1.
Volkswagen Golf
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The original Golf Mk1 was a front-wheel drive, front-engined replacement for the air-cooled, rear-engined, rear-wheel drive Volkswagen Beetle. Historically, the Golf is Volkswagens best-selling model and the worlds second best-selling model, initially, most Golf production was in the 3-door hatchback style. Other variants include a 5-door hatchback, station wagon, convertible, the cars have filled many market segments, from basic a personal car, to high-performance hot hatches. The Volkswagen Golf has won awards throughout its history. The Volkswagen Golf won the World Car of the Year in 2009, with the Volkswagen Golf Mk6 and in 2013 with the Volkswagen Golf Mk7. The Golf is one of three cars, the others being the Renault Clio and Opel/Vauxhall Astra, to have been voted European Car of the Year twice. The Volkswagen Golf has made the Car and Driver annual 10 Best list multiple times, later Golf variations included the Golf GTI hot hatch, a diesel-powered version, the Jetta notchback saloon version, the Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet and a Golf-based pickup, the Volkswagen Caddy. The Golf Mk1 was sold as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada, a facelifted version of the Golf Mk1 was produced in South Africa as the Citi Golf from 1984 to 2009. Although it was available on the market and indeed most other left-hand drive markets by the end of 1983. The Mk2 GTI featured a 1. 8-litre 8-valve fuel-injected engine from its launch, a Mk2-based second generation Jetta was unveiled in January 1984. There was no Mk2-based cabriolet model, instead, the Mk1 Cabriolet was continued over the Mk2s entire production run, the third-generation Golf made its home-market début in August 1991 and again grew slightly in comparison with its immediate predecessor, while its wheelbase remained unchanged. New engines included the first Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine in a Golf, US Environmental Protection Agency fuel consumption estimates are 9.0 L/100 km and 7.4 L/100 km, with 420 km per tank and 584 km per tank. For the first time ever, a Golf estate joined the line-up in September 1993, at the same time, a completely new Mk3-derived Cabriolet was introduced, replacing the 13-year-old Mk1-based version with a body style similar to that of the Mk3 Golf from 1994 to early 1999. The Mk3 Golf Cabrio received a Mk4-style facelift for the late 1999 model and was continued until 2002, the notchback version, called VW Vento, was presented in January 1992. It was European Car of the Year for 1992, ahead of the new Citroën ZX, the Mk3 continued to be sold until 1999 in the United States, Canada and parts of South America, also in Mexico as a special edition called Mi. The i in Mi is coloured red, which designates that multi-point fuel injection was equipped and the 1. 8-litre engine was upgraded to 2. 0-litres. Mk2 badges included, GL, CL, GLI, GTI, G60, VR6, 8V, the Golf Mk4 was first introduced in August 1997, followed by a notchback version in August 1998 and a new Golf Variant in March 1999. There was no Mk4-derived Cabriolet, although the Mk3 Cabriolet received a facelift in late 1999 that consisted of bumpers, grill, as with the earlier three versions of the Golf, the UK market received each version several months later than the rest of Europe
2.
Vehicle
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A vehicle is a mobile machine that transports people or cargo. Typical vehicles include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles, railed vehicles, Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground, wheeled, tracked, railed or skied. ISO 3833-1977 is the standard, also used in legislation, for road vehicles types, terms. Boats were used between 4000 BC-3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean, there is evidence of camel pulled wheeled vehicles about 3000–4000 BC. Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, in 200 CE, Ma Jun built a south-pointing chariot, a vehicle with an early form of guidance system. Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages, the earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a stained-glass window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau dating from around 1350. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, the line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in 1769. In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box and bearings, however and it was introduced by Drais to the public in Mannheim in summer 1817. 1903 Wright brothers flew the first controlled, powered aircraft 1907 First helicopters Gyroplane no.1, there are over 1 billion bicycles in use worldwide. In 2002 there were an estimated 590 million cars and 205 million motorcycles in service in the world, at least 500 million Chinese Flying Pigeon bicycles have been made, more than an other single model of vehicle. The most-produced model of vehicle is the Honda Super Cub motorcycle. The most-produced car model is the Toyota Corolla, with at least 35 million made by 2010, by far, most vehicles use wheels which employ the principle of rolling to enable displacement with very little rolling friction. It is essential that a vehicle have a source of energy to drive it, energy can be extracted from the surrounding environment, as in the case of a sailboat, a solar-powered car or a streetcar. Energy can also be stored, in any form, provided it can be converted on demand, the most common type of energy source is fuel. Batteries also facilitate the use of motors, which have their own advantages. On the other hand, batteries have low densities, short service life, poor performance at extreme temperatures. Like fuel, batteries store energy and can cause burns
3.
Golf
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Golf is a club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not utilize a standardized playing area, the game is played on a course with an arranged progression of 18 holes. Each hole on the course must contain a tee box to start from, there are other standard forms of terrain in between, such as the fairway, rough, sand traps, and hazards but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and arrangement. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels, while the modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the games ancient origins are unclear and much debated. Some historians trace the sport back to the Roman game of paganica, one theory asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the modern game. Others cite chuiwan as the progenitor, a Chinese game played between the eighth and 14th centuries, the game is thought to have been introduced into Europe during the Middle Ages. Another early game that resembled modern golf was known as cambuca in England, the Persian game chaugán is another possible ancient origin. In addition, kolven was played annually in Loenen, Netherlands, beginning in 1297, to commemorate the capture of the assassin of Floris V, a year earlier. The modern game originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James IIs banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. James IV lifted the ban in 1502 when he became a golfer himself, with golf clubs first recorded in 1503-1504, to many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, a links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage. In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes. Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records. The oldest surviving rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, Andrews Golf Club in Yonkers, New York. The levels of grass are varied to increase difficulty, or to allow for putting in the case of the green, while many holes are designed with a direct line-of-sight from the teeing area to the green, some holes may bend either to the left or to the right. This is commonly called a dogleg, in reference to a dogs knee, the hole is called a dogleg left if the hole angles leftwards and dogleg right if it bends right. Sometimes, a holes direction may bend twice, this is called a double dogleg, a regular golf course consists of 18 holes, but nine-hole courses are common and can be played twice through for a full round of 18 holes. Early Scottish golf courses were laid out on links land. This gave rise to the golf links, particularly applied to seaside courses
4.
Golf club
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A golf club is a club used to hit a golf ball in a game of golf. Each club is composed of a shaft with a grip and a club head, a standard set consists of 14 golf clubs, and while there are traditional combinations sold at retail as matched sets, players are free to use any combination of 14 or fewer legal clubs. An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the face and the vertical plane. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the club face give the ball backspin, together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number, higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, the shafts of the woods were made of different types of wood before being replaced by hickory in the middle of the 19th century. The varieties of woods included ash, purpleheart, orangewood, despite the strength of hickory, the long-nose club of the mid nineteenth century was still prone to breaking at the top of the back swing. The club heads were made from woods including apple, pear, dogwood. Golf clubs have been improved and the shafts are now made of steel, titanium, the shaft is a tapered steel tube or a series of stepped steel tubes in telescopic fashion. This has improved the accuracy of golfers, the grips of the clubs are made from leather or rubber. Woods are long-distance clubs, meant to drive the ball a distance down the fairway towards the hole. They generally have a head and a long shaft for maximum club speed. Historically woods were made from persimmon wood although some manufacturers—notably Ping—developed laminated woods, in 1979, TaylorMade Golf introduced the first metal wood made of steel. Even more recently manufacturers have started using materials such as fiber, titanium. Even though most woods are made from different metals, they are still called woods to denote the general shape, most woods made today have a graphite shaft and a mostly-hollow titanium, composite, or steel head, of relatively light weight allowing faster club-head speeds. Woods are the longest clubs and the most powerful of all the golf clubs, there are typically three to four woods in a set which are used from the tee box and, if on a long hole, possibly for the second or even third shot. The biggest wood, known as the driver or one wood, is made of hollowed out titanium with feather-light shafts. The length of the woods has been increasing in recent decades, the woods may also have very large heads, up to 460 cm³ in volume. The shafts range from senior to extra-stiff depending upon each player’s preference, irons are clubs with a solid, all-metal head featuring a flat angled face, and a shorter shaft and more upright lie angle than a wood, for ease of access
5.
