1.
United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
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The Deputy Secretary of Defense is a statutory office and the second-highest-ranking official in the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Deputy Secretary is the civilian deputy to the Secretary of Defense. The Deputy Secretary of Defense position is held by Robert O. Work. Former Assistant to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Stephen Early, public Law 92-596, October 27,1972, established a Second Deputy Secretary of Defense position, with both deputies performing duties as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. The second deputy position was not filled until December 1975, Robert F. Ellsworth, serving from December 23,1975 until 10 January 1977, was the only one to ever hold that office. Public Law 95-140,21 October 1977, the law establishing two Under Secretaries of Defense, abolished the second deputy position, the Deputy Secretary is first in the line of succession to the office of Secretary of Defense. Traditionally, the Deputy Secretary has been the civilian official guiding the process of the Quadrennial Defense Review.1, Functions of the Department of Defense, Department of Defense Key Officials 1947–2015. Washington DC, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office, Deputy Secretary of Defense position profile at Prunes Online defense. gov
2.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
3.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
4.
Paul Wolfowitz
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He is considered to be a leading neoconservative. However, Wolfowitz rejects the term and prefers to call himself a Scoop Jackson Republican and he was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellows 2001 book Ravelstein. Strongly influenced by his father, Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker, were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress. Escaped Poland after World War I, the rest of his fathers family perished in the Holocaust. In the mid-1960s, while they were undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association, he met Clare Selgin. They married in 1968, had three children, lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland and they separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002. In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Ali Riza and their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the World Bank Group. Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English, Arabic, French, German, Hebrew, Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961. He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963, while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house. In August 1963, he and his mother participated in the march on Washington organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill. Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics, against his fathers wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study politics. Wolfowitz would later say one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics. At the University of Chicago, Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss, who James Mann argues influenced Wolfowitzs thinking and his belief in democratic ideals and he completed his PhD dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter. In the words of Wolfowitzs future colleague Richard Perle, Paul thinks the way Albert thinks, from 1970 to 1972, Wolfowitz taught in the Department of Political Science at Yale University, where one of his students was I. In the 1970s Wolfowitz served as an aide to Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, Jackson was a Cold War liberal supporting higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while also supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions. In 1972, US President Richard Nixon, under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Ikle brought in a new team including Wolfowitz. Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy and he traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. He helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a weapons program
5.
William J. Lynn III
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William J. Lynn III is a former United States Deputy Secretary of Defense. Before that he was Under Secretary of Defense and a lobbyist for Raytheon. A. in public affairs, after this he was employed by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where he was the executive director of the Defense Organization Project from 1982 to 1985. That last year he published the book Toward a More Effective Defense, during this time he also worked as Kennedys staff representative on the Committee on Armed Services. Lynn later worked as an assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Budget, on October 21,1997, President Bill Clinton nominated Lynn to be Under Secretary of Defense, and after a Senate confirmation on November 13, he was sworn in on November 19. On January 8,2009, President-elect Barack Obama nominated Lynn as his Deputy Secretary of Defense, mcCain later said that the nomination should probably move forward. As nominee, Lynn agreed to sell his holdings of Raytheon stock, lynns appointment was approved by the U. S. Senate Armed Services Committee on February 5,2009 by unanimous consent. On February 11,2009, Lynn was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 93–4 and he took the oath of office on February 12. Lynn cautioned in May 2009 that Congress and the Obama administration should be not to make things worse in overhauling the Pentagon’s weapons-buying practices. “We need to keep in mind the importance of not making the system worse in our efforts to achieve reform, ” Lynn said in testimony prepared for the House Armed Services Committee. “This has happened in the past. ”Lynn told lawmakers the Pentagon will hire 20,000 new personnel to manage weapons acquisition as part of sweeping reforms that President Obama and Congress have been pushing for. The proposal to hire 20,000 new employees is “aggressive, ” Lynn said and he said Pentagon leadership will start bringing the new people in at the beginning of fiscal 2010. “We are mindful it is going to be an organizational challenge, the Pentagon leadership has started a sweeping effort to free up about $100 billion over the next five years to maintain current fighting forces and to modernize weapons systems. Lynn in June 2010 said the goal is to find more savings within the budget without cutting the top-line number. Pentagon leaders are eying 2 to 3 percent real growth in the Pentagon’s budget for the areas that need it most, force structure, two-thirds of the $100 billion cost savings spread out over the next five years will come from trimming overhead on a department-wide basis. That money will be transferred into the force structure and modernization accounts. The rest of the cost savings would come from “developing efficiencies within those force structure and modernization accounts, in May 2011 Lynn indicated that the department is moving to balance how much it invests in counterinsurgency versus more traditional military capabilities. I think you can decide which of those two you want to emphasize, said William Lynn, I dont think you can eliminate either. In July Lynn announced that he would leave DoD, Bill Lynn has provided outstanding advice and counsel to this department and to the nation over the course of his long career, Leon Panetta said in a statement released on 7 July
6.
