics work was the eight-page anthological story The Lost Battle, written by Bob Haney, in Tomahawk #139. Ray, an authority on military uniforms of the Revolutionary War and a consultant to the Smithsonian Institution, also wrote books on American history, including Oh, Say, Can You See, and Alfred R. He drew covers and interior art for magazines including Historical Times, True Frontier, The West and Yank and he was living in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, at the time of his death at age 80. Fred Ray at the Comic Book DB
2.
Silver Age of Comic Books
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The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and commercial success in mainstream American comic books, predominantly those in the superhero genre. The popularity and circulation of books about superheroes declined following World War II. However, controversy arose over alleged links between comic books and juvenile delinquency, focusing in particular on crime and horror titles, in 1954, publishers implemented the Comics Code Authority to regulate comic content. In the wake of changes, publishers began introducing superhero stories again. In response to demand, DC began publishing more superhero titles including Justice League of America. Silver Age comics have become collectible, with a copy of Amazing Fantasy #15, Comics historian and movie producer Michael Uslan traces the origin of the Silver Age term to the letters column of Justice League of America #42, which went on sale December 9,1965. Letter-writer Scott Taylor of Westport, Connecticut wrote, If you guys keep bringing back the heroes from the Golden Age, according to Uslan, the natural hierarchy of gold-silver-bronze, as in Olympic medals, took hold. Fans immediately glommed onto this, refining it more directly into a Silver Age version of the Golden Age, very soon, it was in our vernacular, replacing such expressions as. Second Heroic Age of Comics or The Modern Age of comics and it wasnt long before dealers were. Specifying it was a Golden Age comic for sale or a Silver Age comic for sale, a number of major superheroes were created during this period, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Captain Marvel, and Captain America. In subsequent years comics were blamed for a rise in crime statistics. The result was a decline in the comics industry, to address public concerns, in 1954 the Comics Code Authority was created to regulate and curb violence in comics, marking the start of a new era. The Silver Age began with the publication of DC Comics Showcase #4, at the time, only three superheroes—Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman—were still published under their own titles. According to DC comics writer Will Jacobs, Superman was available in great quantity, editor Julius Schwartz, writer Gardner Fox, and artist Carmine Infantino were some of the people behind the Flashs revitalization. Robert Kanigher wrote the first stories of the revived Flash, with the success of Showcase #4, several other 1940s superheroes were reworked during Schwartz tenure, including Green Lantern, the Atom, and Hawkman, as well as the Justice League of America. The DC artists responsible included Murphy Anderson, Gil Kane and Joe Kubert, in the mid-1960s, DC established that characters appearing in comics published prior to the Silver Age lived on a parallel Earth the company dubbed Earth-Two. Characters introduced in the Silver Age and onward lived on Earth-One and it was established that the two realities were separated by a vibrational field that could be crossed, should a storyline involve superheroes from different worlds teaming up. Unsuccessful attempts to revive the superhero archetypes popularity include Captain Comet, supermouse and Mighty Mouse were published continuously in their own titles from the end of the Golden Age through the beginning of the Silver Age
3.
American comic book
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An American comic book is a thin periodical, typically 32-pages, containing primarily comics content. While the form originated in 1933, American comic books first gained popularity after the 1938 publication of Action Comics and this was followed by a superhero boom that lasted until the end of World War II. After the war, while superheroes were marginalized, the book industry rapidly expanded, and genres such as horror, crime. The 1950s saw a decline, due to a shift away from print media in the wake of television. The late 1950s and the 1960s saw a revival. Since the later 20th century, comic books have gained note as collectable items, Comic shops cater to fans, and particularly valuable issues have fetched in excess of a million dollars. Systems of grading comic books have emerged with plastic sleeves and cardboard backing available to maintain the condition of comic books, standard comics are 6.625 inches ×10.25 inches and about 32 pages long. While comics can be the work of a creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be a writer and artist, or there may be separate artists for the characters. The process begins with the coming up with an idea or concept, then working it into a plot and story. After the art production, letters are placed on the page, the creative team, the writers and artists, may work with a comic book publisher for help with marketing, advertising, and other logistics. A distributor like Diamond Comic Distributors, the largest in the U. S. helps to distribute the product to retailers. Another part of the involved in successful comics is the interaction between the readers/fans and the creator. Fan art and letters to the editor were printed in the back of the book until the early 21st century. Comic specialty stores did help encourage several waves of independently-produced comics, the development of the modern American comic book happened in stages. The G. W. Dillingham Company published the first known proto-comic-book magazine in the U. S, the Yellow Kid in McFaddens Flats, in 1897. The 196-page, square-bound, black-and-white publication, which also includes text by E. W. Townsend, measured 5×7 inches. The neologism comic book appears on the back cover, despite the publication of a series of related Hearst comics soon afterward, the first monthly proto-comic book, Embee Distributing Companys Comic Monthly, did not appear until 1922
4.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
5.
Superhero
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A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine. Fiction centered on characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s, is known as superhero fiction. By most definitions, characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes, some superheroes use their powers to counter daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superheros archenemy, some long-running superheroes such as Iron Man, Captain America, Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Spider-Man have a rogues gallery of many villains. The word superhero dates to at least 1917, antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood, who adventured in distinctive clothing. The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger, during the 1940s there were many superheroes, and only a few of these were female. The Flash, Green Lantern and Blue Beetle debuted in this era, most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers. The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, is Wonder Woman, inspired by the Amazons of Greek mythology, she was created by psychologist William Moulton Marston, with help and inspiration from his wife Elizabeth and their mutual lover Olive Byrne. Wonder Womans first appearance was in All Star Comics #8, published by All-American Publications, in 1952, Osamu Tezukas manga Tetsuwan Atom was published. The series focused upon a robot boy built by a scientist to replace his deceased son, the 1950s saw the Silver Age of Comics. During this era DC introduced the likes of Batwoman in 1956, Supergirl, Miss Arrowette,1958 saw the debut of superhero Moonlight Mask on Japanese television. In 1963, Astro Boy was adapted into a highly influential anime television series, Phantom Agents in 1964 focused on ninjas working for the Japanese government and would be the foundation for Sentai-type series. Another important event was the debut of Mazinger Z by Go Nagai, Go Nagai also wrote the manga Cutey Honey in 1973, although the Magical Girl genre already existed, Nagais manga introduced Transformation sequences that would become a staple of Magical Girl media. The dark Skull Man manga would later get a television adaptation, the protagonist was redesigned resemble a grasshopper, becoming the renowned first masked hero of the Kamen Rider series. Kamen Rider is a motorcycle riding hero in an insect-like costume, both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics, and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. In 1975 Shotaro Ishinomoris Himitsu Sentai Gorenger debuted on what is now TV Asahi, it brought the concepts of multi-colored teams, in 1978, Toei adapted Spider-Man into a live-action series. In subsequent decades, popular characters like Dazzler, She-Hulk, Elektra, Catwoman, Witchblade, Spider-Girl, Batgirl, volume 4 of the X-Men comic book series featured an all-female team as part of the Marvel NOW. branding initiative in 2013
6.
Superman
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Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school living in Cleveland, Ohio. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and The Last Son of Krypton. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple, the child is raised as Clark Kent, very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities, which, upon reaching maturity, he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a secret Superman identity. Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis, as Clark Kent, he is a journalist for the Daily Planet, a Metropolis newspaper. Supermans love interest is generally Lois Lane, and his archenemy is supervillain Lex Luthor and he is typically a member of the Justice League and close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman. Like other characters in the DC Universe, several versions of Superman have been depicted over the years. Supermans appearance is distinctive and iconic, he wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest, consisting of the letter S in a shield shape. This shield is used in media to symbolize the character. Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon and he has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the characters impact and role in the United States and worldwide. The characters ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel, the character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well, including films, television series, and video games. Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Siegels fanzine did not sell well. Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips, which they self-published in a book they called Popular Comics, the pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines. The art quality standards were lower, making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster. In early 1933 or in 1934, Siegel developed a new character, also named Superman, but now a heroic character and this first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing. Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley, a character they created in 1936. Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip, the first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago, after having read one of their comic books, Detective Dan
7.
Batman
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Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, originally named the Bat-Man, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the Worlds Greatest Detective. Batmans secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, after witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne as a child, he swore vengeance against criminals, an oath tempered by a sense of justice. Wayne trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime, Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City, with assistance from various supporting characters, including his butler Alfred, police commissioner Gordon, and vigilante allies such as Robin. A large assortment of villains make up Batmans rogues gallery, including his archenemy, Batman became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title, Batman, the following year. As the decades went on, differing interpretations of the character emerged, the late 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with the character for years after the show ended. Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots, the success of Warner Bros. live-action Batman feature films have helped maintain the publics interest in the character. The character has also intrigued psychiatrists, with trying to understand the characters psyche. In 2015, FanSided ranked Batman as number one on their list of 50 Greatest Super Heroes In Comic Book History. Kevin Conroy, Bruce Greenwood, Peter Weller, Anthony Ruivivar, Jason OMara, Batman has been portrayed in both film and television by Lewis Wilson, Robert Lowery, Adam West, Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, George Clooney, Christian Bale, and Ben Affleck. In early 1939, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at National Comics Publications to request more superheroes for its titles, in response, Bob Kane created the Bat-Man. Collaborator Bill Finger recalled that Kane had an idea for a character called Batman, I went over to Kanes, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of. Reddish tights, I believe, with boots, with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign, the bat-wing-like cape was suggested by Bob Kane, inspired by Leonardo Da Vincis sketch of an ornithopter flying device as a child. Finger suggested giving the character a cowl instead of a domino mask, a cape instead of wings. Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the secret identity, Bruce Waynes first name came from Robert Bruce. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry, I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism
8.
