1.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
2.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Snowmass Village, Colorado
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Snowmass Village is a Home Rule Municipality in Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. The population was 2,826 at the 2010 census, Snowmass Village is located at 39°12′51″N 106°56′43″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 25.6 square miles. Snowmass Village is to the north and at the base of the Snowmass Ski Area and it is located on Brush Creek, not Snowmass Creek. Within the area of the town, Owl Creek and Brush Creek join, visible from the village from east to west is, Burnt Mountain Ridge, Burnt Mountain, Baldy Mountain, Chapel Peak, Garret Peak, Clark Peak, Mount Daly, and Capitol Peak. Neither Snowmass Mountain nor Snowmass Peak, at the headwaters of Snowmass Creek, are visible from Snowmass Village, the geologic unit Mancos Shale underlies most of the area. On slopes too steep for vegetation, this shale is visible as gray expanses of eroding bedrock, on south-facing slopes, the alkaline soil that develops from the shales supports Gambel oak, sagebrush, serviceberry, and chokecherry. The north-facing slopes feature aspen, subalpine fir, Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, Snowmass Village and adjacent Wildcat have a huge population of black bears which feed on the acorns and berries of the south-facing slopes. The Brush Creek Valley was settled circa 1910 by ranching families including, Sinclair, Melton, Stapleton, * As a child, Hilder Hoaglund would ride her horse into Aspen to go to school. Her father, Charles Hoaglund, immigrated from Sweden in the 1800s, after a school was built in Brush Creek valley, she attended the Brush Creek Frontier School, now called the Little Red Schoolhouse, located on Owl Creek Road. She became a teacher at school and then at the Red Brick School in Aspen. At the schoolhouse, she played the accordion or piano for community dances, when she married Bill Anderson, the Hoaglund Ranch became the Anderson Ranch. Paul Soldner, a ceramic artist noted for developing American Raku, in 1968, he founded the Anderson Ranch Art Center and it incorporated in 1973. Under the leadership of Bill Janss and DRC Brown, the American Cement Company developed Snowmass Village as a ski resort starting in 1966, * Hayfields were subdivided and the lots sold for houses. Brush Creek is a name for a ski area, so they named the resort Snowmass after the valley to the west of Brush Creek. Fritz Benidict acted as the architect of the Snowmass ski area, the Campground Chairlift serving the western edge of the ski area, actually does extend into the Snowmass Valley. Five chairlifts were installed, Fanny Hill, Burlingame, and Sams Knob, the Big Burn, the Snowmass ski area first opened on December 16,1967. The new ski area hired Olympic medalist Stein Eriksen to direct the ski school, besides experience as a skier and instructor, Stein Eriksen brought an aura of European glamor to the raw new resort
5.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
6.
Brentwood, California
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Brentwood is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. It is located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the population is 51,481 as of 2010, an increase of 121 percent from 23,302 at the 2000 census. Brentwood began as a community in the late 19th century, and still is known throughout the Bay Area for its products, primarily its cherries, corn. Due to urban sprawl many of the old farms and orchards have been replaced by developments since 1990. Brentwood is increasingly residential, with the rate of growth in the triple digits during the 1990s. Marsh was one of the wealthiest men in California and was instrumental in its becoming independent from Mexico and his letters extolling the potential for agriculture in California were published in newspapers throughout the East. They resulted in the first wagon trains to California, Marsh encouraged this, and allowed new arrivals to stay on his ranch until they could get settled. Rancho Los Meganos became the terminus of the California Trail, Brentwood was named after Marshs ancestral home, the town of Brentwood in the County of Essex, England. Brentwoods first post office was established in 1878, balfour, Guthrie & Co. a British investment company, purchased the John Marsh ranch in 1910. The company invested heavily in other California agricultural properties as well, in 1910, it built the Brentwood Hotel at Oak Street and Brentwood Boulevard, across from the railroad station. This replaced an earlier hotel on the site that had burned down in 1903. The hotel was razed in 1967, and replaced by a service station, the Brentwood water tower perhaps symbolizes the citys transition from a rural farm community to a modern bedroom community. This landmark on Walnut Boulevard, across the street from the Brentwood Park and it is no longer used for its original purpose, but now serves as a cell phone tower. City water is stored in large tanks atop hills outside the city, the city is bordered on three sides by the Contra Costa County Agricultural Core which consists of 11,000 acres of preserved and still actively productive farm land. During the 1990s, many types of stores were built along the Brentwood/Antioch border on Lone Tree Way. The Streets of Brentwood, an outdoor retail center, opened in Brentwood in 2008. The city broke ground for a new center in November,2009. The Mission-style architectural inspiration for City Hall, the building, was the 1910 Brentwood Hotel
7.
Palm Desert, California
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Palm Desert is a city in Riverside County, California, United States, in the Coachella Valley, approximately 14 miles east of Palm Springs and 122 miles east of Los Angeles. The population was 48,445 at the 2010 census, up from 41,155 at the 2000 census. A major center of growth in the Coachella Valley, Palm Desert is a retreat for snowbirds from colder climates. The area was first known as the Old MacDonald Ranch, the first residential development occurred in 1943 in connection with an Army maintenance camp in the area. That site was developed into El Paseo, an upscale shopping district not unlike Rodeo Drive. In 1948, the Palm Desert Corporation began to develop real estate, many celebrities keep homes in Palm Desert, including Rita Rudner and more recently, the current home of professional golfer Michelle Wie and one of the homes of Bill Gates. Film producer Jerry Weintraub called Palm Desert his second home before he died, with only 1,500 permanent residents, the community was incorporated on November 26,1973. At the time, Palm Desert was a planned community situated in the desert that used to stretch from Palm Springs to Indio. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 27.0 square miles. The elevation is 224 feet above sea level, elevations vary from the lower northern half once covered in sand dunes to the upper slope southern cove all the way to the ridgeline at 1,000 feet. Palm Desert is located in the Coachella Valley, the extension of the Sonoran Desert. Sun City Palm Desert, California lies on the side of Interstate 10 from Palm Desert itself. The climate of the Coachella Valley is influenced by the surrounding geography, High mountain ranges on three sides and a south-sloping valley floor all contribute to its unique and year-round warm climate, with the warmest winters in the western United States. Winters are warm with highs between 73–84 °F. Under 5 inches of precipitation are average, with over 348 days of sunshine per year. The mean annual temperature at 75.8 °F makes Palm Desert one of the warmest places in the United States, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Palm Desert was 125 °F on July 6,1905. The surrounding mountains create a thermal belt in the foothills of Palm Desert. The University of California maintains weather stations located in this thermal belt as part of their project in the Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center
8.
Imran Khan
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Imran Khan Niazi, MP, is a Pakistani politician, former cricketer and philanthropist who leads the Pakistan Movement of Justice commonly known as PTI and serves as a member of the National Assembly. Prior to entering politics, Khan played international cricket for two decades in the twentieth century. Khan was born to a Pashtun family in Lahore and educated at Aitchison, Worcester and later at the Keble College, Khan started playing cricket at the age of 13. Initially playing for his college and later for the Worcestershire Cricket Club, after graduating from Oxford, Khan joined Pakistans national cricket team in 1976, and played until 1992. Khan also served as the teams captain intermittently throughout 1982–1992 and he, notably, led Pakistan to victory at the 1992 Cricket World Cup, Pakistans first and only victory in that competition. Khan retired from cricket in 1992 as one of Pakistans most successful players, in total he made 3,807 runs and took 362 wickets in Test cricket, and is one of eight world cricketers to have achieved an All-rounders Triple in Test matches. He was later, in 2010, inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, in 1991, he launched a fundraising campaign to set up a cancer hospital in memory of his mother. He raised $25 million to set up the first hospital in Lahore in 1994, in April 1996, Khan founded the Pakistan Movement for Justice, a centrist political party, and became the partys national leader. Khan contested for a seat in the National Assembly in October 2002 and he was again elected to the parliament in the 2013 elections, when his party emerged as the second largest in the country by popular vote. Khan serves as the leader of the party, hence leading the third largest block of parliamentarians in the National Assembly since 2013. His party also leads a government in north-western province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Khan remains a political figure and is, among others. Khan was born in Lahore on 5 October 1952, some reports suggest he was born 25 November 1952. The only son of Ikramullah Khan Niazi, a civil engineer, long settled in Mianwali in northwestern Punjab, his paternal family are of Pashtun ethnicity and belong to the Niazi tribe. Khans mother hailed from the Pashtun tribe of Burki, which had produced several successful cricketers in Pakistans history, including his cousins Javed Burki, a quiet and shy boy in his youth, Khan grew up with his four sisters in relatively affluent circumstances and received a privileged education. He was educated at Aitchison College in Lahore and the Royal Grammar School Worcester in England, in 1972 he enrolled in Keble College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics, graduating with honours in 1975. On 16 May 1995, Khan married Jemima Goldsmith, in a ceremony conducted in Urdu in Paris. A month later, on 21 June, they were married again in a ceremony at the Richmond registry office in England
9.
