1.
Social networking service
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Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as by e-mail and instant messaging and online forums. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, digital photos and videos, posts, depending on the social media platform, members may be able to contact any other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have a connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, LinkedIn, a career social networking service, generally requires that a member personally know another member in real life before they contact them online. Some services require members to have a connection to contact other members. The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places, means to connect with friends, there have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests. A study reveals that India has recorded worlds largest growth in terms of media users in 2013. A2013 survey found that 73% of U. S. adults use social networking sites, the variety and evolving range of stand-alone and built-in social networking services in the online space introduces a challenge of definition. Furthermore, the idea that these services are defined by their ability to bring people together provides too broad a definition, such a broad definition would suggest that the telegraph and telephone were social networking services – not the Internet technologies scholars are intending to describe. The terminology is unclear, with some referring to social networking services as social media. The potential for computer networking to facilitate newly improved forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on, efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet, ARPANET, LISTSERV, and bulletin board services. Many prototypical features of social networking sites were present in online services such as America Online, Prodigy, CompuServe, ChatNet. Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe. com, Geocities, some communities – such as Classmates. com – took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles became a feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of friends. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s and it also became one of the first companies to profit from the sale of virtual goods. Friendster was followed by MySpace and LinkedIn a year later, friendster became very popular in the Pacific Islands. Orkut became the first popular social networking service in Brazil and quickly grew in popularity in India, attesting to the rapid increase in social networking sites popularity, by 2005, it was reported that Myspace was getting more page views than Google. Facebook, launched in 2004, became the largest social networking site in the world in early 2009, Facebook was first introduced as a Harvard social networking site, expanding to other universities and eventually, anyone. The term social media was introduced and soon became widespread, web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders
2.
Google Translate
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Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service developed by Google, to translate text, speech, images, sites, or real-time video from one language into another. It offers a web interface, mobile apps for Android and iOS, Google Translate supports over 100 languages at various levels and as of May 2013, serves over 200 million people daily. It uses this broader context to help it out the most relevant translation. GNMT was first enabled for eight languages, to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish. Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, images, sites, or real-time video and it supports over 100 languages at various levels and as of May 2013, serves over 200 million people daily. For some languages, Google Translate can pronounce translated text, highlight corresponding words and phrases in the source and target text, if Detect language is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. If a user enters a URL in the text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website. For some languages, text can be entered via a keyboard, handwriting recognition. Google Translate is available in some browsers as an extension which can run the translation engine, a number of Firefox extensions exist for Google services, and likewise for Google Translate, which allow right-click command access to the translation service. An extension for Googles Chrome browser also exists, in February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation. The Android app was released in January 2010, while an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008, an early 2011 version supported Conversation Mode when translating between English and Spanish. This interface within Google Translate allows users to communicate fluidly with a person in another language. In October 2011 it was expanded to 14 languages, the Camera input functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition technology, Camera input is not available for all languages. In January 2015, the gained the ability to translate text in real time using the devices camera. The speed and quality of real-time video translation feature were further enhanced in July 2015 with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, in May 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning. The Translate API page stated the reason as substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse with an end date set for December 1,2011, in response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service. The following languages are supported in Google Translate and these languages are not yet supported by Google Translate, but are available in the Translate Community
3.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
4.
Vic Gundotra
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Vivek Vic Gundotra is an Indian-born businessman, who served as the Senior Vice President, Social for Google until 24 April 2014. Prior to joining Google, he was a manager at Microsoft. Gundotra joined Microsoft in 1991 and eventually became General Manager of Platform Evangelism, Gundotra joined Google in June 2007, after taking a one-year delay due to a Microsoft employee non-compete agreement. His responsibilities as Vice-President of Social included Googles social networking and identity service and he is widely believed to be the man behind Google+, and was responsible for the controversial removal of social features from Google Reader. Apart from Google+, he is credited for his contributions to early versions of Google Maps. On 24 April 2014, Gundotra announced his resignation from Google after almost 7 years of service, on 11 November 2015, Vic Gundotra announced on his Google+ profile that he is joining AliveCor as its CEO. Gundotra is married to Claudia Gundotra and they have two children, a daughter Samantha and a son Noah. In 2003, Gundotra was named in the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, Vic Gundotra on Google+ AliveCor press release announcing Vic Gundotra as its CEO effective 11 Nov.2015
5.
Bradley Horowitz
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Bradley Joseph Horowitz is an American entrepreneur and internet executive. He is VP Streams, Photos and Sharing at Google, Horowitz received a Bachelors in computer science from the University of Michigan in 1989. He pursued his studies at the MIT Media Lab, in the Vision and Modeling Group. He received a Masters in Media Science in 1991, and subsequently entered the PhD program and he dropped out of the PhD program in 1993 to co-found Virage. Horowitzs academic work focused on the intersection of computer vision, image processing, Horowitz was CTO and a co-founder of Virage, Inc. Virage technology watched, read and listened to raw video, extracting metadata that allowed for detailed semantic-based indexing of the video content, Virage went public on the NASDAQ in 2000, and was acquired by Autonomy in 2003. He acquired half a dozen patents in the field of media analysis, Horowitz joined Yahoo in 2004 as Director of Media Search. Eventually he began the internal Hack Yahoo program, most notable for Hack Days, Hack Days eventually morphed into the public facing Open Hack Days, including Becks appearance at Yahoos Sunnyvale campus in 2006. Eventually he was promoted to Vice President of Advanced Development, Horowitz is also known for sponsoring numerous Web 2.0 acquisitions into Yahoo including Flickr, MyBlogLog and Jumpcut. In 2011, Horowitz and Vic Gundotra conceived of and led the Google+ Project, in March 2015, he became the lead for the Google Photos and Streams products. Bradley is an angel investor, and has invested in startups such as Dropcam, Slack Technologies, Honor. He is an advisor to the behavioral analytics startup jobFig, and a member of Issuu. He serves on the Visiting Committee of the MIT Media Lab. Horowitz is married to designer Irene Au, Bradley Horowitz on Google+ Bradley Horowitz on Twitter
6.
Registered user
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A registered user is a user of a website, program, or other system who has previously registered. Registered users normally provide some sort of credentials to the system in order to prove their identity, systems intended for use by the general public often allow any user to register simply by selecting a register or sign up function and providing these credentials for the first time. Registered users may be granted privileges beyond those granted to unregistered users, user registration and login enables a system to personalize itself. For example, a website might display a welcome banner with the users name, a system could even sell information it has gathered on its users to third parties for advertising or other purposes. Depending on the nature of the system, a user might not have any way of knowing for certain exactly what information is stored, how it is used, the subject of systems transparency in this regard is one of ongoing debate. Registration may also be seen as an annoyance or hindrance, especially if it is not inherently necessary or important or if the system repeatedly prompts users to register. A systems registration process might also be time-consuming or require that the user provide information they might be reluctant to, such as a home address or social security number
7.
