Google Street View

Google Street View
	A road junction in Manchester, England, showing nine different angles
Initial release	May 25, 2007; 11 years ago
Stable release(s) [±]
Android	2.0.0.212828415 / September 17, 2018; 42 days ago
iOS	2.13.3 / July 21, 2018; 3 months ago
Online	Release 246 (see list) / October 5, 2018; 24 days ago
Platform	Android, iOS
Available in	Multiple languages
Website	www.google.com/streetview/

Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides panoramic views from positions along many streets in the world. It was launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States, and has since expanded to include cities and rural areas worldwide. Streets with Street View imagery available are shown as blue lines on Google Maps.

Google Street View displays panoramas of stitched images. Most photography is done by car, but some is done by trekker, tricycle, walking, boat, snowmobile, and underwater apparatus.

History and features

Street View had its inception in 2001 with The Stanford CityBlock Project, a Google-sponsored Stanford University research project. The project ended in June 2006, and its technology was folded into StreetView.^[4]

2007: Launched on May 25 in the United States using Immersive Media technology.
2008: In May Google announces that it was testing face-blurring technology on its photos of the busy streets of Manhattan.^[5] The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google's image database for faces and blurs them.^[6] Street View integrated into Google Earth 4.3, the Maps application on the Apple iPhone, and the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition. In November, the drag and drop Pegman icon is introduced as the primary user interface element for connecting from Maps' 2D view into Street View's 3D view. When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available, Street View opens and takes over the whole map window.
2009: Introduction of full-screen option. Smart Navigation introduced allowing users to navigate around the panoramas by double-clicking with their cursor on any place or object they want to see.^[7]
May 2011: Indoor views of businesses - Google Business Photos - announced.^[8] After the pilot phase of several months, the project rolled out in earnest in fall.^[9]
November 2012: With the release of Android 4.2, Google invites users to contribute panoramas of their own using supported devices. Google highlights user-contributed panoramas with blue circle icons on Maps. The company also created a website to highlight places in the world where one can find them.^[10]
2013: Business interior views are shown as small orange circles. Businesses such as shops, cafés and other premises can pay a photographer to take panoramic images of the interior of their premises which are then included in Street View.^[11] Google sets up program to let third parties borrow the Street View Trekker (a backpack mounted camera) and contribute imagery to Google Maps.^[12]
2014: Street-level imagery from the past can now be seen, if available for a given street view.^[13]
2015: A partnership was announced between Street View and the environmental monitoring company Aclima. Cars began carrying sensors to detect pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter.^[14] In October, support for Google Cardboard was announced allowing users to explore street view in 360 degree virtual reality.^[15]
2017: Imagery inside the International Space Station is added to Street View.
May 2017: Google celebrates tenth anniversary of first published Street View images - 10 million miles mapped in 83 countries.^[16]^[17]
2017: Starting in August, Google allows users to create their own street view-like blue paths, for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another.
2017: On September 5, Google announced that they are improving the quality of the street view panoramic photo revamping its mapping vehicles with all-new high resolution camera systems and AI to capture even better imagery. The new Google cars have been seen in various American cities since March 2017 as well as in Japan since August.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]. The first images taken with the new generation of cameras were available online on September 13.^[23]
October 2017: The makers of the Insta360 Pro announce the certification of the first "Street View auto ready" camera for $3500USD; it uses 6 lenses for a 360º view and comes with Stitcher software.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] In addition to purchase, the camera rig is also available to qualified entities as part of the Google loaner program, with 50 cameras available to loan,^[29] making possible Google Street View imagery coverage of more places that Google might not visit, and to entities for whom a purchase is impractical or impossible.
2018: Google Japan now offers the street view from a dog's perspective.^[30]
August 2018: Street View covers two offshore gas-extraction platforms in the North Sea.^[31]

Implementation

Street View is available as a component of Google Maps, as a web application, and as a mobile application for Android and iOS. Originally, Google Maps used Adobe Flash for Street View.^[32] Google overhauled Google Maps in 2013. The newer version uses JavaScript extensively and provides a JavaScript application programming interface.^[33] At the time of their release, the new Google Maps and Street View are measured slower than the old version in various setups.^[34]^[35] A user can switch to the old version of Google Maps, which is especially useful when Google Maps is more sluggish than usual.^[36]^[37]

