1.
Julie Walters
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Julia Mary Julie Walters, CBE is an English actress and writer. She has won two BAFTA Film Awards, four BAFTA TV Awards and received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014, Walters first came to international prominence in 1983, for playing the title role in Educating Rita. It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe. She received a second Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot and her other film roles include Personal Services, Prick Up Your Ears, Buster, Stepping Out, Calendar Girls, Mamma Mia. and Brave. She has also played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films, on stage, she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. She has won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress four times, for My Beautiful Son, Murder, The Canterbury Tales and she also starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland in 2009, which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. In 2006, she came fourth in ITVs poll of the publics 50 Greatest TV stars in Britain, in 2008, she released her autobiography titled Thats Another Story. Walters was born in St. Chads Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, the youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, Walters had an early education at a convent school and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls on Holly Lane in Smethwick. It was heaven when I went to a grammar school, she said in 2014. Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15, at 18 she trained as a nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, and worked on the ophthalmic, casualty and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. Walters decided to leave nursing, and studied English and drama at Manchester Polytechnic, Walters first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had briefly met in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the adaptation of Woods play Talent. They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and Walters and they continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, featured one of Walterss best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Woods parodic soap opera, before making her London stage debut in Educating Rita, Walters had worked in regional theatre, stand-up comedy and cabaret. In 1985, she played Adrian Moles mother Pauline in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Walters appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she played the characters wife, June, in the film Buster. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, in 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk, alongside actors Neil Morrissey, Adrian Edmondson, Paul Merton, Denise van Outen and Julian Clary. The show was first broadcast 25 December 1998 on ITV1, in 2001 she won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Millers All My Sons
2.
Hearst Communications
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Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under William Randolph Hearsts will, a board of thirteen trustees administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this, Frank A. Bennack Jr. former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation Gilbert C. In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur, American publisher, on March 4,1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst. He pushed his staff to write exciting stories, and wrote editorials worded with force. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success, in 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. He established Hearsts Chicago American in 1900, renamed the morning edition of the New York Journal as the New York American in 1901, the Los Angeles Examiner was launched in 1903 followed by the Boston American one year later. Hearst experimented with every aspect of publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service. In 1903, Hearst Magazines was begun with the publication of Motor magazine, within the next 10 years Hearst acquired several popular titles, starting in 1905 with Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping in 1911. Also in 1911, Hearst bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914, its title was shortened to Hearsts, and it was ultimately retitled Hearsts International in May 1922. In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine which it kept until 1999 when it was sold to Robert E. Petersen, Hearst began producing film feature in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios, the International Film Service. Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer, in 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged Hearsts International magazine with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, Hearst died in 1951, and the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, in 1924 he also merged his Milwaukee operations with the Pfister family, owners of The Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst owned the evening Wisconsin News while the Pfisters kept the Sentinel adding Hearsts features from the now-folded Telegram, in 1925, Hearst sold the Syracuse Telegram to the owners of the Syracuse Journal, while selling the New York Mirror in 1928
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
6.
Magazine
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A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
7.
Holyoke, Massachusetts
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Holyoke is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States that lies between the western bank of the Connecticut River and the Mount Tom Range. As of 2012, the city had an population of 40,135. Sitting eight miles north of Springfield, Holyoke is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area, englishmen first arrived in the Connecticut River Valley in 1633—a post was established at Windsor, Connecticut by traders from the Plymouth Plantation. They considered it the most advantageous land in the Connecticut River Valley for farming and trading, originally, Springfield spanned both sides of the Connecticut River, the region was eventually partitioned. The land on the bank of the Connecticut River became West Springfield. West Springfields northernmost parish became Holyoke, named after earlier Springfield settler William Pynchons son-in-law, Elizur Holyoke, the village of Holyoke was first settled in 1745 and was officially incorporated in 1850. The first post office in the area was called Ireland and it was established June 3,1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster. Another post office called Ireland Depot was established February 26,1847, a part of Northampton known as Smiths Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of Easthampton in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, the neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909. Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of a dam and the Holyoke Canal System in 1849, at one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The Holyoke Machine Company, manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era, Holyokes population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. In 1888, Holyokes paper industry spurred the foundation of the American Pad & Paper Company, the availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of Americas major regional electric companies. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in the Northeast blackout of 1965, Holyoke was one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States. Holyoke features rectilinear street grids—a novelty in New England and its grid pattern is notable in Western Massachusetts, where few roads are straight. From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the worlds biggest paper manufacturer, the elaborate Holyoke Canal System, built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. Holyoke is nicknamed The Paper City due to its fame as the worlds greatest paper producer, Holyoke is located at 42°12′11″N 72°37′26″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.8 square miles. The city is bordered by Southampton and Westfield to the west, Easthampton to the north, Hadley, South Hadley and Chicopee as river borders to the east, Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and microclimate ecosystems
8.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
9.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
10.
W. Somerset Maugham
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William Somerset Maugham CH, better known as W. Somerset Maugham, was a British playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was among the most popular writers of his era and reputedly the highest-paid author during the 1930s, after losing both his parents by the age of 10, Maugham was raised by a paternal uncle who was emotionally cold. Not wanting to become a lawyer like other men in his family, the initial run of his first novel, Liza of Lambeth, sold out so rapidly that Maugham gave up medicine to write full-time. During and after the war, he travelled in India and Southeast Asia, all of these experiences were reflected in short stories. Maughams father, Robert Ormond Maugham, was a lawyer who handled the affairs of the British embassy in Paris. Since French law declared that all born on French soil could be conscripted for military service, his father arranged for Maugham to be born at the embassy. His grandfather, another Robert, had also been a prominent lawyer and co-founder of the Law Society of England and it was taken for granted that Maugham and his brothers would follow in their footsteps. His elder brother Viscount Maugham enjoyed a legal career and served as Lord Chancellor from 1938 to 1939. Maughams mother, Edith Mary, had tuberculosis, a condition for which her physician prescribed childbirth and she had Maugham several years after the last of his three older brothers, they were already enrolled in boarding school by the time he was three. Being the youngest, he was raised as an only child. Ediths sixth and final son died on 25 January 1882, one day after his birth, Edith died of tuberculosis six days later on 31 January at the age of 41. The early death of his mother left Maugham traumatized, he kept his mothers photograph by his bedside for the rest of his life, two years after Ediths death Maughams father died in France of cancer. Maugham was sent to the UK to be cared for by his uncle, Henry MacDonald Maugham, the move was damaging, as Henry Maugham proved cold and emotionally cruel. The boy attended The Kings School, Canterbury, which was difficult for him. He was teased for his bad English and his short stature, Maugham developed a stammer that stayed with him all his life, although it was sporadic, being subject to his moods and circumstances. Miserable both at his uncles vicarage and at school, the young Maugham developed a talent for making wounding remarks to those who displeased him and this ability is sometimes reflected in Maughams literary characters. At sixteen Maugham refused to continue at The Kings School and his uncle allowed him to travel to Germany, where he studied literature, philosophy and German at Heidelberg University. During his year in Heidelberg Maugham met and had an affair with John Ellingham Brooks
11.