Google Buzz
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Google Buzz was a social networking, microblogging and messaging tool that was developed by Google and integrated into their web-based email program, Gmail. Users could share links, photos, videos, status messages and comments organized in conversations, on October 14,2011, Google announced that it would be discontinuing the service and that the existing content would be available in read-only mode. Buzz was discontinued on December 15,2011 and superseded by Google+, Buzz enabled users to choose to share publicly with the world or privately to a group of friends each time they posted. Picasa, Flickr, Google Latitude, Google Reader, Google Sidewiki, YouTube, Blogger, FriendFeed, identi. ca, the creation of Buzz was seen by industry analysts as an attempt by Google to compete with social networking websites like Facebook and microblogging services like Twitter. Buzz also included several interface and interaction elements from other Google products such as the ability to like a post, in May 2010, Google revealed APIs for Buzz, expanding it to being a platform as well as a service. This allowed third-party developers to write software that would be able to read and post content to Buzz. Several partners demonstrated integration via the new APIs, including Seesmic, when the service was accessed with a supported mobile device, Buzz tagged posts with the users current location. The mobile version of Buzz integrated with Google Maps so users could see who was around them, Buzz posts made through Google Maps were public, and could be seen by anybody else who was using the software. In addition to text, mobile users posts were able to include an uploaded photo, platforms supported were limited to devices running Android 1. 6+, iOS, Windows Mobile, Openwave, and S60. Google Buzz was announced on February 9,2010, in a conference at the companys Mountain View headquarters and launched on the same day. PT for the first set of users, the feature, available from the Gmail inbox, was rolled out to Gmail accounts in the following weeks. A mobile version of the site optimized for Android phones and Apples iPhone was also launched, while a version for businesses, within 56 hours of its release,9 million posts were made on Google Buzz — approximately 160,000 posts and comments per hour. On October 14,2011, Google announced that Google Buzz would be shut down together with the Buzz API in a few weeks, in order to focus on Google+ instead. He also said, We learned a lot from products like Buzz and it was discontinued on December 15,2011 and all content users saved on the service were saved to the users Google Drive. At launch, Googles decision to opt-in its user base with weak privacy settings caused a breach of user information, users who failed to disable this feature could have sensitive information about themselves and their contacts revealed. This was later adjusted so that users had to add information that they want public. Google Profiles existed before Buzz and could be set by the user to be public or not, after Buzz was released, the last name field was required to be non empty, and profiles set not to be indexed became indexed for a profile search. A2010 New York Times article characterized Google as being known for releasing new products before they are fully ready and this allowed users complete control over whom they follow, and, therefore, who was revealed on their public list of contacts
8.
JavaScript
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JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted programming language. It has been standardized in the ECMAScript language specification, JavaScript is prototype-based with first-class functions, making it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. JavaScript was influenced by programming languages such as Self and Scheme, JavaScript is also used in environments that are not Web-based, such as PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets. Newer and faster JavaScript virtual machines and platforms built upon them have increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side Web applications. On the client side, developers have traditionally implemented JavaScript as an interpreted language, programmers also use JavaScript in video-game development, in crafting desktop and mobile applications, and in server-side network programming with run-time environments such as Node. js. In 1994, a company called Mosaic Communications was founded in Mountain View, California, however, it intentionally shared no code with NCSA Mosaic. The internal codename for the browser was Mozilla, which stood for Mosaic killer. The first version of the Web browser, Mosaic Netscape 0.9, was released in late 1994, within four months it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market and became the main browser for Internet in the 1990s. To avoid trademark problems with the NCSA, the browser was subsequently renamed Netscape Navigator in the same year. Netscape Communications realized that the Web needed to more dynamic. In 1995, the company recruited Brendan Eich with the goal of embedding the Scheme programming language into its Netscape Navigator, to defend the idea of JavaScript against competing proposals, the company needed a prototype. Eich wrote one in 10 days, in May 1995, there is a common misconception that JavaScript was influenced by an earlier Web page scripting language developed by Nombas named C--. Brendan Eich, however, had never heard of C-- before he created LiveScript, Nombas did pitch their embedded Web page scripting to Netscape, though Web page scripting was not a new concept, as shown by the ViolaWWW Web browser. Nombas later switched to offering JavaScript instead of C-- in their ScriptEase product and was part of the TC39 group that standardized ECMAScript, in December 1995, soon after releasing JavaScript for browsers, Netscape introduced an implementation of the language for server-side scripting with Netscape Enterprise Server. Since the mid-2000s, additional server-side JavaScript implementations have been introduced, Microsoft script technologies including VBScript and JScript were released in 1996. JScript, an implementation of Netscapes JavaScript, was part of Internet Explorer 3. JScript was also available for server-side scripting in Internet Information Server, JavaScript began to acquire a reputation for being one of the roadblocks to a cross-platform and standards-driven Web. Some developers took on the task of trying to make their sites work in both major browsers, but many could not afford the time
9.
Google Friend Connect
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Google Friend Connect was a free social networking site from 2008 to 2012. Similar in practice to Facebook Platform and MySpaceID, it took an approach, allowing users to build a profile to share. These sites acted as a host for profile sharing and social exchanges, Google Friend Connect used open standards such as OpenID, oAuth and OpenSocial and with the intent of freeing users from having to register for additional accounts or usernames. Once authenticated they could use their profile and access a social graph when posting messages. It has been said that social network APIs such as the] username and it will not, however, receive information of friends or invited friends. Friend Connect sites emerged at times and therefore experienced competition throughout the development stages. Google and Facebook announced their plans for Friend Connect sites within days of each other, in May 2008 Facebook blocked its users from using Google Friend Connect. The block was a result of Facebooks concerns with Googles privacy policy as Facebook believed user information could be redistributed to others without the users knowledge, in 2009 Google Friend Connect altered its installation process. It no longer required the need for any file uploads and these changes came two days after Facebook Connect modified their installation process. When active, the website owner set the language of their site, users often have multiple user names and passwords if they register with more than one social networking site or third party site. Personalisation was intended to be achieved through gadgets, gadgets such as Interests, allowed third-party sites to send out newsletters to those subscribed to the site and to customise newsletters based on user responses. Google Friend Connect had an AdSense feature that let Google advertise based on site content, Facebook Connect Google profile Facebook Platform MySpace ID OpenID Twitter
10.
Orkut
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Orkut was a social networking website owned and operated by Google. The service was designed to help meet new and old friends. The website was named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten, on June 30,2014, Google announced it would be closing Orkut on September 30,2014. No new accounts could be created starting from July 2014, users can download their profile archive by Google Takeout. Orkut was one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil in 2008, in 2008 Google announced that Orkut would be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues, Orkut had a feature that allowed users choose and change Themes. Users could change their interface from a range of colorful themes in the library. Themes were only available in Brazil and India, unlike Facebook, where a member can view profile details of people only on their network, Orkut allows anyone to visit anyones profile, unless a potential visitor is on your Ignore List. Importantly, each member can also customize their profile preferences and can restrict information that appears on their profile from their friends and/or others. Another feature is any member can add any other member on Orkut to his/her Crush List. When a user logs in, they see the people in their friends list in the order of their logging into the site, Orkuts competitors are other social networking sites including Myspace and Facebook. Ning is a direct competitor, as they allow creation of social networks which are similar to Orkuts communities. An Orkut user can add videos to their profile from either YouTube or Google Video with the additional option of creating either restricted or unrestricted polls for polling a community of users. There is an option to integrate GTalk with Orkut enabling chatting, currently GTalk has been integrated in Orkut – users can directly chat from their Orkut page. Similar to Facebook, users may use a like button to share interests with friends. Orkut was quietly launched on January 22,2004 by Google, Orkut Büyükkökten, a Turkish software engineer, developed it as an independent project while working at Google. While previously working for Affinity Engines, he had developed a system, InCircle. In late June 2004, Affinity Engines filed suit against Google, claiming that Büyükkökten, the allegation is based on the presence of 9 identical bugs in Orkut that also existed in InCircles
11.