Data capturing equipment

The Google street View car in New York City

A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on the Google campus in Mountain View, California in October 2010

A backpack camera on display at the Google campus in Mountain View, California in February 2018

Cameras: Street View imagery has come from several generations of camera systems from Immersive Media [1], Point Grey Research (now FLIR Systems) [2] and developed in-house.^[38] The cameras contain no mechanical parts, including the shutter, instead using CMOS sensors and an electronic rolling shutter. Widely deployed versions are:
- R2: the earliest after Immersive Media, photos were captured with a ring of eight 11-megapixel CCD sensors with commercial photographic wide-angle lenses, cameras with the same specs as those used for the Google Books project.
- Ladybug2 cameras (resolution 1024 x 768 pixels) by Point Grey Research.^[39]
- R5: uses a ring of eight 5-megapixel CMOS cameras by Elphel^[40]^[41] with custom low-flare lenses, plus a camera with fisheye lens on top to capture upper levels of buildings.
- R7: is the first completely in-house built camera, it uses 15 of the same sensors and lenses as R5, but no fish-eye.
- 2017: uses 8 20MP cameras. Includes two facing left and right to read street signs and business names.^[42]
Positioning: recorded photographs must be associated with accurate positioning. This is done via a Global Positioning System, wheel speed sensor, and inertial navigation sensor data.^[38]
Laser range scanners from Sick AG for the measuring of up to 50 meters 180° in the front of the vehicle.^[43] These are used for recording the actual dimensions of the space being photographed.
LIDAR scanners from Velodyne were added in the 2017 update. Mounted at 45° to capture 3D depth information, and used for additional positional information.^[42]
Vehicles: data recording equipment is usually mounted on the roof of a car. A Trike (tricycle) was developed to record pedestrian routes including Stonehenge, and other UNESCO World Heritage sites. In 2010 a snowmobile-based system captured the 2010 Winter Olympics sites.^[38] Trolleys have been used to shoot the insides of museums, and in Venice the narrow roads were photographed with backpack-mounted cameras, and canals were photographed from boats.^[44]
A portable back-pack Google Trekker is used in outdoor terrain. For instance, the six main paths up Snowdon were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015.^[45]

Pegman

As noted above, the drag-and-drop Pegman icon is the primary user interface element used by Google to connect Maps to Street View. His name comes from his resemblance to a clothespeg. When not in use, Pegman sits atop the Google Maps zoom controls. Occasionally Pegman "dresses up" for special events or is joined by peg friends in Google Maps. When dragged into Street View near Area 51, he becomes a flying saucer. When viewing older views, the Pegman in the minimap changes to Doc Brown from Back to the Future.^[46]

Pegman has occasionally appeared as a costumed character at Google events, such as the launch of Street View in France in 2008.^{[citation needed]}

Privacy concerns

A Street View car parked at a Subaru Service Center in Jersey City, New Jersey

Google Street View will blur houses for any user who makes a request, in addition to the automatic blurring of faces and licence plates.^[47] Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street View, pointing to views found to show men leaving strip clubs, protesters at an abortion clinic, sunbathers in bikinis, and people engaging in activities visible from public property in which they do not wish to be seen publicly.^[48] Another concern is the height of the cameras, and in at least two countries, Japan^[49] and Switzerland,^[50] Google has had to lower the height of its cameras so as to not peer over fences and hedges. The service also allows users themselves to flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to review and remove.^[51] Police Scotland received an apology for wasting police time in 2014 from a local business owner in Edinburgh who in 2012 had staged a fake murder for the Google camera car by lying in the road "while his colleague stood over him with a pickaxe handle".^[52] In May 2010, it was revealed that Google had collected and stored payload data from unencrypted Wi-Fi connections as part of Street View.^[53]^[54]

The concerns have led to Google not providing or suspending the service in countries around the world.