Edwin Markham
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Edwin Markham was an American poet. From 1923 to 1931 he was Poet Laureate of Oregon, Edwin Markham was born in Oregon City, Oregon, and was the youngest of 10 children, his parents divorced shortly after his birth. At the age of four, he moved to Lagoon Valley and he worked on the familys farm beginning at twelve. Although his mother was opposed to his higher education, he studied literature at the California College in Vacaville, California. In 1872 he graduated from San Jose State Normal School and in 1873 finished his studies of classics at Christian College in Santa Rosa and he went by Charles until about 1895, when he was about 43, when he started using Edwin. In 1898, Markham married his wife, Anna Catherine Murphy. They moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1900 to study natives and their appeasement, then to New York City, Edwin Markham had, by the time of his death, amassed a huge library of 15000+ books. This collection was bequeathed to Wagner Colleges Horrmann Library, located on Staten Island, Markham also willed his personal papers to the library. Edwins correspondents included Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ambrose Bierce, Aleister Crowley, Jack and Charmian London, Carl Sandburg, Florence Earle Coates, Markham taught literature in El Dorado County until 1879, when he became education superintendent of the county. While residing in El Dorado County, Markham became a member of Placerville Masonic Lodge and he also accepted a job as principal of Tompkins Observation School in Oakland, California, in 1890. While in Oakland, he became acquainted with many other famous contemporary writers and poets, such as Joaquin Miller, Ina Coolbrith, Charles Warren Stoddard. Edwin Markhams most famous poem, The Man with the Hoe and his main inspiration was a French painting of the same name by Jean-François Millet. Markhams poem was published, and it quite popular very soon. In New York, he gave lectures to labor groups. These happened as often as his poetry readings, in 1922, Markhams poem Lincoln, the Man of the People was selected from 250 entries to be read at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial. The author himself read the poem, of it, Dr. Henry Van Dyke of Princeton said, Edwin Markhams Lincoln is the greatest poem ever written on the immortal martyr, and the greatest that ever will be written. Later that year, Markham was filmed reciting the poem by Lee De Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process, as recounted by literary biographer William R. Nash, etween publications, Markham lectured and wrote in other genres, including essays and nonfiction prose. He also gave much of his time to such as the Poetry Society of America
12.
Edna St. Vincent Millay
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Edna St. Vincent Millay was an American poet and playwright. She received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923, the woman to win the award for poetry. She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work, the poet Richard Wilbur asserted, She wrote some of the best sonnets of the century. Millay was born in Rockland, Maine, to Cora Lounella Buzelle, a nurse, and Henry Tolman Millay and her middle name derives from St. Vincents Hospital in New York, where her uncles life had been saved just before her birth. The familys house was between the mountains and the sea where baskets of apples and drying herbs on the porch mingled their scents with those of the pine woods. In 1904, Cora officially divorced Millays father for financial irresponsibility, Cora and her three daughters, Edna, Norma Lounella, and Kathleen Kalloch, moved from town to town, living in poverty. Cora travelled with a full of classic literature, including Shakespeare and Milton. The family settled in a house on the property of Coras aunt in Camden, Maine. The three sisters were independent and spoke their minds, which did not always sit well with the authority figures in their lives, Millays grade school principal, offended by her frank attitudes, refused to call her Vincent. Instead, he called her by any name that started with a V. At Camden High School, Millay began developing her talents, starting at the schools literary magazine. While at school, she had relationships with women, including Edith Wynne Matthison. Millay entered Vassar College in 1913 when she was 21 years old and she had relationships with several fellow students during her time there and kept scrapbooks including drafts of plays written during the period. After her graduation from Vassar in 1917, Millay moved to New York City and she lived in a number of places in Greenwich Village, including a house owned by the Cherry Lane Theatre and 75½ Bedford Street, renowned for being the narrowest in New York City. The critic Floyd Dell wrote that the red-haired and beautiful Millay was a young woman, with a brand-new pair of dancing slippers. Millay described her life in New York as very, very poor, while establishing her career as a poet, Millay initially worked with the Provincetown Players on Macdougal Street and the Theatre Guild. In 1924 Millay and others founded the Cherry Lane Theater to continue the staging of experimental drama, magazine articles under a pseudonym also helped support her early days in the village. Millay’s fame began in 1912 when she entered her poem Renascence in a poetry contest in The Lyric Year, the poem was widely considered the best submission and when it was ultimately awarded fourth place, it created a scandal which brought Millay publicity
13.
Frances Parkinson Keyes
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Frances Parkinson Keyes was an American author, and a convert to Roman Catholicism, whose works frequently featured Catholic themes and beliefs. Her last name rhymes with skies, not keys, frances Parkinson Wheeler was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. She married Henry W. Keyes on June 8th,1904 and they lived in Washington, D. C. and Virginia for a quarter of a century while Henry, a Republican, served in the United States Senate. He had earlier served as Governor of New Hampshire, the story of their courtship is told in Mrs. Keyes first autobiography, Roses in December. The story of their marriage is recounted in her second autobiography, Henry Keyes was much older than his bride and, having never married before, was quite set in his ways. Early on he was dismissive of his wifes writing talent, and she wrote a series of articles for Good Housekeeping magazine beginning in the 1920s titled Letters from a Senators Wife. These were eventually collected into a book by the same name, educated privately at home and later at Miss Windsors school in Boston, Keyes had college ambitions that she abandoned upon her engagement. Her education was supplemented with extensive travel in Europe, and she grew up trilingual, speaking English, French, health issues forced her to abandon her study of Greek in school as her mother and physician felt she was carrying too heavy an academic load. Keyes first book, The Old Gray Homestead, was published in 1919, in 1934 Keyes received an honorary Litt. D. Upon her spouses death in 1938, she wrote books and magazine articles prolifically and her novels are set in New England, Virginia, Louisiana, Normandy and South America, reflecting her upbringing and extensive travel. In the 1950s, she purchased the historic Beauregard House in New Orleans’ French Quarter, the house was built by the grandfather of chess master Paul Morphy, whose life is the subject of Keyes book The Chess Players. The circumstances of the construction and early habitation are told in that book. Today the house is a museum, many of Keyes books are set in southern Louisiana and she eloquently described societal life and conventions in her historical novels. Keyes novel Blue Camellia tells about the development of south Louisiana from swampland to productive rice farms, the River Road deals with the sugar plantations of the Mississippi River Delta and Crescent Carnival tells the history of Carnival since the 1890s. Given the details with which Keyes writes about her subject matter and she went to great lengths to research her subject matter and ensure the historical, geographical, linguistic and even scientific accuracy of her writings. Many of her books include a dozen or more real people among the characters, many famous, some obscure, Keyes traveled on location to learn about her topics and enlisted local historians and residents to assist her. The meticulousness of her detailed accounts make her novels valuable tools for learning about a long past. Some of her Irish and Italian characters are cliched, or even burlesques of stereotypes, while Keyes was a popular author of the 1940s and 50s, existing editions of her books are becoming rare, and many libraries have unfortunately purged her books from their shelves
14.
A. J. Cronin
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Archibald Joseph Cronin, MBChB, MD, DPH, MRCP was a Scottish novelist and physician. His best-known novel was The Citadel, about a doctor in a Welsh mining village who quickly moves up the ladder in London. Cronin had observed this scene closely as a Medical Inspector of Mines and this book promoted controversial new ideas about medical ethics which largely inspired the launch of the National Health Service. Another popular mining novel, set in the North East of England, was The Stars Look Down, both these novels were adapted for film, as were Hatters Castle, The Keys of the Kingdom and The Green Years. His novella Country Doctor was adapted for a long-running BBC radio and TV series Dr Finlays Casebook and his paternal grandparents emigrated from County Armagh, Ireland and were glass and china merchants in Alexandria. Owen Cronin, his grandfather, had his surname changed from Cronague in 1870 and his maternal grandfather, Archibald Montgomerie, was a hatter who owned a shop in Dumbarton. After their marriage, Cronins parents moved to Helensburgh, where he attended Grant Street School, when he was seven years old, his father, an insurance agent and commercial traveler, died from tuberculosis. From an early age, he was a golfer, a sport he enjoyed throughout his life. The family later moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, where he attended St Aloysius College in the Garnethill area of the city and he played football for the First XI there, an experience he included in one of his last novels, The Minstrel Boy. A family decision that he should study for either the church or medicine was settled by Cronin himself and he won a Carnegie scholarship to study medicine at the University of Glasgow in 1914. He was absent during the 1916–1917 session for naval service, in 1919 he graduated with highest honours, with the degree of MBChB. Later that year he made a trip to India as ships surgeon on a liner, Cronin went on to earn additional degrees, including a Diploma in Public Health and his MRCP. In 1925, he was awarded an M. D. from the University of Glasgow for his dissertation, during World War I, Cronin served as a Surgeon Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve before graduating from medical school. After the war, he trained at various hospitals including Bellahouston and Lightburn Hospitals in Glasgow and he undertook general practice work in a small village on the Clyde, Garelochhead, as well as in Tredegar, a mining town in South Wales. He was involved in the disaster at Ystfad Colliery in Pengelly, where miners were drowned. He subsequently moved to London, where he practised in Harley Street before opening his own thriving medical practice in Notting Hill, Cronin was also the medical officer for Whiteleys at this time and was becoming increasingly interested in ophthalmology. In 1930, after being diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. At Dalchenna Farm by Loch Fyne, he was able to indulge his lifelong desire to write a novel, having previously written nothing but prescriptions
15.