Captain Marvel (DC Comics)
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Captain Marvel, also known as Shazam, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939, Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics #2, published by Fawcett Comics. Based on book sales, the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s, Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other Marvels, primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. who can harness Billys powers as well. Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film, Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953, partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics, alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman. In 1972, DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett, by 1991, DC had acquired all rights to the characters. DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times, DC later officially renamed the character Shazam when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011. In addition, since 1972, the character has featured in two television series adaptations, one live action and one animated, by Filmation, and an upcoming Warner Bros. Feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe, Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine. IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time, UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment, saying, At his best, Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy, goofy fun. Fawcett Comics executive director Ralph Daigh decided it would be best to combine the team of six into one hero who would embody all six powers, Parker responded by creating a character he called Captain Thunder. Staff artist Charles Clarence C. C. Beck was recruited to design and illustrate Parkers story, rendering it in a direct, somewhat cartoony style that became his trademark. When Bill Parker and I went to work on Fawcett’s first comic book in late 1939, we both saw how poorly written and illustrated the superhero comic books were, Beck told an interviewer. The first issue of the book, printed as both Flash Comics #1 and Thrill Comics #1, had a low-print run in the fall of 1939 as an ashcan copy created for advertising. Shortly after its printing, however, Fawcett found it could not trademark Captain Thunder, Flash Comics, or Thrill Comics, because all three names were already in use. Consequently, the book was renamed Whiz Comics, and Fawcett artist Pete Costanza suggested changing Captain Thunders name to Captain Marvelous, the word balloons in the story were re-lettered to label the hero of the main story as Captain Marvel. Whiz Comics #2 was published in late 1939, inspiration for Captain Marvel came from a number of sources. His visual appearance was modeled after that of Fred MacMurray, a popular American actor of the period, Fawcett Publications founder, Wilford H. Fawcett, was nicknamed Captain Billy, which inspired the name Billy Batson as well as Marvels title. Fawcetts earliest magazine was titled Captain Billys Whiz Bang, which inspired the title Whiz Comics, in addition, Fawcett took several of the elements that had made Superman the first popular comic book superhero and incorporated them into Captain Marvel
9.
Captain America
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Captain America is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 from Timely Comics, Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics most popular character during the wartime period. The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the Captain America comic book was discontinued in 1950, since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964, Captain America has remained in publication. Captain America wears a costume that bears an American flag motif, near the end of the war, he was trapped in ice and survived in suspended animation until he was revived in the present day. Captain America was the first Marvel Comics character to have appeared in media outside comics with the release of the 1944 movie serial, in 1940, writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume. I wrote the name Super American at the bottom of the page, Simon said in his autobiography, there were too many Supers around. Captain America had a sound to it. There werent a lot of captains in comics, the boy companion was simply named Bucky, after my friend Bucky Pierson, a star on our high school basketball team. Simon recalled in his autobiography that Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman gave him the go-ahead, there were two young artists from Connecticut that had made a strong impression on me. Al Avison and Al Gabriele often worked together and were successful in adapting their individual styles to each other. Actually, their work was not too far from Kirbys, if they worked on it, and if one inker tied the three styles together, I believed the final product would emerge as quite uniform. The two Als were eager to join in on the new Captain America book, but Jack Kirby was visibly upset, youre still number one, Jack, I assured him. Its just a matter of a deadline for the first issue. Ill make the deadline, Jack promised, ill pencil it myself and make the deadline. I hadnt expected this kind of reaction, but I acceded to Kirbys wishes and, it turned out, was lucky that I did. There might have been two Als, but there was only one Jack Kirby, I wrote the first Captain America book with penciled lettering right on the drawing boards, with very rough sketches for figures and backgrounds. Kirby did his thing, building the muscular anatomy, adding ideas, then he tightened up the penciled drawings, adding detailed backgrounds, faces and figures. Al Liederman would ink that first issue, which was lettered by Simon and Kirbys regular letterer and we wanted to have our say too
10.
Wonder Woman
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Wonder Woman is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is said to be a member of the Justice League, demigoddess. In her homeland, she is Princess Diana of Themyscira, and outside of her homeland, Wonder Woman was created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston, and artist Harry G. Peter. He and his wife Elizabeths cohabitant, Olive Byrne, is credited as being Marstons inspiration for the characters appearance, Marston drew a great deal of inspiration from early feminists. The character first appeared in All Star Comics #8 in December 1941 and first cover-dated on Sensation Comics #1, the Wonder Woman title has been published by DC Comics almost continuously except for a brief hiatus in 1986. Wonder Womans origin story relates that she was sculpted from clay by her mother Queen Hippolyta and given life by Athena and her Amazonian-training helped to develop a wide range of extraordinary skills in strategy, hunting, and combat. Many stories depicted Wonder Woman rescuing herself from bondage, which defeated the damsels in distress trope that were common in comics during the 1940s, Wonder Woman has also regularly appeared in comic books featuring the superhero teams Justice Society and Justice League. Attempts to return Wonder Woman to television have included a pilot for NBC in 2011. Gal Gadot portrayed Wonder Woman in the 2016 film Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice, Gadot will also star in the characters first solo live-action film Wonder Woman, set to be released on June 2,2017. Two months later she was dropped from her role as a UN Ambassador following a petition, in an October 25,1940, interview with the Family Circle magazine, William Moulton Marston discussed the unfulfilled potential of the comic book medium. Marston introduced the idea to Gaines, given the go-ahead, Marston developed Wonder Woman, whom he believed to be a model of that eras unconventional, liberated woman. Marston also drew inspiration from the bracelets worn by Olive Byrne, Wonder Woman debuted in All Star Comics #8, scripted by Marston. Marston was the creator of an apparatus, which was crucial to the development of the polygraph. Marstons experience with polygraphs convinced him that women were more honest in situations different than men, Marston designed Wonder Woman to be an allegory for the ideal love leader, the kind of women who should run society. Wonder Woman is psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who should, I believe, rule the world, Marston wrote. In a 1943 issue of The American Scholar, Marston wrote, Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force, strength, Not wanting to be girls, they dont want to be tender, submissive, peace-loving as good women are. Womens strong qualities have become despised because of their weakness, the obvious remedy is to create a feminine character with all the strength of Superman plus all the allure of a good and beautiful woman. Marston went on record by describing bondage and submission as a respectable and noble practice and this weakness served to subvert the damsel in distress trope, since Wonder Woman inevitably rescues herself
11.
Richard A. Lupoff
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Richard Allen Dick Lupoff is an American science fiction and mystery author, who has also written humor, satire, non-fiction and reviews. In addition to his two novels and more than 40 short stories, he has also edited science-fantasy anthologies. He is an expert on the writing of Edgar Rice Burroughs and has a strong interest in H. P. Lovecraft. It received the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine in 1963, in 2004, a hardcover anthology, The Best of Xero, coedited with Pat Lupoff and featuring a nostalgic introduction by Ebert, was published by Tachyon Publications. It was in turn nominated for the Hugo Award, Lupoff also wrote reviews for the fanzine Algol, and he was an editor of Edgar Rice Burroughs for Canaveral Press. Pat and I had long since moved to Manhattan and had an apartment on East 73rd Street. I had a job, moonlighting as an editor for Canaveral Press at 63 Fourth Avenue. Working for Canaveral, I found myself acting as Edgar Rice Burroughs posthumous editor and that was the genesis of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Master of Adventure, my first book. Before becoming a writer in 1970 he worked in the computer industry. He began publishing fiction in 1967 with the novel One Million Centuries, followed by Sacred Locomotive Flies and he is credited with more than 50 books, plus short fiction, non-fiction and memoirs. He sometimes wrote under pseudonyms, such as Ova Hamlet, a name he used for parodies. Among his best-known novels are the duology Circumpolar. and Countersolar and his novel Sword of the Demon was nominated for the 1977 Nebula Award. Robert Silverberg described it as a strange and austerely beautiful fable that cuts across genre lines and his short fiction, which has often been collected and anthologized, includes the short story 12,01 PM. Originally in the December 1973 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Lupoff appeared in both films as an extra. The major plot device is a loop, and bears great similarity to that of 1993s Groundhog Day. His novelette After the Dreamtime and his short story Sail the Tide of Mourning received Hugo Award nominations in 1975 and 1976 and his first collection of short mystery stories is Quintet, The Cases of Chase and Delacroix. The unexpurgated edition of Lovecrafts Book, the Ova Hamlet Papers The Digital Wristwatch of Philip K. Dick / Hyperprism Before.12,01. and After Fedogan & Bremer, pub. Claremont Tales Claremont Tales II Terrors Quintet, The Cases of Chase, volume 1, Stories That Should Have Won The Hugo, stories from 1952–1958
12.
Fanzine
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A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet, typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses, copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment, which are then published. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with fan magazine, but the term most often refers to commercially produced publications for fans. P. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students, as professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques. Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, the use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of publishing and self-publication. When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, by 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive correspondence, fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters. Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient, the first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term fanzine was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours, fanzines were distinguished from prozines, that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as fanmags or letterzines, Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing, some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing. The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce up to a hundred copies, hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use. The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades, a second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and print in color
13.
Maggie Thompson
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Margaret Maggie Thompson, is a former librarian, longtime editor of the now-defunct Comics Buyers Guide, science fiction fan and collector of comics. According to family tradition, Betsy claimed descent from Anne Bradstreet, Thompson and her late husband and fellow science fiction fan Don Thompson, were among the instigators of what developed in the 1960s into comic book fandom. Their Harbinger announced the publication of Comic Art, one of the early amateur magazines devoted to all aspects of sequential art. The initial issue of Comic Art was released the following spring, seven issues were published at irregular intervals between 1961 and 1968. As publication of Comic Art wound down, they shifted their attention to a new venture as the Thompsons started a fanzine titled Newfangles in March 1967. Unlike other comics news fanzines of the time it was devoted to the doings of comics fandom instead of news about comic books and she worked as a freelance writer and editor until coming to Krause Publications as the editor of Movie Collectors World and Comics Buyers Guide in 1983. That same year she created and edited Fantasy Empire magazine and wrote Dark Shadows, with others, she produced the Comics Buyers Guide Checklist & Price Guide, and the Standard Catalog of Comic Books. Krause later sold the newspaper, but she continued to edit Comics Buyers Guide, long after her husbands death in 1994. In 2013 she began a column for San Diego Comic-Con Internationals Toucan blog called Maggies World and her son Stephen would go on to become an editor for The Onion and creator of The A. V. Club before moving on to NPR and he co-hosts Pop-culture Happy Hour, a pop-culture-themed podcast on which Thompson herself makes semi-regular appearances. Under Maggies editorial direction, Comics Buyers Guide twice won the comics industrys Eisner Award for periodicals and she was a recipient of the Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award and was also the first recipient of the Friends of Lulus Women of Distinction Award. Originally known as the Compuserve Comics and Animation Forum Award, the name was changed to the Compuserve Comics, Maggie Thompson official site Maggies World Comics Buyer’s Guide Harbinger online reprint Comic Art #1 online reprint Newfangles online collection
14.