Golf course
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A golf course is the grounds where the game of golf is played. It comprises a series of holes, each consisting of a ground, a fairway, the rough and other hazards. A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes, most courses contain 18 holes, some share fairways or greens, and a subset has nine holes, played twice per round. Par-3 courses consist of nine or 18 holes all of which have a par of three strokes, many older courses are links, often coastal. Courses are private, public, and municipally owned, and typically feature a pro shop, many private courses are found at country clubs. Although a specialty within landscape design or landscape architecture, golf course architecture is considered a field of study. While golf courses often follow the landscape, some modification is unavoidable. This is increasingly the case as new courses are likely to be sited on less optimal land. Bunkers and sand traps are almost always artificial, although other hazards may be natural, the layout of a fairway follows certain traditional principles, such as the number of holes, their par values, and the number of holes of each par value per course. It is also preferable to arrange greens to be close to the tee box of the next hole, to minimize travel distance while playing a round. Combined with the need to all the fairways within what is frequently a compact square or rectangular plot of land. In complex areas, two holes may share the same tee box, fairway, or even green and it is also common for separate tee-off points to be positioned for men, women, and amateurs, each one respectively lying closer to the green. Eighteen-hole courses are traditionally broken down into a front 9 and a back 9. On older courses, the holes may be out in one long loop, beginning and ending at the clubhouse, and thus the front 9 is referred to on the scorecard as out. More recent courses tend to be designed with the front 9, a successful design is as visually pleasing as it is playable. Most golf courses have only par-3, -4, and -5 holes, typical distances for the various holes from standard tees are as follows. Terrain can also be a factor, so that a long downhill hole might be rated par 4 and this compensates for the generally longer distance pro players can put on tee and fairway shots as compared to the average bogey golfer. The game of golf is played in what is called a round and this consists of playing a set number of holes in an order predetermined by the course
6.
American National Standards Institute
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The organization also coordinates U. S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that use the same definitions and terms. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards, the organizations headquarters are in Washington, DC. ANSIs operations office is located in New York City, the ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs. ANSI was originally formed in 1918, when five engineering societies, in 1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association. In 1966, the ASA was reorganized and became United States of America Standards Institute, the present name was adopted in 1969. At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U. S. government Departments of War, Navy, according to Adam Stanton, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else. Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B, lePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME. An annual budget of $7,500 was provided by the founding bodies, aNSIs members are government agencies, organizations, corporations, academic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals, though ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the used by standards developing organizations meet the Institutes requirements for openness, balance, consensus. Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve the safety of products for the protection of consumers. There are approximately 9,500 American National Standards that carry the ANSI designation, the Institute is the official U. S. S. ANSI participates in almost the entire program of both the ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups. In many instances, U. S. standards are taken forward to ISO and IEC, through ANSI or the USNC, in 2009, ANSI and the National Institute of Standards and Technology formed the Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative. NESCC is a joint initiative to identify and respond to the current need for standards in the nuclear industry. The ASA photographic exposure system, originally defined in ASA Z38.2.1 and ASA PH2.5, together with the DIN system, became the basis for the ISO system, a standard for the set of values used to represent characters in digital computers
7.
Country club
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A country club is a privately owned club, often with a closed membership, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming, a country club is most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, and is distinguished from an urban athletic club by having substantial grounds for outdoor activities. Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s, Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development. Country clubs can be exclusive organizations, in small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join, for example, membership can be limited to those who reside in a particular housing community. Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930, by 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class. ”The number of country clubs increased exponentially with industrialization, the rise in incomes, and suburbanization in the 1920s. During the 1920s, country clubs acted as community social centers, however, the number of country clubs decreased drastically during the Great Depression for lack of membership funding. Historically, many country clubs refused to admit members of minority groups as well those of specific faiths, such as Jews. This was known as being “restricted”, discrimination was not limited to clubs founded by Protestants. Beginning in the 1960s civil rights lawsuits forced clubs to drop exclusionary policies, the Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest country club in the United States. Country Club Of Salisbury is also one of the oldest country clubs in the U. S, Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are the Breakfast Point Country Club in Sydney, the Castle Hill Country Club, the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, Elanora Country Club, in Japan, almost all golf clubs are called Country Clubs by their owners. Private ski area Gentlemens club, a social club Gymkhana
8.
Electric motor
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An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The reverse of this is the conversion of energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator. In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motors magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor, small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use, the largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of force by the interactions of an electric current. The conversion of energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet was placed, when a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlows wheel was a refinement to this Faraday demonstration. In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils, after Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices electromagnetic self-rotors. Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three components of practical DC motors, the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings. His motor set a record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river and it was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance. The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832, following Sturgeons work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools, due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues, no electricity distribution had been developed at the time
9.
Gasoline
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Gasoline /ˈɡæsəliːn/, known as petrol /ˈpɛtrəl/ outside North America, is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the distillation of petroleum. On average, a 42-gallon barrel of oil yields about 19 US gallons of gasoline when processed in an oil refinery. The characteristic of a gasoline blend to resist igniting too early is measured by its octane rating. Gasoline is produced in several grades of octane rating, sometimes, gasoline also contains ethanol as an alternative fuel, for economic or environmental reasons. Gasoline, as used worldwide in the vast number of combustion engines used in transport and industry, has a significant impact on the environment. Gasoline may also enter the environment uncombusted, as liquid and as vapors, from leakage and handling during production, transport and delivery, from tanks, from spills. As an example of efforts to control leakage, many storage tanks are required to have extensive measures in place to detect. Gasoline contains benzene and other known carcinogens, Gasoline inhalation can produce an intense high, however the practice is thought to cause severe organ damage, including mental retardation. The first automotive combustion engines, so-called Otto engines, were developed in the last quarter of the 19th century in Germany, the fuel was a relatively volatile hydrocarbon obtained from coal gas. With a boiling point near 85 °C, it was suited for early carburetors. The development of a spray nozzle carburetor enabled the use of less volatile fuels, further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher compression ratios, but early attempts were blocked by knocking. In the 1920s, antiknock compounds were introduced by Thomas Midgley Jr. and Boyd and this innovation started a cycle of improvements in fuel efficiency that coincided with the large-scale development of oil refining to provide more products in the boiling range of gasoline. In the 1950s oil refineries started to focus on high octane fuels, the 1970s witnessed greater attention to the environmental consequences of burning gasoline. These considerations led to the out of TEL and its replacement by other antiknock compounds. Subsequently, low-sulfur gasoline was introduced, in part to preserve the catalysts in modern exhaust systems, Gasoline is the term that is used in North America to refer to the most popular automobile fuel. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first use to 1863, when it was spelled gasolene and it was never a trademark, although it may have been derived from older trademarks such as Cazeline and Gazeline. Variant spellings of gasoline had been used to refer to raw petroleum since the 16th century, Petrol is the preferred term in most Commonwealth countries
10.
Pollutant
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A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health. Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore will not persist in the environment in the long term, however the degradation products of some pollutants are themselves polluting such as the products DDE and DDD produced from degradation of DDT. Pollutants, towards which the environment has little or no absorptive capacity are called stock pollutants, stock pollutants accumulate in the environment over time. The damage they cause increases as more pollutant is emitted, stock pollutants can create a burden for future generations, by passing on damage that persists well after the ‘benefits received from incurring that damage, have been forgotten. Fund pollutants are those for which the environment has some absorptive capacity, fund pollutants do not cause damage to the environment unless the emission rate exceeds the receiving environments absorptive capacity. Fund pollutants are not destroyed, but rather converted into less harmful substances and it also encompasses ecological light pollution which describes the effect of artificial light on individual organisms and on the structure of ecosystems as a whole. Pollutants can also be defined by their zones of influence, both horizontally and vertically, the horizontal zone refers to the area that is damaged by a pollutant. Local pollutants cause damage near the emission source, regional pollutants cause damage further from the emission source. The vertical zone is referred to whether the damage is ground-level or atmospheric, surface pollutants cause damage by concentrations of the pollutant accumulating near the Earths surface Global pollutants cause damage by concentrations in the atmosphere. Pollutants can cross borders and therefore international regulations are needed for their control. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which entered force in 2004, is an international legally binding agreement for the control of persistent organic pollutants. Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers are systems to collect and disseminate information on releases and transfers of toxic chemicals from industrial. The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants are additional emission standards that are set by EPA for toxic air pollutants, under the Clean Water Act, EPA promulgated national standards for municipal sewage treatment plants, also called publicly owned treatment works, in the Secondary Treatment Regulation. National standards for industrial dischargers are called Effluent guidelines and New Source Performance Standards, in addition, the Act requires states to publish water quality standards for individual water bodies to provide additional protection where the national standards are insufficient. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulates the management, transport and disposal of solid waste, hazardous waste. A tank or piping network that has at least 10 percent of its volume underground is known as a storage tank. They often store substances such as petroleum, that are harmful to the environment should it become contaminated
11.