Virginia Woolf
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Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer and one of the foremost modernists of the twentieth century. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society, Woolf suffered from severe bouts of mental illness throughout her life and took her own life by drowning in 1941 at the age of 59. Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen at 22 Hyde Park Gate in Kensington, London and her parents were Sir Leslie Stephen and Julia Prinsep Duckworth Stephen. Julia Stephen was born in British India to Dr. John and she was the niece of the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron and first cousin of the temperance leader Lady Henry Somerset. Julia moved to England with her mother, where she served as a model for Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Edward Burne-Jones, Woolf was educated by her parents in their literate and well-connected household. Her parents had each been married previously and been widowed, and, consequently, Julia had three children by her first husband, Herbert Duckworth, George, Stella, and Gerald Duckworth. Leslie and Julia had four children together, Vanessa Stephen, Thoby Stephen, Virginia, Henry James, George Henry Lewes, and Virginias honorary godfather, James Russell Lowell, were among the visitors to the house. Julia Stephen was equally well connected, supplementing these influences was the immense library at the Stephens house, from which Virginia and Vanessa were taught the classics and English literature. Unlike the girls, their brothers Adrian and Julian were formally educated and sent to Cambridge, the sisters did, however, benefit indirectly from their brothers Cambridge contacts, as the boys brought their new intellectual friends home to the Stephens drawing room. According to Woolfs memoirs, her most vivid memories were not of London but of St Ives, Cornwall. The Stephens summer home, Talland House, looked out over Porthminster Bay, memories of these family holidays and impressions of the landscape, especially the Godrevy Lighthouse, informed the fiction Woolf wrote in later years, most notably To the Lighthouse. She describes why she felt so connected to Talland House in an entry dated March 22nd,1921. Why am I so incredibly and incurably romantic about Cornwall. One’s past, I suppose, I see children running in the garden … The sound of the sea at night … almost forty years of life, all built on that, permeated by that, so much I could never explain. The sudden death of her mother in 1895, when Virginia was thirteen, after her mother and half-sister, she quickly lost her surrogate mother, Stella Duckworth, as well as her cherished brother Thoby, when he was in his mid-20s. She was, however, able to take courses of study in Ancient Greek, Latin, German and this brought her into contact with some of the early reformers of womens higher education such as the principal of the Ladies Department, Lilian Faithfull, Clara Pater and George Warr. Her sister Vanessa also studied Latin, Italian, art and architecture at Kings Ladies Department, in 2013 Woolf was honoured by her alma mater with the opening of a building named after her on Kingsway. The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collapse and she spent time recovering at her friend Violet Dickinsons house, and at her aunt Carolines house in Cambridge
16.
Evelyn Waugh
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Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh was an English writer of novels, biographies and travel books. He was also a prolific journalist and reviewer of books and his most famous works include the early satires Decline and Fall and A Handful of Dust, the novel Brideshead Revisited and the Second World War trilogy Sword of Honour. Waugh is recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the English language in the 20th century, the son of a publisher, Waugh was educated at Lancing College and then at Hertford College, Oxford, and briefly worked as a schoolmaster before he became a full-time writer. As a young man, he acquired many fashionable and aristocratic friends, in the 1930s, he travelled extensively, often as a special newspaper correspondent in which capacity he reported from Abyssinia at the time of the 1935 Italian invasion. He served in the British armed forces throughout the Second World War, first in the Royal Marines and he was a perceptive writer who used the experiences and the wide range of people he encountered in his works of fiction, generally to humorous effect. Waughs detachment was such that he fictionalised his own mental breakdown, after the failure of his first marriage, Waugh converted to Catholicism in 1930. That blow to his religious traditionalism, his dislike for the welfare state culture of the world and the decline of his health, darkened his final years. To the public, Waugh displayed a mask of indifference, after his death in 1966, he acquired a following of new readers through the film and television versions of his works, such as the television serial Brideshead Revisited. Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh was born on 28 October 1903 to Arthur Waugh and Catherine Charlotte Raban, into a family with English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish and Huguenot origins. His grandson Alexander Waugh was a medical practitioner, who bullied his wife and children. The elder of his two sons, born in 1866, was Arthur Waugh, after attending Sherborne School and New College, Oxford, Arthur Waugh began a career in publishing and as a literary critic. In 1902 he became managing director of Chapman and Hall, publishers of the works of Charles Dickens and he had married Catherine Raban in 1893, their first son Alexander Raban Waugh was born on 8 July 1898. Alec Waugh later became a novelist of note, on 7 January 1904 the boy was christened Arthur Evelyn St John Waugh but was known in the family and in the wider world as Evelyn. In September 1910, Evelyn began as a day pupil at Heath Mount preparatory school, by then, he was a lively boy of many interests, who already had written and completed The Curse of the Horse Race, his first story. Waugh spent six relatively contented years at Heath Mount, on his own assertion he was quite a little boy. Physically pugnacious, Evelyn was inclined to bully weaker boys, among his victims was the future society photographer Cecil Beaton, outside school, he and other neighbourhood children performed plays, usually written by Waugh. Family holidays usually were spent with the Waugh aunts, at Midsomer Norton, in a house lit with oil lamps, during his last year at Heath Mount, Waugh established and edited The Cynic school magazine. The public sensation caused by Alecs novel so offended the school that it impossible for Evelyn to go there
17.
John Cecil Clay
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John Cecil Clay, 1875-1930, was an American illustrator known for genre and caricature paintings. Clay was born in Ronceverte, West Virginia to a long-time Southern family and he was a student of Henry Siddons Mowbray at the Art Students League of New York and had a graphic style that was suited to illustration. A recurring subject was pretty young women, during his life he worked for Life and Frank Leslies Popular Monthly. He was a member of Society of Illustrators and was represented at the St. Louis Exposition-Worlds Fair 1904, apart from the above-mentioned magazines he also worked as an illustrator for The Century Magazine, Saturday Evening Post and Good Housekeeping
18.