Google Hangouts
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Google Hangouts is a communication platform developed by Google which includes instant messaging, video chat, SMS and VOIP features. It replaces three messaging products that Google had implemented concurrently within its services, including Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, and Hangouts, a video chat system present within Google+. Google has also stated that Hangouts is designed to be the future of its product, Google Voice. Prior to the launch of Hangouts, Google had maintained several similar and these have included the enterprise-oriented Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, and the Hangouts feature of Google+, which provided chat, voice, videoconferencing features. However, its increasingly fragmented and non-unified suite of messaging offerings was also facing growing competition from such as Facebook Messenger, iMessage. A decision was made to scrap the existing Google Talk system, following reports that the new service would be known as Babel, the service officially launched as Hangouts during the Google I/O conference on May 15,2013. On February 16,2015, Google announced it would be discontinuing Google Talk, in January 2016 Google updated the app to tell people not to use it for SMS, recommending to instead use Googles Messenger SMS app. In May 2016, at Google I/O2016, Google announced two new apps, Google Allo, an AI-based messaging app and Google Duo, a video calling app, Google has since confirmed that the new apps will not replace Hangouts - Hangouts will remain a separate product. Googles Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones will ship with Google Duo, on January 6,2017, Google announced that the Google Hangouts API will shut down on April 25,2017. On March 9,2017, Google announced that it would be evolving Hangouts into two products, Hangouts Meet and Hangouts Chat, Hangouts Meet would focus on video conferences and Hangouts Chat would be focused on instant messaging with additional features such as bot assistant and threaded messaging. Hangouts allows conversations between two or more users, the service can be accessed online through the Gmail or Google+ websites, or through mobile apps available for Android and iOS. Chat histories are saved online, allowing them to be synced between devices, a watermark of a users avatar is used as a marker to indicate how far they have read into the conversation. Photos can be shared during conversations, which are uploaded into a private Google+ album. Users can also now use color emoji symbols in their messages, as with the previous Google+ Hangouts, users can also perform a group video chat with up to 10 users at a time. In 2016 Google upgraded Hangouts to 25 concurrent users in HD video for Work/Education, the new Google Hangouts app on iOS integrates a Google Voice number to some extent, but on Android the SMS support in Hangouts doesnt fully integrate with Google Voice for calls or texts. Integration was first expected by 2014, but was deprecated in January 2016, the reason for the delay appears tied to Google switching away from the XMPP protocol it used, as mentioned above. For Google Chrome, users do not need to install a plugin, however, for Internet Explorer 11, the user must install the Google Talk Plugin to be able to use the video features. In Android 4.4, Hangouts is integrated with text messages sending and receiving functions, for other Android phones, users can choose to open the SMS function when they download the new version of Hangouts via Google Play
12.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
13.
Mark Zuckerberg
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Mark Elliot Zuckerberg is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is the chairman, chief officer, and co-founder of Facebook. His net worth is estimated to be US$58.6 billion as of March 2017, Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard University dormitory room on February 4,2004. He was assisted by his roommates and fellow Harvard students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz. The group then introduced Facebook to other college campuses, Facebook expanded rapidly, reaching one billion users by 2012. Meanwhile, Zuckerberg was involved in legal disputes brought by others in the group. On December 1,2015, they announced they would eventually give 99 percent of their Facebook shares to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. Since 2010, Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award, in December 2016, Zuckerberg was ranked 10th on Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People. According to Forbes Magazine, Zuckerberg has a net worth of US$55.9 billion as of February 2017, Zuckerberg was born in 1984 in White Plains, New York. He is the son of Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward Zuckerberg and his ancestors came from Germany, Austria and Poland. He and his three sisters, Randi, Donna, and Arielle, were brought up in Dobbs Ferry, New York, Zuckerberg was raised Jewish and had his bar mitzvah when he turned 13. At Ardsley High School, Zuckerberg excelled in classes and he transferred to the exclusive private school Phillips Exeter Academy, in New Hampshire, in his junior year, where he won prizes in science and classical studies. On his college application, Zuckerberg claimed that he could read and write French, Hebrew, Latin and he was captain of the fencing team. Zuckerberg began using computers and writing software in middle school and his father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990s, and later hired software developer David Newman to tutor him privately. Newman calls him a prodigy, adding that it was tough to stay ahead of him, Zuckerberg took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home while still in high school. He enjoyed developing computer programs, especially communication tools and games and it is considered a primitive version of AOLs Instant Messenger, which came out the following year. According to writer Jose Antonio Vargas, some kids played computer games, Zuckerberg himself recalls this period, I had a bunch of friends who were artists. Theyd come over, draw stuff, and Id build an out of it
14.
Ars Technica
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Ars Technica is a website covering news in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998. It publishes news, reviews, and guides on issues such as hardware and software, science, technology policy. Many of the writers are postgraduates and some work for research institutions. Articles on the website are written in a less-formal tone than those in traditional journals, Ars Technica was privately owned until May 2008, when it was sold to Condé Nast Digital, the online division of Condé Nast Publications. Condé Nast purchased the site, along with two others, for $25 million and added it to the companys Wired Digital group, which also includes Wired and, formerly, Reddit. The staff mostly works from home and has offices in Boston, Chicago, London, New York City, the operations of Ars Technica are funded primarily by online advertising, and it has offered a paid subscription service since 2001. The website generated controversy in 2010, when it experimentally prevented readers who used advertisement-blocking software from viewing the site, Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes created the Ars Technica website and limited liability company in 1998. Its purpose was to publish computer hardware- and software-related news articles and guides, in their words, the best multi-OS, PC hardware, having fun, being productive, and being as informative and as accurate as possible. Ars technica is a Latin phrase that translates to technological art, the website published news, reviews, guides, and other content of interest to computer enthusiasts. On May 19,2008, Ars Technica was sold to Condé Nast Digital, the sale was part of a purchase by Condé Nast Digital of three unaffiliated websites costing $25 million in total, Ars Technica, Webmonkey, and HotWired. Ars Technica was added to the companys Wired Digital group, which included Wired, Fisher, Stokes, and the eight other writers at the time were employed by Condé Nast, with Fisher as editor-in-chief. Layoffs at Condé Nast in November 2008 affected websites owned by the company across the board, on May 5,2015, Ars Technica launched its United Kingdom site to expand its coverage of issues related to the U. K. and Europe. The U. K. site began with around 500,000 readers and had reached roughly 1.4 million readers a year after its launch. The content of articles published by Ars Technica has generally remained the same since its creation in 1998 and are categorized by four types, news, guides, reviews, Ars Technica also hosts OpenForum, a free Internet forum for the discussion of a variety of topics. Originally, most news articles published by the website were relayed from other technology-related websites, Ars Technica provided short commentary on the news, generally a few paragraphs, and a link to the original source. After being purchased by Condé Nast, Ars Technica began publishing more news, investigating topics. A significant portion of the articles published there now are original. Relayed news is published on the website, ranging from one or two sentences to a few paragraphs
15.
Larry Page
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Lawrence Larry Edward Page is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google along with Sergey Brin. Page is the executive officer of Googles parent company, Alphabet Inc. After stepping aside as Google CEO in August 2001 in favour of Eric Schmidt and he announced his intention to step aside a second time in July 2015 to become CEO of Alphabet, under which Googles assets would be reorganized. Under Page, Alphabet is seeking to deliver major advancements in a variety of industries, in November 2016, he is the 12th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$36.9 billion. Page is the inventor of PageRank, Googles best-known search ranking algorithm, Page received the Marconi Prize in 2004. Page was born March 26,1973 in East Lansing, Michigan and his father, Carl Victor Page, Sr. He was a science professor at Michigan State University and Pages mother, Gloria, was an instructor in computer programming at Lyman Briggs College. Page was an avid reader during his youth, writing in his 2013 Google founders letter that I remember spending an amount of time poring over books. According to writer Nicholas Carlson, the influence of Pages home atmosphere and his attentive parents fostered creativity. Page also played saxophone and studied music composition while growing up, Page has mentioned that his musical education inspired his impatience and obsession with speed in computing. In some sense I feel like music training led to the legacy of Google for me. In an interview Page said that In music you’re very cognizant of time. Time is like the thing and that If you think about it from a music point of view, if you’re a percussionist, you hit something, it’s got to happen in milliseconds. Page was first attracted to computers when he was six years old and he became the first kid in his elementary school to turn in an assignment from a word processor. His older brother taught him to take things apart and before long he was taking everything in his house apart to see how it worked. He said that from a early age, I also realized I wanted to invent things. So I became really interested in technology and business, probably from when I was 12, I knew I was going to start a company eventually. Page attended the Okemos Montessori School in Okemos, Michigan, from 1975 to 1979 and he attended Interlochen Center for the Arts as a saxophonist for two summers while in high school
16.