Kurt Russell
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Kurt Vogel Russell is an American actor. He began acting on television in the western series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, in the late 1960s, he signed a ten-year contract with The Walt Disney Company where, according to Robert Osborne, he became the studios top star of the 1970s. Russell was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance in Silkwood. A and he was nominated for an Emmy Award for the television film Elvis, also directed by Carpenter. Russell starred in films, including Overboard, Tombstone, Stargate, Death Proof. Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, Russell is the son of actor Bing Russell and he has three sisters, Jill, Jamie and Jody. In 1969, he graduated from Thousand Oaks High School in southern California and his sister Jill is the mother of baseball player Matt Franco. On April 24,1963, Russell guest starred in the ABC series Our Man Higgins and he played Peter Hall in the 1963 episode Everybody Knows You Left Me on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry The Eleventh Hour. Later, he played the character in the ABC western series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters. In NBCs The Virginian, he played the mistaken orphan whose father was an outlaw played by Rory Calhoun who was still alive, Russell played a similar role as a kid named Packy Kerlin in the 1964 episode Blue Heaven for the western series Gunsmoke. He appeared in five episodes of Daniel Boone in various roles, at age 13, Russell played the role of Jungle Boy on an episode of CBSs Gilligans Island, which aired on February 6,1965. He guest-starred on ABCs western The Legend of Jesse James, in 1966, Russell played a 14-year-old Indian boy, Grey Smoke, adopted by the Texas Rangers in the episode Meanwhile, Back at the Reservation of the NBC western series Laredo. In the story line, he works for a gang, but the Rangers take him under their wing. In 1966, Walt Disney wrote Kurt Russell on a piece of paper as his final words, in January 1967, Russell played Private Willie Prentiss in the episode Willie and the Yank, The Mosby Raiders in Walt Disneys Wonderful World of Color. While filming the Sherman Brothers theatrical film musical The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band, flippen and Tom Tryon appeared in the episode Charade of Justice of the NBC western series The Road West starring Barry Sullivan. In a March 1966 episode of CBSs Lost in Space entitled The Challenge, he played Quano, in 1971, he co-starred as a young robber released from jail, alongside James Stewart in Fools Parade. Later, he guest-starred in an episode of Room 222 as an high school student who assumed the costumed identity of Paul Revere to warn of the dangers of pollution. In 1966, Russell was signed to a contract with The Walt Disney Company, where he became, according to Robert Osborne. Russell, like his father, had a baseball career, while in the field turning the pivot of a double play early in the season, the incoming runner at second base collided with him and tore the rotator cuff in Russells right shoulder
10.
Oliver Hudson
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Oliver Rutledge Hudson is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Adam Rhodes in the CBS comedy series Rules of Engagement, Jeff Fordham on the ABC musical drama series Nashville and he is the son of Goldie Hawn and Bill Hudson and the older brother of actress Kate Hudson. Hudson was born in Los Angeles, California, to Goldie Hawn, after his parents divorced in 1980, he and his sister, actress Kate Hudson, were raised in Colorado by their mother and her partner, actor Kurt Russell. Hudson is of Italian, Hungarian and Jewish ancestry and he was raised in the Jewish faith. Hudson appeared opposite his mother in 1999 comedy film The Out-of-Towners and later starred in teen movies, like The Smokers. In 2002 he played the role of The WB comedy series My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star. Hudson also appeared in recurring role opposite Katie Holmes as her love interest, Eddie Doling, Hudson starred in The WB series The Mountain from 2004 to 2005, the show was canceled after 13 episodes. In 2006 he starred in horror films The Breed and Black Christmas and he also starred with Claire Forlani in Lifetime movie Carolina Moon in 2007. From 2007 to 2013 Hudson starred as Adam Rhodes in the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement, in 2013 Hudson was cast in the recurring role of Jeff Fordham for the second season on the ABC drama series Nashville. Hudson later was promoted to regular for third season. In 2015, Hudson was cast as a regular on the horror comedy anthology series Scream Queens playing Wes Gardener. Also in 2015, Hudson and his sister, Kate Hudson, launched FL2, Hudson married Erinn Bartlett on June 9,2006, in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. The ceremony was officiated by a Buddhist monk, the couple has three children, two sons, Wilder Brooks and Bodhi Hawn, and a daughter, Rio Laura. Hudson entered the World Series of Poker main event in 2005 but was eliminated in his first hand by Sam Farha, Oliver Hudson at the Internet Movie Database Oliver Hudson on Twitter
11.
Kate Hudson
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Kate Garry Hudson is an American actress. She rose to prominence in 2000 for playing Penny Lane in Almost Famous, Hudson also co-founded Fabletics, a fitness brand and membership program operated by JustFab. Hudson was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Academy Award-winning actress Goldie Hawn and Bill Hudson, an actor, comedian, Hudson has stated that her biological father doesnt know me from a hole in the wall, and that she considers Russell her father. Her biological father indicated that though he had several efforts to connect with Kate. Hudson has described her mother as the woman that Ive learned the most from, and who I look up to, Hudsons ancestry is Italian, Hungarian Jewish, and the remainder a mix of English and some German. Like her mother, Hudson practices Buddhism, in 1997, she graduated from Crossroads, a college preparatory school in Santa Monica. She was accepted to New York University, but chose to pursue a career instead of an undergraduate degree. Hudsons first film came in 1998 with two films, the comedy-drama Desert Blue and Ricochet River. She subsequently appeared in the 1999 New Years Eve-set comedy ensemble comedy film, in 2002, Hudson starred in the remake of the historical romance The Four Feathers, which was panned by critics and audiences. Her next film, the romantic comedy How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, was a box office success, Hudson subsequently appeared in several romantic comedies, including Alex and Emma and Raising Helen, the films met with varying degrees of success. Hudson later headlined the 2005 thriller The Skeleton Key, the film, which had a production budget of $43 million, grossed over $91.9 million worldwide. Her next film, a comedy titled You, Me and Dupree and co-starring Owen Wilson and Matt Dillon, in 2007, Hudson directed the short film Cutlass, one of Glamour magazines Reel Moments based on readers personal essays. Cutlass co-stars Kurt Russell, Dakota Fanning, Virginia Madsen, Chevy Chase and she also appeared in My Best Friends Girl, another romantic comedy, in 2008. Hudson next appeared in the musical film Nine, alongside Daniel Day-Lewis, Marion Cotillard, Penélope Cruz, Nicole Kidman, the film, directed by Rob Marshall, was released in December 2009. Hudson was critically acclaimed for her skills, showcased in a 1960s-inspired original piece called Cinema Italiano. She later starred in the adaptation of Jim Thompsons The Killer Inside Me. In 2011, she starred in romantic comedy, Something Borrowed, based on Emily Giffins novel of the same name. In 2012, Hudson was cast in the role on Fox teen comedy series, Glee as Cassandra July
12.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
13.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
14.
Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
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Rowan & Martins Laugh-In is an American sketch comedy television program that ran for 140 episodes from January 22,1968, to March 12,1973, on the NBC television network. Laugh-In originally aired as a special on September 9,1967. In 2002, Rowan & Martins Laugh-In was ranked number 42 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the show was characterized by a rapid-fire series of gags and sketches, many of which conveyed sexual innuendo or were politically charged. The co-hosts continued the exasperated straight man and dumb guy act which they had established as nightclub comics, each episode followed a somewhat similar format, often including recurring sketches. The show started with a dialogue between Rowan and Martin. Shortly afterward, Rowan would intone, Cmon Dick, lets go to the party, the show then proceeded through rapid-fire comedy bits, taped segments, and recurring sketches. The Rompus Room cocktail party was similar in format to the Word Dance segments of A Thurber Carnival, at the end of every show, Rowan turned to his co-host and said, Say good night, Dick, to which Martin replied, Good night, Dick. The show then featured cast members opening panels in a psychedelically painted joke wall, although most episodes include most of the above segments, the arrangement of the segments was often interchanged. The show often featured guest stars, Ruth Buzzi, Judy Carne, Henry Gibson, Larry Hovis, Arte Johnson, and Jo Anne Worley appeared in the pilot special from 1967. Only the two hosts, announcer Gary Owens, and Buzzi, Carne, Gibson, and Johnson, were in all 14 episodes of season one, eileen Brennan, Hovis, and Roddy Maude-Roxby left after the first season. The second season had a handful of new people, including Alan Sues, Dave Madden, All of the new cast members from season two left at the end of that season, except Alan Sues, who stayed on until 1972. At the end of the 1968–69 season, Carne chose not to renew her contract, the third season had several new people who only stayed on for that season, Teresa Graves, Jeremy Lloyd, Pamela Rodgers, and Byron Gilliam. Lily Tomlin joined in the middle of the season, Jo Anne Worley, Goldie Hawn, and Judy Carne left after the season. Arte Johnson, who created many characters, insisted on star billing. The producer mollified him, but had announcer Gary Owens read Johnsons credit as a sentence, Starring Dan Rowan. This maneuver gave Johnson star billing, but made it sound like he was part of the ensemble cast. Johnson left the show after the 1970–71 season, Henry Gibson also departed after the 1970–71 season. Johnson and he were replaced by former Hogans Heroes stars Richard Dawson and Larry Hovis, however, the loss of Johnsons many popular characters caused ratings to drop further
15.