Harvey Washington Wiley
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He was the first commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1910, Wiley was born on October 18,1844 in a log farmhouse near Kent, in Jefferson County, Indiana, the son of a farmer. He returned to Hanover in 1865 where he majored in the humanities and was a top graduate in 1867 and he received an A. M. there in 1870. Wiley studied at Indiana Medical College where he received his M. D. in 1871 and he was professor of Greek and Latin at Butler College, Indianapolis, 1868-70. After he graduated, Wiley accepted a position teaching chemistry at the medical college and he was also appointed state chemist of Indiana. In 1878, Wiley travelled overseas where he attended the lectures of August Wilhelm von Hofmann — the celebrated German discoverer of several organic tar derivatives, while in Germany, Wiley was elected to the prestigious German Chemical Society founded by Hofmann. Wiley spent most of his time in the Imperial Food Laboratory in Bismarck working with Eugene Sell, mastering the use of the polariscope and studying sugar chemistry. Upon his return to Purdue, Wiley was asked by the Indiana State Board of Health to analyze the sugars and syrups on sale in the state to detect any adulteration. He spent his last years at Purdue studying sorghum culture and sugar chemistry, hoping, as did others and his first published paper in 1881 discussed the adulteration of sugar with glucose. Wiley was offered the position of Chief Chemist in the United States Department of Agriculture by George Loring, the Commissioner of Agriculture, in 1882. Loring was seeking to replace his chemist with someone who could employ a more objective approach to the study of sorghum, the potential of which as a sugar source was far from proven. Wiley accepted the offer after being passed over for the presidency of Purdue, allegedly because he was too young and too jovial, unorthodox in his religious beliefs, and also a bachelor. Wiley brought with him to Washington a practical knowledge of agriculture, an approach to the problems of agricultural industry. These famous poison squad studies drew national attention to the need for a federal food, Wiley soon became a crusader and coalition builder in support of national food and drug regulation. His work, and that of Alice Lakey, spurred one million American women to write to the White House in support of the Pure Food, Wiley was nicknamed the Father of the Pure Food and Drugs Act when it became law in 1906. Wiley wrote two editions of Foods and Their Adulteration, which detailed the history, preparation and subsequent adulteration of foodstuffs to a broad audience. He was also a father of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Wileys tenure was marked by controversy over the administration of the 1906 statute which he had worked so hard to secure, concerns over preserving chemicals, which had not been specifically addressed in the law, continued to be controversial
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
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A principal author of this law was Royal S. Copeland, a three-term U. S. In 1968, the Electronic Product Radiation Control provisions were added to the FD&C, the act has been amended many times, most recently to add requirements about bioterrorism preparations. The introduction of this act was influenced by the death of more than 100 patients due to a sulfanilamide medication where diethylene glycol was used to dissolve the drug and it replaced the earlier Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. The FDC Act has ten chapters, I, prohibited Acts and Penalties This section contains both civil law and criminal law clauses. Most violations under the act are civil, though repeated, intentional, notably, the FD&C Act uses strict liability due to the Dotterweich and Park Supreme Court cases. It is one of a small number of criminal statutes that does. Food There is a distinction in food adulteration between those that are added and those that are naturally present, general Authority 704 allows inspections of regulated entities. Inspection results are reported on Form 483, tobacco Products X. Miscellaneous The FD&C is perhaps best known by the consumer because of its use in the naming of food coloring additives, such as FD&C Yellow No.6. The Act made the certification of food color additives mandatory. Some food colorings are generally recognized as safe by the FDA, the FDA lists nine FD&C certified color additives for use in foods in the United States, and numerous D&C colorings allowed only in drugs for external application or cosmetics. Color additives derived from sources, such as vegetables, minerals or animals. Both artificial and naturally derived color additives are subject to standards of safety before their approval for use in foods. There are also D&C colors that are approved for use in pharmaceuticals for external application. The FFDCA requires producers of food additives to demonstrate to a certainty that no harm will result from the intended use of an additive. If the FDA finds an additive to be safe the agency issues a regulation specifying the conditions under which the additive may be safely used, the full definition, can be found in Section 201 of the FD&C Act, which provides for any additional exclusions. If no such evidence exists, they must state this fact clearly on their labeling, bottled water is regulated by the FDA as a food. The Agency has published identity standards for types of water, and regulations covering water processing and bottling, water quality, the FDA can and does inspect cosmetics manufacturing facilities to ensure that cosmetics are not adulterated. On May 28,1976, the FD&C Act was amended to include regulation for medical devices, the amendment required that all medical devices be classified into one of three classes, Class I, Devices that do not require premarket approval or clearance but must follow general controls
20.
Federal Trade Commission
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The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices, the Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Woodrow Wilsons major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception, the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, over time, the FTC has been delegated with the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes and has promulgated a number of regulations. He would make the first speech on the House floor advocating its creation on February 21,1912, though the initial bill did not pass, the questions of trusts and antitrust dominated the 1912 election. With the 1912 presidential election decided in favor of the Democrats and Woodrow Wilson, the national debate culminated in Wilsons signing of the FTC Act on September 26, with additional tightening of regulations in the Clayton Antitrust Act three weeks later. The new Federal Trade Commission would absorb the staff and duties of Bureau of Corporations, previously established under the Department of Commerce, the following table lists commissioners as of March 2017. Recent former commissioners were, The Bureau of Consumer Protections mandate is to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce, with the written consent of the Commission, Bureau attorneys enforce federal laws related to consumer affairs and rules promulgated by the FTC. Its functions include investigations, enforcement actions, and consumer and business education, areas of principal concern for this bureau are, advertising and marketing, financial products and practices, telemarketing fraud, privacy and identity protection, etc. The bureau also is responsible for the United States National Do Not Call Registry, under the FTC Act, the Commission has the authority, in most cases, to bring its actions in federal court through its own attorneys. In some consumer protection matters, the FTC appears with, or supports, the Bureau of Competition is the division of the FTC charged with elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices. It accomplishes this through the enforcement of antitrust laws, review of proposed mergers, the FTC shares enforcement of antitrust laws with the Department of Justice. The FTC investigates issues raised by reports from consumers and businesses, pre-merger notification filings, congressional inquiries and these issues include, for instance, false advertising and other forms of fraud. FTC investigations may pertain to a company or an entire industry. Traditionally an administrative complaint is heard in front of an independent administrative law judge with FTC staff acting as prosecutors. The case is reviewed de novo by the full FTC commission which then may be appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals, in numerous cases, the FTC employs this authority to combat serious consumer deception or fraud. Additionally, the FTC has rulemaking power to address concerns regarding industry-wide practices, Rules promulgated under this authority are known as Trade Rules. In the mid-1990s, the FTC launched the fraud sweeps concept where the agency and its federal, state, the first sweeps operation was Project Telesweep in July 1995 which cracked down on 100 business opportunity scams
21.
Ladies' Home Journal
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Ladies Home Journal is an American magazine published by the Meredith Corporation. It first appeared on February 16,1883, and eventually one of the leading womens magazines of the 20th century in the United States. It was the first American magazine to reach 1 million subscribers in 1903, on April 24,2014, Meredith announced it would stop publishing the magazine as a monthly with the July issue, stating it was transitioning Ladies Home Journal to a special interest publication. It is now available quarterly on newsstands only, though its remains in operation. Ladies Home Journal was one of the Seven Sisters, a group of womens service magazines, the Ladies Home Journal arose from a popular double-page supplement in the American magazine Tribune and Farmer titled Women at Home. Women at Home was written by Louisa Knapp Curtis, wife of the magazines publisher Cyrus H. K. Curtis, after a year it became an independent publication with Knapp as editor for the first six years. Its original name was The Ladies Home Journal and Practical Housekeeper and it rapidly became the leading American magazine of its type, reaching a circulation of more than one million copies in ten years. Edward W. Bok took over the editorship in late 1889 until 1919, among features he introduced was the popular Ruth Ashmore advice column written by Isabel Mallon. At the turn of the 20th century, the published the work of muckrakers. In 1901 it published two articles highlighting the architectural designs of Frank Lloyd Wright. During World War II, it was a favored venue of the government for messages intended for homemakers. In March 1970, feminists held an 11-hour sit-in at the Ladies Home Journals office, the Journal, along with its major rivals, Better Homes and Gardens, Family Circle, Good Housekeeping, McCalls, Redbook and Womans Day were long known as the seven sisters. For decades, the Journal had the greatest circulation of this group, in 1968, its circulation was 6.8 million compared to McCalls 8.5 million. That year, Curtis Publishing sold the Ladies Home Journal, along with the magazine The American Home, in 1986, the Meredith Corporation acquired the magazine from Family Media for $96 million. By 1998, the Journals circulation had dropped to 4.5 million, the Ladies Home Journals low subscription rates, inclusion of advertising to off-set costs, and reliance on popular content contributed to the publications success. This operating structure was adopted by magazines like McClures and Munseys roughly a decade after it had become the standard practice of American womens magazines. Scholars argue that womens magazines, like the Ladies Home Journal, the magazine debuted an extensive visual and editorial redesign in its March 2012 issue. Photographer Brigitte Lacombe was hired to shoot cover photos, with Kate Winslet appearing on the first revamped issue, the Journal announced that portions of its editorial content would be crowdsourced from readers, who would be fairly compensated for their work
22.