ComScore
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ComScore is an American global media measurement and analytics company providing marketing data and analytics to many of the worlds largest enterprises, media and advertising agencies, and publishers. ComScore Networks was founded in July 1999 in Reston, Virginia, the problem was that the traditional methods in which companies were tracking online behavior would not work in tracking commerce, because of the lower incidence of buying online. Normal panels in tracking visitation would be around 20-30K and, with less than 2-3% of the buying online. They decided to build a large panel using more aggressive recruiting methodology and managing for the error by using advanced statistical methods. Years and tens of millions of dollars went into finding the best ways to measure online buying and other behaviors, in 2000, comScore bought certain assets and the customer agreements of PC Data of Reston, Virginia, which was founded by Ann Stephens in 1991. PC Data was among the earliest Web measurement firms, but increasing competitive challenges put PC Datas future in doubt, the acquisition of PC Datas large customer base helped accelerate the growth of comScores syndicated measurement service. By 2001, Media Metrix had built a market share lead but had been unable to create a financial structure. NetRatings, its closest competitor, was armed with strong capital reserves and announced its intention to acquire, however, after several months, the FTC announced its intention to block the acquisition and accordingly, NetRatings canceled the transaction. ComScore was subsequently able to acquire Media Metrix in a deal announced in June 2002, Media Metrix originated as PC Meter, a business unit of market research company NPD Group and began publishing statistics in January 1996. In July 1997, it changed its name to Media Metrix, in October 1998, Media Metrix merged with its nearest rival, Relevant Knowledge. The company went public as NASDAQ, MMXI in May 1999, in June 2000, the company acquired Jupiter Communications for $414 million in stock and changed its name to Jupiter Media Metrix. In the aftermath of the bubble collapse and associated downturn in internet marketing spending. On March 30,2007, comScore announced its intent to sell shares in a public offering. In May 2008, comScore announced its acquisition of M, Metrics, the transaction involved a cash payment of $44.3 million and the issue of approximately 50,000 options to purchase shares of comScore common stock to certain M, Metrics unvested option holders. ComScore announced in October 2009 the acquisition of Certifica, a provider of real-time web measurement, based in Santiago, Chile, Certifica has offices throughout Latin America, including Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru. The acquisition enhanced comScore’s presence in the rapidly developing Latin American market, in February 2010, comScore announced it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire the ARSgroup in an all-cash acquisition. Announced on September 1,2010, the acquisition helps comScore accelerate its expansion strategy. On February 11,2014, comScore announced the appointment of Serge Matta as chief executive officer, in February 2015 comScore US entered into a partnership with Kantar owned by WPP with an equity stake purchase
17.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
18.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
19.
Gmail
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Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service developed by Google. Users can access Gmail on the web and through the apps for Android and iOS. Gmail started as a beta release on April 1,2004. It exited beta status on July 7,2009, Gmail at launch had an initial storage capacity offer of 1 gigabyte per user, a significantly higher number than the 2 megabytes of storage its competitors such as Hotmail offered at that time. Today, the service comes with 15 gigabytes of free storage, users can receive emails up to 50 megabytes in size, including attachments, while they can send emails up to 25 megabytes. In order to send files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message. Gmail has an interface and a conversation view similar to an Internet forum. Gmail is noted by web developers for its use of Ajax. Googles mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails, Google has been the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues, both from Gmail users and from non-Gmail users. Google also claims that Gmail refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those that mention race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or financial statements. As of February 2016, Gmail has one billion active users worldwide, according to a 2014 estimate, 60% of mid-sized US companies, and 92% of startups, were using Gmail. On April 1,2004, Gmail was launched with 1 gigabyte of storage space, on April 1,2005, the first anniversary of Gmail, the limit was doubled to 2 gigabytes of storage. Georges Harik, the product management director for Gmail, stated that Google would keep giving people more space forever, on April 24,2012, Google announced the increase of free storage in Gmail from 7.5 to 10 gigabytes as part of the launch of Google Drive. On May 13,2013, Google announced the merge of storage across Gmail, Google Drive. Users can buy additional storage, shared among Gmail, Google Drive and Google Photos, as of 2017, storage of up to 15 gigabytes is free, and paid plans are available for up to 30 terabytes for personal use. There are also limits to individual Gmail messages. One message, including all attachments, cannot be larger than 25 megabytes and this was changed in March 2017, to allow receiving of email up to 50 megabytes, with the limit for sending email staying at 25 megabytes. In order to send files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message
20.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
21.
Ghost town
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A ghost town is an abandoned village, town, or city, usually one that contains substantial visible remains. Some ghost towns, especially those that preserve period-specific architecture, have become tourist attractions, visiting, writing about, and photographing ghost towns is a minor industry. The town of Plymouth on the Caribbean island of Montserrat is a ghost town that is the de jure capital of Montserrat and it was rendered uninhabitable by volcanic ash from an eruption. The definition of a ghost town varies between individuals, and between cultures, lindsey Baker, author of Ghost Towns of Texas, defines a ghost town as a town for which the reason for being no longer exists. Some believe that any settlement with visible tangible remains should not be called a ghost town, others say, conversely, whether or not the settlement must be completely deserted, or may contain a small population, is also a matter for debate. Generally, though, the term is used in a sense, encompassing any. The American author Lambert Florins preferred definition of a ghost town was simply a shadowy semblance of a former self, a town can also be abandoned when it is part of an exclusion zone due to natural or man-made causes. Ghost towns may result when the activity or resource that created a boomtown is depleted or the resource economy undergoes a bust. Boomtowns can often decrease in size as fast as they initially grew, sometimes, all or nearly the entire population can desert the town, resulting in a ghost town. The dismantling of a boomtown can often occur on a planned basis, modular buildings can be used to facilitate the process. A gold rush would often bring intensive but short-lived economic activity to a remote village, in other cases, the reason for abandonment can arise from a towns intended economic function shifting to another, nearby place. This happened to Collingwood, Queensland in Outback Australia when nearby Winton outperformed Collingwood as a centre for the livestock-raising industry. The railway reached Winton in 1899, linking it with the rest of Queensland, the Middle East has many ghost towns that were created when the shifting of politics or the fall of empires caused capital cities to be socially or economically unviable, such as Ctesiphon. The rise of condominium investment caused for real estate bubbles also leads to a ghost town, as real estate prices rise, such examples include China and Canada, where housing is often used as an investment rather than for habitation. Railroads and roads bypassing or no longer reaching a town can create a ghost town. This was the case in many of the ghost towns along Ontarios historic Opeongo Line, some ghost towns were founded along railways where steam trains would stop at periodic intervals to take on water. Amboy, California was part of one series of villages along the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad across the Mojave Desert. River re-routing is another factor, one example being the towns along the Aral Sea, Ghost towns may be created when land is expropriated by a government and residents are required to relocate
22.