Action Comics
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Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was known as National Allied Publications, and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications. Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the comic books with consecutively numbered issues. A second volume of Action Comics with issue #1 ran from 2011 to 2016, Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue #957. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster saw their creation, Superman, launched in Action Comics #1 on April 18,1938, Siegel and Shuster had tried for years to find a publisher for their Superman character originally conceived as a newspaper strip without success. Superman was originally a bald madman created by Siegel and Shuster who used his abilities to wreak havoc on mankind. He appeared in Siegel and Shusters book Science Fiction, Siegel then commented, What if this Superman was a force for good instead of evil. After seeing the published first issue, publisher Harry Donenfeld dismissed the featured strip as ridiculous, originally, Action Comics was an anthology title featuring a number of other stories in addition to the Superman story. Zatara, a magician, was one of the characters who had their own stories in early issues. There was the hero Tex Thompson, who eventually became Mr. America, vigilante enjoyed a lengthy run in this series. Sometimes stories of a humorous nature were included, such as those of Hayfoot Henry. The series saw the introduction of characters and themes which would become longstanding elements of the Superman mythos. Lois Lane made her debut in the first issue with Superman, Superman was first depicted as possessing the power of flight in issue #13. Other new superpowers depicted for the first time for the character included X-ray vision in issue #18 and telescopic vision, Luthor, a villain who would later become Supermans archenemy, was introduced in issue #23. The original Toyman was created by writer Don Cameron and artist Ed Dobrotka in issue #64, by 1942, artist Wayne Boring, who had previously been one of Shusters assistants, had become a major artist on Superman. Under editor Mort Weisinger, the Action Comics title saw an expansion of the Superman mythology. Gradually, the size of the issues was decreased as the publisher was reluctant to raise the price from the original 10 cents. For a while, Congo Bill and Tommy Tomorrow were the two features in addition to Superman, the introduction of Supergirl by Otto Binder and Al Plastino occurred in issue #252
15.
DC Comics
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DC Comics, Inc. is an American comic book publisher. It is the unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. a division of Time Warner, the company has also published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo. The initials DC came from the popular series Detective Comics. Random House distributes DC Comics books to the market, while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market. DC Comics and its major, longtime competitor Marvel Comics together shared 70% of the American comic book market in 2016, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications in autumn 1934. The company debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun, The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a date of February 1935. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, in 2009 DC revived Adventure Comics with its original numbering. In 1935, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of Superman, created Doctor Occult. Wheeler-Nicholsons third and final title, Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936, the themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27. By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson had gone, Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfelds accountant, listed as owners. Major Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, shortly afterward, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied, also known as Nicholson Publishing, at a bankruptcy auction. Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a fourth title, Action Comics, Action Comics #1, the first comic book to feature the new character archetype—soon known as superheroes—proved a sales hit. The company quickly introduced such popular characters as the Sandman and Batman. That year, Gaines let Liebowitz buy him out, and kept only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, at that point, Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics. Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, Independent News, National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. The company began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics Wonder Man and this extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel, at the time comics top-selling character. Despite the fact that parallels between Captain Marvel and Superman seemed more tenuous, the courts ruled that substantial and deliberate copying of copyrighted material had occurred, faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost, Fawcett capitulated in 1955 and ceased comics publication
16.
C. C. Beck
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Charles Clarence Beck, usually cited as C. C. Beck, was an American cartoonist and comic book artist, best known for his work on Captain Marvel at Fawcett Comics and he was inducted into the comic book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1993 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1997. C. C. Beck was born on June 8,1910 in Zumbrota, Minnesota, Becks father was a Lutheran minister. He studied at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and the University of Minnesota, in 1933, Beck joined Fawcett Publications as a staff artist, where he created pulp magazines. When the company began producing books in autumn 1939, Beck was assigned to draw a character created by writer Bill Parker called Captain Thunder. Before the first issue of Whiz Comics came out, the name was changed to Captain Marvel. Besides Captain Marvel, Beck also drew other Fawcett series, including the adventures of Spy Smasher and his early Captain Marvel stories set the style for the series. Beck favored a cartoony versus realistic rendering of character and setting, the Captain Marvel stories boasted a clean style which facilitated Becks assistants and other Fawcett artists emulating Becks style. At most he allowed the art and editorial departments did develop an interplay of ideas and that kept Captain Marvel changing and developing. The popularity of Captain Marvel allowed Fawcett to produce a number of comic books. He later expanded his studio, adding one in Englewood, New Jersey, Becks studio supplied most of the artwork in the Marvel Family line of books. In this he acted as Chief Artist, a role Fawcett formally recognized on the page of Captain Marvel Adventures. This facilitated Becks efforts to bring a coherent look to the stories with Captain Marvel and related characters, the studio also did commercial art, most prominently a series of advertisements in comic strip form starring Captain Tootsie promoting Tootsie Roll. Done in the style of the Marvel Family books and similarly whimsical, after Fawcett Comics folded, Beck left the comic book industry but continued doing commercial illustrations. With Otto Binder, Beck prepared six sample strips for a newspaper comic strip starring the character Tawky Tawny. By 1953, Beck had relocated to Florida and owned the Ukulele Bar & Grill in Miami and that year he contacted Joe Simon and expressed a desire to re-enter the comic book industry and sought Simons aid in creating a suitable character. The result was The Silver Spider, with Beck doing rough art from a script by Jack Oleck, Simon used his connections to pitch the property to Harvey Comics but they rejected it. His first return to comics was in the mid-1960s for the short-lived Milson Publications who published three issues of his creation Fatman the Human Flying Saucer and this character was almost the inverse of Captain Marvel in appearance and coloration, but with very different powers
17.
All-American Publications
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All-American Publications is one of three American comic book companies that merged to form the modern day DC Comics, one of the worlds two largest comics publishers. Superheroes created for All-American include the original Atom, Flash, Green Lantern, Hawkman, as Gerard Jones writes of Donenfelds investment, Harry had agreed on one condition, that take Jack Liebowitz on as his partner. Jack would be tempted to leave and form a company if there was nothing to hold him. Gaines became the principal and Jack Liebowitz the minority owner of All-American, in 1944, Gaines sold his share of the company to Liebowitz, keeping only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, EC. As Jones describes, Gaines saw the end of the superhero fad coming and wanted to get something more durable, like childrens books. In 1944, he decided hed had enough and he let Jack Liebowitz buy him out with a loan from Harry. Liebowitz promptly orchestra the merger of All American Comics and Detective Comics into National Comics, of which he was the partner, vice president. Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, Independent News, Liebowitz later merged his and Donenfelds companies into National Comics Publications. With Gaines as editor, assisted by Sheldon Mayer, All-American Publications launched its flagship series All-American Comics with an April 1939 premiere. Like many comics of the time, All-American debuted with a mix of comic strips, reprinted in color. Among the strips were three hits of the era, Mutt and Jeff, by Al Smith ghosting for strip creator Bud Fisher, Skippy, by Percy Crosby, new content included Scribbly, a semiautobiographical Mayer feature about a boy cartoonist. All-American Comics lasted 102 issues through October 1948, also debuting that month was Movie Comics, featuring simple adaptations of movies using painted movie stills, as well as cartoonist Ed Wheelans popular Minute Movies comics. The first of its six issues through Aug.1939 adapted no fewer than five films, Son of Frankenstein, Gunga Din, The Great Man Votes, Fishermans Wharf, and Scouts to the Rescue. Wonder Woman was introduced in a story in All Star Comics #8, the product of psychologist William Moulton Marston and Max Charles Gaines. The Atom Doctor Mid-Nite The Flash The Gay Ghost Green Lantern Hawkman and Hawkgirl Hop Harrigan The King Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys Mr. comics. org
18.
Robin (character)
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Robin is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger. The team of Batman and Robin is commonly referred to as the Dynamic Duo or the Caped Crusaders, the characters first incarnation, Dick Grayson, debuted in Detective Comics #38. Conceived as a vehicle to attract young readership, Robin garnered overwhelmingly positive critical reception, the early adventures of Robin included Star Spangled Comics #65–130, which was the characters first solo feature. The characters second incarnation Jason Todd debuted in Batman #357 and this Robin made regular appearances in Batman related comic books until 1988, when the character was murdered by the Joker in the storyline A Death in the Family. Jason would later find himself alive after a reality changing incident, the premiere Robin limited series was published in 1991 which featured the characters third incarnation Tim Drake training to earn the role of Batmans vigilante partner. Following two successful sequels, the monthly Robin ongoing series began in 1993 and ended in early 2009, in 2004 storylines, established DC Comics character Stephanie Brown became the fourth Robin for a short duration before the role reverted to Tim Drake. Damian Wayne succeeds Drake as Robin in the 2009 story arc Battle for the Cowl, Dick Grayson resumed his role as Nightwing and Stephanie Brown was introduced anew as Spoiler once again in the pages of Batman Eternal. The 2016 DC Rebirth continuity relaunch starts off with Damian Wayne as Robin, Tim Drake as Red Robin, Jason Todd as Red Hood, Robins have also been featured throughout stories set in parallel worlds, owing to DC Comics longstanding Multiverse concept. For example, in the original Earth-Two, Dick Grayson never adopted the name Nightwing, in the New 52s Earth-2 continuity, Robin is Helena Wayne, daughter of Batman and Catwoman, who was stranded on the Earth of the main continuity and takes the name Huntress. About a year after Batmans debut, Batman creators Bob Kane, the name Robin the Boy Wonder and the medieval look of the original costume were inspired by The Adventures of Robin Hood. Robinson noted he came up with Robin Hood because The Adventures of Robin Hood were boyhood favorites of mine, I had been given a Robin Hood book illustrated by N. C. Wyeth. and thats what I quickly sketched out when I suggested the name Robin Hood, which seemed to like. And if you look at it, its Wyeths costume, from my memory, because I didnt have the book to look at. In Batman stories the character of Robin was intended to be the Batmans Watson, Bill Finger, writer for many early Batman adventures, wrote, as I said, Batman was a combination of Douglas Fairbanks and Sherlock Holmes. The thing that bothered me was that Batman didnt have anyone to talk to, I found that as I went along Batman needed a Watson to talk to. Thats how Robin came to be, Bob called me over and said he was going to put a boy in the strip to identify with Batman. I thought it was a great idea, Batman investigated the crime and, as his alter ego billionaire Bruce Wayne, had Dick put under his custody as a legal ward
19.