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, the field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations, terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be public or private, depending on the country. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution. While it is subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow. A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a type of vehicle, infrastructure. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. Human powered transport, a form of transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power, human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing, even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people, humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift, a gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners, two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow
12.
Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
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A Neighborhood Electric Vehicle is a U. S. denomination for battery electric vehicles that are usually built to have a top speed of 25 miles per hour, and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lb. Depending on the laws of the state, they are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits of 45 miles per hour or less. NEVs fall under the United States Department of Transportation classification for low-speed vehicles, the non-electric version of the neighbourhood electric vehicle is the Motorised quadricycle. A NEV battery pack recharges by plugging into a standard outlet, if recharged from clean energy sources such as solar or wind power, NEVs do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. As of June 2014, the GEM neighborhood electric vehicle was the leader in North America. Sales of low-speed small electric cars experienced considerable growth in China between 2012 and 2015 due to their affordability and flexibility, a total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013, most of which are powered by lead-acid batteries. In 2015, sales of low-speed small electric vehicles in China totaled more than 600,000 units. Low-speed vehicle is a federally approved street-legal vehicle classification which came into existence in 1998 under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 500, there is nothing in the federal regulations specifically pertaining to the powertrain. Low-speed vehicles are defined as a motor vehicle that has a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 3,000 pounds. Those states that authorize NEVs generally restrict their operation to streets with a speed limit of 35 or 45 mph. Because of federal law, car dealers cannot legally sell the vehicles to go faster than 25 mph, however, if modified to exceed 25 mph, the vehicle then becomes subject to safety requirements of passenger cars. In many cases, doors may be optional, crash protection from vehicles is partially met compared to other non motorized transport such as bicycles because of the use of seat belts. Regulations for operating an NEV vary by state, the federal government allows state and local governments to add additional safety requirements beyond those of Title 49 Part 571.500. For instance, the State of New York requires additional safety equipment to include windshield wipers, window defroster, speedometer, odometer, generally, they must be titled and registered, and the driver must be licensed. Because airbags are not required the NEV cannot normally travel on highways or freeways, NEVs in many states are restricted to roads with a speed limit of 35 mph or less. As of February 2012, NEVs are street-legal in 46 states, some communities are designed to separate neighborhoods from commercial and other areas, connecting them with relatively high speed thoroughfares on which NEVs cannot go, legally or safely. As a result, these vehicles are most common in communities that provide separate routes for them or generally accommodate slow speed traffic, pike Research estimated there were 478,771 NEVs on the world roads in 2011. The two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States, with 14,737 units sold, the different variants of the REVAi, available in 26 countries, sold about 4,600 vehicles worldwide by late 2013, with India and the UK as the main markets
13.
Polizia di Stato
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The Polizia di Stato is one of the national police forces of Italy. It is the police force for providing police duties and it is also responsible for highway patrol, railways, airports, customs as well as certain waterways. It was a force until 1981 when the Italian State Law 121 was passed. The State Police has a strength by law of 115,000 people. However, there are approximately 110,000 people of which 16,000 are women, just under 6,000 employees are civilian support personnel with technical skills who provide logistic and technical support. Approximately 1,500 officers are assigned to the police service, the Polizia di Quartiere. Pairs of poliziotti patrol areas of cities on foot. The headquarters of the Polizia di Stato are in Rome and its chief is referred to as the Capo della Polizia with official Rank of Capo della Polizia - Direttore Generale della Pubblica Sicurezza. The Chief of the State Police is also the Honorary President of the National Association of State Police, every major Italian town or city has a main P. d. S. Station called a Questura run by a Questore, in smaller settlements, a Vice Questore Aggiunto or Commissario Capo runs the P. d. S. There are also sub-stations for some districts and these last ones only since 2007. There is a Questura in each of the 103 Italian provincial capitals and it is responsible for all the activities carried out by the Polizia di Stato within the Province. In major cities and highly populated towns there are stations named Commissariati di Pubblica Sicurezza. Each Commissariato di Pubblica Sicurezza is under the Authority of a Questura, Polizia di Quartiere is the Quarter Police. Pairs of Poliziotti patrol areas of cities on foot. They are equipped with computers and mobile phones to answer to citizens requests in real time. About 24,000 officers, that is almost a quarter of police personnel, work within the Highway Patrol, Railroad Police, Postal and Telecommunications Police and Border, the Polizia Stradale, or PolStrada for short, is a highway patrol organization. PolStrada police the 7,000 kilometres of motorways in Italy, the Polizia Ferroviaria, or PolFer for short, ensure the security of travelers and their belongings on trains and at stations plus the safety and control of dangerous goods
14.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
15.
Long Beach, California
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Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
16.
Redlands, California
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Redlands /ˈrɛdlᵻndz/ is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is a part of the Greater Los Angeles area, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 68,747, up from 63,591 at the 2000 census. The population was estimated at 69,999 in 2013, the city is located approximately 10 miles east of downtown San Bernardino. The area now occupied by Redlands was originally part of the territory of the Morongo, explorations such as those of Pedro Fages and Francisco Garcés sought to extend Catholic influence to the indigenous people and the dominion of the Spanish crown into the area in the 1770s. The Serrano village of Guachama, located just to the west of present-day Redlands, was visited by Fr, Francisco Dumetz in 1810, and was the reason the site was chosen for a mission outpost. Dumetz reached the village on May 20, the feast day of Saint Bernardino of Siena, by 1820, a ditch, known as a zanja, was dug by the natives for the friars from Mill Creek to the Asistencia. In 1822, word of the Mexican triumph in the War of Independence reached the inland area, in 1842, the Lugo family bought the Rancho San Bernardino Mexican land grant and this became the first fixed settler civilization in the area. The area northwest of current Redlands, astride the Santa Ana River, the Mormon community left wholesale in 1857, recalled to Utah by Brigham Young during the tensions with the federal government that ultimately led to the brief Utah War. Benjamin Barton purchased 1,000 acres from the Latter-day Saints and planted extensive vineyards, Lugonia attracted settlers, in 1869, Barry Roberts, followed a year later by the Craw and Glover families. The first school teacher in Lugonia, George W. Beattie, arrived in 1874—shortly followed by the towns first negro settler, Israel Beal. The city has been visited by three U. S. Presidents, William McKinley was the first in 1901, followed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 and William Howard Taft in 1909. Smiley Public Library, a Moorish-style library built in 1898, located behind the Smiley Library is the Lincoln Shrine, the only memorial honoring the Great Emancipator, the sixteenth president, west of the Mississippi River. Famous homes include “America’s Favorite Victorian, ” the Morey Mansion, on Terracina Boulevard, and the Kimberly Crest House and Gardens, a museum featured on the PBS series “America’s Castles. ”Named after the family that purchased the house. Redlands is still regarded as the Jewel of the Inland Empire, north flooding the area now known as the Inland Empire. North and others saw the area, with its hot, dry climate and ready access to water as an ideal center for citrus production. The city of Redlands was soon established by Frank E. Brown, an engineer, and E. G. Judson. They named their city “Redlands” after the color of the adobe soil, so large had the area grown by 1888 that it was decided to incorporate. A red-letter day in the Annals of Redlands, pronounced Scipio Craig, editor of The Citrograph newspaper, the original community of Lugonia was absorbed at this time
17.
Textron
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Textron is an American global aerospace, defense, security and advanced technologies industrial conglomerate. Textron includes Bell Helicopter, Cessna Aircraft, Beechcraft, and other components and it was founded by Royal Little in 1923 as the Special Yarns Company, and is now headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island. Textron employs over 35,000 people worldwide, scott C. Donnelly is the current President and Chief Executive Officer. Textron started as a company in 1923, when 22-year-old Royal Little founded the Special Yarns Corporation in Boston. The company manufactured synthetic yarns, a product at the time. By the start of World War II the company was known as Atlantic Rayon Corporation, as war production wound down, the company started making civilian products as well, and renamed the company Textron, “Tex for textiles, and tron from synthetics such as Lustron. The company was listed on the NYSE in 1947, over the next decade and a half, Textron purchased various other manufacturing companies. In 1960, the company also bought Bell Aerospace and E-Z-Go, the textile division was sold to Deering Milliken in 1963. Later CEOs included G. William Miller, and Joseph Collinson, in 1984, Textron took on more debt and bought Avco, a conglomerate almost as big as itself. Later on, James Hardymon took over as CEO, Campbell, who became CEO in 1998. Starting in 2000, Campbell led a company-wide restructuring program, the share price fell to as low as $13/share in March 2003 after the economic downturn following the collapse of Internet companies and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Diminished demand for helicopters and airplanes led to layoffs at Cessna, in 2004, Forbes magazine named Campbell as the fifth worst-performing CEO in the country. Shares in Textron plummeted to as low as $10.09 per share in the aftermath of the 2008 economic downturn, while the company lost 75% of its value in the first ten years of Campbells leadership, he managed to take home over $120 million in compensation. His salary in 2008 was $25 million, making him the highest paid executive of a conglomerate, Campbell managed to sell over $40 million in Textron stock in April and May 2008, at prices over $60 per share. Some shareholders have questioned whether it is a use of shareholder dollars to pay for the personal lifestyle choice of the CEO to live in one state. Scott C. Donnelly became CEO in December 2009, Textron acquired Mechtronix in Montreal, Quebec, and OPINICUS in Tampa, Fla. in 2013. Donnelly combined these innovative flight simulation companies, along with Textron’s AAI Logistics & Technical Services, on December 26,2013, Textron agreed to purchase Beechcraft, including the discontinued Hawker jet line, for $1.4 billion. The sale was expected to be concluded in the first half of 2014, Bell Helicopter is an American helicopter and rotorcraft manufacturer headquartered in Hurst, Texas, near Fort Worth
18.