McCall's
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McCalls was a monthly American womens magazine that enjoyed great popularity through much of the 20th century, peaking at a readership of 8.4 million in the early 1960s. It was established as a magazine called The Queen in 1873. In 1897 it was renamed McCalls Magazine—The Queen of Fashion and subsequently grew in size to become a large-format glossy and it was one of the Seven Sisters group of womens service magazines. From June 1949 until her death in November 1962, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote a McCalls column, the former First Lady gave brief answers to questions sent in to the magazine. Starting in May 1951, and lasting until at least 1995, children could cut out the printed dolls and clothing, or for a small fee paper dolls printed on cardboard could be ordered. Betsy McCall became so popular that various sized vinyl dolls were produced by Ideal, another popular feature which ran for many years was the cartoon panel Its All in the Family by Stan and Jan Berenstain. A pair of pioneering female illustrators, Jesse Willcox Smith and Neysa McMein, film critic Pauline Kael worked at McCalls from 1965 to 1966, and was reportedly fired after writing a highly unfavorable review of The Sound of Music. In 1870, Scottish immigrant James McCall began designing and printing his own line of sewing patterns, as a means of advertising his patterns, McCall founded a four-page fashion journal entitled The Queen, Illustrating McCalls Bazaar Glove-Fitting Patterns. When McCall died in 1884, his widow became president of McCall Company, Mrs. Bladsworth held the position until 1891. Though still mainly a vehicle to sell McCalls sewing patterns, The Queen began to publish homemaking and handiwork information, in 1891, the magazines name became The Queen of Fashion, and the cost for a years subscription was 30 cents. In 1893, James Henry Ottley took over the McCall Company, in order to reflect the magazines expanded range of topics, the name was changed to McCalls Magazine—The Queen of Fashion in 1897. In time, the name would be shortened to McCalls, despite the name changes, for many years information on McCalls patterns filled an average of 20 percent of the magazines pages. In 1913, the magazine was purchased by the firm of White Weld & Co. which organized the McCall Corporation under the direction of president Edward Alfred Simmons. In 1917, the price was raised to 10 cents per issue, in 1928, the 23-year-old associate editor, Otis Wiese, was promoted to editor. Such radical ideas caused Wiese to be fired at least six times within his first year as editor, in 1932, Wiese changed the format to what he called Three Magazines in One. Three sections—News and Fiction, Homemaking, Style and Beauty—had their own cover, a survey was conducted that showed fiction was a major attraction for female magazine readers, and in 1937 McCalls became the first womens magazine to print a complete novel in one issue. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7,1941, and Otis Wiese immediately revamped the February 1942 issue then in preparation, a frilly valentine cover was replaced with a woman wearing an Ive Enlisted consumer pledge button. Readers were asked to sign a pledge that stated As a consumer, in the defense of democracy, I will do my part to make my country ready, efficient
23.
Parents (magazine)
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Parents, published by Meredith Corporation, is an American mass circulation monthly magazine that features scientific information on child development geared to help parents in raising their children. The magazine was started by George J. Hecht in 1926, the magazine was originally titled Children, The Magazine for Parents. Hecht hired Clara Savage Littledale to be its first editor, the first issue was published in October 1926 and soon was selling 100,000 copies a month. Beginning with the August 1929 issue, the name was changed to Parents Magazine, Littledale was followed as editor by Mary Buchanan. In 1937, the magazine was granted trademark registration for the mark Parents Magazine, Parents Magazine Press also published Humpty Dumpty from the 1950s through the early 1980s, until it and Childrens Digest were sold to the Saturday Evening Post company. Parents Magazine was sold to Gruner + Jahr in 1978, at that time, the magazine was relaunched and the name shortened, utilizing only the word Parents, without an apostrophe. Elizabeth Crow became the editor for the next decade. In 1992, Gruner + Jahr filed suit against Meredith for trademark infringement of Parents when Meredith published Parents Digest, with the court finding no actual confusion of the products, the case was dismissed. Meredith acquired Parents magazine when Gruner + Jahr left the US magazine business in 2005, sally Lee was the editor from 1998 to 2008. Dana Points was Editor in Chief from 2008-2016 and its editorial focus is on the daily needs and concerns of mothers with young children. The glossy monthly features information about health, safety, behavior, discipline. There are also stories on health, nutrition, pregnancy, marriage. It is aimed primarily at women ages 18–35 with young children, columns include As They Grow, which cover age-specific child development issues, as well as the reader-generated Baby Bloopers, It Worked for Me, and Goody Bag. The magazine also produces a website, an app for kids, Parents Flash Cards, and GoodyBlog. com. With its impressive historical reach, Parents has frequently used by academics. The magazine was the only U. S. periodical whose circulation rose during the Great Depression, each month, Parents Magazine would award a medal to a Movie of the Month. The image of the Movie of the Month Medal was subsequently used on movie posters, past recipients include, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Wizard of Oz Pinochio Kathleen They Were Expendable Son of Lassie Alice in Wonderland Hansel and Gretel Official website
24.
Better Homes and Gardens (magazine)
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Better Homes and Gardens is the fourth best selling magazine in the United States. The editor in chief is Stephen Orr, Better Homes and Gardens focuses on interests regarding homes, cooking, gardening, crafts, healthy living, decorating, and entertaining. The magazine is published 12 times per year by the Meredith Corporation and it was founded in 1922 by Edwin Meredith, who had previously been the United States Secretary of Agriculture under Woodrow Wilson. Better Homes and Gardens is one of the Seven Sisters, a group of womens service magazines, now in its 15th edition, the Red Plaid was originally published in 1930. Meredith also publishes the New Junior Cookbook for children learning to cook, the magazines title was used by Merediths real estate arm, which was sold and then called GMAC Real Estate. In October 2007, Meredith entered a 50-year licensing agreement with Realogy Corporation to license the Better Homes and Gardens name to Better Homes, the company is based in Parsippany, New Jersey, and has offices across the country. The program currently airs on stations owned by Meredith, Scripps, Fisher, some Meredith-owned stations produce their own local edition of Better. The brand offers a line of home products through a partnership with Home Interiors and Gifts. An Australian edition is published, under licence, by Pacific Magazines. The Australian edition is the 6th best selling magazine in Australia. The Australian edition has been publishing since July 1978, mad Magazine published a satire in 1958 titled Bitter Homes and Gardens, including articles titled They Built Their House on a Lot 22 Inches Wide, a How-The. Department which suggests putting a lawn on rollers so one can drag it to a spot where its raining. The magazine was also spoofed in the 1970s as Bitter Homes and Garbage, in an episode of I Love Lucy, Lucy jokes about the magazine as, Better Homes and Garbage when she and Ethel redecorate Lucys apartment. An episode of The Simpsons showed a brief shot of a magazine entitled Better Homes Than Yours, in Little Shop of Horrors Audrey sings in Somewhere Thats Green about how her dream house is a picture out of Better Homes and Gardens magazine. The music video of the song Sliver by American grunge band Nirvana shows a short take of the magazine at second 00,42, brandon Flowers mentions the magazine in the song The Clock Was Tickin from his 2010 album Flamingo
25.