Flash (comics)
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The Flash is the name of several fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, the original Flash first appeared in Flash Comics #1. Each incarnation of the Flash has been a key member of at least one of DCs premier teams, the Justice Society of America, the Justice League, and the Teen Titans. The Flash is one of DC Comics most popular characters and has been integral to the publishers many reality-changing crisis storylines over the years. A staple of the comic book DC Universe, the Flash has been adapted to numerous DC films, video games, animated series, Shipp also portrays a version of Jay Garrick in the 2014 The Flash series. The Flash first appeared in the Golden Age Flash Comics #1, from All-American Publications, created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, this Flash was Jay Garrick, a college student who gained his speed through the inhalation of hard water vapors. When re-introduced in the 1960s Garricks origin was modified slightly, gaining his powers through exposure to heavy water, with superheroes post-war decline in popularity, Flash Comics was canceled with issue #104 which featured an Evil version of the Flash called the Rival. The Justice Societys final Golden Age story ran in All Star Comics #57, in 1956, DC Comics successfully revived superheroes, ushering in what became known as the Silver Age of comic books. Rather than bringing back the same Golden Age heroes, DC rethought them as new characters for the modern age, the Flash was the first revival, in the aptly named tryout comic book Showcase #4. This new Flash was, a police scientist who gained super-speed when bathed by chemicals after a shelf of them was struck by lightning and he adopted the name The Flash after reading a comic book featuring the Golden Age Flash. After several more appearances in Showcase, Allens character was given his own title, The Flash, Barry Allen and the new Flash were created by writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome and cartoonist Carmine Infantino. The Silver Age Flash proved popular enough that several other Golden Age heroes were revived in new incarnations, a new superhero team, the Justice League of America, was also created, with the Flash as a main, charter member. Barry Allens title also introduced a much-imitated plot device into superhero comics when it was revealed that Garrick and their powers allowed them to cross the dimensional boundary between worlds, and the men became good friends. Flash of Two Worlds was the first crossover in which a Golden Age character met a Silver Age character, soon, there were crossovers between the entire Justice League and the Justice Society, their respective teams began an annual get-together which endured from the early 1960s until the mid-1980s. Allens adventures continued in his own title until the advent of Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Flash ended as a series with issue #350. Allens life had become confused in the early 1980s, and DC elected to end his adventures. Allen died heroically in Crisis on Infinite Earths #8, thanks to his ability to travel through time, he would continue to appear occasionally in the years to come. The third Flash was Wally West, introduced in The Flash #110 as Kid Flash, West, Allens nephew by marriage, gained the Flashs powers through an accident identical to Allens
20.
Green Lantern
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Green Lantern is the name of a number of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers, the first Green Lantern character, Alan Scott, was created in 1940 during the initial popularity of superheroes. Alan Scott usually fought common criminals in New York City with the aid of his magic ring, the publication of this character ceased in 1949 during a general decline in the popularity of superhero comics, but the character saw a limited revival in later decades. Additional members of this agency, all of whom call themselves Green Lanterns, were introduced over time, prominent Green Lanterns who also have had starring roles in the books include Guy Gardner, John Stewart, Kyle Rayner, Simon Baz and Jessica Cruz. The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics longer lasting sets of characters and they have been adapted to television, video games, and motion pictures. Martin Nodell created the first Green Lantern and he first appeared in the Golden Age of comic books in All-American Comics #16, published by All-American Publications, one of three companies that would eventually merge to form DC Comics. This Green Lanterns real name was Alan Scott, an engineer who, after a railway crash, came into possession of a magic lantern which spoke to him. From this, he crafted a ring which gave him a wide variety of powers. The limitations of the ring were that it had to be charged every 24 hours by touching it to the lantern for a time, and that it could not directly affect objects made of wood. Alan Scott fought mostly ordinary human villains, but he did have a few paranormal ones such as the immortal Vandal Savage, most stories took place in New York. As a popular character in the 1940s, the Green Lantern featured both in books such as All-American Comics and Comic Cavalcade, as well as his own book. He also appeared in All Star Comics as a member of the team known as the Justice Society of America. After World War II the popularity of superheroes in general declined, the Green Lantern comic book was cancelled with issue #38, and All Star Comics #57 was the characters last Golden Age appearance. When superheroes came back in fashion in later decades, Alan Scott was revived, initially, he made guest appearances in other superheroes books, but eventually got regular roles in books featuring the Justice Society. He never got another solo series, between 1995 and 2003, DC Comics changed Alan Scotts superhero codename to Sentinel in order to distinguish him from the newer and more popular science fiction Green Lanterns. In 2011, the Alan Scott character was revamped and his costume was redesigned and the source of his powers was changed to that of the mystical power of nature. In 1959, Julius Schwartz reinvented the Green Lantern character as a science fiction hero named Hal Jordan, Hal Jordans powers were more or less the same as Alan Scotts, but otherwise this character was completely different and unrelated to the Green Lantern of the 1940s. He had a new name, a costume, and a rewritten origin story
21.
Atom (comics)
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The Atom is a name shared by several fictional comic book superheroes from the DC Comics universe. The original Golden Age Atom, Al Pratt, was created by Ben Flinton and Bill OConnor, the second Atom was the Silver Age Atom, Ray Palmer, who first appeared in 1961. The third Atom, Adam Cray, was a character present in Suicide Squad stories. The fourth Atom, Ryan Choi, debuted in a new Atom series in August 2006, another Atom from the 853rd Century first appeared as part of Justice Legion Alpha in August 1999. The original Atom, Al Pratt, first appeared in All-American Comics #19. He initially had no superpowers, instead, he was a college student and later a physicist who was depicted as a tough guy. Pratt was a member of the Justice Society of America, later gaining limited super-strength. He died in the charge against Extant during the Zero Hour, the Atom introduced during the Silver Age of comic books in Showcase #34 is physicist and university professor Raymond Palmer, Ph. D. After stumbling onto a mass of white dwarf star matter that had fallen to Earth, he fashioned a lens which allowed him to shrink down to subatomic size. Originally, his size and molecular density abilities derived from the dwarf star material of his costume, controlled by mechanisms in his belt. Much later, he gained the innate equivalent powers within his own body, after the events of Identity Crisis, Ray shrank himself to microscopic size and disappeared. Finding him became a theme of the Countdown year-long series. Prior to Ray Palmers trip to the Amazon Jungle, he learns his wife Jean Loring has had an affair with her colleague, Paul Hoben, Palmer and Loring divorce. Later, Palmer offers his blessing to the couple when they marry, Adam Cray would later steal this belt, Hoben never uses the costume or name of the Atom. Adam Cray, son of the murdered Senator Cray, first appeared as the Atom in the pages of Suicide Squad #44 by John Ostrander, Cray was initially believed to be Ray Palmer in disguise by members of the team. Cray had been recruited by Palmer to apprehend the Micro Squad, Palmer intended to use Cray to uncover a shadowy government cabal who were using Palmer to discover the secret identities of other costumed heroes. While Palmer infiltrated the Micro Squad, Cray would attract the attention of the Cabal as the new Atom, Adam Cray remained with the Suicide Squad briefly, serving as a secret weapon whose existence was unknown to others of the Squad. Cray saves Amanda Waller from a group of assassins, at one point, Cray approaches Deadshot about his role in Senator Crays murder
22.
Hawkman
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Hawkman is a fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, the original Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics #1, most incarnations of Hawkman work closely with a partner/romantic interest named Hawkgirl or Hawkwoman. These versions of the character have starred in series of various durations. Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics #1, and was a character in that title throughout the 1940s. This Hawkman was Carter Hall, a reincarnation of the ancient Egyptian prince, Hall discovered that the mysterious ninth metal could negate the effects of gravity and allow him to fly. He donned a costume with wings to allow him to control his flight and became the crimefighter. He also had a hawk named Big Red that assisted him in fighting crime. An archaeologist by profession, Hall used ancient weapons from the museum that he curated, Hawkman was a charter member of the Justice Society of America, beginning with All Star Comics #3. In issue #8 he became the JSAs chairman, a position he would hold until the end of the JSAs run in All Star Comics and he was the only member of the JSA to appear in every adventure during the Golden Age of Comic Books. He romanced his reincarnated bride, Shiera Sanders, who became the crimefighter Hawkgirl, along with most other superheroes, Hawkmans Golden Age adventures came to an end when the industry turned away from the genre in the early 1950s. His last appearance was in All Star Comics #57, later in the decade, DC Comics, under editor Julius Schwartz, decided to revive a number of heroes in new incarnations, but retaining the same names and powers. They adopted the names Carter and Shiera Hall and became curators of a museum in Midway City and this Hawkman became a member of the Justice League of America in issue #31, where he often verbally sparred with the iconoclastic liberal hero Green Arrow. In the 1960s it was revealed that the original Hawkman lived on the world of Earth-Two. The JLA and JSA had an annual meeting throughout the 1960s and 1970s during which the two often met. The Silver Age Hawkman had his own series for a few years in the 60s, Atom and Hawkman lasted only another year or so before cancellation. In the late 1970s in Showcase and Worlds Finest Comics, Thanagar went to war with the planet Rann and this led to Hawkman and Hawkwoman severing ties with their homeworld, and later fighting The Shadow War of Hawkman as Thanagar tried secretly to conquer the Earth. The landmark 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths resulted in a revision of much DC continuity. Hawkman was to some of the greatest confusion as successive writers sought to explain his various appearances
23.