Cushman (company)
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Cushman is a manufacturer of industrial, personal, and custom vehicles. It is based in Augusta, Georgia, United States and is owned by Textron, the Cushman company started in 1903 in Lincoln, Nebraska, by Everett and Clinton Cushman. The company incorporated as Cushman Motor Works in 1913, Cushman began production of their four-stroke Husky engine in 1922. Cushman produced engines for farm equipment, pumps, lawn mowers, Cushman began making Auto-Glide scooters in 1936 as a means to increase the sale of Husky engines during the Great Depression. Cushman scooters were used by the United States Armed Forces in World War II and as an alternative to automobiles before. One famous Cushman was the model 53, a model from the World War II era. Designed to be dropped by parachute with Army Airborne troops, it known as the Cushman Airborne. Other models were used on bases for messenger service. The most successful model of Cushman scooter, the Eagle, was in production approximately 16 years and it resembled a motorcycle with its exposed engine and top tank. Other Cushman models used a design common for scooters. The step-through design and ease of operation made it popular with men and women alike, some late-1950s Cushmans, designated Road King and Pacemaker, had jet-age body styling. Sears sold a version of these models under the Allstate brand, Cushman scooters featured an automatic centrifugal clutch, which allowed the rider to twist the right grip to accelerate. Oddly, the throttle twisted forward during acceleration, opposite the pattern in most other motorcycles. Cushman claimed 75 miles per gallon, and advertised penny-a-mile operating cost, Cushman scooters usually weighed about 250 to 335 pounds and had as much as 9 horsepower. In comparison to european scooters, Cushman scooters had a weight, larger cubic capacity. In 1958,15000 Scooters were produced by Cushman, scooter production ended in 1965, but some remaining Eagles were sold as 1966 models. After scooter production ceased, Cushman manufactured golf carts, industrial vehicles, in Belgium there was a licence-production of Cushmann scooters under the label Belgian Cushman. Cushman Trucksters were produced from 1952 to 2002, small and light duty, they have been used for ice cream sales, mall and stadium maintenance, and by NYPD
19.
Club Car
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Club Car manufactures electric and gas-powered golf carts and UTVs for personal and commercial use. It is a unit of the Ingersoll Rand corporation in its Industrial Technologies division. It is one of the largest employers in Columbia County, Georgia, originally established in 1958 in Houston, Texas, Club Car was purchased by Bill Stevens, Jr. and moved to Augusta, Georgia in 1962 where its primary headquarters reside. A group of eight executives from EZGO purchased the company in 1978 to begin running their own business, one of the first Club Car executives was EZGO cofounder William Dolan. Club Car produces vehicles for use, business and commercial applications. Beginning in 2007, Club Car waded into the UTV market with its XRT line of utility vehicles. These ranged from the XRT800 4x2 UTV to XRT1550 4x4 UTV with the ability to add work attachments to the vehicle, Club Car also offers street-legal golf carts with automotive features such as seat belts, turn signals, windshields, and more. The utility line was expanded two years later to include more vehicle options, in March of 2017, Club Car proudly announced the Onward™ product line to the personal transport line of vehicles. The Onward™ PTVs build on the industry-leading innovation seen in our Precedent series to elevate your fun, build your Onward™ with your favorite premium colors, seats, and other accessories to make it your own. Or, choose one of our legendary Precedents, which continue to inspire industry-wide imitation, Club Car first began offering UTVs for golf courses by modifying golf carts with holding boxes and other accessories for increased applicaiton. It became the Carryall series as the company continued producing more vehicle options, Club Car began as a golf cart manufacturer, producing three-wheeled carts when it first began in 1958. The company has continued making cars since, the cars, named after designer Dom Saporito, became the companys hallmark until 1994, when the Precedent line of golf cars was introduced. The company revealed its next version, the Precedent i2, in 2004 to critical acclaim, the Precedent i2, i3, and 4Fun are sold to and used by golf courses, while the i2 is also available for personal use
20.
Harley-Davidson
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Harley-Davidson, Inc. or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1903. Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kansas City, Missouri, Manaus, Brazil, Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches and four-inch flywheels. The engine was designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame, over the next two years, Harley and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend, Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthurs brother, Walter Davidson, upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance. They quickly wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a learning experiment. Work immediately began on a new and improved second-generation machine and this first real Harley-Davidson motorcycle had a bigger engine of 24.74 cubic inches with 9.75 inches flywheels weighing 28 lb. The machines advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle, the bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. The boys also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, the prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft ×15 ft shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the parts, however, were made elsewhere. This prototype machine was functional by September 8,1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park and it was ridden by Edward Hildebrand and placed fourth. This is the first documented appearance of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle in the historical record, in January 1905, small advertisements were placed in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, complete motorcycles were in production on a limited basis. That year, the first Harley-Davidson dealer, Carl H. Lang of Chicago, in 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street, at the current location of Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft ×60 ft single-story wooden structure, the company produced about 50 motorcycles that year. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering and that year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907, the company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, in 1907 William A. Davidson, brother to Arthur and Walter Davidson, quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company. Production in 1905 and 1906 were all models with 26.84 cubic inch engines
21.
CT&T United
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CT&T United is the worlds largest manufacturer of battery electric vehicles including the eZone Medium Speed Vehicle and cZone low-speed vehicle based in South Korea. The CT&T eZone is the electric vehicle of its type to pass the international crash test for passenger vehicles. CT&T United plans a Regional Assembly and Sales system, in which joint ventures in the United States would assemble cars in small factories. On September 28,2009 Governor of Pennsylvania Ed Rendell announced the first two sites would be in Pennsylvania. On May 7,2010, the company and Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle announced they would build a plant on the island of Oahu to manufacture up to 10,000 vehicles a year, e-Zone is imported by Autorex, distributed by NAFCA. In Japan, e-Zone is classified under Kei car, NAFCA e-Zone website CT&T United web site
22.
Side by Side (UTV)
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The Side by Side is a small 2-6 person four-wheel drive off-road vehicle, also called UTV, a ROV. UTVs generally have a payload capability and are longer and wider than ATVs. While most ATVs can carry 125 to 200 lbs. of cargo in addition to the operators weight, the payload on a UTV is usually carried below the top of the tires - as opposed to an ATV, which carries its load above the fenders. This lower load-positioning can drastically lower the center of gravity. UTVs come in a number of different configurations, some have four tires on the ground, some have six or more. How these differences affect the operation of the UTVs can be confusing, most of the functions required of these units have at least two aspects in common, the machines need to work off-road and to carry equipment. Working off-road requires the unit to maneuver around obstacles and over rough terrain, carrying equipment requires the strength to haul a load and the ability to stay on top of softer ground. The majority of the side by sides come factory equipped with a ROPS, many of the vehicles also come equipped with hard tops, windshields, and even cab enclosures. In addition, MOHUVs have foot controls for throttle and braking, occupant restraints, MOHUVs with maximum speeds in excess of 30 mph meet the Consumer Product Safety Commission definition of an ROV. Thse are voluntary standards under American National Standard for Recreational Off-Highway Vehicles, ANSI/ROHVA 1-2010, CPSC stated in 2009 that The vehicles may exhibit inadequate lateral stability, undesirable steering characteristics, and inadequate occupant protection during a rollover crash. According to the CPSC between 2003 and August 2009116 deaths occurred in ROV/UTV accidents, for the 2017 Dakar Rally the SSV category was introduced, which is defined as four-wheel side-by-side vehicles with 1000 cc maximum displacement. Notable manufacturers of UTV / Side by side vehicles
23.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
24.