Cooking Channel
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Cooking Channel is an American cable channel owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. The channel is a spin-off of Food Network, broadcasting programming related to food, the network airs both new series, and archived programming from Food Network. Cooking Channel replaced Fine Living Network on May 31,2010, as of February 2015, Cooking Channel is available to approximately 61,951,000 pay television households in the United States. Food Network stars Emeril Lagasse, Rachael Ray and Bobby Flay were among the first to air new programs on the channel, including Emerils Fresh Food Fast, Week In a Day, during February 2015, a new show, Unwrapped 2.0 began airing. Since September 2014 actress Haylie Duff presents Real Girls Kitchen and Haylies America, other original series include Dinner at Tiffanis hosted by Tiffani Thiessen, Man Fire Food hosted by Roger Mooking, Food, Fact Or Fiction. The following Cooking Channel programs are either first to air in the U. S, a Canadian version of Cooking Channel launched on December 12,2016. It is operated by Corus Entertainment, who operates the Canadian version of Food Network. Notes Cooking Channel official website Cooking Channel on Facebook Cooking Channel on Twitter Cooking Channels channel on YouTube
26.
William Randolph Hearst
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Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class and he controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He also called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many other newspaper editors—but he did it in sensational fashion, after 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932–34, but then broke with FDR. His life story was the inspiration for Charles Foster Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark. William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to mining engineer, goldmine owner and U. S. senator George Hearst. His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst, of Ulster Protestant origin and he migrated to America from Ballybay, County Monaghan as part of the Cahans Exodus with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in South Carolina. Their immigration to South Carolina was spurred in part by the governments policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants. The names John Hearse and John Hearse Jr, the Hearse spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. Hearsts mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Irish ancestry and she was the first woman regent of University of California, Berkeley, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Following preparation at St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, while there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A. D. Searching for an occupation, in 1887, Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, a self-proclaimed populist, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market, outcault, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzers Sunday staff as well. Another prominent hire was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian, Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. Hearsts activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, While others Talk, the New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as yellow journalism, after Outcaults Yellow Kid comic
27.
St Donat's Castle
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St Donats Castle is a medieval castle in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, overlooking the Bristol Channel in the village of St Donats near Llantwit Major, and about 25 km west of Cardiff. Since 1962 the castle has housed a secondary school called Atlantic College. The castle lies on an elevation to the east of a valley opening to the sea between precipitous sea cliffs to both east and west. An inner court about 40 m across within an inner curtain wall is closely surrounded by an outer court. The curtain walls date from c,1300, having been built by the founder of the Stradling family. The outer wall survives and has a small original tower entirely contained with it on the north. The inner court is entered by an arch on the east side beside the rectangular Mansell Tower, the northwestern range is of the early 16th century, the northeastern range is of the late 15th century, the late 15th-century great hall is on the south side of the court. The western range has largely replaced by a much larger. Its ground floor is a modern dining hall with a very fine 15th-century roof, probably Flemish in origin. The Lady Anne Tower on the corner of the castle has been rebuilt many times. The earliest surviving parts of the castle were built in the late 12th century by the de Hawey family, ownership passed to the Stradling family in 1298 through the marriage of Sir Peter Stradling to Joan de Hawey. The Stradling family owned St Donats Castle until the death of Sir Thomas Stradling in 1738, archbishop James Ussher resided there for a time during the Civil War. Thereafter, the fell into a state of disrepair. Partial restoration was started by Dr John Whitlock Nicholl Carne, who claimed to be descended from the Stradlings, morgan Williams, the owner from 1901 to 1909, carried out extensive and careful restoration. Godfrey Williams, Morgans son, sold the castle to Richard Pennoyer, after seeing photographs of the castle in Country Life magazine, the newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst bought it in 1925. Hearst spent a fortune renovating and revitalising the castle with architectural trophies from across the country, the locals enjoyed having Hearst in residence at the castle, he paid his employees very well, and his arrivals always created a big stir in a community not used to American excesses. Hearst spent much of his time entertaining influential people on his estate and he was renowned for holding lavish parties at St Donats, guests included Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, and a young John F. Kennedy. Upon visiting St Donats, George Bernard Shaw was quoted as saying, hearsts newspaper empire fell on hard times in the later 1930s, the castle was put up for sale but requisitioned for use by British and American troops during World War II
28.
Televisa
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Grupo Televisa, S. A. B. is a Mexican multimedia mass media company, and the largest in Hispanic America as well as the first of all the Spanish-speaking world. It is an international entertainment business, with much of its programming airing in the United States on Univision. Grupo Televisa was founded in 1955 as Telesistema Mexicano, linking Mexicos first three stations, XHTV-TV, XEW-TV and XHGC-TV. It was owned by the Azcárraga family, OFarril family and Ernesto Barrientos Reyes and its headquarters, known as Televicentro, were originally located on Avenida Chapultepec in downtown Mexico City. The building opened on February 10,1952, the channel was the first national network to be broadcast in color in 1963. In 1968, Telesistemas main competitor, Televisión Independiente de México, at the time, both Telesistema and TIM competed with another new station, XHDF-TV channel 13, which also started transmissions in 1968. Over the next four years, both competed in content and image until they merged, taking on the name Televisa in 1973. On September 7,1970,24 Horas debuted and became one of Mexicos most watched news programs, the host, journalist Jacobo Zabludovsky, anchored the program for almost 3 decades. On August 17,1972, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta died, and Emilio Azcárraga Milmo succeeded him as company president, on January 8,1973, both Telesistema Mexicano and Televisión Independiente de México merged, taking on the name Televisa, an acronym for Televisión Via Satélite in Spanish. In 1975, brothers Emilio Diez Barroso and Fernando Diez Barroso began working in the offices of Televisa. Televisa started to transmit several programs produced by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in 1977, on March 3,1983, Canal 8 was reformatted to become a cultural channel, offering informative programs, debates and cultural shows. Canal 9 eventually became Galavisión, now known as Gala TV, on September 19,1985, an earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale caused widespread damage in Mexico City and destroyed the south tower of Televisas main building. Nonetheless, Televisas transmissions were not seriously affected, however, several dubbed TV shows were lost. In 1991, Televisa, with help from Japanese public television network Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai, began its first broadcast in HDTV, in April 1997, Milmo died and Emilio Azcárraga Jean succeeded him as the president of the company. This movement from media, enterprises and Mexicans is reflected in the buildings created with the money from this Marathon, Televisa is the largest mass media company in Latin America, and it is owned by the Azcárraga family. Televisa controls 66% of the 465 television concessions, Televisa is capable of creating, destroying or changing what audience believe or think about something or someone due to the high influence that it has over the society. This is the reason of why Televisa has an influence over the decisions in the Union Congress. Televisa determines who becomes a hero, and who the villain, there is complicity between Mexican media and government
29.