Green Arrow
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Green Arrow is a fictional superhero who appears in comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Mortimer Weisinger and designed by George Papp, he first appeared in More Fun Comics #73 in November 1941 and his real name is Oliver Ollie Queen, a billionaire businessman and owner of Queen Industries, also a well-known celebrity in his locale of Star City. Green Arrow enjoyed moderate success in his years, becoming the cover feature of More Fun. Throughout his first twenty-five years, however, the character never enjoyed greater popularity, in 1970, he was paired with a more law and order-oriented hero, Green Lantern, in a ground-breaking, socially conscious comic book series. Since then, he has been popular among comic book fans and most writers have taken an urban, the character was killed off in the 1990s and replaced by a new character, Olivers son Connor Hawke. Connor, however, proved a popular character, and the original Oliver Queen character was resurrected in the 2001 Quiver storyline. Green Arrow was not initially a well-known character outside of comic book fandom, in live action, he appeared in the series Smallville, played by actor Justin Hartley, and became a core cast member. Green Arrow and Speedy first appeared in More Fun Comics #73, when Mort Weisinger was creating the character, aside from the obvious allusions to Robin Hood, took inspiration from a movie serial, The Green Archer, based on the novel by Edgar Wallace. He retooled the concept into an archer with obvious Batman influences. His and Speedys first origin stories were told in More Fun Comics #89, another Weisinger-created character, Aquaman, also appeared for the first time in that issue. These two back-up features continued to run concurrently in More Fun Comics until the mid-1940s, as well as then in Adventure Comics between 1946 and 1960, Green Arrow and Speedy also appeared in various issues of Worlds Finest Comics until issue #140. The Green Arrow and Speedy feature was one of five back-up features to be promoted in one of the earliest team-up books, Green Arrow was one of the few DC characters to keep going after the Golden Age of Comic Books. Aside from sharing Adventure Comics with him, issue featured an encounter between a younger Oliver Queen and Superboy. The Green Arrow and Speedy feature during this period included a run in 1958 written by Dick and Dave Wood. For much of period, Green Arrows adventures were written by France Herron. In 1969, artist Neal Adams updated the visual appearance by giving him a Van Dyke beard and costume of his own design in The Brave. The story also turned teammate Black Canary into a love interest for Queen, in the early 1970s, Green Arrow became a co-feature with Green Lantern in an acclaimed series of stories by ONeil and Adams that dealt with various social and political issues. Queen convinces Jordan to see beyond his strict obedience to the Green Lantern Corps, ONeil explained, He would be a hot-tempered anarchist to contrast with the cerebral, sedate model citizen who was Green Lantern
24.
Aquaman
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Aquaman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger, the character debuted in More Fun Comics #73, initially a backup feature in DCs anthology titles, Aquaman later starred in several volumes of a solo title. During the late 1950s and 1960s superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age, in the 1990s Modern Age, Aquamans character became more serious than in most previous interpretations, with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis. Aquaman has been adapted for many times, first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure. Actor Alan Ritchson also portrayed the role in action in the television show Smallville. Jason Momoa portrayed the character in the 2016 film Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice and will reprise his role in the DC Extended Universe, the characters original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression, meaning Aquaman is widely recognised in popular culture. My mother died when I was a baby, and he turned to his work of solving the oceans secrets and his greatest discovery was an ancient city, in the depths where no other diver had ever penetrated. My father believed it was the lost kingdom of Atlantis and he made himself a water-tight home in one of the palaces and lived there, studying the records and devices of the races marvelous wisdom. From the books and records, he learned ways of teaching me to live under the ocean, drawing oxygen from the water and using all the power of the sea to make me wonderfully strong and swift. By training and a hundred scientific secrets, I became what you see — a human being who lives and thrives under the water, in his early Golden Age appearances, Aquaman can breathe underwater and control fish and other underwater life for up to a minute. Initially, he was depicted as speaking to sea creatures in their own rather than telepathically. Aquamans adventures took place all across the world, and his base was a fishing boat kept underwater. During his wartime adventures, most of Aquamans foes were Nazi U-boat commanders, Aquamans last appearance in More Fun Comics was in issue #107, before being moved along with Superboy and Green Arrow to Adventure Comics, starting with issue #103 in 1946. Aquamans adventures continued to be published in Adventure Comics through the 1940s and 1950s, the first of these elements was the story Aquamans Undersea Partner in Adventure Comics #229, where his octopus sidekick, Topo, was first introduced. This and subsequent elements were later, after the establishment of DCs multiverse in the 1960s, eventually, Arthur decided to use his talents to become the defender of the Earths oceans. It was later revealed that he had, in his youth, adventured as Aquaboy and on one occasion, met Superboy, when Arthur grew up, he called himself Aquaman. It was later revealed that after Atlannas death, Tom Curry met and married a human woman and had a son named Orm Curry. Orm grew up as a youth in the shadow of his brother
25.
Timely Comics
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Timely Comics, initially Timely Publications, was the earliest comic book arm of American publisher Martin Goodman, and the entity that would evolve by the 1960s to become Marvel Comics. The company was founded in 1939 as Timely Publications, based at his company in the McGraw-Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street in New York City. In 1942, it moved to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building, in 2016, Marvel announced that Timely Comics would be the name of a new imprint of low-priced reprint comics. to supply material. His first effort, Marvel Comics #1, featured the first appearances of writer-artist Carl Burgos android superhero, the Human Torch, a painted cover by veteran science-fiction pulp artist Frank R. Paul featured the Human Torch, looking much different from the interior story. That initial comic, cover-dated October 1939, quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, the latter is identical except for a black bar over the October date in the inside-front-cover indicia, and the November date added at the end. With a hit on his hands, Goodman began assembling a staff, hiring Funnies. Simon brought along his collaborator, artist Jack Kirby, followed by artist Syd Shores, Goodman then formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941. But it appeared intermittently, when someone remembered to put it on cover. The Grand Comics Database identifies 23 issues of Goodman comic books from 1944 to 1959 with Red Circle, Inc. branding, Marvel Comics was rechristened Marvel Mystery Comics with issue #2, the magazine would continue under that title through #92 before becoming Marvel Tales through #159. Timely began publishing additional series, beginning with Daring Mystery Comics #1, Mystic Comics #1, Red Raven Comics #1, The Human Torch #2, and Captain America Comics #1. Going on sale in December 1940, a year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor and already showing the hero punching Hitler, timelys other major competitors were Fawcett Publications, Quality Comics, and Lev Gleason Publications. Just as Captain America had his teenage sidekick Bucky and DC Comics Batman had Robin, stan Lee, a cousin of Goodmans by marriage who had been serving as an assistant since 1939, at age 16, was promoted to interim editor just shy of his 19th birthday. Showing a knack for the business, Lee stayed on for decades, fellow Timely staffer Vincent Fago would substitute during Lees World War II military service. The staff at that time, Fago recalled, was, Mike Sekowsky, gary Keller was a production assistant and letterer. Ernest Hart and Kin Platt were writers, but they worked freelance, george Klein, Syd Shores, Vince Alascia, Dave Gantz, and Chris Rule were there, too. In 1942, Goodman moved his operations to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building. The superheroes were the products of what Timely referred to as the adventure bullpen. k. a, moe Worth, and future Mad magazine cartoonists Dave Berg and Al Jaffee. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolvertons best-known features, the first issue, cover-dated January 1943, bore no number, and protagonist Pepper looked different from his more familiar visualization as the bullet-headed naif in the striped turtleneck sweater
26.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
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Human Torch (android)
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The Human Torch, also known as Jim Hammond, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-artist Carl Burgos, he first appeared in Marvel Comics #1, published by Marvels predecessor, the Human Torch was actually an android created by scientist Phineas Horton. He possessed the ability to surround himself with fire and control flames, in his earliest appearances, he was portrayed as a science fiction monstrosity, but quickly became a hero and adapted a secret identity as a police officer for New York City Police Department. The Human Torch was one of Timely Comics three signature characters, along with Captain America and Namor the Sub-Mariner, like many superheroes, the Human Torch fell into obscurity by the 1950s. In 1961, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby renovated his name and powers into a new character, Johnny Storm, a member of the Fantastic Four. Unlike Captain America and the Sub-Mariner, the original Human Torch has had only a small presence in the post-1950s Marvel comic books and is associated with the Golden Age. In 2012, Hammond was ranked 28th in IGNs list of The Top 50 Avengers, following his debut in the hit Marvel Comics #1, the Human Torch proved popular enough that he soon became one of the first superheroes to headline a solo title. Marvel Mystery Comics ended its run with #92, and The Human Torch with #35, the solo title The Human Torch returned for issues #36-38 before again being canceled. The Torch also appeared in stories in the briefly revived Captain America Comics and Sub-Mariner Comics, the original Human Torch debuted in present-day Marvel Comics continuity in Fantastic Four Annual #4. Human Torch appeared as a character in the 2010-2013 Secret Avengers series. Starting in 2014, the Human Torch began appearing as a character in the Marvel NOW. relaunch of The Invaders. The Human Torch was a created by Professor Phineas T. Horton in his lab in Brooklyn. At a press-conference unveiling, however, Hortons creation burst into flames when exposed to oxygen, the android showed human-like sentience, personality, and awareness, but the spectators feared that he posed a safety threat. Public outcry led to the Torch being sealed in concrete, though he escaped due to a crack that let oxygen seep in, the Torch later first encountered and battled Namor the Sub-Mariner. He would join other heroes as war broke out in Europe, in his solo titles debut issue, he acquired a young partner, Thomas Toro Raymond, the mutant son of two nuclear scientists whose exposure to radiation gave him the ability to control fire. The Human Torch also joined the New York City police force as part of his human cover under the name James Jim Hammond and he would later drop the human name and serve the police force outright as the Human Torch, fighting villains and his off-and-on foe, the Sub-Mariner. Both the Torch and the Sub-Mariner joined with Captain America and his partner Bucky as the core of the team the Invaders. With the Invaders, he was brainwashed by the Red Skull
28.