Solar golf cart
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Solar golf carts are golf carts powered by mounting a photovoltaic or thin film panel on top of the existing roof or using a PV panel as the roof itself. A controller converts the energy to charge the golf carts 36-volt or 48-volt battery bank. Not only does the power take the cart off the electric grid, it also increases the driving distance. Solar conversion kits have been available for golf carts and Low Speed Vehicles for several years and these kits range from low wattage solar battery chargers to a 410-watt array on an 8-passenger transport cart. Kits utilizing flexible solar panels are often preferred on golf carts due to their light weight, buyers can take a solar tax credit of 30% of the purchase price on their US Federal Income Tax. High schools have used them as teaching tools for solar power, for the environmentally-conscious and campers and hunters who are away from electrical power, the solar-powered golf cart reduces or eliminates the need to plug in. Converting a golf cart to solar power creates a true solar electric vehicle
25.
Peachtree City, Georgia
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Peachtree City is the largest city in Fayette County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 34,364, Peachtree City is located in South Metro Atlanta. Peachtree City is located in western Fayette County in the southern Atlanta metro area and it is bordered to the west by Coweta County and to the north by the city of Tyrone. It is crossed by Georgia State Route 74, Georgia State Route 34, SR54 leads east 10 miles to Fayetteville, the county seat, and southwest 17 miles to Luthersville. Newnan is 12 miles to the west via SR54 and SR34, SR74, the Joel Cowan Parkway, runs through the west side of Peachtree City, leading north 6 miles to Tyrone and 11 miles to Interstate 85 near Fairburn. Downtown Atlanta is 31 miles to the north via SR74 and I-85. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Peachtree City has an area of 25.4 square miles, of which 24.6 square miles is land and 0.93 square miles. The city is in the watershed of Line Creek, which forms the city boundary and county line. Lake Kedron to the north is a reservoir that supplies Lake Peachtree to the south via Flat Creek, Lake Kedron is not afforded any recreational use except for fishing. Lake McIntosh, the newest lake, close to Planterra, has now reached full pool, shakerag Hill, with an elevation of 980 feet, is the highest point in the city and sits on the eastern border at the intersection of GA Hwy 54 and Robinson Road. Peachtree City has a system of golf cart paths which spider across the town and these multi-use paths stretch for more than 90 miles throughout the city. Many places of business have specially designated golf cart parking spaces, the Peachtree City Police Department has several golf carts used to patrol along these paths. Over 9,000 households own a golf cart, and use them as a vehicle for local transportation. Children aged twelve or over may operate a cart on Peachtree City cart paths with a parent, grandparent or guardian in the front seat, unaccompanied fifteen-year-olds with valid Georgia learners permits are allowed to operate golf carts alone. Students at McIntosh High School are encouraged to drive golf carts to school because of limited car parking. In 2015, Starrs Mill High School opened a golf-cart specific lot, the golf cart paths are used also by bikers, joggers, and pedestrians as a safer alternative to the side of the road. In February 2003, Golf Digest magazine discussed the traffic caused by use of golf carts in the city. Atlanta Regional Airport, also known as Falcon Field, is a general aviation airport that provides chartered air service, since 1987, it has grown from having about 60 aircraft based at the airport to about 165
26.
Santa Catalina Island (California)
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Santa Catalina Island, often called Catalina Island, or just Catalina, is a rocky island off the coast of the U. S. state of California in the Gulf of Santa Catalina. The island is 22 miles long and 8 miles across at its greatest width, the island is located about 22 miles south-southwest of Los Angeles, California. The highest point on the island is 2,097 feet Mt. Orizaba, Santa Catalina is part of the Channel Islands of California archipelago and lies within Los Angeles County. Catalina was originally settled by Native Americans who called the island Pimugna or Pimu, the first Europeans to arrive on Catalina claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Over the years, territorial claims to the transferred to Mexico. Since the 1970s, most of the island has been administered by the Catalina Island Conservancy and its total population in the 2010 census was 4,096 people,90 percent of whom live in the islands only incorporated city, Avalon. The second center of population is the village of Two Harbors at the islands isthmus. Development occurs also at the settlements of Rancho Escondido and Middle Ranch. The remaining population is scattered over the island between the two population centers, the Tongva called the island Pimu or Pimugna and referred to themselves as the Pimugnans or Pimuvit. Archeological evidence shows Pimugnan settlement beginning in 7000 BC, the Pimugnans had settlements all over the island at one time or another, with their biggest villages being at the Isthmus and at present-day Avalon, Shark/Little Harbor, and Emerald Bay. The Pimugnans were renowned for their mining, working and trade of soapstone which was found in quantities and varieties on the island. This material was in demand and was traded along the California coast. The first European to set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, on October 7,1542, he claimed the island for Spain and christened it San Salvador after his ship. Over half a century later, another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, vizcaino renamed the island in the saints honor. The colonization of California by the Spanish coincided with the decline of the Pimugnans because of diseases brought by them from Europe. By the 1830s, the entire native population had migrated to the mainland to work in the missions or as ranch hands for the many private land owners. Franciscan friars considered building a mission on Catalina, but abandoned the idea because of the lack of water on the island. While Spain maintained its claim on Catalina Island, foreigners were forbidden to trade with colonies, russian hunters from the Aleutian Islands, and America set up camps on Santa Catalina and the surrounding Channel Islands to hunt otters and seals around the island for their pelts
27.
Bald Head Island, North Carolina
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Bald Head Island, historically Smith Island, is a village located on the east side of the Cape Fear River in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. Compared to the city of Wilmington to the north, the village of Bald Head Island is small and it is only accessible by ferry from the nearby town of Southport. There are few cars on the island, instead, residents drive modified electric golf carts, Bald Head Island is nationally recognized for its sea turtle nesting activity. The population of the village was 158 at the 2010 census, the village is part of the Wilmington metropolitan area. The village is revered for its nature and is a popular location for vacationing. It was the filming location for the successful film Weekend at Bernies in 1989. Old Baldy, its out-of-service lighthouse, is the oldest still standing in the state, Bald Head Island is tiny but has played a part in two American wars. During the American Revolution, it was home to Fort George, during the Civil War, the same redoubts served as Fort Holmes, a Confederate base of importance to shipping and smuggling. In this area, large sand bars seasonally emerge from and subsequently retreat into the sea and these topographical transformations are often as rapid as they are drastic. The consensus view is that Bald Head Island emerged from one such sandbar, stabilized by a succession of plant life, author David Stick surmises that Native Americans used Bald Head Island in much the same way that it is used now, as a seasonal retreat. Bald Head Islands creek estuaries and its abundance of shellfish were probably as attractive to Native American fishermen as they are to modern fishermen, throughout the early European history of the Cape Fear region, Bald Head Island underwent several settlement attempts and went by many names. Unlike the specific landmarks which were renamed by settler, the region was always known by the well-earned name. Quexos sponsor, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, visited the region himself in 1526, when Ayllón lost a ship to the treacherous shoals he abandoned his exploration efforts. Over one hundred years after Quexos, William Hilton initiated an expedition called the Adventures about Cape Fayre by English Puritan dissidents in the 1660s, the effort was abandoned due to difficulties farming the sandy barren soil. Hilton returned in 1667 with the support of backers from Barbados, the Barbados Adventurers, aboard a ship and his efforts were again foiled by barren soil. In 1664, John Vassal founded Charles Town with the aid of Barbadian backers on the west bank of what is now the Cape Fear River and his efforts failed due to his agitation of the native population. He was further dissuaded when his efforts to become governor of the region, Clarendon County, were subverted, after the settlers abandoned Charles Town, Yeamans nearly lost his life when his boat sank in a maze of sand bars in the mouth of the Charles River. Instead of trying to revive the colony, Yeamans established Charles Town farther south in what is now Charleston, Charleston rapidly became a center of economic importance in the colonies
28.