Consumer Reports
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Consumer Reports publishes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory and survey research center. The magazine accepts no advertising, pays for all the products it tests and it also publishes general and targeted product/service buying guides. As of April 2016 it had approximately 7 million subscribers and an annual testing budget of approximately US$25 million, Consumer Reports is well known for its policies on editorial independence, which it says are to maintain our independence and impartiality. CU has no other than the interests of consumers. CR has unusually strict requirements and sometimes has taken extraordinary steps, Consumer Reports does not allow outside advertising in the magazine but its website has retailers advertisements. Consumer Reports states that PriceGrabber places the ads and pays a percentage of fees to CR. Consumer Reports publishes reviews of its business partner and recommends it in at least one case, CR had a similar relationship with BizRate at one time and has had relationships with other companies including Amazon. com, Yahoo. The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, BillShrink, CR also accepts grants from other organizations, and at least one high-ranking Consumer Reports employee has gone on to work for a company he evaluated. CR also forbids the use of its reviews for selling products, for example, CR has gone to court to enforce that rule. However, in order to review some products before they are publicly available CR does accept press samples from manufacturers, for most of CRs history it minimized contact with government and industry experts to avoid compromising the independence of its judgment. In 2007, in response to errors in infant car seat testing, it began accepting advice from a range of experts on designing tests. Also, at times CR allows manufacturers to review and respond to criticism before publication, some objective and comparative tests published by Consumer Reports are carried out under the umbrella of the international consumer organization International Consumer Research & Testing. Consumer Reports also uses outside labs for testing, including for 11 percent of tests in 2006, consumerReports. org, the related website is largely available only to paid subscribers. ConsumerReports. org provides updates on product availability, and adds new products to previously-published test results, in 1990, Consumers Union launched Consumer Reports Television. By March 2005 it was hosted by over 100 stations, on August 1,2006 Consumers Union launched ShopSmart, a magazine aimed at young women. In 2008, Consumers Union acquired The Consumerist blog from Gawker Media, WebWatch worked with the Stanford Web Credibility Project, Harvard Universitys Berkman Center, The Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania, and others. WebWatch is a member of ICANN, the W3C and the Internet Society, as of July 31,2009, WebWatch has been shut down, though the site is still available. Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs is available free on Consumer Reports Health. org, also in 2005 Consumers Union launched the service Greener Choices, which is meant to inform, engage, and empower consumers about environmentally-friendly products and practices
30.
Milwaukee Journal
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The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is the newspaper in Milwaukee, the largest newspaper in Wisconsin and is distributed widely throughout the state. It is owned by the Gannett Company, the new Journal Sentinel then became a seven-day morning paper. In early 2003, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel began printing operations at its new printing facility in West Milwaukee, the merged papers volume and edition numbers follow those of the Journal. The founder of Milwaukee, Solomon Juneau, provided the funds for editor John ORourke. It was first published as a weekly on June 27,1837. A deathly ill ORourke struggled to help the paper to find its feet before he died six months later of tuberculosis at the age of 24, on Juneaus request, ORourkes associate, Harrison Reed, remained to take over the Sentinels operations. He continued the struggle to keep the paper ahead of its debts, meanwhile, the establishment of the Whig party in the territory thrust the Sentinel into the hurly-burly of partisan politics. In 1840 Reed was assaulted by individuals whom the Sentinel charged were hirelings of Democratic Governor Henry Dodge, later that year the paper abandoned its independence and proclaimed itself a Whig paper with its endorsement of William Henry Harrison for president in 1840. In financial straits, Reed lost control of the paper in 1841 when Democrats foreclosed on the Sentinels mortgaged debt, only after the Democrats successful election of Dodge for Congress was Reed able to regain control of the paper. The next year he sold the Sentinel to Elisha Starr, an editor who had founded a new Whig paper in response to the Sentinels Democratic lapse, Reed later became a carpetbag governor of Florida during Reconstruction. Starr guarded the Sentinels position as the sole Whig organ in Milwaukee, heavily in debt, he secured the partnership of David M. Keeler, who paid off the papers creditors. Keeler took on partner John S. Fillmore and succeeded in ousting Starr, Keeler and Fillmore trumped his efforts by turning their Sentinel into a daily on December 9,1844, while still publishing a weekly edition. The paper finally began to prosper and establish itself as a political force in the nascent state of Wisconsin. Weed recommended his associate editor and protégé, Rufus King, King was a native of New York City, a graduate of West Point, a brevet lieutenant, the son of the president of Columbia College and the grandson of U. S. In June 1845 King came to Milwaukee and became the Sentinels editor three months later, King was lionized by the community. It was his suggestion that made the Sentinel the first paper in the Midwest to employ newsboys to boost street sales, due largely to Kings connections to the East, the quality of the Sentinel greatly improved. He declared the Sentinel an antislavery paper and also supported temperance legislation, King invested his own money in the paper, purchasing the first power press in the Midwest
31.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
32.
Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
33.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
34.
HathiTrust
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HathiTrust was founded in October 2008 by the thirteen universities of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and the University of California. The partnership includes over 60 research libraries across the United States, Canada, and Europe, costs are shared by the participating libraries and library consortia. The repository is administered by Indiana University and the University of Michigan, the Executive Director of HathiTrust is Mike Furlough. In October 2015, HathiTrust comprised over 13.7 million volumes, HathiTrust provides a number of discovery and access services, notably, full-text search across the entire repository. In 2016 over 6.17 million users located in the United States, in September 2011, the Authors Guild sued HathiTrust, alleging massive copyright violation. A federal court ruled against the Authors Guild in October 2012, Hathi, pronounced hah-tee, is the Hindi word for elephant, an animal famed for its long-term memory. Hathi is also the name of an elephant in Rudyard Kiplings The Second Jungle Book, an Elephant Backs Up Googles Library. HathiTrust, A Research Library at Web Scale, matthew Miller, Gilok Choi, and Lindsay Chell. Comparison of three digital library interfaces, open library, Google books, and Hathi Trust, in Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 367–368. Official website HathiTrust adds new members, goes global Major Library Partners Launch HathiTrust Shared Digital Repository
35.
The Advocate (Stamford)
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The Advocate is a seven-day daily newspaper based in Stamford, Connecticut. The paper is owned and operated by Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues, the Advocate circulates in Stamford and the nearby southwestern Connecticut towns of Darien and New Canaan. The papers headquarters moved in 2008 from downtown Stamford, across the street from the Stamford Government Center, the Advocate Website was launched in 1999. In early 2007, the site started featuring message boards, the Advocate has been called Stamfords oldest continuing business. The papers earliest origins come from The Intelligencer, a newspaper originally run out of an office on the south side of West Park in April 1829. William Henry Hen Holly installed a printing press there, but despite support from the community. Several town leaders then helped to finance the publication again, this time under the name The Sentinel, Stamford was never without a local newspaper of one kind or another since then. The oldest known copy of The Sentinel, dated June 22,1830, is in Stamfords public library and that issue, marked Volume 1, No. 19, consists of four sheets,15 by 20 inches each, the motto of the newspaper, printed at the top of the front page, was, Pledged to no partys arbitrary way, we follow Truth wherer she leads the way. The newspaper published very little news, according to Don Russell. He columns were filled with sermons, poems and what were called literary gems from various sources, an early columnist in the newspaper wrote under the pseudonym Aristides the Younger and at one point denounced the Rev. Joel Mann of Greenwich for anti-Masonic tendencies. Some think the columnist was Holly, Holly promoted reading in Stamford in various ways, operating his own circulating library out of his office, with books available to borrowers he deemed responsible. He was also one of the founders of Stamfords public library. In May 1848, Edgar Hoyt and Andrew Smith came into ownership of the newspaper, the partners renamed it The Stamford Advocate. Advertising was banished from the front page, in 1861 printer William Gillespie and his brother, Edward, joined the newspaper staff. Edward would later cover the Civil War from the front lines, eventually the Gillespie brothers, sons of a Canadian immigrant to Stamford, bought the newspaper and became the first of three generations of Gillespie owners of the publication. In 1892 they made the newspaper a daily, around the turn of the century the name changed to The Daily Advocate. The name was changed to The Stamford Advocate
36.