Sub-Mariner
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Namor the Sub-Mariner is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. During that period, known to historians and fans as the Golden Age of Comic Books, Everett said the characters name was inspired by Samuel Taylor Coleridges poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Everett came up with Namor by writing down noble sounding names backwards, the first known comic book antihero, the Sub-Mariner has remained a historically important and relatively popular Marvel character. He has served directly with the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, the Invaders, the Defenders, the X-Men, and the Illuminati as well as serving as a foil to them on occasion. Namor the Sub-Mariner first appeared in April 1939 in the prototype for a planned giveaway comic titled Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, the only eight known samples among those created to send to theater owners were discovered in the estate of the deceased publisher in 1974. When the giveaway idea fell through, creator Bill Everett used the character for Marvel Comics #1, the final panel of the earlier, unpublished eight-page Sub-Mariner story had included a Continued Next Week box that reappeared, sans lettering, in an expanded 12-page story. The series Marvel Comics was retitled Marvel Mystery Comics with issue #2, in his first appearances Namor was an enemy of the United States. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that Namor was a freak in the service of chaos, although the Sub-Mariner acted like a villain, his cause had some justice, and readers reveled in his assaults on civilization. His enthusiastic fans werent offended by the carnage he created as he wrecked everything from ships to skyscrapers, everetts antihero would eventually battle Carl Burgos android superhero, the Human Torch, when in 1940 Namor threatened to sink the island of Manhattan underneath a tidal wave. When the U. S. entered World War II, Namor would aid the Allies of World War II against Adolf Hitler and the Axis powers. Supporting characters included Betty Dean, a New York City policewoman introduced in Marvel Mystery Comics #3, who was a steady companion, Namor starred in the Golden Age comic book Sub-Mariner Comics, published quarterly, then thrice-yearly, and finally bimonthly, from issues #1–32. A backup feature each issue starred the detective-superhero the Angel, along with many other Timely characters, Namor disappeared a few years after the end of World War II and the decline in popularity of superhero comics. Both these super-groups were built around the core of Namor, Captain America, the Sub-Mariner experienced a brief revival in the mid-1950s at Atlas Comics, the 1950s iteration of Marvel. Along with Captain America and the original Human Torch, he was revived in Young Men #24, soon afterward, Sub-Mariner Comics was revived with issues #33–42. During this time, Namora had her own spin-off series, a planned live-action television program starring Namor did not appear and the revival of the comic book series was cancelled a second time. Storm helps him recover his memory, and Namor immediately returns to his undersea kingdom – identified, for the first time in the Marvel canon, finding it destroyed from nuclear testing, Namor assumes his people are scattered and that he will never find them. He again becomes an antihero during this period, as two elements – a thirst for vengeance and a quest for identity – would dominate the Sub-Mariner stories of the 1960s. He was both a villain and a hero – striking against the race who destroyed his home
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Fawcett Comics
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Fawcett Comics, a division of Fawcett Publications, was one of several successful comic book publishers during the Golden Age of Comic Books in the 1940s. Its most popular character was Captain Marvel, the ego of radio reporter Billy Batson. Aside from the better known books, Fawcett also published a short-lived line of horror comics during the early 1950s. Terror Tales, Worlds of Fear, Strange Suspense Stories, other genres included teenage humor, funny animal, romance, war and Western. Fawcett also produced based on contemporary movie stars and matinee serials. The entire line was dropped in 1953, when Fawcett closed down their comics publishing wing, Fawcett Publications began in 1919 with the magazine Captain Billys Whiz Bang and eventually expanded into a line of periodicals with a combined circulation of ten million a month. The company joined in the explosion of comic book publications in the United States in the late 1930s and its initial entry, developed by writer Bill Parker and artist C. C. Beck, was Thrill Comics, an issue of which was published only as an ashcan copy. The content was then reworked and published as Whiz Comics #2, the whimsical adventures of Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family eventually outsold those of Superman. National Comics sued Fawcett, claiming that the Captain infringed on the copyright of their original costumed superhero, National Periodicals 1941 copyright hearing against Fawcett was dismissed on a technicality, National had failed to secure the copyright to the Superman newspaper strip. Facing a declining market, in 1953 Fawcett Comics ceased publication of its superhero titles. Several of Fawcetts completed stories and artwork, as well as a few characters, were sold to Charlton Comics, Fawcett returned to publishing comics in the 1960s but mainly to publish Dennis the Menace and other such titles. In the late 1960s Marvel Comics gained the trademark Captain Marvel with their first series, in 1972 DC licensed — and in 1994, purchased — Captain Marvel and his related characters. Because of Marvels trademark, DC has instead used the trademark Shazam. as the title of their Captain Marvel-related comic books and thus the name under which they market and promote the character. In 1973, Shazam and the Marvel family became an additional Earth, Captain Marvel Adventures Captain Marvel Jr. Fawcett Publications Fawcett Comics at the Grand Comics Database
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Shield (Archie Comics)
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The Shield is the name of several fictional patriotic superheroes created by MLJ. Appearing months before Captain America, the Shield has the distinction of being one of the first superheroes with a based upon United States patriotic iconography. The name was used by MLJ/Archie for four characters, DC Comics Impact line, which licensed the Archie properties, also used the name for several characters. In 2010, DC announced plans to integrate the Shield and other MLJ characters into the DC Universe, a fourth Shield was introduced in October 2015. The Shield debuted in MLJs Pep Comics #1, writer Harry Shorten and artist Irv Novick created the character. With the American populace reacting to the beginnings of World War II and wartime patriotism stirring and he was soon followed by three other patriotic comic characters, Captain America, Minute-Man, and Captain Battle. In 1959, a new Shield, Lancelot Strong, appeared under the Archie Adventure Series imprint in a series titled and it was cancelled after two issues. Red Circle Comics reintroduced Lancelot Strong in a new series titled, Lancelot Strong, the series was retitled twice, first with Shield-Steel Sterling in December 1983 and then with Steel Sterling in January 1984. In July 1984, the series ended with its seventh issue, in 1984, Red Circle Comics also released a series starring the Joe Higgins version of The Shield in a series titled Original Shield. In 1991, Archie Comics licensed their superheroes to DC Comics who created an imprint called Impact Comics, the company launched a fourth solo series, The Legend of the Shield. It featured two Shields, Joe Higgins, who led the series for the first thirteen issues, and Lt. Michael Barnes, Barnes continued as The Shield until the title ended in October 1992. In 2015, Archie Comics announced The Shields return in a new series penned by Adam Christopher and this version of the character is a woman named Victoria Adams. The series will be published under the Dark Circle Comics banner and it was originally set to be released in April 2015 but was delayed until September 2015. The origin story of The Shield appeared in Shield-Wizard Comics #1 and he is really chemist Joe Higgins, the son of Lieutenant Tom Higgins. Tom was working on a formula for super-strength which the Germans were after. After Toms death, Joe continues to work on it while continuing his studies of chemistry, Joe finally figures out the solution, which requires applying the chemicals to certain parts of his anatomy, and exposing himself to x-rays. This gives him strength, the ability able to make great leaps. Joe uses the initials S. H. I. E. L. D. as his secret identity and his white costume becomes the familiar colors under the process
31.
Axis powers
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The Axis powers, also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied Powers. The Axis agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity, the Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936, Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, Italy joined the Pact in 1937. At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied parts of Europe, North Africa. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, the war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, at the time he was seeking an alliance with the Weimar Republic against Yugoslavia and France in the dispute over the Free State of Fiume. The term was used by Hungarys prime minister Gyula Gömbös when advocating an alliance of Hungary with Germany, when Mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 November, he proclaimed the creation of a Rome–Berlin axis. Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued an alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s. He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France, in early 1923, as a goodwill gesture to Germany, Italy secretly delivered weapons for the German Army, which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. General Hans von Seeckt supported an alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and partition Poland between them and restore the German-Russian border of 1914. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons, however at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany, that Italy must. Tow them, not be towed by them, the French government warned Italy that it had to choose whether to be on the side of the pro-Versailles powers or that of the anti-Versailles revanchists. Grandi responded that Italy would be willing to offer France support against Germany if France gave Italy its mandate over Cameroon, France refused Italys proposed exchange for support, as it believed Italys demands were unacceptable and the threat from Germany was not yet immediate. In 1932, Gyula Gömbös and the Party of National Unity rose to power in Hungary, Gömbös sought to alter Hungarys post–Treaty of Trianon borders by forming an alliance with Austria and Italy, knowing that Hungary alone was not capable of challenging the Little Entente powers. At the meeting between Gömbös and Mussolini in Rome on 10 November 1932, the question came up of the sovereignty of Austria in relation to the rise to power in Germany of the Nazi Party. Mussolini was worried about Nazi ambitions towards Austria, and indicated that at least in the term he was committed to maintaining Austria as a sovereign state. Italy had concerns over a Germany which included Austria laying land claims to German-populated territories of the South Tyrol within Italy, Mussolini said he hoped the Anschluss could be postponed as long as possible until the breakout of a European war that he estimated would begin in 1938
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Nazism
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National Socialism, more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race and it aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of racial purity. The term National Socialism arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, the Nazi Partys precursor, the Pan-German nationalist and anti-Semitic German Workers Party, was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation, following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism. The full name of Adolf Hitlers party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the shorthand Nazi was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word national. The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a peasant, characterizing an awkward. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the name, Nationalsozialistische. The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, the use of Nazi Germany, Nazi regime, and so on was popularised by German exiles abroad. From them, the spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a name for the ideology the party advocated. The majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of far-right politics, far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements. Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms, a major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist Freikorps, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP, the Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag, the Nazis denounced them as an insignificant heap of reactionaries. The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their violence. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, there were factions in the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical
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Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust, Hitler was born in Austria, then part of Austria-Hungary, and raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I and he joined the German Workers Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians, in addition,29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare, Hitlers father Alois Hitler Sr. was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled Hiedler, Hüttler, the Hitler surname is probably based on one who lives in a hut. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. He was one of six born to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl
34.