Hamilton Island (Queensland)
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Hamilton Island is the largest inhabited island of the Whitsunday Islands in Queensland, Australia. It is positioned approximately 887 kilometres north of Brisbane and 512 kilometres south of Cairns and it is also the only island in the Great Barrier Reef with its own commercial airport, with short direct flights from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Cairns. Like most in the Whitsunday group, Hamilton Island was formed as sea levels rose which created numerous drowned mountains that are situated close to the east coast of Queensland, at the 2011 Australian Census, the island recorded a population of 1,208 people. Hamilton Island is a popular tourist destination all year round and this is only one of many events hosted on the island. Hamilton Island has won awards including the Australian Traveller Most Desirable Island Escape Award in 2015. Hamilton Island was purchased in 1975 by Keith Williams and Bryan Bryt, in 1978, Keith Williams commenced construction of Hamilton Island Harbour and the resort complex shortly after. The resort opened in phases between 1982 and 1984, in 1985, a fire destroyed most of the central portion of the resort complex, which was completely rebuilt by 1986. The current Whitsunday Holiday Apartments opened in 1986 followed by the current Reefview Hotel in 1990, in 1992, the resort was placed in receivership and between 1995 and 2003 it was owned by BT Australia and managed by Holiday Inn for a portion of that time. In 1999, the five-star Beach Club opened, bob Oatley an Australian winemaker and his family purchased Hamilton Island in 2003. Bob Oatley first noted the potential of the island when he cruised past the island aboard a yacht when Keith Williams was in the stages of the development of the resort. Following an investment and development program the Oatley family now offer holiday destinations there, in 2009, there were two key infrastructure and tourism developments completed for the resort. The 18-hole course on neighbouring Dent Island measures 6,120 metres and is billed as the only championship island golf course in Australia. Over 18 months the cull resulted in the death of 599 common brushtail possums,393 agile wallabies,36 pied currawongs,35 sulphur crested cockatoos,3 torresian crows and 1 laughing kookaburra. The Resort management stated that any culling of animals and birds is done as a last resort when all other methods have been exhausted, the RSPCA were unaware of any culling on the Island. The Resort’s management carried out the culls “to prevent damage or loss of property and to protect the health and wellbeing of staff, guests, social media users were critical of the cull. Unlike most islands off the east coast of Australia, Hamilton Island is used almost exclusively for tourism, however it is now catering for a growing number of residents, employees of the various businesses on the island and people choosing to retire on the island. Hamilton Island is on long lease from the Commonwealth Government by the Oatley family. The Oatleys own and run Hamilton Island Enterprises which operates the majority of accommodation, Hamilton Island Airport is the only airport in the Whitsunday Islands that is big enough to cater for larger commercial aircraft
29.
The Villages, Florida
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The Villages is a census-designated place in Sumter County, Florida, United States. It shares its name with a broader master-planned age-restricted community that spreads into portions of Lake, the Villages consistently ranks as a very high growth area. The Villages is controlled by several quasi-governmental Community Development Districts, which are, in turn, the overall development lies in central Florida, approximately 20 miles south of Ocala and approximately 45 miles northwest of Orlando. As of the 2010 United States Census, The Villages had a population of 51,442, harold Schwartz, a Michigan businessman, began selling land tracts via mail order in The Villages area in the 1960s. He and his business partner, Al Tarrson, were forced to close the mail-order aspect of the due to a 1968 Federal law banning sales of real estate by mail order. Stuck with considerable portions of Florida land, in the early 1970s Schwartz and Tarrson began development of a mobile home park, Orange Blossom Gardens, by the early 1980s, the community had sold only 400 units. In an attempt to improve the business, Schwartz bought out Tarrsons interest and brought his son, H. Gary Morse, Morse noted that the successful retirement communities offered numerous well-maintained amenities to the residents. They also had diverse and nearby commercial development, Morse began to significantly upgrade the development. Their sales improved in the mid-1980s, Schwartz began to buy large tracts of land in nearby Sumter and Marion counties for future expansion. In 1992, Morse officially changed the development name to The Villages. The development is controlled in all major aspects by descendants of Schwartz. An Architectural Review Committee controls the composition and consistency of the exterior of the properties within The Villages. The committee, which consists of Villages residents, reviews and approves alterations and modifications to the properties and homes built by the developer, Committee members serve for three years and are selected by the sitting committee. Persons under the age of 19 years are not permitted to reside within The Villages unless an exemption is granted, three subdivisions have been designated as family units and are not subject to this restriction. Otherwise, persons under age 19 are permitted to visit for no more than 30 days within a calendar year, the Villages is located at 28°56′16″N 81°58′16″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.6 mi². The Villages is located approximately 45 miles northwest of Orlando and 75 miles northeast of Tampa, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,333 people,4,392 households, and 3,583 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,605.5 people per square mile, there were 5,065 housing units at an average density of 975. 9/mi
30.
Belize
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Belize, formerly British Honduras, is an independent country on the eastern coast of Central America. Belize is bordered on the north by Mexico, on the south and west by Guatemala and its mainland is about 290 km long and 110 km wide. Belize has an area of 22,800 square kilometres and a population of 368,310 and it has the lowest population density in Central America. The countrys population growth rate of 1. 87% per year is the second highest in the region, Belizes abundance of terrestrial and marine species and its diversity of ecosystems gives it a key place in the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Belize has a society, composed of many cultures and languages that reflect its rich history. English is the language of Belize, with Belizean Kriol being the unofficial language. Over half the population is multilingual, with Spanish being the second most common spoken language, Belize is considered a Central American and Caribbean nation with strong ties to both the Latin American and Caribbean regions. Belize is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, Belize is known for its September Celebrations, its extensive coral reefs, and punta music. The origin of the name Belize remains unclear, the earliest known record of the name appears in the journal of the Dominican priest Fray José Delgado, dating to 1677. Delgado recorded the names of three rivers that he crossed while travelling north along the Caribbean coast, Rio Soyte, Rio Xibum. The names of these waterways, which correspond to the Sittee River, Sibun River and it is likely that Delgados Balis was actually the Mayan word belix, meaning muddy-watered. Others have suggested that the name derives from a Spanish pronunciation of the name of the Scottish buccaneer Peter Wallace, there is no proof that Wallace settled in this area and some scholars have characterized this claim as a myth. Writers and historians have suggested other possible etymologies, including postulated French. Many aspects of this culture persist in the area despite nearly 500 years of European domination, prior to about 2500 BC, some hunting and foraging bands settled in small farming villages, they later domesticated crops such as corn, beans, squash, and chili peppers. A profusion of languages and subcultures developed within the Maya core culture, between about 2500 BC and 250 AD, the basic institutions of Maya civilisation emerged. The peak of this occurred during the classic period, which began about 250 AD. The Maya civilisation spread across what is now Belize around 1500 BC, the recorded history of the middle and southern regions is dominated by Caracol, an urban political centre that may have supported over 140,000 people. North of the Maya Mountains, the most important political centre was Lamanai, in the late Classic Era of Maya civilisation, as many as 1 million people may have lived in the area that is now Belize
31.
Discovery Bay
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Discovery Bay is a mixed, primarily residential, development consisting of upmarket residential development and private and public recreational facilities in Hong Kong. It is situated on the north-eastern coast of Lantau Island in the New Territories, the development spans an area of 650 hectares, and includes two bays, the Tai Pak Bay and Yi Pak Bay. The 2011 census recorded 12,258 people living at DB, DB is located 2 km west of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and approximately 12 km west from the nearest point on Hong Kong Island. DB currently consists of 14 residential development phases with properties ranging from houses to high-rise towers of up to 24 storeys. The development also features a 400-metre-long privately owned beach, four private clubs including a golf club and a marina club. Though DB is considered in Hong Kong to be a low-density development due to the amount of open spaces, pets are allowed in Discovery Bay. The plan called for development, on Lot 385 at Tai Pak Wan, of membership club houses and a leisure resort and associated facilities which shall include an hotel or hotels. In addition, HKR handed over HK$61.5 million in exchange for the grant, inc. facing the same creditor demanding US$22.12 million in proceedings in Panama. The Cha family, up to better known for its exploits running China Dyeing Works Ltd. After retiring from government, in 2000 Akers-Jones joined the board of Mingly Corporation, unlike other large Hong Kong developments, everything in DB was built with private money, including roads, electricity and the water supply. Even the government-operated fire and police stations and the local primary school were built by the developer. DB was developed in phases and the developer, HKR, envisages that DB will eventually be home to 25,000 residents, DB Plaza is also has many international themed restaurants, bars and food outlets. However, this falls far short of the obligation to provide them under the Land Grant, Outline Zoning Plan. A Community Centre / Indoor Recreation Centre was finally completed in 2007 and it was handed over to government-appointed operators in April 2009. DB is a fifteen-minute to twenty-five-minute bus ride from Tung Chung, DBRC members are automatically members of Club Siena. Debentures of DBMC and DBGC are traded in the secondary market, the Marina opens into Nim Shue Wan, a bay to the south of DB. There is also a landing stage for cargo boats and privately operated kat-to ferries that link DB to nearby Peng Chau Island. Kai-tos replaced the ferry to Mui Wo operated by Discovery Bay Transportation Services Limited
32.