Steven Levy
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Steven Levy is an American journalist who has written several books on computers, technology, cryptography, the Internet, cybersecurity, and privacy. Levy is the editor-in-chief of the hub for Medium. Previously he was writer for Wired, following a dozen years as chief technology writer. Levy has had published in Harpers, Macworld, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Premiere. He is regarded as a prominent and respected critic of Apple Inc and he identified this Hacker Ethic to consist of key points such as that all information is free, and that this information should be used to change life for the better. Levy won the Computer Press Association Award for a report he co-wrote in 1998 on the Year 2000 problem, Levy was a contributor to Stewart Brands Whole Earth Software Catalog, first published in 1984. In 1978, Steven Levy rediscovered Albert Einsteins brain in the office of the pathologist who removed and preserved it, Levy received his bachelors degree from Temple University and earned a Masters degree in literature from Pennsylvania State University. He lives in New York City with his wife, Pulitzer Prize winner Teresa Carpenter, hackers, heroes of the computer revolution. Lebowski Podcast Episode 27a - Steven Levy on Technology Chalupa and Steven Levy talk about blogging, Twitter, internet security, appearances on C-SPAN C-SPAN Q&A interview with Levy on The Perfect Thing, December 24,2006
23.
Google Photos
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Google Photos is a photo sharing and storage service developed by Google. It was announced in May 2015 and spun out from Google+, Google Photos gives users free, unlimited storage for photos up to 16 megapixels and videos up to 1080p resolution. The service automatically analyzes photos, identifying various visual features and subjects, users can search for anything in photos, with the service returning results from three major categories, People, Places, and Things. Google Photos recognizes faces, grouping similar ones together, geographic landmarks, and subject matter, including birthdays, buildings, animals, food, Google Photos received critical acclaim at its launch in May 2015. It was declared the best in cloud photo storage by some reviewers, reviewers liked the updated Photos service for its recognition technology, search, apps, and loading times. Shortly after release, Photos incorrectly marked a photo of two African Americans as Gorillas, and Google issued an apology, Google Photos has seen strong user adoption. It reached 100 million users after five months, and crossed the 200 million user milestone after one year, Google has also revealed that over 13.7 petabytes of photos and videos have been uploaded to the service. Google Photos has two settings, High quality and Original quality. High quality includes unlimited photo and video storage for photos up to 16 megapixels, Original quality preserves the original resolution and quality of the photos and videos, but uses storage quantity in the users Google account. The service offers apps for the Android and iOS operating systems, users back up their photos to the cloud service, which become accessible for all of their devices. The Photos service analyzes and organizes images into groups and can identify features such as beaches, skylines, from the applications search window, users are shown potential searches for groups of photos in three major categories, People, Places, and Things. The service analyzes photos for similar faces and groups together in the People category. It can also track faces as they age, the Places category uses geotagging data but can also determine locations in older pictures by analyzing for major landmarks. The Things category processes photos for their matter, birthdays, buildings, cats, concerts, food, graduations, posters, screenshots. Users can manually remove categorization errors, recipients of shared images can view web galleries without needing to download the app. Users can swipe their fingers across the screen to adjust the services photo editing settings, images can be easily shared with social networks and other services. The application generates web links that both Google Photos users and non-users can access, in December 2015, Google added shared albums to Google Photos. Users pool photos and videos into an album, and then share the album with other Google Photos users, the recipient can join to add their own photos and videos, and also get notifications when new pics are added
24.
Facebook like button
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The Facebook like button is a feature on the social networking website Facebook that is also a share icon. As a web bug, the Facebook like button reports to Facebook whenever a user visits a page containing a like button and it was first activated on February 9,2009. On February 24,2016, Facebook added new reactions that comprised Like, Love, Wow, Haha, Sad and Angry. The like button is a feature of social networking service Facebook, where users can like content such as updates, comments, photos, links shared by friends. The feature was activated February 9,2009 and it is also a feature of the Facebook Platform that enables participating websites to display a button which enable sharing the sites content with friends. When a user clicks the Like button, the content appears in the News Feeds of that users friends, the button also displays the number of users that liked each piece of content, and may show a full or partial list of those users. This feature may appear differently on mobile web applications, a Like Box also allows Facebook page owners to see how many users and which of their friends like the page. The ability to like users comments was added in June 2010, Facebook describes liking as a way for users to give positive feedback and connect with things care about. A lawsuit was filed in Los Angeles in 2010 claiming that Facebook should not allow minors to like advertising, Facebook said the suit was completely without merit. Speaking at Facebooks F8 developer conference on the day of the launch CEO Mark Zuckerberg said, the Like button is implemented similarly to an advertising network, and as more sites participate, gives Facebook a vast amount of information about who visits which sites, and when. When loading a web page which has the Like button enabled, the users browser connects to Facebooks servers, which record the URL being visited, in June 2010 Facebook said it anonymizes this information after three months, and does not sell or otherwise share that information. By September of that year over 350,000 sites were using the Like button, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada had raised similar concerns in 2010. From the end of 2010 and in the US, Microsofts Bing search engine identifies which links in the results have been Liked by the searchers Facebook friends, Facebook like buttons report user information back to Facebook whenever they appear on any website. Since the buttons appear in places, they can track the browsing history of any user visiting a website which hosts a like button. Facebook keeps records on everyone who views a page with a Facebook like button, Facebook has approximately as many user records as the number of worldwide consumers. Effectively, individual views and preferences can be revealed if they were not directly expressed or indicated by Liking an associated content. For example, user does not have to Like Barack Obama, anyone with access to users Likes, e. g. One can imagine situations in which such predictions, even if incorrect, could pose a threat to an individual’s well-being, freedom, the Facebook like button can be vulnerable to likejacking, a form of clickjacking that makes users Like content they did not intend to
25.
Blogger (service)
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Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. It was developed by Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google in 2003, generally, the blogs are hosted by Google at a subdomain of blogspot. com. Blogs can also be hosted in the registered custom domain of the blogger, a user can have up to 100 blogs per account. Up until May 1,2010, Blogger allowed users to publish blogs on other hosts, all such blogs had to be moved to Googles own servers, with domains other than blogspot. com allowed via custom URLs. Unlike WordPress. com, Blogger allows its users to use their own domain free of charge, Blogger cannot be installed on a web server. One has to use DNS facilities to redirect a custom URL to a blogspot domain, on August 23,1999, Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs. As one of the earliest dedicated blog-publishing tools, it is credited for helping popularize the format, in February 2003, Pyra Labs was acquired by Google under undisclosed terms. The acquisition allowed premium features to become free, in October 2004, Pyra Labs co-founder, Evan Williams, left Google. In 2004, Google purchased Picasa, it integrated Picasa and its photo sharing utility Hello into Blogger, on May 9,2004, Blogger introduced a major redesign, adding features such as web standards-compliant templates, individual archive pages for posts, comments, and posting by email. On August 14,2006, Blogger launched its latest version in beta, codenamed Invader and this migrated users to Google servers and had some new features, including interface language in French, Italian, German and Spanish. In December 2006, this new version of Blogger was taken out of beta, by May 2007, Blogger had completely moved over to Google-operated servers. Blogger was ranked 16 on the list of top 50 domains in terms of number of visitors in 2007. As part of the Blogger redesign in 2006, all associated with a users Google Account were migrated to Google servers. Blogger claims that the service is now more reliable because of the quality of the servers, furthermore, blogs are updated dynamically, as opposed to rewriting HTML files. In a version of the service called Blogger in Draft, new features are tested before being released to all users, new features are discussed in the services official blog. In September 2009, Google introduced new features into Blogger as part of its tenth-anniversary celebration, the features included a new interface for post editing, improved image handling, Raw HTML Conversion, and other Google Docs-based implementations, including, Adding location to posts via geotagging. Post time-stamping at publication, not at original creation, vertical re-sizing of the post editor. The size is saved in a per-user, per-blog preference, full Safari 3 support and fidelity on both Windows and macOS
26.