Dell Comics
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Dell Comics was the comic book publishing arm of Dell Publishing, which got its start in pulp magazines. It published comics from 1929 to 1974, at its peak, it was the most prominent and successful American company in the medium. In 1953 Dell claimed to be the worlds largest comics publisher, the company formed a partnership in 1938 with Western Publishing, in which Dell would finance and distribute publications that Western would produce. Most of the Dell-produced comics done for Western Publishing during this period were under the Whitman Comics banner, notable titles included Crackajack Funnies and Super Comics. Comic book historian Mark Carlson has stated at its peak in the mid-50s while Dell’s total number of book titles only 15% of those published. Dell more million-plus sellers than any company before or since. Dell Comics was best known for its material, most notably the animated characters from Walt Disney Productions. From 1939 to 1968, Dells most notable and prolific title was the anthology Four Color, published several times a month, the title saw more than 1,300 issues published in its 23-year history. It often served as a title and thus the launching pad for many long-running series. In 1948, Dell refused an invitation of membership in the nascent Association of Comics Magazine Publishers, the association had been formed to pre-empt government intervention in the face of mounting public criticism of comic books. Dell in this period even burnished its image by taking out ads in the Saturday Evening Post in late 1952. From mid-1950 to Spring 1959 Dell promoted subscriptions to its non-Disney titles with what it called the Dell Comics Club. Membership was automatic with any one year subscription to such titles, but there are drawings that are sequential which tell stories. His was intended for Huck and Yogi’s adult fans, of which there apparently were more than a few, given the format and high price — $1. While most of the talent who had worked on the Dell line continued at Gold Key, Dell also drew new talent to its fold, such as Frank Springer, Don Arneson, and Lionel Ziprin. Dell Comics continued for another 11 years with licensed television and motion picture adaptations, Dell Comics ceased publication in 1974, with a few of its former titles moving to Gold Key Comics. Writer/artists Walt Kelly and Carl Barks are the most noted talents associated with the company
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Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
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Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
37.
Mickey Mouse
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Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928, an anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the worlds most recognizable characters. Mickey first was seen in a single test screening, Mickey officially debuted in the short film Steamboat Willie, one of the first sound cartoons. He went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert, Brave Little Tailor, Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickeys cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, in 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also featured extensively as a comic strip character. His self-titled newspaper strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in books such as Disney Italys Topolino, MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, and Wizards of Mickey. He also appears in other such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks. Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero, Mickey was rebranded over time as an everyman, usually seen as a flawed, but adventurous hero. I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse, in the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz, Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and an apprentice artist, Les Clark. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company. In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas, Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected and they would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog was also rejected and it would later show up in Iwerks own Flip the Frog series. Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City
38.
Donald Duck
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Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is a white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs. He typically wears a shirt and cap with a bow tie. Donald is most famous for his speech and his mischievous. Along with his friend Mickey Mouse, Donald is one of the most popular Disney characters and was included in TV Guides list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002. He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character, Donald Duck rose to fame with his comedic roles in animated cartoons. Donalds first appearance was in 1934 in The Wise Little Hen, throughout the next two decades, Donald appeared in over 150 theatrical films, several of which were recognized at the Academy Awards. In the 1930s, he appeared as part of a comic trio with Mickey. These films introduced Donalds love interest Daisy Duck and often included his three nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie, after the 1956 film Chips Ahoy, Donald appeared primarily in educational films before eventually returning to theatrical animation in Mickeys Christmas Carol. His most recent appearance in a film was 1999s Fantasia 2000. Donald has also appeared in features such as Mickey, Donald, Goofy, The Three Musketeers, television series such as Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. Beyond animation, Donald is primarily known for his appearances in comics, Donald was most famously drawn by Al Taliaferro, Carl Barks, and Don Rosa. Barks, in particular, is credited for expanding the Donald Duck universe, the world in which Donald lives. Donald has been a popular character in Europe, particularly in Nordic countries where his weekly magazine Donald Duck & Co was the most popular comics publication from the 1950s to 2009. Disney comics fandom is sometimes referred to as Donaldism, a term originated in Norway. The origins of Donald Ducks name may have inspired by Australian cricket legend Donald Bradman. In 1932 Bradman and the Australian team were touring North America, Walt Disney was in the process of creating a friend for Mickey Mouse when he possibly read about Bradmans dismissal in the papers and decided to name the new character Donald Duck. Voice performer Clarence Nash auditioned for Walt Disney Studios when he learned that Disney was looking for people to create animal sounds for his cartoons, Disney was particularly impressed with Nashs duck imitation and chose him to voice the new character
39.
Roy Rogers
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Roy Rogers was an American singer and actor who was one of the most popular Western stars of his era. Known as the King of the Cowboys, he appeared in over 100 films and numerous radio, in many of his films and television episodes, he appeared with his wife, Dale Evans, his golden palomino, Trigger, and his German shepherd dog, Bullet. His show was broadcast on radio for nine years and then on television from 1951 through 1957 and his productions usually featured a sidekick, often Pat Brady, Andy Devine, or George Gabby Hayes. In his later years, Rogers lent his name to the chain of Roy Rogers Restaurants. Rogers was born Leonard Slye, the son of Mattie and Andrew Andy Slye in Cincinnati, the family lived in a tenement on 2nd Street, where Riverfront Stadium would later be constructed. In 1919 the Slye family purchased a farm in Duck Run, located near Lucasville, Ohio, about 12 miles north of Portsmouth, a notable gift was a horse on which young Len Slye learned the basics of horsemanship. Living on the farm with no radio, the made their own entertainment. On Saturday nights, they often invited neighbors over for square dances, during which Len would sing, play mandolin and he also learned to yodel during this time, and he and his mother would use different yodels to communicate with each other across distances on the farm. Len attended high school in McDermott, Ohio, but after he completed his year there his family returned to Cincinnati. Realizing that his family needed his help, Len quit school. He tried to attend school, but after being ridiculed for falling asleep in class, he quit school. They stayed for four months before returning to Ohio, soon after returning, Len had the opportunity to travel again to California with Marys father-in-law, and the rest of the family followed in the spring of 1930. The Slye family rented a house near Mary, and Len. In the spring of 1931, after the company went bankrupt, Len traveled to Tulare, California. During this time he lived in a camp similar to the ones depicted in John Steinbecks novel The Grapes of Wrath. The economic hardship of the Great Depression was just as severe in California as it was in Ohio, after 19-year-old Len Slyes second arrival in Lawndale, his sister Mary suggested that he audition for the Midnight Frolic radio program, which was broadcast over KMCS in Inglewood. A few nights later, wearing a Western shirt that Mary had made for him, he overcame his shyness and appeared on the program playing guitar, singing, a few days later, he was asked to join a local country music group, the Rocky Mountaineers. He accepted the offer and became a member in August 1931
40.
Carl Barks
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Carl Barks was an American cartoonist, author, and painter. He is best known for his comics about Donald Duck and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck and he worked anonymously until late in his career, fans dubbed him The Duck Man and The Good Duck Artist. In 1987, Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame, cartoonist Will Eisner called him the Hans Christian Andersen of comic books. Barks was born in Merrill, Oregon to William Barks and his wife Arminta Johnson and he had an older brother named Clyde. His paternal grandparents were David Barks and his wife Ruth Shrum and his maternal grandparents were Carl Johnson and his wife Suzanna Massey, but little else is known about his ancestors. Barks was the descendant of Jacob Barks who came to Missouri from North Carolina around 1800 and they lived in Marble Hill in Bollinger County. Jacob Barks son Isaac was the father of the David Barks noted above, according to Barks description of his childhood, he was a rather lonely child. His parents owned one square mile of land served as their farm. The nearest neighbor lived half a mile away, but he was more an acquaintance to Barks parents than a friend, the closest school was about two miles away and Barks had to walk that distance every day. The rural area had few children, though, and Barks later remembered that his school had only eight or ten students including him. He had high praise for the quality of the education he received in small school. Schools were good in those days, he used to say, the lessons lasted from nine oclock in the morning to four oclock in the afternoon and then he had to return to the farm. There he remembered not having anybody to talk to, as his parents were busy, in 1908, William Barks moved with his family to Midland, Oregon, some miles north of Merrill, to be closer to the new railway lines. He established a new stock-breeding farm and sold his produce to the local slaughterhouses, nine-year-old Clyde and seven-year-old Carl worked long hours there. But Carl later remembered that the crowd gathered at Midlands market place made a strong impression on him. This was expected, as he was not used to crowds up until then, according to Barks, his attention was mostly drawn to the cowboys that frequented the market with their revolvers, strange nicknames for each other and sense of humor. By 1911, they had been enough to move to Santa Rosa. There they started cultivating vegetables and set up some orchards, unfortunately, the profits were not as high as William expected and they started having financial difficulties
41.
Archie Comics
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Archie Comic Publications, Inc. is an American comic book publisher headquartered in Pelham, New York. The company is known for its many titles featuring fictional teenagers including Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Sabrina Spellman, and Josie, the company began in 1939 as MLJ Comics, which primarily published superhero comics. The initial Archie characters were created in 1941 by publisher John L. Goldwater and artist Bob Montana and they first appeared in Pep Comics #22. With the creation of Archie, publisher John Goldwater hoped to appeal to fans of the Andy Hardy movies starring Mickey Rooney, Archie Comics was also the title of the companys longest-running publication, the first issue appearing with a cover date of Winter 1942. Starting with issue #114, the title was shortened to simply Archie, the flagship series was relaunched from issue #1 in July 2015 with a new look and design suited for a new generation of readers. Archie Comics characters and concepts have also appeared in films, television programs, cartoons. Maurice Coyne, Louis Silberkleit, and John L. Goldwater formed MLJ Magazines, the company name was derived from the initials of the partners first names. Coyne served as MLJs bookkeeper and chief financial officer, Coyne and Silberkleit had been partners in Columbia Publications, a pulp company that published its last pulp in the late 1950s. Silberkleit had a degree from St. Johns University, was a licensed and registered pharmacist. His efforts were focused on the business, printing, separating, distribution, Goldwater was one of the founders of the Comics Magazine Association of America, and he served as its president for 25 years. Goldwater was also a commissioner of the Anti-Defamation League. MLJs first comic book, published in November 1939, was Blue Ribbon Comics, with the first half of the book in full color, top Notch Comics was launched in December 1939. In January 1940, Pep Comics debuted with the Shield, the first USA patriotic comic book hero, created by writer and managing editor Harry Shorten, the Shield was a forerunner of Joe Simons and Jack Kirbys Captain America, being published 14 months earlier. Until March 1944, the feature of Pep was the Shield. The Andy Hardy movies were an inspiration for Goldwater to have a book about a relatable normal person. Teenaged Archibald Chick Andrews debuted with Betty Cooper and Jughead Jones in Pep Comics #22, in a story by writer Vic Bloom, Archie soon became MLJ Magazines headliner, which led to the company changing its name to Archie Comic Publications. Siberkleit and Coyne discontinued Columbia Publications in 1960, in the late 1950s, Archie Publishing launched its Archie Adventure Series line with a new version of the Shield and two new characters. Publisher Jim Warren received a letter on December 6,1961, accusing Help. of copyright infringement, Warren was unable to recall the magazine, but he agreed to settle out of court rather than risk an expensive lawsuit
42.