Times Union (Albany)
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The Times Union is an American daily newspaper, serving the Capital Region of New York, United States. Although the newspaper focuses on Albany and its suburbs, it covers all parts of the four-county area, including the cities of Troy, Schenectady and it is owned by Hearst Communications. The paper was founded in 1857 as the Morning Times, becoming Times-Union by 1891, the newspaper has been online since 1996. The editor of the Times Union is Rex Smith, who has held the post since July 2002 and he had been the papers managing editor. The newspaper is printed in its Colonie headquarters by the Hearst Corporations Capital Newspapers Division, the daily edition costs $1 and the Sunday/Thanksgiving Day edition costs $2. The Times Union announced in May 2006 that it would pay $3.5 million over 10 years for the rights of the Pepsi Arena in downtown Albany. On January 1,2007, the arena was renamed the Times Union Center, front Section, The Times Unions A section contains national, world, state, and celebrity news, corrections, editorials, an editorial cartoon, commentaries, and letters to the editor. In 2007, the paper reorganized its daily sections and began placing late-breaking local news stories in the front section, Capital Region, The local section contains news relating to the Capital District, obituaries, a calendar of events, and the weather report. It also contains columns by Fred LeBrun, Paul Grondahl and Chris Churchill, sports, The sports section covers local and national sports events at high school, college, and professional levels. Business, The business section contains local and national news, stock and mutual fund tables, classified advertisements. Perspective, The Perspective section includes editorials, columns and letters to the editor, in addition to the above, the Thursday edition contains, Preview, A tabloid section covering movies, music, dance, theater, and other entertainment topics. It contains movie reviews in brief, a calendar of events, personals, home, A tabloid section with real estate listings and articles on housing topics. Travel/Books, A two-part section with the first portion covering travel and it contains travel articles, weekly airfares, book reviews, and the New York Times Bestseller List. Parade Magazine, The Sunday Times Union includes this national magazine covering lifestyle, arts/Events, The arts section has articles on classical music, the visual arts, and theater. It also contains a calendar of events, museum and gallery listings, the Sunday paper also has numerous advertising circulars and coupon pages. com The paper is mentioned as the employer of Jane Fondas character in the film, Sundays in New York. She states she is the critic for this paper. On December 14,2016, five days before the Electoral College was to vote, alan Chartock The Media Project Times Union Center WAMC Guide to the Times Union opinion pages. Archived from the original on Sep 27,2007, official website Legacy of Change, History of the TU on its 150th anniversary Editors Column Capitaland Quarterly Times Union profile at Hearst Corporation
37.
The Beaumont Enterprise
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The Beaumont Enterprise is a newspaper of Hearst Communications, headquartered in Beaumont, Texas. It has been in operation since 1880, the Enterprise is a perennial winner of the state’s top journalism awards, including the Texas Press Association’s and Texas Associated Press Managing Editors’ prizes for overall excellence. Enterprise prices are, daily, $2, Sunday/Thanksgiving Day, $3, john W. Leonard founded the initial Enterprise as a weekly newspaper in 1880. It became a daily under editor W. W, mcLeod in 1896 or 1897, to compete with crosstown rival Beaumont Journal. In 1907, William P. Hobby became manager and part owner of the Enterprise and bought the paper outright in 1920, one of his co-owners was general manager/associate publisher James Mapes. According to the Texas State Historical Association, the Enterprise attained national stature under Mapes leadership — He came to the newspaper in 1908, in 1918, Waco-based newspapermen Charles E. Marsh and E. S. Fentress purchased the crosstown competitor Beaumont Journal, buying two other nearby papers, the pair boosted the Journal circulation and eventually Hobby bought the Journal. Operating separately under the company for many years, the Enterprise. The Hearst Corporation acquired the Enterprise from the Jefferson-Pilot insurance companys publications arm in 1984, official Site Hearst subsidiary profile of The Beaumont Enterprise
38.
Connecticut Post
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The Connecticut Post is a daily newspaper located in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It serves Fairfield County and the Lower Naugatuck Valley, the newspaper is owned and operated by the Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues. The Connecticut Post also gained revenue by offering classified advertising for job hunters with very minimal regulation and other separate listings for products, the paper competes directly with the Register in Stratford, Milford, and portions of the Lower Naugatuck Valley. The most recent editor, James H. Smith, departed abruptly on June 26,2008, no reason was given to staff, but Smith later attributed his departure to mutual agreement. Smith had attempted to take the newspaper in a different direction, stressing slice-of-life style features and enterprise, in recent years he has avoided layoffs despite economic pressures, opting instead to offer buyouts and drastically cut the freelance budget. Consequently, while the Post does provide solid coverage of Bridgeport, the newspaper was formerly the morning Bridgeport Telegram and evening Bridgeport Post before consolidating into a morning publication. The Bridgeport Telegram ran from at least 1908 to 1929 and again from 1938 to 1990, the Post was formerly owned by Thomson Corporation, a national newspaper chain. In 2000, Thomson agreed to sell the Post for $205 million to MediaNews Group, based in Denver, Colorado, on August 8,2008 the Hearst Corporation acquired the Connecticut Post and www. ConnPost. com, including seven non-daily newspapers, from MediaNews Group, Inc. In 2010, the Connecticut Post launched a complete re-design which included a new font, some significant stories the Post has broken include former Bridgeport Mayor Joseph Ganims bribery scandal and former Bridgeport Mayor John Fabrizis admission of using cocaine. In 2008, under Smiths leadership, the Connecticut Post received its first Newspaper of the Year Award from the New England Newspaper Association. Comedian and actor Richard Belzer, a Bridgeport native, was a paperboy and later a reporter for the Post. Connecticut Post Official mobile website Hearst Corporation History of the Connecticut Post
39.
Houston Chronicle
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The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Texas, United States. As of April 2016, it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, with its 1995 buy-out of long-time rival the Houston Post, the Chronicle became Houstons primary newspaper. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily paper owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, the paper employs nearly 2,000 people, including approximately 300 journalists, editors, and photographers. The Chronicle has bureaus in Washington, D. C. and it reports that its web site averages 125 million page views per month. The publication serves as the newspaper of record of the Houston area, previously headquartered in the Houston Chronicle Building at 801 Texas Avenue, Downtown Houston, the Houston Chronicle is now located at 4747 Southwest Freeway. From its inception, the practices and policies of the Houston Chronicle were shaped by strong-willed personalities who were the publishers, the history of the newspaper can be best understood when divided into the eras of these individuals. The Houston Chronicle was founded in 1901 by a reporter for the now-defunct Houston Post. The Chronicles first edition was published on October 14,1901, at the end of its first month in operation, the Chronicle had a circulation of 4,378 — roughly one tenth of the population of Houston at the time. Within the first year of operation, the paper purchased and consolidated the Daily Herald, in 1908, Foster asked Jesse H. Jones agreed, and the resulting Chronicle Building was one of the finest in the South. Under Foster, the circulation grew from about 7,000 in 1901 to 75,000 on weekdays and 85,000 on Sundays by 1926. Foster continued to write columns under the pen name Mefo, and he sold the rest of his interest to Jesse H. Jones on June 26,1926 and promptly retired. In 1911, City Editor George Kepple started Goodfellows, on a Christmas Eve in 1911, Kepple passed a hat among the Chronicles reporters to collect money to buy toys for a shoe-shine boy. Goodfellows continues today through donations made by the newspaper and its readers and it has grown into a city-wide program that provides needy children between the ages of two and ten with toys during the winter holidays. In 2003, Goodfellows distributed almost 250,000 toys to more than 100,000 needy children in the Greater Houston area, in 1926, Jesse H. Jones became the sole owner of the paper. He had approached Foster about selling, and Foster had answered and he replied, On real estate and everything about 200,000 dollars. I then said to him that I would give him 300,000 dollars in cash, having in mind that this would pay his debts, I considered the offer substantially more than the Chronicle was worth at the time. No sooner had I finished stating my proposition than he said, I will take it, in 1937, Jesse H. Jones transferred ownership of the paper to the newly established Houston Endowment Inc. Jones retained the title of publisher until his death in 1956. As such, it eschewed controversial political topics, such as integration or the impacts of economic growth on life in the city