Cactus Flower (film)
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Cactus Flower is a 1969 American comedy film directed by Gene Saks and starring Walter Matthau, Ingrid Bergman, and Goldie Hawn, who won an Oscar for her performance. The screenplay was adapted by I. A. L, diamond from the Broadway play of the same name written by Abe Burrows, which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Grédy. The film was the seventh highest grossing film of 1970, 21-year-old Toni Simmons attempts to commit suicide by inhaling gas from a second-hand stove. Her neighbor, Igor Sullivan, smells the gas and rescues her by using mouth to mouth resuscitation, Tonis failed suicide attempt stems from her despondency following being stood up by her lover, Dr. Julian Winston. Julian Winston, a dentist, had told Toni from the beginning of their relationship that he had a wife, unknown to Toni, Julian is not married, and Toni hates lying above all other transgressions. Upon learning of Tonis suicide attempt, Julian decides to marry Toni, Julian asks Stephanie Dickinson, his longtime nurse, to pose as his wife. At first unwilling, she relents, since she has long had a crush on her employer. Toni senses Miss Dickinsons feelings for Julian and asks Julian to help Miss Dickinson find another man, ultimately Julians friend Harvey, his patient Señor Arturo Sánchez, and Igor all become embroiled in Julians scheme. Toni suspects Julians untrustworthiness and leaves him for Igor, Julian finally falls in love with Miss Dickinson. The prickly cactus Miss Dickinson keeps on her desk in the office gives the film its name, like Miss Dickinson, the cactus thrives in the driest of settings--and Miss Dickenson gets the driest, funniest lines. Ultimately, both the cactus and Miss Dickinson bloom, on release, the film was acclaimed by both critics and the general public, becoming the eighth highest grossing film of 1969. Howard Thompson of The New York Times stated that both the scenario of I. A. L. Diamond and the direction of Gene Saks open up and even ventilate the story. Roger Ebert declared that the works and the movie is better than the play. Hawns performance in Cactus Flower won her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the film has been remade several times. An unauthorized Hindi version titled Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya. starring Salman Khan, Sushmita Sen, in 2007, it was remade in Kannada as Sathyavan Savithri starring Ramesh Aravind. An English language remake, Just Go With It, starring Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston, was released in 2011, an Egyptian version titled Nos Saa Gawaz, starring Rushdy Abaza, Shadia and Adel Imam, was released in 1969
16.
There's a Girl in My Soup
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Theres a Girl in My Soup is a 1970 British comedy film directed by Roy Boulting and starring Peter Sellers and Goldie Hawn. Sellers appears as Robert Danvers, a vain, womanizing and wealthy host of a cooking show. He meets Hawns character, a no-nonsense American hippie living with an English rock musician in London and she moves in with him, and accompanies him on a trip to a wine festival in France. Meanwhile, her rock musician boyfriend decides he wants her back, Sellers characters catchphrase is, My God, but youre lovely—which he sometimes says to his own reflection. It ran for six years in the West End, from 1966 to 1972 and this record was later broken by No Sex Please, Were British and then Run For Your Wife. Frisbys script won The Writers Guild of Great Britain Award for Best Screenplay in 1970, a novelisation of the film, written by Raymond Hitchcock, was published in 1971. Eventually Mike Frankovich became producer and the Boultings directed, Goldie Hawn signed in January 1969. It was the seventh most popular movie at the British box office in 1970, Theres a Girl in My Soup at the Internet Movie Database Theres a Girl in My Soup at the TCM Movie Database Theres a Girl in My Soup at AllMovie
17.
Butterflies Are Free
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Butterflies Are Free is a 1972 American comedy-drama film based on the play by Leonard Gershe. The 1972 film was produced by M. J. Frankovich, released by Columbia Pictures, directed by Milton Katselas and it was released on 6 July 1972 in the USA. Goldie Hawn and Edward Albert starred, Eileen Heckart received an Academy Award for her performance. While the original play was set in Manhattan, New York, in the San Francisco of the 1970s, Don Baker, who was born blind, has lived all his life with his mother. Don moves out into an apartment on his own, but Don finds himself all alone and he has made a contract that his mother will not come to see him for at least two months. This is when Jill Tanner moves into an apartment next door to Don and she listens to Don talking to his mother over the phone and turns on the radio. When Don asks her to turn the volume down, she invites herself over for a cup of coffee and they start talking and find each other friendly. Jill does not realize that Don is blind until she sees him dropping his cigarette ash on the table, Jill has never met a blind man before, so she asks all sorts of questions about how Don manages everyday chores. She tells Don that her favorite quote is, I only ask to be free, mankind will surely not deny to Harold Skimpole what it concedes to the butterflies. Don makes up a song and starts to sing Butterflies are free on his guitar, surprising Don with a visit, Mrs. Baker sees that Don has attached himself to Jill. She fears that Jill will break Dons heart and she takes Jill out for a lunch and tries to talk her out of Dons life. Jill has strong feelings for Don and tells Mrs. Baker that if there is someone who should get out of Dons life, it is she. The review further praises the acting of Goldie Hawn, saying, Hawn, funny and touching, is a delight throughout and Heckart gets a film role that enables her to display versatility. Time magazine pointed out the talent of Goldie Hawn, saying, Goldie Hawn, as the next door, has come a long way from her giddy role in Laugh-In. Best Supporting Actress – Eileen Heckart –1972 Academy Awards Most Promising Newcomer – Male – Edward Albert –1973 Golden Globe Awards Best Sound – Arthur Piantadosi, knight –1972 Academy Awards Best Cinematography – Charles B
18.
The Sugarland Express
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The Sugar Land Express also was the nickname of the American football player Kenneth Hall. The Sugarland Express is a 1974 American crime drama film co-written and it stars Goldie Hawn, Ben Johnson, William Atherton, and Michael Sacks. It is about a husband and wife trying to outrun the law and was based on a real-life incident, the event partially took place, the story is partially set, and the movie was partially filmed in Sugar Land, Texas. Other scenes for the film were filmed in San Antonio, Lone Oak, Floresville, Pleasanton, Converse and Del Rio, the Sugarland Express marks the first collaboration between Spielberg and composer John Williams. In May 1969, Lou Jean Poplin visits her husband Clovis Michael Poplin to tell him that their son will soon be placed in the care of foster parents, even though he is four months away from release from the Beauford H. Jester Prison Farm in Texas, she convinces him to escape to assist her in retrieving her child and they hitch a ride from the prison with an elderly couple, but when Texas Department of Public Safety Patrolman Maxwell Slide stops the car, they take the car and run. When the car crashes, the two felons overpower and kidnap Slide, holding him hostage in a caravan, eventually including helicopters. The Poplins and their travel through Beaumont, Dayton, Houston, Cleveland, Conroe and finally Wheelock. By holding Slide hostage, the pair are able to continually gas up their car, eventually, Slide and the pair bond and have mutual respect for one another. The Poplins bring Slide to the home of the foster parents, a pair of Texas Rangers shoot and kill Clovis and the Texas Department of Public Safety arrests Lou Jean. Lou Jean spends fifteen months of a prison term in a womens correctional facility. Upon getting out, she obtains the right to live with her son, the films Lou Jean Poplin and Clovis Michael Poplin are based on the lives of then-21-year-old Ila Fae Holiday/Dent and 22-year-old Robert Bobby Dent, respectively. The character of Texas Highway Patrolman Slide is based on then-27-year-old Trooper J. Kenneth Crone, the character of Captain Tanner is based on Texas Highway Patrol Captain Jerry Miller. In real life, Ila Fae did not break Bobby out of prison – he had released from prison in April 1969. Unlike the film, Bobby died instantly when he was shot at the home of Ila Faes two children. Ila Fae was sentenced to five years in prison, serving five months. She died in 1992, in her mid-40s, Steven Spielberg persuaded co-producers Richard Zanuck and David Brown to let him make his big-screen directorial debut with this true story. A year later, Spielbergs next project for Zanuck and Brown was 1975s blockbuster hit Jaws, a clip from the Wile E. Coyote/Road Runner cartoon Whoa, Be-Gone. is shown in silence during a scene at a drive-in theater
19.