Archie Andrews
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Archie Andrews, created in 1941 by publisher John L. Archibald Archie Andrews debuted in Pep Comics 22. He is the child of Mary and Fred Andrews. His father works as a business executive. His earlier life is revealed in the Little Archie stories when he had a dog named Spotty and he lives in Riverdale, where he attends Riverdale High School. Archie is a typical small-town teenager and his two main crushes are Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, forming the love triangle driving many of the comics plot-lines. He has the best intentions, but often comes into conflict with Veronicas rich father, Hiram Lodge, as the lead singer of The Archies, Archie performs with Betty and Veronica, as well as his rival Reggie Mantle, and best friend Jughead Jones. Mary and Fred Andrews are of Scottish descent, Archies paternal grandfather Andy Andrews, immigrated to the United States from Scotland and befriended Moose Masons Russian ancestor, who had emigrated at the same time. Archie has been depicted wearing the kilt of his ancestors. The Little Archie series, published from 1956 through the mid-1990s, chronicles the adventures of pre-teen Archie, the 2010 revival of the Life with Archie series chronicles two alternate, parallel story lines in which Archie marries Betty and Veronica. The love triangle between Betty, Archie and Veronica became the hallmark of the Archie stories since the character was created more than 70 years ago, in Archies debut, when he was nicknamed Chick, he was trying to impress the girl next door, Betty Cooper. Initially, Betty considered him only as an annoying neighbor, when Veronica Lodge came to Riverdale, he switched his attention to her, making Betty jealous. She began competing with Veronica for his affection, Archie has feelings for both girls. Archie and Veronica date regularly, and he can count on Betty to lift his ego by showering him with affection and he often thinks of her only as a close friend and confidant. Betty loves Archie, but he takes her for granted. Archie likes it that he can use Betty as a back-up when he not have a date with his primary girlfriend Veronica. He dislikes it when Betty dates other boys, wanting her to stay available as his second choice, now that Betty sporadically dates Jason Blossom and Adam Chisholm, Archie shows a tinge of jealousy. Archie is married to Betty in Archie Marries Betty, Life With Archie series and he keeps running back to her, but she is rarely devoted to him. Archie is always fighting for her affection with his rival, Reggie Mantle, Veronica keeps Archie guessing, never letting him take her for granted, which makes him prefer Veronica over Betty
43.
Pep Comics
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The title continued under the Archie Comics imprint for a total of 411 issues until March 1987. Pep Comics was the anthology comic published by MLJ Magazines Inc. the precursor to what would become the publisher Archie Comics. The series was edited by Abner Sundell until issues #22–23 after which Harry Shorten took the reins until issue #65, the first issue was launched in January 1940, following Blue Ribbon Comics and Top-Notch Comics. S. A. The last was similar to The St Louis Kid in Top-Notch Comics, two short humor strips also featured in the first issue, Jocko and Animal Antics, both by Dick Ryan, while Buttonhead by Quincy appeared in #2–5. The Comet by Jack Cole ran for the first 17 issues alongside The Shield, the Shield also headed Pep Comics readers club from #15 when the Shield G-Man Club was introduced to the inside front cover of every issue until The Shield finished in #65. One unusual character who featured in early issues was Fu Chang, International Detective, another was Bentley of Scotland Yard, a mystery detective story originally by artist Sam Cooper and later Paul Reinman. These would always turn out to be hoaxes, usually perpetrated to cover up a murder or for money or other gain, each story ended with the same theme, a Bentley knows who. With issue #11, Fu Chang, International Detective, Perry Chase, The Press Guardian and The Rocket, to replace them, issue #12 introduced two new characters. Lucky Larson, a test pilot, filled the third place, further major changes came with the next two issues. Lee Sampson, Midshipman ended in #16, and Madame Satan was introduced in the same issue and she was written by Abner Sundell and initially drawn by Harry Lucey, although Joe Blair wrote her later adventures. Next a superhero died for the first time in comics history, the Comet series ended with him being shot by gangsters while rescuing his brother in the first tale of The Hangman by Cliff Campbell. Hangman took The Comets place in Pep Comics from that issue, issue #17 also saw Kayo Ward become a hobo after being terribly disfigured by a fire in the church he is getting married in. Issue #26 had a Remember Pearl Harbor cover, with The Shield, Dusty and The Hangman ringing the Liberty Bell while a Japanese, each month, Pep Comics printed lists of readers who had done so. Continuing the war emphasis, Captain Commando and the Boy Soldiers also began in #30, sergeant Boyle ended in #39, as did Danny in Wonderland. They were replaced by a Lil Abner parody, Catfish Joe and Lil Chief Bugaboo, Bentley of Scotland Yard ended in #41, replaced by the voyages of Marco Loco. This humor was also reflected on the covers, as from #41 The Shield shared the spotlight with Archie Andrews, the Hangman ended in #47, and although he was replaced by another costumed character, Black Hood in #48, the humor continued to take over. The Shield last appeared on a cover with #50, after which Archie featured on every cover until the end of the series in 1987, the publishing frequency dropped to quarterly between 1944 and 1946. Issue #52, saw the arrival of Harry Sahles dizzy blond Suzie, Archies rise in popularity continued, and Pep Comics was used to further this
44.
Teen humor comics
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Teen humor comics is a genre of comics that humorously depicts contemporary American teenagers. Teen humor comics appealed especially to young teen girls and tweens of both sexes because the books gave them a glimpse of what awaited them in high school. By the early 1940s, teens had become a significant consumer group with money of their own, the group was ripe for exploitation. In 1941, MLJ Comics introduced Archie Andrews and his Riverdale High pals into their superhero and crime comic book. MLJ would become the principal exponent of teen humor comics, the Riverdale teens were popular, and, by the fall of 1942, Archie had his own comic book series with stories focusing on the benign aspects of teen life – cars, dating, school, and parents. While the stories explored contemporary teen culture, they always affirmed conformity, the series tapped into the neglected pre-teen female audience as well as youngsters of both sexes who would soon enter their teens to experience high school life. The nostalgic, idealized, blissful view of high school life assured their success. Parental approval was granted for their non-smoking, non-drinking hero who never used teen slang, fought, or disobeyed his parents, Archie and his pals offered youngsters a safe glimpse of high school teens who observed the rules of adult society. Following the war, MLJ dropped all its titles and focused on its teen humor line with Archie and Archie spinoffs such as Betty. Archie has remained in publication for years, and, in the 1990s, late in 1943, DC Comics introduced trumpet-tooting, platter-playing Buzzy in All Funny, and granted him his own book in 1944. Written and drawn by George Storm, Buzzy Brown was a scrawny, jalopy-driving, suit and his girlfriend Susie loved his trumpet-playing but her father hated it and tried to keep Buzzy out of the house. Buzzy remained in publication until 1958, late in 1944, Quality Comics Group introduced sexy, chestnut-haired Candy in Police Comics, and gave the character her own book in 1947. The creation of Harry Sahle, Candy was sweet and wholesome but liberated, she used slang, adored boys, timely published Tessie the Typist in 1944, Millie the Model in 1945, and ten similar career girl titles by 1947. Radio shows Meet Corlis Archer and A Date with Judy were both translated to comics, in 1945, American Comics Group introduced former cartoon animator Dan Gordons Cookie, a wide-eyed, diminutive kid, in Topsy-Turvy Comics. He had his own book in 1946. Cast members included Cookies irascible businessman father, his mother, his beautiful blonde girlfriend Angelpuss, his slang-spouting pal Jitterbuck. Cookie tales were full of slapstick, violent pratfalls, low-brow jokes, the book has been compared to the wildness of cartoon director Tex Avery or the wackiness of the Warner Bros. ACGs Hi-Jinx was touted as an idea in comics and debuted in 1947
45.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5
46.
Blondie (comic strip)
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Blondie is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Chic Young. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, the strip has been published in newspapers since September 8,1930, the success of the strip, which features the eponymous blonde and her sandwich-loving husband, led to the long-running Blondie film series and the popular Blondie radio program. Chic Young drew Blondie until his death in 1973, when control passed to his son Dean Young. Young has collaborated with a number of artists on Blondie, including Jim Raymond, Mike Gersher, Stan Drake, Denis Lebrun, through these changes, Blondie has remained popular, appearing in more than 2,000 newspapers in 47 countries and has been translated into 35 languages. Since 2006, Blondie has also been available via email through King Features DailyINK service, the name Boopadoop derives from the scat singing lyric that was popularized by Helen Kanes 1928 song I Wanna Be Loved by You. Left only with a check to pay their honeymoon, the Bumsteads are forced to become a suburban family. The marriage was a significant media event, given the strips popularity. The catalog for the University of Floridas 2005 exhibition,75 Years of Blondie, 1930–2005, from that point forward, she gradually assumed her position as the sensible head of the Bumstead household. And Dagwood, who previously had been cast in the role of man to Blondies comic antics. Dagwood Bumstead and family, including Daisy and the pups, live in the suburbs of Joplin, Missouri, according to the August 1946 issue of The Joplin Globe, Blondie Bumstead, The eponymous leading lady of the comic strip. Blondie is a smart, sweet, and responsible woman and she can be stressed at times when raising her family and because of Dagwoods antics, and despite being usually laid-back and patient, Blondie does get upset sometimes. She is also beautiful with gold hair, gentle curls. A friend once told Dagwood that Blondie looked like a million bucks, in 1991, she began a catering business with her neighbor, Tootsie. A kind and loving yet clumsy, naïve and lazy man whose cartoonish antics are the basis for the strip and he is a big fan of sports and has a large, insatiable appetite for food. Dagwood is especially fond of making and eating the mile-high Dagwood sandwich and he celebrates even the most insignificant holidays, and approaches Thanksgiving with the same reverence most people reserve for Christmas. His klutziness is also a part of his encounters with Mr. Beasley the mailman. Another subplot deals with Dagwood and his neighbor Herb and he can also often be seen napping on his couch. Alexander Bumstead, the child of Blondie and Dagwood who is in his late teens