Google Maps
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Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, Google maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application, after additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. The services front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax, Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allows users to expand and update the services mapping worldwide. Much of the satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis. Google Maps uses a variant of the Mercator projection. The current redesigned version of the application was made available in 2013. Google Maps for mobile was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation, in August 2013, it was determined to be the worlds most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once. In 2012, Google reported having over 7,100 employees, Google Maps provides a route planner under Get Directions. Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area, driving, public transit, walking, in combination with Google Street View, issues such as parking, turning lanes, and one-way streets can be viewed before traveling. China mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Jordan, Lebanon, only public transit directions are provided for South Korea. All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously, all countries of mainland South America are covered. All countries including Trinidad and Tobago* are treated contiguously, all inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, though in general there are no connections between islands. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively, as the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the panel and map. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin on top of the map images, a hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data rather than XML
27.
Picnik
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Picnik was an online photo editing service which was acquired by Google in 2010. It was headquartered in Downtown Seattle, Washington, United States, the site allowed users to edit images, add styles to imported images and use basic editing tools such as cropping and resizing an image. Users could import photos natively from Facebook, Myspace, Picasa Web Albums, Flickr, Yahoo Image search, Google+, many of Picniks basic photo editing tools were free to use. Picnik Premium included additional photo editing features and was offered for a monthly, 6-month, Picnik had a partnership with Flickr that included a less feature-rich version of Picnik built into Flickr as a default photo editor. They had also signed up to do photo editing with free website creator Webs, Picnik was acquired by Google on March 1,2010. In January 2012, Picnik announced that it would be closing on April 19,2013 and they provided a full refund to all Premium members and also provided free Premium service to everyone until April 19. Some people petitioned to stop the shut down, but failed, Picnik sent an email to all of their users on March 21,2012 containing a list of frequently asked questions. Picnik stopped allowing downloads of saved content and fully shut down on April 19,2013, two of Picniks original engineers left Google to start a similar photo editor called PicMonkey in the beginning of 2012
28.
High-dynamic-range rendering
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High-dynamic-range rendering, also known as high-dynamic-range lighting, is the rendering of computer graphics scenes by using lighting calculations done in high dynamic range. This allows preservation of details that may be lost due to limiting contrast ratios, video games and computer-generated movies and special effects benefit from this as it creates more realistic scenes than with the more simplistic lighting models used. Graphics processor company Nvidia summarizes the motivation for HDR in three points, bright things can be bright, dark things can be really dark. HDRI languished for more than a decade, held back by limited computing power, storage, not until recently has the technology to put HDRI into practical use been developed. In 1990, Nakame, et al. presented a model for driving simulators that highlighted the need for high-dynamic-range processing in realistic simulations. In 1995, Greg Spencer presented Physically-based glare effects for digital images at SIGGRAPH, providing a model for flare. In 1997 Paul Debevec presented Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs at SIGGRAPH and these two papers laid the framework for creating HDR light probes of a location and then using this probe to light a rendered scene. HDRI and HDRL have, ever since, been used in situations in 3D scenes in which inserting a 3D object into a real environment requires the lightprobe data to provide realistic lighting solutions. In gaming applications, Riven, The Sequel to Myst in 1997 used an HDRI postprocessing shader directly based on Spencers paper, after E³2003, Valve Software released a demo movie of their Source engine rendering a cityscape in a high dynamic range. One of the advantages of HDR rendering is that details in a scene with a large contrast ratio are preserved. Without HDR, areas that are too dark are clipped to black and these are represented by the hardware as a floating point value of 0.0 and 1.0 for pure black and pure white, respectively. Another aspect of HDR rendering is the addition of perceptual cues which increase apparent brightness, HDR rendering also affects how light is preserved in optical phenomena such as reflections and refractions, as well as transparent materials such as glass. In LDR rendering, very bright sources in a scene are capped at 1.0. When this light is reflected the result must then be less than or equal to 1.0, however, in HDR rendering, very bright light sources can exceed the 1.0 brightness to simulate their actual values. This allows reflections off surfaces to maintain realistic brightness for bright light sources, the human eye can perceive scenes with a very high dynamic contrast ratio, around 1,000,000,1. Adaptation is achieved in part through adjustments of the iris and slow chemical changes, at any given time, the eyes static range is smaller, around 10,000,1. However, this is higher than the static range of most display technology. The simultaneous contrast of real content under normal viewing conditions is significantly lower, some increase in dynamic range in LCD monitors can be achieved by automatically reducing the backlight for dark scenes
29.
Hashtag
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A hashtag is a type of label or metadata tag used on social network and microblogging services which makes it easier for users to find messages with a specific theme or content. Users create and use hashtags by placing the hash character # in front of a word or unspaced phrase, searching for that hashtag will yield each message that has been tagged with it. A hashtag archive is consequently collected into a stream under the same hashtag. For example, on the photo-sharing service Instagram, the hashtag #bluesky allows users to all the posts that have been tagged using that hashtag. Because of its use, hashtag was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in June 2014. The term hashtag can also refer to the symbol itself when used in the context of a hashtag. The pound sign or hash symbol is used in information technology to highlight a special meaning. In 1970 for example, the sign was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of the PDP-11 when placed next to a symbol or a number. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie used # in the C programming language for special keywords that had to be processed first by the C preprocessor. Since fis before the invention of the hashtag, the sign has been called the hash symbol in some countries outside of North America. The pound sign appeared and was used by people within IRC networks to label groups, channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol #. The use of the sign in IRC inspired Chris Messina to propose a similar system to be used on Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network. He posted the first hashtag on Twitter, How do you feel about using # for groups, therefore, the hashtag “was created organically by Twitter users as a way to categorize messages. Beginning July 2,2009, Twitter began to hyperlink all hashtags in tweets to Twitter search results for the hashtagged word, in 2010, Twitter introduced Trending Topics on the Twitter front page, displaying hashtags that are rapidly becoming popular. Twitter has an algorithm to tackle attempts to spam the trending list, in China, microblogs Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo use a double-hashtag #HashName# format, since the lack of spacing between Chinese characters necessitates a closing tag. On microblogging or social networking sites, hashtags can be inserted anywhere within a sentence, either preceding it, following it as a postscript, the quantity of hashtags used in a post or tweet is just as important as the types of hashtags used. It is currently considered acceptable to tag a post once when contributing to a specific conversation, two hashtags are considered acceptable when adding a location to the conversation. Three hashtags are seen by some as the maximum
30.
Camel case
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Camel case is the practice of writing compound words or phrases such that each word or abbreviation in the middle of the phrase begins with a capital letter, with no intervening spaces or punctuation. Common examples include iPhone, eBay, FedEx, and HarperCollins and it is also sometimes used in online usernames such as JohnSmith, and to make multi-word domain names more legible, for example in advertisements. As the first letter of a word in camel case may or may not be capitalized. For clarity, this article calls the two alternatives upper camel case and lower camel case, some people and organizations, notably Microsoft, use the term camel case only for lower camel case. Camel case is distinct from title case, which is used for book titles and headlines. Camel case is distinct from Tall Man lettering, which uses capitals to emphasize the differences between similar-looking words. The name CamelCase is not related to the Camel Book, the nickname of the book Programming Perl. The original name of the practice, used in studies, grammars. Other names such as InterCaps or CamelCase are relatively recent and more common in computer-related communities, other synonyms include, StudlyCaps encompasses both styles of camel case, but includes even randomly mixed capitalization, as in MiXeD CaPitALiZaTioN. The earliest known occurrence of the term InterCaps on Usenet is in an April 1990 post to the group alt. folklore. computers by Avi Rappoport, the earliest use of the name CamelCase occurs in 1995, in a post by Newton Love. Love has since said, With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, I had been calling it CamelCase for years. The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET, in Italian, pronouns can be suffixed to verbs, and because the honorific form of second-person pronouns is capitalized, this can produce a sentence like non ho trovato il tempo di risponderLe. In German, the capital letter I, called Binnen-I, is sometimes used in a word like StudentInnen to indicate that both Studenten and Studentinnen are intended simultaneously. However, mid-word capitalisation does not conform to German orthography, the previous example could be correctly written using parentheses as Studenten, analogous to congressman in English. In Irish, they are used when a prefix is attached to a proper noun, for example i nGaillimh, from Gaillimh, an tAlbanach, from Albanach. In recent Scots Gaelic orthography, a hyphen has been inserted and this convention is also used by several Bantu languages and several indigenous languages of Mexico. However, they described the system as too contrary to use at present. In the scholarly transliteration of languages written in scripts, medial capitals are used in similar situations
31.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
32.