Palm Springs
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Palm Springs is a desert resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, within the Coachella Valley. It is located approximately 55 mi east of San Bernardino,107 mi east of Los Angeles,123 mi northeast of San Diego, the population was 44,552 as of the 2010 census. Palm Springs covers approximately 94 square miles, making it the largest city in the county by land area, biking, golf, hiking, horseback riding, swimming, and tennis in the nearby desert and mountain areas are major forms of recreation in Palm Springs. The city is famous for its mid-century modern architecture and design elements. Archaeological research has shown that the Cahuilla people have lived in the area for the past 350–500 years, the Cahuilla name for the area was Se-Khi. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the open desert, presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass areas. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres, of which 6,700 acres lie within the city limits, as of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the region was ceded to the United States in 1848, one possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or The Palm of Gods hand. The earliest use of the name Palm Springs is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps, other early names were Palmetto Spring and Big Palm Springs. The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, fourteen years later, the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north, isolating the station. By 1885, when San Francisco attorney John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the area was named Palm Valley when McCallum incorporated the Palm Valley Land and Water Company with partners O. C. He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence, the crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought caused further damage. The city became a resort in the 1900s when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months, Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U. S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson, still, Murrays hotel was closed in 1909, nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909. It was expanded as a hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967. Coffman herself was a force in the citys tourism industry until her death in 1950. James Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chases Our Araby, Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also served to promote the area
33.
PGA Tour
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The PGA Tour is the organizer of the main professional golf tours played primarily by men in the United States and North America. It is headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, a suburb of Jacksonville, the remaining events on the PGA Tour are run by different organizations, as are the U. S. -based LPGA Tour for women and the other mens and womens professional tours around the world. The tour began 88 years ago in 1929 and at times the tournament players had attempted to operate independently from the club professionals. With an increase of revenue in the late 1960s due to expanded television coverage, the tour players wanted larger purses, where the PGA desired the money to go to the general fund to help grow the game at the local level. Following the final major in July 1968 at the PGA Championship, several leading tour pros voiced their dissatisfaction with the venue, the increased friction resulted in a new entity in August, what would eventually become the PGA Tour. Tournament players formed their own organization, American Professional Golfers, Inc. independent of the PGA of America, the board consisted of four tour players, three PGA of America executives, and three outside members, initially business executives. Joseph Dey, the recently retired USGA executive director, was selected by the board as the tours first commissioner in January 1969 and he was succeeded by tour player Deane Beman in early 1974, who served for twenty years. The name officially changed to the PGA Tour in 1975, Beman was succeeded by commissioner Tim Finchem in June 1994. On January 1,2017, Jay Monahan succeeded Finchem as commissioner, in late August 1981, the PGA Tour had a marketing dispute with the PGA of America and officially changed its name to the TPA Tour, for the Tournament Players Association. The disputed issues were resolved within seven months and the name was changed back to the PGA Tour in March 1982. Without the tour players, the PGA of America became primarily an association of club professionals, both events are very important revenue streams for the PGA of America. Due to the multiplicity of names, there is confusion as to what the PGA Tour organization does and does not run. Of the events in the PGA Tour schedule, it not run any of the four major championships. The PGA of America, not the PGA Tour, runs the PGA Championship, the Senior PGA Championship, and co-organizes the Ryder Cup with Ryder Cup Europe, a company controlled by the PGA European Tour. Additionally, the PGA Tour is not involved with the womens golf tours in the U. S. which are controlled by the LPGA. The PGA Tour is also not the body for the game of golf in the United States, this, instead, is the role of the United States Golf Association. What the PGA Tour does organize are the remaining 43 week-to-week events, including The Players Championship and it also runs the main tournaments on five other tours, PGA Tour Champions, the Web. com Tour, PGA Tour Canada, PGA Tour China, and PGA Tour Latinoamérica. The PGA Tour operates six tours, three of them are primarily contested in the U. S. and the other three are international developmental tours centered on a specific country or region
34.
Nationwide Children's Hospital
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Nationwide Children’s Hospital is a primary pediatric hospital in Columbus, Ohio, with more than 1,280 medical staff members and over 10,000 total employees. In recent years, the hospital has been ranked as one of Americas Best Childrens Hospitals by US News & World Report and it is also the pediatric teaching hospital for The Ohio State University College of Medicine. In 2013, Nationwide Children’s Hospital had 17,777 inpatient discharges, performed 25,899 surgeries, the hospital system has 125 specialties within its main downtown campus and its 34 outpatient care centers throughout the central Ohio area. Six Close To Home Centers in Canal Winchester, Dublin, Downtown, East Columbus, other outpatient facilities include the Homecare Center, the Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, the Sports Medicine and Orthopedic Center and the Orthopedic Center. Also on site is the Outpatient Care Center, which provides subspecialty ambulatory clinics, an outpatient lab and outpatient pharmacy, the system also has an urgent care center that offers immediate treatment for illnesses and injuries that do not require hospital emergency room attention. The hospital provides “family centered care, focusing on the needs, as well as the child’s, to promote and maintain the health of the child in the context of the family. The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital is one of the fastest growing pediatric research centers in the United States. Organized research began after the Second World War with the recognition of E. coli III as a source and cause of diarrhea. In 2009, among free-standing children’s hospitals, The Research Institute ranked 9th based on NIH funding, Children’s Hospital Investigative Laboratory Division, CHILD, was created in the 1950s when the hospital realized a separate organization was needed to manage research. The first medical research building at Children’s Hospital, Ross Hall, was completed in 1961. CHILD evolved into Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, a corporation that was incorporated on May 12,1964. Two years later in 1966, research expenditures exceeded $1 million for the first time, and in 1987, the new Wexner Center for Pediatric Research opened. In 2003, Children’s Hospital Research Foundation was renamed the Columbus Children’s Research Institute, also that year, the Research Institute not only began a human testing phase for a new HIV/AIDS vaccine, but they finished the year with $34 million in external research awards. A new 160, 000-square-foot research building opened in 2004, in 2006, the Nationwide Foundation donated a 10-year, $50 million gift to support child safety and injury prevention, neonatal intensive care, and the heart center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital. In 2007, the Columbus Children’s Research Institute was renamed The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, prominent researchers at this institute include neurologist Dr. Jerry Mendell, who led the worlds first clinical trial for gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy at the institute in 2007. Nationwide Children’s Hospital houses the Department of Pediatrics for The Ohio State University College of Medicine and it is a teaching hospital offering nationally recognized pediatric residencies and fellowships in medical and surgical specialties. In 1931, the residency program began at Children’s Hospital. Six years later, in 1937, the teaching of pediatrics was moved from the Starling Loving Hospital at The Ohio State University to Children’s Hospital, baxter became the first chairman of The Ohio State University Department of Pediatrics in 1943
35.
Soft tissue
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In anatomy, soft tissue includes the tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body, not being hard tissue such as bone. Soft tissue includes tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, fibrous tissues, fat, and synovial membranes and it is sometimes defined by what it is not. Soft tissue has been defined as nonepithelial, extraskeletal mesenchyme exclusive of the reticuloendothelial system, the characteristic substances inside the extracellular matrix of this kind of tissue are the collagen, elastin and ground substance. Normally the soft tissue is very hydrated because of the ground substance, the fibroblasts are the most common cell responsible for the production of soft tissues fibers and ground substance. Variations of fibroblasts, like chondroblasts, may also produce these substances, at small strains, elastin confers stiffness to the tissue and stores most of the strain energy. The collagen fibers are comparatively inextensible and are usually loose, with increasing tissue deformation the collagen is gradually stretched in the direction of deformation. When taut, these produce a strong growth in tissue stiffness. The composite behavior is analogous to a stocking, whose rubber band does the role of elastin as the nylon does the role of collagen. In soft tissues the collagen limits the deformation and protects the tissues from injury, human soft tissue is highly deformable, and its mechanical properties vary significantly from one person to another. Impact testing results showed that the stiffness and the resistance of a test subject’s tissue are correlated with the mass, velocity. Such properties may be useful for forensics investigation when contusions were induced, Soft tissues have the potential to undergo big deformations and still come back to the initial configuration when unloaded, i. e. their stress-strain curve is nonlinear. The soft tissues are viscoelastic, incompressible and usually anisotropic. Some viscoelastic properties observable in soft tissues are, relaxation, creep, in order to describe the mechanical response of soft tissues, several methods have been used. Even though soft tissues have viscoelastic properties, i. e. stress as function of strain rate, after some cycles of loading and unloading the material, the mechanical response becomes independent of strain rate. By this method the elasticity theory is used to model an inelastic material, fung has called this model as pseudoelastic to point out that the material is not truly elastic. In physiological state soft tissues usually present residual stress that may be released when the tissue is excised, physiologists and histologists must be aware of this fact to avoid mistakes when analyzing excised tissues. This retraction usually causes a visual artifact, W is the strain energy function per volume unit, which is the mechanical strain energy for a given temperature. The Fung-model, simplified with isotropic hypothesis and this written in respect of the principal stretches, W =12, where a, b and c are constants
36.