Shampoo (film)
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Shampoo is a 1975 American satirical romantic comedy-drama film written by Robert Towne and Warren Beatty and directed by Hal Ashby. It stars Warren Beatty, Julie Christie and Goldie Hawn, with Lee Grant, Jack Warden, Tony Bill and in a film appearance. The film is set on Election Day 1968, the day Richard Nixon was first elected as President of the United States, and was released soon after the Watergate scandal had reached its conclusion. The political atmosphere provides a source of irony, since the audience. However, the theme of the film is not presidential politics but sexual politics. The lead character, George Roundy, is based on several actual hairdressers, including Jay Sebring and film producer Jon Peters. Sebring was brutally murdered by the Charles Manson family in 1969, according to the 2010 book Star, How Warren Beatty Seduced America by Peter Biskind, the screenwriter Towne based the character on Beverly Hills hairdresser Gene Shacove. Shampoo is set during a 24-hour period in 1968, on the eve of an election that would result in Richard Nixons election to the American presidency. He dreams of setting up his own business, but lacking the cash to do so, turns to wealthy lover Felicia. The principals adjourn to a posh counterculture party, and the night quickly descends into drugs, alcohol, in the films dramatic climax, Lester and Jill happen upon George and Jackie having vigorous sex on a kitchen floor. Just before their identities are revealed, an impressed Lester exclaims, am I right, or am I right. When Jill recognizes the writhing couple, she throws a chair at them, as George backpedals, trying to placate Jill, Jackie sees him for the cad he is, George realizes that Jackie is his true love and proposes to her. By then it is too late, Jackie announces that Lester is divorcing Felicia, with Felicia gone, Jill gone, and now Jackie gone, the film thus pairs sexual revelation with Georges deeper moral development, but ends bleakly for the protagonist, despite his epiphany. From reviews compiled retrospectively, review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 63% based on 30 reviews, commercially, Shampoo was a great success. Produced on a budget of $4 million, the film grossed $49,407,734 domestically and it was the fourth most successful film of 1975 by box office takings, beaten only by Jaws, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, and The Rocky Horror Picture Show
20.
Foul Play (1978 film)
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In it, a recently divorced librarian is drawn into a mystery when a stranger hides a roll of film in a pack of cigarettes and gives it to her for safekeeping. The film inspired an ABC television series starring Barry Bostwick and Deborah Raffin that aired in early 1981, recent divorcée Gloria Mundy is a San Francisco librarian. While attending a party, she is encouraged by a friend to leave open to new experiences. On the way home, Gloria picks up a man named Bob Scotty Scott when she encounters him. She impulsively accepts Scottys invitation to him at the movies that evening. Unbeknownst to her, Scotty has secreted a roll of film in the pack and that evening, a seriously wounded Scotty meets Gloria in the theater and warns her to beware of the dwarf before dying. When his body mysteriously disappears while Gloria seeks help from the theater manager, at the end of the following work day, Gloria is attacked in the library by albino Whitey Jackson. She manages to escape and seeks refuge with Stanley Tibbets, a ladies man who assumes she is picking him up to have sex. Shocked by his misunderstanding, she flees and returns to her apartment, when he attempts to strangle her with a scarf, Gloria stabs him in the stomach with a pair of knitting needles and calls the police for help. When her attacker tries to stop her, he is killed by Whitey through the kitchen window, later, Tony takes her to his Sausalito houseboat, where the two become involved romantically. Tony is now assigned to protect Gloria from her would-be killers, Charlie has murdered his twin in order to impersonate him. The following day, Rupert kidnaps Fergie and uses him to lure Gloria into a trap and she manages to hide in a massage parlor, where she encounters Stanley yet again, but then is found and abducted by Jackson and Stiltskin. At Glorias request, Stella has researched an organization known as the Tax the Churches League, for the Darrows, organized religion is a corrupt, greedy sham involving powerful billion-dollar corporations. Stella gives the results of her findings to Tony, who returns to the Archbishops residence with Mr. Hennessy. Darrow then details her plan to eliminate the Pope, If His Holiness is not yet terminated at the end of Act I. Mr. Hennessy knocks out Charlie and defeats Delia in a martial arts duel, after making it backstage, Gloria is grabbed by Jackson, who kills one of several security guards who have joined the pursuit. An enraged Gloria attempts to attack Jackson, who shoves her to the floor. This gives Tony the room he needs to shoot the albino, Goldie Hawn as Gloria Mundy Chevy Chase as Lieutenant Tony Carlson Burgess Meredith as Mr. J
21.
Seems Like Old Times (film)
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Seems Like Old Times is a 1980 American comedy film starring Chevy Chase, Goldie Hawn, and Charles Grodin, directed by Jay Sandrich, with Neil Simon as screenwriter. It is the film directed by Sandrich. After Nick Gardenia is forced to rob a bank, and becomes a fugitive, he seeks help from his ex-wife Glenda Parks and her current husband, Ira Parks, is the Los Angeles county district attorney, who harbors a jealous disdain towards Nick. This was the pairing of Goldie Hawn and Chevy Chase. Nick Gardenia, a writer, has the use of a friends oceanside cabin in Big Sur. He is interrupted by a pair of robbers, Warren Dex Dexter. Ramone, who use Nick to rob a bank in Carmel and their modus operandi is to take an innocent person and force them at gunpoint to rob banks, take the money and toss their captive out of their moving car. Unfortunately for Nick, he trips in the bank, is helped up, the banks picture of Nick comes to the attention of Los Angeles district attorney Ira Parks when his assistant, Fred, recognizes it to be Parks wifes ex-husband. Because of his desire to become State Attorney General, Ira is frustrated and upset, Iras wife, Glenda, is a lawyer herself. A public defender, Glenda often tries to rehabilitate her clients by giving them odd jobs around their house, after a long day in court, Glenda comes home to mixed news—joy for Ira running for Attorney General and surprise when Ira gives her the news about Nick. She wants to defend Nick because of her disbelief that he would ever do such a thing, the robbers ditch Nick and he desperately makes his way to Glenda and Iras Brentwood, Los Angeles house. During a party, Glenda, while searching for one of her dogs and he begs for help and she tries to get him some food, despite most of the leaders of law enforcement being in her house. Nick explains what happened, but Glenda refuses to help unless he himself in. Glenda finally agrees to let him sleep in a guest room over the garage, the next day Nick decides he wants to personally go after the guys who did this to him. After some comically close run-ins with the police, with Ira and with a feisty maid, Aurora De La Hoya and he later robs her of her car but then reappears over her garage, and another confrontation ensues between Ira and Glenda. Ira soon discovers Nick was telling the truth about the two men who forced him to rob the bank. About to have the Governor of California coming to the house for dinner, Glenda must deal with cases, with her maid having foot surgery. The party takes a turn when Nick, coming back to turn himself in, ends up serving dinner to the governor, Ira, Glenda
22.
Private Benjamin (1980 film)
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Private Benjamin is a 1980 American comedy film starring Goldie Hawn. The film was one of the biggest box office hits of 1980, the film is ranked 82 on the American Film Institutes 100 Funniest Movies poll, and 59 on Bravos 100 Funniest Movies. Judy Benjamin a 28-year-old from a wealthy upbringing whose lifelong dream is to marry a professional man. Adrift, Benjamin meets a recruiting sergeant, Jim Ballard, who leads her to military life will provide the family she seeks. He also tells her that the service is glamorous, comparing it to a spa vacation and she has a rude awakening upon arriving in boot camp. Judy wants to quit almost immediately, and is astonished to learn that she cannot, upon completion of basic training, Judy meets Henri Tremont, a French doctor, who is in Biloxi for a medical conference. They separate after a romance, Henri returns to Paris and Judy enters training for the Thornbirds. She quickly finds that she was chosen for training because the units commander finds her attractive. When she refuses to comply, he attempts to have her transferred as far away from Biloxi as possible. Rather than accept what she sees as an undesirable post in Greenland or Guam, she negotiates an assignment to SHAPE in Belgium, and meets up with Henri again on a visit to Paris. He proposes marriage and she accepts, but when Capt. Lewis discovers that Tremont is a communist, after she chooses Henri and gets engaged, Judy discovers Henris controlling side. He tries to remake her, and also forces her to sign an agreement in his favor. In the final scene, just as Judy is about to get married again, she walks out on Henri at the altar to go and live her own life. Private Benjamin was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and Best Original Screenplay. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2000, AFIs 100 Years.100 Laughs – #822005, AFIs 100 Years.100 Movie Quotes, Judy Benjamin, I did join the Army, but I joined a different Army. I joined the one with the condos and the private rooms, – Nominated In 1981, Private Benjamin was made into an Emmy and Golden Globe–winning television series of the same name that ran until 1983. It starred Lorna Patterson, Eileen Brennan, Hal Williams, Lisa Raggio, Wendie Jo Sperber, Brennan and Williams reprised their roles, that of Captain Doreen Lewis and Sergeant L. C. Ross, from the film for the television series, amy Talkington is in talks to write the script and Mark Gordon is set to produce
23.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
24.