Linus Torvalds
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He also created the distributed revision control system Git and the diving logging and planning software Subsurface. He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award, Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland in 1969. He is the son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds, both of his parents were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki in the 1960s. His family belongs to the Swedish-speaking minority, Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki between 1988 and 1996, graduating with a masters degree in computer science from NODES research group. In the army he held the rank of Second Lieutenant, with the role of a ballistic calculation officer, Torvalds bought computer science professor Andrew Tanenbaums book Operating Systems, Design and Implementation, in which Tanenbaum describes MINIX, an educational stripped-down version of Unix. In 1990, he resumed his university studies, and was exposed to UNIX for the first time, thesis was titled Linux, A Portable Operating System. His interest in computers began with a Commodore VIC-20, at the age of 11 in 1981, initially programming in BASIC and he did not make use of assembly language. After the VIC-20 he purchased a Sinclair QL, which he modified extensively, especially its operating system, because it was so hard to get software for it in Finland, Linus wrote his own assembler and editor for the QL, as well as a few games. He is known to have written a Pac-Man clone named Cool Man, on January 5,1991 he purchased an Intel 80386-based clone of IBM PC before receiving his MINIX copy, which in turn enabled him to begin work on Linux. The first prototypes of Linux were publicly released later that year, version 1.0 was released on March 14,1994. Torvalds used Stallmans GNU General Public License version 2 for his Linux kernel, after a visit to Transmeta in late 1996, Torvalds accepted a position at the company in California, where he would work from February 1997 until June 2003. He then moved to the Open Source Development Labs, which has merged with the Free Standards Group to become the Linux Foundation. In June 2004, Torvalds and his moved to Dunthorpe, Oregon, to be closer to the OSDLs Beaverton. From 1997 to 1999, he was involved in 86open helping to choose the standard format for Linux. In 1999, he was named by the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the worlds top 100 innovators under age 35, in 1999, Red Hat and VA Linux, both leading developers of Linux-based software, presented Torvalds with stock options in gratitude for his creation. That same year both companies went public and Torvaldss share value temporarily shot up to roughly US$20 million and his personal mascot is a penguin nicknamed Tux, which has been widely adopted by the Linux community as the mascot of the Linux kernel. Although Torvalds believes open source is the right way to do software, he also has said that he uses the best tool for the job. He was criticized for his use and alleged advocacy of the proprietary BitKeeper software for control in the Linux kernel
33.
William Shatner
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William Shatner is a Canadian actor, author, producer, and director. In his seven decades of television, Shatner became an icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, Captain of the USS Enterprise. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek and he has written a series of science fiction novels called TekWar, which were adapted for television. Shatner also appeared in the NBC series, 3rd Rock from the Sun in seasons 4 and 5 as the role of the Big Giant Head whom the characters of the Series reported to. He has worked as a musician, an author, a director, and he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the final season of the legal drama The Practice and its spinoff series Boston Legal, a role that earned him two Emmy Awards. Shatner was born on March 22,1931, in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the son of Anne and Joseph Shatner and he has two sisters, Joy and Farla. His paternal grandfather, Wolf Schattner, anglicized the name to Shatner. All of Shatners grandparents were Jewish immigrants, and he was raised in Conservative Judaism, Shatner attended two schools in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Willingdon Elementary School and Westhill High School, and is an alumnus of the Montreal Childrens Theatre. He studied Economics at the McGill University Faculty of Management in Montreal, Canada, in June 2011, McGill University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Letters. Shatner began performing at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, in 1954, he was cast as Ranger Bob on The Canadian Howdy Doody Show. Shatner was an understudy to Christopher Plummer, the two would appear as adversaries in Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. Shatner had a role in an Alfred Hitchcock Presents third-season episode titled The Glass Eye. In 1959, he received good reviews when he played the role of Lomax in the Broadway production of The World of Suzie Wong. He appeared twice as Wayne Gorham in NBCs Outlaws Western series with Barton MacLane, in 1961, he starred in the Broadway play A Shot in the Dark with Julie Harris and directed by Harold Clurman. Walter Matthau and Gene Saks were also featured in this play, Shatner featured in two episodes of the NBC television series Thriller and the film The Explosive Generation. Guthrie had called the young Shatner the Stratford Festivals most promising actor, Shatner was not as successful as the others, however, and during the 1960s he became a working actor who showed up on time, knew his lines, worked cheap and always answered his phone. His motto was Work equals work, but Shatners willingness to take any role, no matter how forgettable, in the 1963–1964 season, he appeared in episodes of two ABC series, Channing and The Outer Limits. In 1963, he starred in the Family Theater production called The Soldier and that same year, he guest starred in Route 66, in the episode, Build Your Houses with Their Backs to the Sea
34.
Leo Laporte
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Leo Gordon Laporte is an American technology broadcaster, author, and entrepreneur. He began his association with computers with his first home PC, Laporte has worked on technology-related broadcasting projects, including Dvorak on Computers in January 1991, and Laporte on Computers on KGO Radio and KSFO in San Francisco. In 1997, Laporte was awarded a Northern California Emmy for his role as Dev Null, in 1998, Laporte created and co-hosted The Screen Savers, and the original version of Call for Help on the cable and satellite network ZDTV. Laporte was the host of the television show The Lab with Leo Laporte, recorded in Vancouver. The program had formerly known as Call for Help when it was recorded in the U. S. The series aired on G4 Canada, on the HOW TO Channel in Australia, on several of Canadas Citytv affiliates, on March 5,2008, Laporte confirmed on net@nite that The Lab with Leo Laporte had been canceled by Rogers Communications. The HOW TO Channel refused to air the episodes after it was announced the show had been canceled. He hosts a weekend technology-oriented talk radio show titled Leo Laporte. The show, started on KFI AM640, is now syndicated through Premiere Radio Networks, Laporte also appears on Friday mornings on KFI with Bill Handel, and previously on such shows as Showbiz Tonight, Live with Kelly, and World News Now. He has published a series of technology almanacs, Leo Laportes Technology Almanac Poor Leos Computer Almanac ISBN0768654920. Leo Laportes 2006 Technology Almanac ISBN0789733978, Laporte announced in October 2006 that he would not renew his contract with Que Publishing, and had retired from publishing books. In 2008, Laporte did a voice narration of the public domain fable The True History of Little Golden-hood by Andrew Lang from Audible, Laporte owns and operates a podcast network, TWiT. tv with his wife Lisa Laporte. Its shows are available on iTunes and other podcast subscription services, before the expansion to new facilities in 2011, Laporte said TWiT earned $1.5 million annually on a production cost of $350,000. In a 2012 Reddit posting, he commented that revenue was approaching $4 million, Laporte has a net worth of $5 million. Official website Leo Laporte at the Internet Movie Database Leo Laporte in libraries Works by or about Leo Laporte in libraries
35.