Fracture
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A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid, fracture strength or breaking strength is the stress when a specimen fails or fractures. The word fracture is often applied to bones of living creatures, or to crystalline materials, sometimes, individual crystals fracture without the structure actually separating into two or more pieces. Depending on the substance, a fracture reduces strength or inhibits transmission of waves, a detailed understanding of how fracture occurs in materials may be assisted by the study of fracture mechanics. Fracture strength, also known as breaking strength, is the stress at which a specimen fails via fracture and this is usually determined for a given specimen by a tensile test, which charts the stress-strain curve. The final recorded point is the fracture strength, ductile materials have a fracture strength lower than the ultimate tensile strength, whereas in brittle materials the fracture strength is equivalent to the UTS. If a ductile material reaches its ultimate strength in a load-controlled situation, it will continue to deform, with no additional load application. However, if the loading is displacement-controlled, the deformation of the material may relieve the load, in brittle fracture, no apparent plastic deformation takes place before fracture. In brittle crystalline materials, fracture can occur by cleavage as the result of tensile stress acting normal to crystallographic planes with low bonding. In amorphous solids, by contrast, the lack of a crystalline structure results in a conchoidal fracture, the sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912 from an iceberg collision is widely reported to have been due to brittle fracture of the hulls steel plates. Putting these two together, we get σ f r a c t u r e = E γ ρ4 a r o. Looking closely, we can see that sharp cracks and large defects both lower the strength of the material. Recently, scientists have discovered supersonic fracture, the phenomenon of crack propagation faster than the speed of sound in a material and this phenomenon was recently also verified by experiment of fracture in rubber-like materials. Brittle fracture may be avoided by limiting pressure and temperature within limits, each system has a brittle fracture prevention limit curve defined by the weakest components at given temperatures and pressures allowing for the largest undetected preexisting flaw in each component. In ductile fracture, extensive plastic deformation takes place before fracture, the terms rupture or ductile rupture describe the ultimate failure of ductile materials loaded in tension. Rather than cracking, the material pulls apart, generally leaving a rough surface, in this case there is slow propagation and an absorption of a large amount energy before fracture. The ductility of a material is referred to as toughness. Many ductile metals, especially materials with high purity, can sustain very large deformation of 50–100% or more strain before fracture under favorable loading condition, the strain at which the fracture happens is controlled by the purity of the materials
37.
Electric car
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An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored in rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration and they are also around three times as efficient as cars with an internal combustion engine. The first practical electric cars were produced in the 1880s, Electric cars are significantly quieter than conventional internal combustion engine automobiles. They do not emit tailpipe pollutants, giving a reduction of local air pollution. They also provide for independence from oil, which in several countries is cause for concern about vulnerability to oil price volatility. Recharging can take a time and in many places there is a patchy recharging infrastructure. For long distance driving, many cars support fast charging that can give around 80% charge in half an hour using public rapid chargers, drivers can also sometimes suffer from range anxiety- the fear that the batteries will be depleted before reaching their destination. Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric vehicles passed the one million milestone in September 2016. About 61% of the stock of 2 million light-duty plug-in electric vehicles by the end of 2016 were pure electric cars. The worlds all-time top selling electric car is the Nissan Leaf, released in December 2010. The Tesla Model S, released in June 2012, ranks second with global sales of over 158,000 units through December 2016, the Model S has been the worlds top selling plug-in car for two years in a row,2015 and 2016. Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle, the term electric vehicle refers to any vehicle that uses electric motors for propulsion, while electric car generally refers to highway-capable automobiles powered by electricity. Thus, a car that derives its power from an on-board battery pack is a form of battery electric vehicle. Most often, the electric car is used to refer to battery electric vehicles. Thomas Parker built the first practical production electric car in London in 1884, the Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken is regarded as the first real electric car of the world. The electric vehicle stock peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles at the turn of the 20th century, advances in internal combustion engines in the first decade of the 20th century lessened the relative advantages of the electric car. These cars were withdrawn from the U. S. market. California electric automaker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, the Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km per charge
38.
Electric vehicle
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An electric vehicle, also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. EVs include road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft, in the 21st century, EVs saw a resurgence due to technological developments and an increased focus on renewable energy. Government incentives to increase adoptions were introduced, including in the United States, around the same period, early experimental electrical cars were moving on rails, too. American blacksmith and inventor Thomas Davenport built a toy electric locomotive, powered by an electric motor. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built a locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour. In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, between 1832 and 1839, Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. By the 20th century, electric cars and rail transport were commonplace, electrified trains were used for coal transport, as the motors did not use precious oxygen in the mines. Switzerlands lack of fossil resources forced the rapid electrification of their rail network. One of the earliest rechargeable batteries - the nickel-iron battery - was favored by Edison for use in electric cars and they were produced by Baker Electric, Columbia Electric, Detroit Electric, and others, and at one point in history out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles. In fact, in 1900,28 percent of the cars on the road in the USA were electric, EVs were so popular that even President Woodrow Wilson and his secret service agents toured Washington DC in their Milburn Electrics, which covered 60–70 mi per charge. A number of developments contributed to decline of electric cars, as roads were improved outside urban areas electric vehicle range could not compete with the ICE. Finally, the initiation of production of gasoline-powered vehicles by Henry Ford in 1913 reduced significantly the cost of gasoline cars as compared to electric cars. In January 1990, General Motors President introduced its EV concept two-seater and that September, the California Air Resources Board mandated major-automaker sales of EVs, in phases starting in 1998. From 1996 to 1998 GM produced 1117 EV1s,800 of which were available through three-year leases. Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda, Nissan and Toyota also produced limited numbers of EVs for California drivers, in 2003, upon the expiration of GMs EV1 leases, GM crushed them. A movie made on the subject in 2005-2006 was titled Who Killed the Electric Car. Ford released a number of their Ford Ecostar delivery vans into the market. Honda, Nissan and Toyota also repossessed and crushed most of their EVs, after public protests, Toyota sold 200 of its RAV EVs to eager buyers, they later sold at over their original forty-thousand-dollar price. This lesson did not go unlearned, BMW of Canada sold off a number of Mini EVs when their Canadian testing ended, the production of the Citroën Berlingo Electrique stopped in September 2005
39.
Golf equipment
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Golf equipment encompasses the various items that are used to play the sport of golf. Originally, golf balls were made of a hardwood, such as beech, beginning between the 14th and 16th centuries, more expensive golf balls were made of a leather skin stuffed with down feathers, these were called featheries. Recessed circular dimples were patented in 1910, but didnt become popular until the 1940s after the patents expired, the minimum allowed diameter of a golf ball is 42.67 mm and its mass may not exceed 45.93 g. Modern golf balls have a two-, three-, or four-layer design constructed from synthetic materials. The surface usually has a pattern of 300-450 dimples designed to improve the balls aerodynamics by reducing the balls drag-inducing wake, the method of construction and materials used greatly affect the balls playing characteristics such as distance, trajectory, spin and feel. Golf balls are separated into three groups depending on their construction, two-, three-, or four-piece covers, generally four-piece golf balls tend to be the most expensive, though price is no assurance of quality. A player usually carries several clubs during the game, there are three major types of clubs, known as woods, irons, and putters. Woods are played for long shots from the tee or fairway, wedges are irons used to play shorter shots. A new type of club called a hybrid combines the characteristics of irons with the easy-to-hit characteristics of higher-lofted woods. A hybrid is used for long shots from difficult rough. Hybrids are also used by players who have a time getting the ball airborne with long irons. Wedges are played from difficult ground such as sand or the rough, putters are mostly played on the green, but can also be useful when playing from bunkers or for some approach shots. Putters have minimal loft, forcing the ball to stay on the surface when struck. The most common clubs to find in a bag are the driver, 3-wood, numbered irons from 3 to 9, pitching and sand wedges. Players commonly also carry a 5-wood, and/or additional wedges such as a gap or lob wedge. When on the green, the ball may be picked up to be cleaned or if it is in the way of a putting line. In these cases, the position must first be marked using a ball marker. A tee is an object that is pushed into or placed on the ground to rest a ball on top of for a shot, however
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