Overboard (film)
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Overboard is a 1987 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall, written by Leslie Dixon, and starring Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell and produced by Roddy McDowall. The films soundtrack was composed by Alan Silvestri, in turn, it was adapted into the 2006 South Korean television series, Couple or Trouble. In recent years, it has become popular via cable television and has gained a cult following, spoiled, selfish heiress Joanna Stayton is accustomed to the life of the idle rich with her husband, Grant Stayton III. While waiting for their yacht to be repaired in the hamlet of Elk Cove, Oregon. Later that night, as the yacht away from the harbor, Joanna goes out on deck to retrieve her wedding ring. The next day the local TV news shows a story about her having been picked out of the water around midnight by a garbage scow and she is suffering from amnesia and is taken to the local hospital where no one can figure out who she is. Once Grant discovers she has fallen overboard, he back to port to retrieve her. After seeing her mental state and her out at hospital employees, he denies knowing her. He goes to the hospital and tells her that she is Annie, his wife of thirteen years, the hospital staff is eager for her to be gone, but they need binding proof he is responsible for her, and he does not have legal documentation to do so. He is granted her release by telling them about a small birthmark on her behind and she reluctantly goes home with him. Once there, she is appalled by his residence, but feels some obligation to pitch in, at first, Joanna has difficulty dealing with Deans sons and the heavy load of chores. She soon adapts, however, and learns to cook, clean, do laundry, as she masters her responsibilities, she learns about the boys school and family issues and that Dean is secretly working two jobs to make ends meet. She begins to fall in love him and to develop motherly love toward his sons. Seeing Dean struggle, Joanna makes his dream come true by helping him design a golf course based on her untapped knowledge of the Seven Wonders of the World. Although he has fallen in love with her, he does not tell her the truth about her real identity for fear that she will leave. Even when he attempts to confess when she discovers a pair of expensive monogrammed underwear leading to think he is cheating, his friend, Billy, takes the blame. He, who also doctored photos of them to cement the alibi of their prior relationship, meanwhile, after Joannas mother, Edith, threatens Grant, he reluctantly ends the partying and returns to Elk Cove to retrieve her, tracing her to the Profitt residence. She greets him and her memory instantaneously restores and she is shocked and hurt when she realizes that Dean lied and has been using her for months
25.
Bird on a Wire (film)
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Bird on a Wire is a 1990 American action comedy film starring Mel Gibson and Goldie Hawn, directed by John Badham, and shot mainly in British Columbia, Canada. The title refers to the Leonard Cohen song Bird on the Wire, the alley motorcycle chase scene was filmed in Victoria, BCs Chinatown, in Fan Tan Alley. Rick Jarmin helped convict a drug-dealing DEA agent named Eugene Sorenson and was placed in the protection program. Fifteen years later his former fiancée Marianne Graves crosses paths with him at a gas station in Detroit, Rick refuses to recognize Marianne as the witness protection program does not allow contact with people from the witness previous life. If she recognizes him it may lead to Sorenson finding and killing him. Sorenson has been let out of jail after serving his sentence, Marianne has blown Ricks cover and he makes a frantic call to his relocation officer for a new identity, only to discover that his old contact has retired and is later revealed to have Alzheimers. His new contact is Joe Weyburn, a dirty cop in league with Diggs, just as Marianne prepares to confront Rick they are surprised by Sorenson and Diggs, who show up at the gas station with guns blazing. They shoot Ricks kindly old boss at the gas station, pinning the murder on Rick and Marianne, Rick and Marianne spend a night in a hotel room, where they later share their feelings and have passionate sex. The climax of the takes place the next night in a zoo where Rick used to work. He releases the various large cats and other animals from their cages, and these and crocodiles and piranhas complicate the pitched battle with Sorenson, Diggs and Weyburn, at the end Rick is suspended over a large cat in a pit and Marianne cant quite reach him. He offers her the incentive of marriage and children, which does the trick. To tease her afterwards, he pretends to back out of his promise, but the scene shows them boating in the Caribbean. The film holds a 32% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews, Bird on a Wire debuted at #1 at the box office. And went on to gross over $138.6 million worldwide, Bird on a Wire at the Internet Movie Database Bird on a Wire at AllMovie Bird on a Wire at the TCM Movie Database Bird on a Wire at Rotten Tomatoes Bird on a Wire at Box Office Mojo
26.
Death Becomes Her
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The film focuses on a pair of rivals who drink a magic potion that promises eternal youth. Death Becomes Her won the Academy Award for Visual Effects, the film was a commercial success, grossing $149 million at the box office. In 1978, narcissistic, manipulative Madeline Ashton performs in a musical version of Sweet Bird of Youth on Broadway. She invites long-time rival Helen Sharp, a writer, backstage along with Helens fiancé. Ernest is smitten with Madeline, breaking off his engagement with Helen to marry her, Helen winds up in a psychiatric hospital after fixating upon Madeline. Obese and depressed, Helen feigns rehabilitation and is released, plotting revenge on Madeline, seven years later, Madeline lives in Beverly Hills with Ernest, but they are miserable. Madelines career has faded, and Ernest is an alcoholic reduced to working as a reconstructive mortician, receiving an invitation to a party celebrating Helens new book, Madeline rushes to a spa where she regularly receives facial treatments. Understanding Madelines situation, the spa owner gives her the card of Lisle von Rhoman. Madeline and Ernest attend the party for Helens novel, Forever Young, dumbfounded and depressed by Helens appearance, Madeline visits her young lover but discovers he is with a woman his age. Dejected, Madeline drives to Lisles home, Lisle is a mysterious, wealthy socialite claiming to be 71, but looks much younger. She reveals to Madeline the secret of her beauty, a potion that promises eternal life. Madeline purchases and drinks the potion and is rejuvenated, as a condition of purchase, Madeline must disappear from public life after ten years to keep the existence of the potion secret. Lisle warns Madeline to take care of her body. Helen seduces Ernest and convinces him to kill Madeline, when Madeline returns home, she and Ernest argue, during which Madeline falls down the stairs, breaking her neck. Believing Madeline dead, Ernest phones Helen for advice, not seeing Madeline stand, Ernest assumes she has a dislocated neck and drives her to the emergency room. Madeline is told she is dead and faints. She is taken to the due to her body having no pulse. After rescuing Madeline, Ernest takes the sign of her resurrection as a miracle, returns home with Madeline, Helen demands information about Madelines situation
27.
Housesitter
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Housesitter is a 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Frank Oz, written by Mark Stein, and starring Steve Martin and Goldie Hawn. The premise involves a woman with con-artist tendencies who worms her way into the life of an architect by claiming to be his wife. Newton Davis is a struggling architect, after building his dream house for himself and his longtime girlfriend Becky in his hometown, he is crushed when she refuses to marry him. He is unable to bring himself to live in the house, some time later, Newton meets a waitress named Gwen at a Hungarian restaurant. Believing that she cannot speak English, he spills out his sob story about Becky, after the restaurant closes for the night, Newton learns she merely pretended to be Hungarian, and can speak English. He walks her home, which turns out to be a few steps away, the next morning, Gwen finds that Newton left in the middle of the night. However, he left behind the drawing of the house hed built for Becky. Interest piqued by the drawing, Gwen takes a bus out to see the house. She is charmed by it, and decides to move in, Gwen goes to the towns general store, where she charges her groceries to the Newton Davis account. When questioned about this, Gwen, who it becomes clear is a natural liar, Gwen meets Becky, and spins a lengthy romantic story about how they fell in love, which surprises and impresses Becky. Gwen also meets Newtons parents, who are heartbroken that Newton got married without telling them, soon after, Newton travels to his hometown and is shocked to see that his house is lived in. When he finds out what Gwen has done he is initially furious, Newton and Gwen come to an agreement in which Gwen will help Newton win Becky, and in return shell get all the furniture in the house. Through their time together, Newton begins to more on Gwen beyond their agreement. It is also revealed that Gwen became a compulsive liar in order to escape from what she feels is her own background. The film culminates with a reception held at the house in which the sub-plots of Newtons career, family, annoyed with Becky for her superior and suspicious attitude, Gwen confronts her in front of everyone, accusing her of trying to win Newton back. Gwen storms out of the house in tears, and Newton follows her, outside alone, Newton praises Gwen for her brilliance, but Gwen replies that she wanted their marriage to work. Her feelings for him are apparent, Newton watches, confused, as Gwen leaves. Becky takes the opportunity to make a move on Newton, Newton answers that they were all true and chases after Gwen
28.