Sergey Brin
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Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin is an American computer scientist, internet entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google, Brin is the President of Googles parent company Alphabet Inc. In October 2016, Brin was the 12th richest person in the world, Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6. He earned his bachelors degree at the University of Maryland, following in his fathers and grandfathers footsteps by studying mathematics, after graduation, he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science. There he met Page, with whom he became friends. They crammed their dormitory room with computers and applied Brins data mining system to build a web search engine. The program became popular at Stanford, and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage, Brin was born in Moscow in the Soviet Union, to Russian Jewish parents, Yevgenia and Mikhail Brin, both graduates of Moscow State University. His father is a professor at the University of Maryland. In May 1979, when Brin was five years old, his family felt compelled to emigrate out of the Soviet Union. In an interview with Mark Malseed, co-author of The Google Story, Mikhail Brin therefore changed his major to mathematics where he received nearly straight As. In another interview with Dominic Lawson of The Independent, Mikhail said and he went on to tell Lawson how MSU required Jews to take their entrance exams in different rooms from non-Jewish applicants, and how they were marked on a harsher scale. The Brin family lived in an apartment in central Moscow. Brin told Malseed, Ive known for a time that my father wasnt able to pursue the career he wanted. In 1977, after his returned from a mathematics conference in Warsaw, Poland. We cannot stay here any more, he told his wife, at the conference, he was able to mingle freely with colleagues from the United States, France, England and Germany and discovered that his intellectual brethren in the West were not monsters. He added, I was the one in the family who decided it was really important to leave. Sergeys mother was willing to leave their home in Moscow. Malseed writes, For Genia, the decision came down to Sergey
36.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
37.
IPhone
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IPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. They run Apples iOS mobile operating system, the first generation iPhone was released on June 29,2007, the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone 7, which was unveiled at a special event on September 7,2016. The user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard, the iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks. Other functionality, such as games, reference works, and social networking. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone, Apple has released ten generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the ten major releases of the iOS operating system. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apples newly introduced Lightning connector, in 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring 4.7 and 5. 5-inch displays.5 mm headphone jack found on previous phones. The iPhones commercial success has been credited with reshaping the smartphone industry, the original iPhone was one of the first phones to use a design featuring a slate format with a touchscreen interface. Almost all modern smartphones have replicated this style of design, in the US, the iPhone holds the largest share of the smartphone market. As of late 2015, the iPhone had a 43. 6% market share, followed by Samsung, LG, Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet and towards a phone. Apple created the device during a collaboration with Cingular Wireless at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months. Apple rejected the design by committee approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1s firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apples iPod nano. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9,2007, the passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the Jesus phone. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, on July 11,2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8,2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, many would-be users objected to the iPhones cost, and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000. The back of the original first generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent, the iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the GSM signal. The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, the iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity
38.
SMS
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Short Message Service is a text messaging service component of most telephone, World Wide Web, and mobile telephony systems. It uses standardized protocols to enable mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages. SMS, as used on modern handsets, originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols and these were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications series of standards. The protocols allowed users to send and receive messages of up to 160 alpha-numeric characters to, though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS. SMS is also employed in marketing, a type of direct marketing. Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s, the first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks. Should be available in the mobile system and this plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time. The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand, the GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its main application. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost, however, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128 bytes so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of postcard and Telex messages. SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software, hence, a large base of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS. The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies, through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world. The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and this proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services based on a contribution from Germany. There were also discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad. The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June 85 document which was distributed to industry, the input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert. The last three words transformed SMS into something more useful than the prevailing messaging paging that some in GSM might have had in mind. SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System, the discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM02.03 TeleServices supported by a GSM PLMN
39.
Google Search
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Google Videos is a video search engine from Google. It was formerly a free video-sharing website and allowed selected videos to be embedded on other websites and provided the necessary HTML code alongside the media. This allowed websites to host lots of video remotely without running into bandwidth or storage-capacity issues, the service was launched on January 25,2005. On October 9,2006, Google bought former competitor YouTube, Google announced on June 13,2007, that the Google Videos search results would begin to include videos discovered by their web crawlers on other hosting services, in YouTube and user uploads. Thereafter, search result links opened a frameset with a Google Videos header at the top, in 2009, Google discontinued the ability to upload videos to Google Video. Google Video was shut down on August 20,2012, the remaining Google Videos content was automatically moved to YouTube. The domain previously associated with Google Videos is now used to store videos uploaded to Google Photos. Google Videos was geared towards providing a large archive of freely searchable videos, besides amateur media, Internet videos, viral ads, and movie trailers, the service also aimed to distribute commercial professional media, such as televised content and movies. A number of discourses by Google employees were recorded and made available for viewing via Google Videos. The lectures were done mainly at the former universities. The topics covered Google technologies and software engineering but also include other pioneering efforts by players in the software engineering field. On January 6,2009, the Google Video Store launched to sell downloads through Google Videos. The service launched with independent films Aardvarkd,12 Weeks with Geeks, and Waterborne, as well as content from media partners CBS, the NBA, The Charlie Rose Show, and Sony BMG. Initially, the content of a number of broadcasting companies was available as streaming content or stills with closed captioning. In addition, the U. S. National Archive used Google Videos to make historic films available online, Google Videos also searched other non-affiliated video sites from web crawls. Sites searched by Google Videos in addition to their own videos and YouTube included GoFish, ExposureRoom, Vimeo, Myspace, Biku, Google Videos moved away from an online video archive and toward a search engine for videos, similar to their web and image searches. As of August 2007, the DTO/DTR program ended, users who previously purchased a video from Google Videos were no longer able to view them. Credits for users were made available as values for Google Checkout and were valid for 60 days, in 2009, Google ended the ability for users to upload videos to Google Videos
40.
Google Latitude
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Google Latitude was a location-aware feature of Google Maps, developed by Google as a successor to its earlier SMS-based service Dodgeball. Latitude allowed a mobile user to allow certain people to view their current location. Via their own Google Account, the cell phone location was mapped on Google Maps. The user could control the accuracy and details of each of the other users can see — an exact location could be allowed. For privacy, it could also be turned off by the user, users had to explicitly opt into Latitude, and were only able to see the location of those friends who had decided to share their location with them. On July 10,2013, Google announced plans to shut down Latitude, Dodgeball was founded in 2000 by New York University students Dennis Crowley and Alex Rainert. The company was acquired by Google in 2005 and Crowley and Rainert hired, in April 2007, Crowley and Rainert left Google, with Crowley describing their experience there as incredibly frustrating. After leaving Google, Crowley created a service known as Foursquare with the help of Naveen Selvadurai. Dodgeball offered a facility to users by way of SMS, philadelphia, New York City, Boston, Detroit, Chicago, Madison, Minneapolis–St. Dodgeball was shut down and succeeded in February 2009 by Google Latitude, with Google Latitude, the service expanded to PC browsers and automated location detection on mobile phones using cellular positioning, Wi-Fi positioning, and GPS. In November 2009, Google announced a Latitude feature called Location History which stores and analyzes a users location over time, for attempting to identify a users home. Web-based Location History is now provided by Google Maps, at the end of May 2010, Google announced an API which allows applications to make use of Latitude data, with the users explicit consent. In February 2012 a Leaderboard feature was added that provides point scoring, Google Latitude was not available in Apples Chinese App Store for download, but it might have been built into the Google Maps app. On July 10,2013, Google announced plans to shut down Google Latitude on August 9,2013, Google still offers location reporting on Google+, but this does not yet run on all the platforms that Google Maps does. Google Latitude was compatible with most devices running iOS, Android, BlackBerry OS, Windows Mobile, initially Google stated on the Latitude page that it would be available for Java ME phones, but this claim was later removed from the site. The Sony Ericsson W995, C905, C903, C510, Elm, although this was a Java ME application, it could not be downloaded for use with other mobile phones. Amid concerns over privacy, Google announced that Latitude overwrites a users previous location with the new location data. By early 2011, Google Latitude optionally recorded a history of places visited and this information was then used to display statistics such as Time At Work, Time Spent At Home and Time Spent Out