Austria: Google Street View was banned in Austria because Google was found to collect Wifi data unauthorized in 2010. After the ban was lifted rules were set up for how Street View can operate legally in Austria. Google resumed collecting imagery in 2017^[55]. As of 2018 Google Street View is available in select areas of Austria.
Australia: In 2010, Google Street View ceased operations in Australia, following months of investigations from Australian authorities.^[56] However, this cessation has since ended, with Google announcing plans to continue production on May 4, 2011^[57] and subsequently releasing updated Street View imagery for Australian towns and cities on July 27, 2011.^[58]
Germany: In 2011, after having put online the pictures of the 20 largest cities, Google stopped taking Street View images in Germany.^[59]
India: In 2011, Google stopped taking street images in India, after receiving a letter from police authorities in Bangalore.^[60]
Canada: Street View cars were spotted as early as September 2007, in Montreal, however service for Canada was delayed while they attempted to settle with the Canadian government over its privacy laws. Privacy and town beauty concerns were dealt with and Street View is available in Montreal and other Canadian cities (as of 2016).^[61]

Third-party use of images

Fine-art photographers have selected images for use in their own work.^[62] Although the images may be pixelated, the colours muddy, and the perspective warped, the photographs have been published in book form and exhibited in art galleries, such as the work of Jon Rafman at the Saatchi Gallery, London.^[63] In his personal appreciation of Street View material, Rafman sees images which evoke the "gritty urban life" depicted in American street photography and the images commissioned by the Farm Security Administration. He also invokes the "decisive moment" esthetic of Henri Cartier-Bresson "as if I were a photojournalist responding instantaneously to an emerging event".^[64]

Michael Wolf won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 World Press Photo competition for some of his work using Google Street View.^[65]

Mishka Henner was short-listed for the 2013 Deutsche Börse Photography Prize in November 2012 for his series 'No Man's Land', which depicts sex workers at rural roadside locations.^[66]

Swedish programmer Anton Wallén developed a game called GeoGuessr, which places players into a Google Street View and has them guess its location.^[67]

Canadian artist, Sylvia Grace Borda, worked in conjunction with John M Lynch between 2013-14^[68]^[69]to insert the first staged tableaux^[70] into the Google Street View engine. Their efforts won them the Lumen Prize in 2016^[71]. Borda has continued independently to author in the Google Street View engine and in 2017 created the tableaux series, the Kissing Project.^[72]

Coverage

Countries and dependencies with mostly full coverage

Countries and dependencies with partial coverage

Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned (official)

Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned (unofficial)

Countries and dependencies with views of selected businesses and/or tourist attractions only

Countries and dependencies with views of private businesses only

Countries and dependencies with no current or planned coverage

In June 2012, Google announced that it has captured 20 petabytes of data for Street View, comprising photos taken along 5 million miles of roads, covering 39 countries and about 3,000 cities.^[73] Coverage includes much of North and South America, from Cambridge Bay, Nunavut to Half Moon Island in the South Shetland Islands.^[74] Maps also include panoramic views taken under water such as in West Nusa Tenggara underwater coral, in the Grand Canyon, inside museums, and Liwa Desert in United Arab Emirates which are viewed from camelback.^[75] In a ten-day trek with Apa Sherpa, Google documented Khumbu, Nepal with its Mount Everest, Sherpa communities, monasteries and schools.^[76]

Google also added landmarks in Egypt, including the Pyramids of Giza, Cairo Citadel, Saqqara, Monastery of Saint Mina, and the Citadel of Qaitbay in the 9 September 2014 release.

Many places still have limited or no coverage, including:

The Caribbean except Puerto Rico, limited coverage in the United States Virgin Islands and Martinique
Central America except Guatemala and some landmarks in Costa Rica
French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname and Venezuela in South America
Africa except Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda and some city views in Madagascar
Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova and much of Germany and Austria in Europe
Asia except Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, much of Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia and Russia
The Middle East except Israel, Jordan, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates
The South Pacific, except American Samoa, Australia, New Zealand and Pitcairn Islands (Pitcairn and Henderson Island)

Gallery

Street View camera showcased on campus
Google Street View camera mounted on a "trike", on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California
The cameras of this Google Street View car are mounted on the roof rack. The power and data cables are fed into the car through the right rear passenger window.
Google Trike in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, August 2012
Chevrolet Captiva Street View in Patagonia, Argentina, February 2014
The Google Street View car in Japan
Google started surveying in Germany again in 2017