The First Wives Club
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The First Wives Club is a 1996 American comedy film, based on the best-selling 1992 novel of the same name by Olivia Goldsmith. Narrated by Diane Keaton, it stars Keaton, Goldie Hawn, scott Rudin produced and Hugh Wilson directed, the film was distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film became a surprise box-office hit following its North American release, eventually grossing $181,490,000 worldwide, mostly from its domestic run, despite receiving mixed reviews. It developed a cult following particularly among middle-aged women, and the actresses highest-grossing project of the decade helped revitalize their careers in film, at Middlebury College in 1969, four young friends, Annie MacDuggan, Elise Elliot, Brenda Morelli, and Cynthia Swann, are graduating. As graduation gifts, valedictorian Cynthia presents the girls with matching Bvlgari pearl necklaces, as the graduates take a commemorative picture of the four of them, Cynthia makes Annie, Brenda and Elise promise that they will always be there for each other throughout the remainder of their lives. In the present time, the four friends eventually lose touch with one another, now wealthy and living in a luxurious penthouse, she gives her maid her own Bulgari pearl necklace, and has the maid mail letters to them. Her former friends arent doing much better, Annie, meanwhile, is separated, suffering extreme self-esteem issues, Brenda is divorced, left for a younger woman, depressed, and struggling financially. Elise, whose husband left her for a younger woman, is now an aging alcoholic movie actress who has become a plastic-surgery addict to keep her career afloat. Shortly thereafter, the three friends receive the letters that Cynthia mailed to them before her suicide. Brenda finds out through her uncle Carmine who has Mafia connections that Morty is guilty of tax fraud, while Annie makes a plan to revive her advertising career. However, as their plan moves through, things start to fall apart when they find out that Bill has no checkered past and nothing for them to use against him. Elise, feeling sorry for herself, gets drunk which results in her and Brenda hurling vicious insults at each other. As a result, the wives manage to uncover information revealing that Bills mistress is actually a minor, the film ends with a celebration at the new Cynthia Swann Griffin Crisis Center for Women. While outside the center Bill meets Shelly and the two start to flirt, the film concludes with the three women joyfully singing Lesley Gores hit You Dont Own Me. This sequence was choreographed by Patricia Birch and her assistant choreographer was Jonathan Cerullo, after Aaron sleeps with her and then leaves her for her young therapist, she decides to band together with Brenda and Elise to form the First Wives Club. Annie learns the Aaron is having problems with his advertising firm partners through the help of her daughter, michele Brilliant as Young Brenda Goldie Hawn as Elise Eliot-Atchison, a former one-time Oscar-winning actress, now an alcoholic and heavy smoker relegated to B movies due to her unprofitable age. Her husband, Bill, who left her for woman, is suing for alimony and insisting that all of their joint assets be sold. She liquidates their assets, and gives the money to Annie so she can buy out her husbands partners, juliehera Destefano as Young Cynthia Stephen Collins as Aaron Paradis, Annies conflicted husband and CEO of an advertising agency, who leaves his wife for their therapist, Leslie Rosen
29.
The Banger Sisters
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The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy film produced by Fox Searchlight Pictures about the reunion of two middle-aged women who used to be friends and groupies when they were young. The movie stars Goldie Hawn, Susan Sarandon and Geoffrey Rush and it was written and directed by Bob Dolman. Until 2017 this was Hawns supposed last movie. When Suzette is fired from her job as bartender at the Whisky A Go-Go in Los Angeles, she decides, on the spur of the moment, to all the way to Phoenix. On arriving in Phoenix, Suzette has a meeting with Vinnies 17-year-old daughter Hannah who, after some recreational drug use. Raymond, Vinnies lawyer husband and a politician, has no idea about his wifes past either. However, Suzettes sudden appearance brings back all those memories for Lavinia, down in the basement she retrieves some of the memorabilia of their previous life as groupies, including a collection of Polaroids of the penises of numerous musicians and a few roadies. She cuts her hair and throws off her expensive but boring clothes and, just for one night, in the end, both her husband and her two daughters have understood that Lavinia is only human after all. In her graduation speech, Hannah speaks out against anything that is fake and urges her schoolmates, teachers, on the following day, Suzette returns to Los Angeles together with Harry, who has come to consider her his muse. It opened at #2, in 2,738 theaters, grossing $10,037,846 during its opening weekend. It went on to gross $30,307,416 domestically and $7,760,937 from overseas markets, reviews of the movie were mixed. The film holds a 47% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus stating, Hawn and Sarandon are terrific together, official website The Banger Sisters at the Internet Movie Database The Banger Sisters at AllMovie The Banger Sisters at Box Office Mojo
30.
Presbyterianism
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Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles, particularly Scotland. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the form of church government. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, the Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church, the Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom, Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization and worship, often using a Book of Order to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism, many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning, Presbyterian government is by councils of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, teaching elders have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations, a congregation issues a call for the pastors service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery. Ruling elders are usually laymen who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the elders, assuming responsibility for nurture. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance and this group may variously be known as a Deacon Board, Board of Deacons Diaconate, or Deacons Court. These are sometimes known as presbyters to the full congregation, above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations, the presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. The Church of Scotland abolished the Synod in 1993, Presbyterian governance is practised by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches
31.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
32.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
33.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
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History of the Jews in Hungary
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Jews have a long history in the country now known as Hungary, with some records even predating the 895 AD Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin by over 600 years. Written sources prove that Jewish communities lived in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, Jewish officials served the king during the reign of Andrew II. From the second part of the 13th century the religious tolerance decreased. The Jews of Hungary were fairly well integrated into Hungarian society by the time of the First World War, by the early 20th century, the community had grown to constitute 5% of Hungarys total population and 23% of the population of the capital, Budapest. Jews became prominent in science, the arts and business, starting in 1938, Hungary under Miklós Horthy passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germanys Nürnberg Laws. The vast majority of Jews who were deported were massacred in Kameniec-Podolsk, in the massacres of Újvidék and villages nearby,2, 550–2,850 Serbs, 700–1,250 Jews and 60–130 others were murdered by the Hungarian Army and Csendőrség in January 1942. A Jew living in the Hungarian countryside in March 1944 had a less than 10% chance of surviving the following 12 months, in Budapest, a Jews chance of survival of the same 12 months was about 50%. Jews from the Hungarian provinces outside Budapest and its suburbs were rounded up, the first transports to Auschwitz began in early May 1944 and continued even as Soviet troops approached. During the last years of World War II, they suffered severely, the 2011 Hungary census data had 10,965 people who self-identified religious Jews, of whom 10,553 declared themselves as ethnic Hungarian. Other media sources estimate an Hungarian population with Jewish ethnicity of around 48,200 mostly concentrated in Budapest, the intermarriage rates for Hungarian Jews is around 60%. It is not definitely known when Jews first settled in Hungary, According to tradition, King Decebalus permitted the Jews who aided him in his war against Rome to settle in his territory. Dacia included part of modern-day Hungary as well as Romania and Moldova and smaller areas of Bulgaria, Ukraine, prisoners of the Jewish Wars may have been brought back by the victorious Roman legions normally stationed in Provincia Pannonia. Marcus Aurelius ordered the transfer of some of his rebellious troops from Syria to Pannonia in 175 A. D and these troops had been recruited partly in Antioch and Hemesa, which still had a sizable Jewish population at that time. The Antiochian troops were transferred to Ulcisia Castra, while the Hemesian troops settled in Intercisa, stone inscriptions referring to Jews were found in Brigetio, Solva, Aquincum, Intercisa, Triccinae, Savaria, Sopianae and elsewhere in Pannonia. A Latin inscription, the epitaph of Septima Maria, discovered in Siklós, the Intercisa tablet was inscribed on behalf of Cosmius, chief of the Spondilla customhouse, archisynagogus Iudeorum during the reign of Alexander Severus. In 2008, a team of archeologists discovered a 3rd-century AD amulet in the form of a scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael inscribed on it in Féltorony. Hungarian tribes settled the territory 650 years later, in the Hungarian language, the word for Jew is zsidó, which was adopted from one of the Slavic languages. The first historical document relating to the Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 A. D, about the same time Ibrahim ibn Jacob says that Jews went from Hungary to Prague for business purposes
35.
Takoma Park, Maryland
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Takoma Park is a city in Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, D. C. founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1890, Takoma Park, informally called Azalea City, is a Tree City USA and a nuclear-free zone. It is governed by a mayor and six elected councilmembers, who form the city council. The citys population was 16,715 at the 2010 national census, since 2013, residents of Takoma Park can vote in municipal elections when they turn sixteen. It was the first city in the United States to extend voting rights to 16-, since then, the City of Hyattsville has done the same. Takoma Park was founded by Benjamin Franklin Gilbert in 1883 and it was one of the first planned Victorian commuter suburbs, centered on the B&O railroad station in Takoma, D. C. and bore aspects of a spa and trolley park. Takoma was originally the name of Mount Rainier, from Lushootseed, snow-covered mountain, in response to a wish of Gilbert, the name Takoma was chosen in 1883 by DC resident Ida Summy, who believed it to mean high up or near heaven. The city of Tacoma in Washington State, also named after Mt. C, grammar, which was known as Roberts Choice. At the time, much of the land was covered by thick forest, some of which was cleared away in order to lay out and grade streets, at its founding, most lots measured 50 by 200 feet and were sold for $327 to $653 per acre. By August 1885, there were about 100 people living in Takoma Park, including temporary summer residents, Gilbert himself lived in a wooden house on a stone foundation, with 20 rooms and a 65-foot tower. Gilbert purchased another plot of land in 1886, the land was roughly bounded by Carroll Avenue to the Big Spring and what is now Woodland Avenue. Gilbert named this land New Takoma, Gilbert later purchased the Jones farm and the Naughton farm, which together he named North Takoma. He also purchased land from Francis P. Blair, Richard L. T. Beale, Gilbert hired contractor Fred E. Dudley to build many of the homes in Takoma Park. One of the built by Dudley was the home of Cady Lee. Dudleys son Wentworth was the first child born in Takoma Park, by 1888, there were 75 houses built in the community, and the number increased to 235 homes by 1889. In 1889, Gilbert purchased several acres of land along Sligo Creek from a physician in Boston named Dr. R. C, Flower, in order to build a sanitarium on the land. By this point, Takoma Park stretched 1,500 acres, the deed of each of the original houses prohibited alcohol from being made or sold on the property, a prohibition that continued in the city until 1983. Takoma Park incorporated as a town on April 3,1890
36.
Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School is a public high school located in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The school was named after Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his United States Supreme Court case and it originally opened in 1925 as Takoma Park-Silver Spring High School. In 1935, however, Montgomery Blair High School opened at 313 Wayne Avenue, in 1998, the campus moved two miles north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant tract of land adjacent to the Capital Beltway. It is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science, prior to the 2010 U. S. Census the school was within the Silver Spring census-designated place, but as of 2015 it now resides in the Four Corners CDP. Montgomery Blair High School, then known as Takoma-Silver Spring High School, became the first high school to serve Silver Spring, the 3. 8-acre campus was located at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland. As Silver Spring and Takoma Park continued to grow, the school eventually encompassed all levels from kindergarten to twelfth grade. During the transition period, students, teachers, and administrators had to commute between the two campuses and created the annual yearbook, Silverlogue. When Montgomery Blair High Schools 23. 5-acre Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the high school in Montgomery County. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, in 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHSs first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947, in 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county, the E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium. The most recent addition was the shop building in 1973. During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, the Blair Library created the Senior Corner to honor those who had not returned from war. Life Magazine featured the schools Victory Corps close order drill team, following the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the school became much more racially and economically diverse. With Silver Springs growth, the schools enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, in addition, the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program in the fall of 1985 brought 80 new students. The Communication Arts Program followed in 1987, bringing 75 new students, overcrowding remained as the main issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land. In 1994, it was decided that the school should relocate to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles to the north, construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners Campus opened in the fall of 1998. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium, however, was not included in the conversion plans, nevertheless, the auditorium has received a significant amount of attention throughout the region as it has fallen into disrepair
37.
Silver Spring, Maryland
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Silver Spring is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It had a population of 76,716 according to 2013 estimates by the United States Census Bureau, making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore, Columbia, and Germantown. The urbanized, oldest, and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington. As of 2004, the Central Business District held 7,254,729 square feet of space,5216 dwelling units and 17.6 acres of parkland. The population density of this CBD area of Silver Spring was 15,600 per square mile all within 360 acres, the community has recently undergone a significant renaissance, with the addition of major retail, residential, and office developments. Silver Spring takes its name from a spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair. Acorn Park, tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the downtown area, is believed to be the site of the original spring. As an unincorporated area, Silver Springs boundaries are not officially defined and this definition is a 15% reduction from the 9.4 sq. mi. used in previous years. The United States Geological Survey locates the center of Silver Spring at 38°59′26″N 77°1′35″W, by another definition, Silver Spring is located at 39°0′15″N 77°1′8″W. Residents of a swath of South-Eastern Montgomery County have Silver Spring mailing addresses. This area extends roughly from the Washington, D. C, Prince Georges County, Maryland and Howard County, Maryland lines to the west, north and east, and Rock Creek Park and Plyers Mill Road to the west and north-west. These boundaries make Silver Spring larger in area than any city in Maryland except for Baltimore. Rock Creek Park passes along the west side of Silver Spring, and offers hiking trails, picnic grounds, and bicycling on weekends, Sligo Creek Park follows Sligo Creek through Silver Spring, it offers hiking trails, tennis courts, playgrounds and bicycling. The latter is facilitated on weekends, when parts of Sligo Creek Parkway are closed to automobiles, the bike trails are winding and slower than most in the region. Recently, rocks have been spread along either side of the road, providing a hazardous bike ride, acorn Park in the downtown area of Silver Spring is believed to be the site of the eponymous silver spring. The 14. 5-acre Jesup Blair Park was recently renovated and features a field, tennis courts, basketball courts. Brookside Gardens is a 50-acre park within Wheaton Regional Park, in greater Silver Spring and it is located on the original site of Stadler Nursery. Northwest Branch Park is a 700-acre park surrounding the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, the park includes hiking, equestrian, and cycling trails on the Northwest Branch and Rachel Carson Greenway Trails
38.
Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo
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Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was a ballet company created by members of the Ballets Russes in 1937 after Léonide Massine and René Blum had a falling-out with the co-founder Wassily de Basil. De Basil then renamed his rival company The Original Ballet Russe, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo toured chiefly in the United States after World War II began. The company introduced audiences to ballet in cities and towns across the country, the companys principal dancers performed with other companies, and founded dance schools and companies of their own across the United States and Europe. They taught the Russian ballet traditions to generations of Americans and Europeans, Blum and de Basil fell out in 1934, and their Ballet Russes partnership dissolved. At the start of Blum and Massines company, Massine ran into trouble with Col. de Basil, Massine sued Col. de Basil in London to regain the intellectual property rights to his own works. He also sued to claim the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo name, the jury decided that Col. de Basil owned Massines ballets created between 1932 and 1937, but not those created before 1932. It also ruled that both companies could use the name Ballet Russe — but only Massine & Blums company could be called Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Col. de Basil finally settled on the Original Ballet Russe, the new Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo gave its first performance in 1938. British dancers Frederic Franklin and Jo Savino were also among those who joined the new company, Franklin danced with the company from 1938–1952, assuming the role of ballet master in 1944. With the company, Franklin and Alexandra Danilova created one of the legendary ballet partnerships of the twentieth century, sol Hurok, manager of de Basils company since 1934, ended up managing Blums company as well. He hoped to reunite the two companies, but he was unsuccessful. The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe often performed near each other, in 1938, both the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe performed in London within blocks of each other. Hurok continued to have the companies perform near each other, after London, Hurok booked both of the companies to perform seasons in New York, for a total of fifteen weeks, making it the longest ballet season of New York. Along with management, the two also shared dancers. He was held in the Beaune-la-Rolande camp, then in the Drancy deportation camp, on September 23,1942, he was shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was later killed by the Nazis. With Blum gone, Serge Denham, one of the co-founders of World Art, Massine left the company in 1943. Based in New York from 1944–1948, the regular home was New York City Center. In 1968, the company went bankrupt, before then, many of its dancers had moved on to other careers, a number started their own studios and many taught ballet in larger studios, especially in New York and other major cities
39.
The Nutcracker
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The Nutcracker is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmanns story The Nutcracker and it was given its premiere at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday, December 18,1892, on a double-bill with Tchaikovskys opera Iolanta. Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was, major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of The Nutcracker. Tchaikovskys score has become one of his most famous compositions, in particular the pieces featured in the suite. Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the celesta, for the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on The Sleeping Beauty. The material Petipa chose was an adaptation of E. T. A, Hoffmanns story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King by Alexandre Dumas père called The Tale of the Nutcracker. The plot of Hoffmanns story was simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmanns tale contains a flashback story within its main plot titled The Tale of the Hard Nut. This had to be excised for the ballet, Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number, down to the tempo and number of bars. The completion of the work was interrupted for a time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty-five days to conduct concerts for the opening of Carnegie Hall. Tchaikovsky composed parts of The Nutcracker in Rouen, France, the first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovskys last opera, Iolanta, on 18 December 1892, at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa, who choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892, however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The childrens roles, unlike many later productions, were performed by real children rather than adults, students of Imperial Ballet School of St. Petersburg, the first performance of The Nutcracker was not deemed a success. The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent, while some critics praised DellEra on her pointework as the Sugar Plum Fairy, one critic called her corpulent and podgy. Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as completely insipid, Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing, One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish, the libretto was criticized for being lopsided and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale. Some found the transition between the world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt
40.
Romeo and Juliet
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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays, today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562, Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. The text of the first quarto version was of quality, however. Shakespeares use of his dramatic structure has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops, Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play. Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical, during the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garricks 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushmans, restored the original text and focused on greater realism. John Gielguds 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeares text and used Elizabethan costumes, the play, set in Verona, Italy, begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death, later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliets nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Pariss courtship, meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montagues son, about Romeos recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulets nieces, persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet, Juliets cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliets father, who does not wish to shed blood in his house. Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married, with the help of Friar Laurence, who hopes to reconcile the two families through their childrens union, they are secretly married the next day. Tybalt, meanwhile, still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball, Romeo, now considering Tybalt his kinsman, refuses to fight. Mercutio is offended by Tybalts insolence, as well as Romeos vile submission, Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight
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American University
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American University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. United States, affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although the curriculum is secular. The university was chartered by an Act of Congress on February 24,1893, as The American University, AU was named the most politically active school in the nation in The Princeton Reviews annual survey of college students in 2008,2010, and 2012. As of 2016, roughly 7,710 undergraduate students and 5,230 graduate students are currently enrolled, the school has grown increasingly competitive in recent years, with a 25% acceptance rate for the Class of 2020 versus a 46% acceptance rate for the class of 2018. A member of the Division I Patriot League, its sports compete as the American University Eagles. The American University was established in the District of Columbia by an Act of Congress on December 5,1892, after more than three decades devoted principally to securing financial support, the university was officially dedicated on May 15,1914. The first instruction began on October 6 of that year, when 28 students were enrolled, the First Commencement, at which no degrees were awarded, was held on June 2,1915. The Second Annual Commencement was held on June 2,1916 where the first degrees were awarded, shortly after these early commencement ceremonies, classes were interrupted by war. During World War I, the university allowed the U. S. military to use some of its grounds for testing, in 1917, the U. S. military divided American University into two segments, Camp American University and Camp Leach. Camp American University became the birthplace of the United States chemical weapons program, and chemical weapons were tested on the grounds, Camp Leach was home to advanced research, development and testing of modern camouflage techniques. As of 2014, the Army Corps of Engineers is still removing ordnance including mustard gas, during the next ten years, instruction was offered at the graduate level only, in accordance with the original plan of the founders. In the fall of 1925, the College of Liberal Arts was established, since that date, the University has offered both undergraduate and graduate degrees and programs. In 1934, the School of Public Affairs was founded, during World War II, the campus again offered its services to the U. S. government and became home to the U. S. Navy Bomb Disposal School and a WAVE barracks. For AUs role in wartime efforts, the Victory ship SS American Victory was named in honor of the university. The present structure of the university began to emerge in 1949, the Washington College of Law became part of the University in that year, having begun in 1896 as the first coeducational institution for the professional study of law in the District of Columbia. In the early 1960s, the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency operated a tank under the guise of Operation Camelot at American University. The government abandoned the tank after the operation came to public attention. AUs political intertwinement was furthered by President John F. Kennedys Spring 1963 commencement address, from 1965 to 1977, the College of Continuing Education existed as a degree-granting college with responsibility for on- and off-campus adult education programs
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Can-Can (musical)
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Can-Can is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter, and a book by Abe Burrows. The story concerns the showgirls of the Montmartre dance halls during the 1890s, the original Broadway production ran for over two years beginning in 1953, and the 1954 West End production was also a success. The 1960 film of the musical starred Shirley MacLaine, Frank Sinatra, Louis Jourdan, Maurice Chevalier and it incorporated songs from other Porter musicals and films in addition to the original stage production. According to Ben Brantley, Claudine was the part that made Gwen Verdon a star, the West End production premiered at the Coliseum Theatre on October 14,1954, and ran for 394 performances. Restaged by Jerome Whyte, the cast included Irene Hilda, Edmund Hockridge, Alfred Marks, Gillian Lynne, a Broadway revival was attempted in 1977 starring film actress Leslie Caron and John Stewart. Produced by Robert Young, E. Michael Crowley, Robert DAngelo, a Broadway revival opened April 30,1981 at the Minskoff Theatre and closed after five performances and sixteen previews. It was directed by Burrows with choreography by Roland Petit and starred Zizi Jeanmaire, Frank Rich wrote. mediocre material, no matter how its sliced, is still mediocre material. Can-Can never was a musical, and now, almost three decades after its original production, it stands on even shakier legs. A1983 outdoor production played at The Muny in St. Louis, starring Judy Kaye, John Reardon, John Schuck, Lawrence Leritz, Lorene Yarnell and Beth Leavel to excellent reviews. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch noted Can-Can opened in dazzling style, reminisent of the Muny glory days, Judy Kaye offers a robust, sassy Pistache. Leritz and Yarnell are teamed in exciting style, the London revival at the Strand Theatre ran from October 26,1988 through January 21,1989. David Taylor directed, with choreography by Kenn Oldfield, with a cast that featured Donna McKechnie, Bernard Alane, Norman Warwick, Janie Dee, producer Lovett Bickford explained that his version was less a revival than a complete revision. For all intents and purposes, this is a new show and it had a revised book which incorporated songs from Fifty Million Frenchmen, Nymph Errant, Silk Stockings, Out of This World and other Cole Porter musicals. Also in 1988, an international tour starred Chita Rivera and Ron Holgate, the tour featured the Radio City Music Hall Rockettes. This production was directed by Dallett Norris, with choreography by Alan Johnson, in 2004, a City Center Encores. A2007 production at the Pasadena Playhouse in California used a book by Joel Fields and David Lee. Lee and Fields created a story for the protagonists, tightened the plot. The cast featured Michelle Duffy and Kevin Earley, and the production received praise for Patti Colombos choreography, Steve Orichs new orchestrations
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1964 New York World's Fair
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The 1964/1965 New York Worlds Fair was the third major worlds fair to be held in New York City. However, the fair did not receive official sanctioning from the Bureau of International Expositions, hailing itself as a universal and international exposition, the fairs theme was Peace Through Understanding, dedicated to Mans Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe. American companies dominated the exposition as exhibitors, the theme was symbolized by a 12-story high, stainless-steel model of the earth called the Unisphere. The fair ran for two seasons, April 22 – October 18,1964, and April 21 – October 17,1965. Admission price for adults was $2 in 1964 but $2.50 in 1965, the fair is noted as a showcase of mid-20th-century American culture and technology. The nascent Space Age, with its vista of promise, was well represented, more than 51 million people attended the fair, though fewer than the hoped-for 70 million. Most major American manufacturing companies from pen manufacturers to auto companies had a major presence and this fair gave many attendees their first interaction with computer equipment. The site, Flushing Meadows Corona Park in the borough of Queens, was previously Manhattans Corona Ash Dumps featured prominently in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby as the Valley of Ashes. Prior to that, the site had been a natural wetland — literally wetland meadows that would flush the nearby runoff entering the adjacent bay, Flushing Meadows had been a Dutch settlement, named after the village of Vlissingen. Subsequently, the site was reclaimed for the 1939/1940 New York Worlds Fair, one of the largest worlds fairs to be held in the United States, the 1939 fair also occupied space that was filled in for the 1964/1965 exposition. The 1964/1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who remembered their experiences at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Thoughts of a boom to the city as the result of increased tourism was a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939/1940 extravaganza. Then-New York City mayor, Robert F. Wagner, Jr and he was joined by Austrian architect Victor Gruen in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission to award the worlds fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities. Organizers turned to financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage them. The organizers hired New Yorks Master Builder Robert Moses, to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects, Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades. In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens tidal marsh/garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939/1940 Worlds Fair, called Flushing Meadows Park, it was Moses grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some 1,300 acres of land, easily accessible from Manhattan, when the 1939/1940 Worlds Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project
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Go-go dancing
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Go-go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at nightclubs or other venues where music is played. Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s, by some accounts when women at the Peppermint Lounge in New York City began to get up on tables, many 1960s-era clubgoers wore miniskirts and knee-high, high-heeled boots, which eventually came to be called go-go boots. Night club promoters in the mid‑1960s then conceived the idea of hiring women dressed in these outfits to entertain patrons, on 19 June 1964, Carol Doda began go-go dancing topless at the Condor Club on Broadway and Columbus in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. She became the worlds most famous dancer, dancing at the Condor for 22 years. Go-go dancers began to be hired on a basis at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood in the Los Angeles area in July 1965. The Whisky a Go Go was also the first go-go club to have go-go cages suspended from the ceiling, the phrase go-go was adopted by bars in the 1960s in Tokyo, Japan. During the Vietnam War there were many go-go bars in Saigon, South Vietnam, a synonym used in Vietnam for go-go dancers is table dancer. Hullabaloo was a variety series that ran on NBC from 12 January 1965 –29 August 1966. The Hullabaloo Dancers—a team of four men and six women—appeared on a regular basis, another female dancer, model/actress Lada Edmund, Jr. was best known as the caged go-go girl dancer in the Hullabaloo A-Go-Go segment near the closing sequence of the show. Other dance TV shows during this period such as ABCs Shindig, also featured go-go dancers in cages. Sometimes these cages were made of plastic with lights strung inside of them, sometimes the lights were synchronized to go on. Shivaree, another show, usually put go-go dancers on scaffolding. Each show of the period had a method of bringing the go-go dancers into camera view. The tradition of go-go dancers on TV music shows continues around the world, such as the Viva Hotbabes, however, while American shows of the 1960s featured dancers highly trained in the various choreography used in each show, many modern dancers are not so closely choreographed. Many gay clubs had male go-go dancers, often called go-go boys, from 1965 to 1968, after which few gay clubs had go-go dancers until 1988, when go-go dancing again became fashionable at gay clubs. Nowadays, gay male dancers are a lot more popular and common in American culture, especially in bigger cities such as Los Angeles. In fact, there are more gay go-go dancers than female go-go dancers in todays club scene, there were many go-go bars in Thailand during the Vietnam War and they continued after the war ended. By the 1980s, Thailand was a center for the sex industry