United States Secretary of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
7.
Hansford T. Johnson
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He is the only retired Air Force officer to ever hold that position. Prior to that he was Assistant Secretary of the Navy and he currently works at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Johnson was born in 1936, in Aiken, South Carolina and he graduated from high school in 1953 and then attended Clemson College. Johnson also graduated from the Air Force Squadron Officer School, Army Command and General Staff College, National War College, General Johnson was the first graduate of the United States Air Force Academy to achieve the rank of General. He continued flying with the 317th when it transferred to Lockbourne Air Force Base, after completing graduate school at Stanford University, Johnson volunteered for duty in Vietnam. During his tour, he flew 423 combat missions,71 of which were over North Vietnam or the demilitarized zone, following his tour in SAC, General Johnson became the Vice Commander of the Pacific Air Forces. In 1987, he became the Deputy Commander in Chief of U. S, central Command at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida during Operation Earnest Will, the U. S. reflagging of Kuwaiti oil tankers and escort operations in the Persian Gulf. Following his tour at USCENTCOM, General Johnson served the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as Director of the Joint Staff, Johnson ended his military career as the dual-hatted Commander of U. S. Transportation Command, the final Commander of the Military Airlift Command, Johnson retired from active duty on August 31,1992. Johnson is a USAF Command Pilot with more than 7,800 flying hours and he is also a qualified navigator and parachutist. While at USAA, Johnson was appointed by President George H. W. Bush and President Bill Clinton to the 1993 Base Realignment, subsequently, Johnson served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Credit Union National Association in Madison, Wisconsin. He also served as President and CEO of EG&G Technical Services, on August 3,2001, President George W. Bush nominated Johnson to serve as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy and he was sworn in four days later. The President directed him to assume the duties as the Acting Secretary of the Navy on February 7,2003, after leaving the Department of the Navy, Johnson became a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defenses Analyses. HT Johnson was married to Linda until her death in January 2011 and they are the parents of son, Richard, and daughter, Beth, and six grandchildren. Official United States Navy bio Official U. S. Air Force bio at the Wayback Machine
8.
Donald C. Winter
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Donald Charles Winter is an American businessman who served as United States Secretary of the Navy. A former top executive of TRW, Aerospace & Defense, he was nominated in 2005 by President George W. Bush, confirmed by the United States Senate, and took the oath of office on January 3,2006. In January 2009 Defense Secretary Gates requested that Winter remain in office until President Obama picked his successor on March 13,2009, Winter earned a bachelors degree in physics from the University of Rochester in 1969. He received a degree in 1970, and a doctorate in physics in 1972. He joined the aerospace technology company TRW in 1972, and directed laser physics projects in Redondo Beach, by 1978, he was head of the optics department there. Winters main responsibility was for Talon Gold, an acquisition, tracking. During that period, he was awarded the Secretary of Defenses Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service, Winter was president and CEO of TRW Systems from January 2000 until its acquisition by Northrop Grumman in December 2002. After the Northrop acquisition, Winter became head of Northrop Grumman Mission Systems until his nomination by President Bush to become the head of the Department of the Navy
9.
Robert B. Pirie Jr.
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Pirie Jr. is a retired United States Navy officer and politician. He was born in San Diego, California, early in 2001, Pirie served as Acting Secretary of the Navy until the nomination and confirmation of an appointee by President George W. Bush. Pirie graduated from the United States Naval Academy in the class of 1955 and he was also a Rhodes Scholar, and attended Oxford University from 1956 to 1959. He served 20 years as an officer, culminating his service with three years in command of th nuclear attack submarine Skipjack from 25 October 1969 to 8 July 1972. Piries father, served as the captain of the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea in 1952, then Captain Pirie, commanded Coral Sea during maneuvers in Mediterranean Sea. Upon retirement from military duty in the Navy in 1975, Pirie, in 1977, Pirie became Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics. He was nominated to be Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics by President Jimmy Carter in December 1978 and he directed the CNO Strategic Studies Group from 1989 to 1992. He previously held the position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from March 1994 to October 2000 and he is son of Vice Admiral Robert B
10.
Susan Livingstone
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Susan Morrisey Livingstone is a former Acting U. S. Secretary of the Navy in the George W. Bush administration from January-February 2003. She was the first woman to become Secretary of the Navy in U. S. history, Livingstone played a role in the effort to end coercive and abusive interrogation tactics at U. S. Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Livingstone is a native of Carthage, Missouri and grew up in an Air Force family. She graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1968 with an A. B. degree and she also holds a graduate degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Prior to her Executive Branch service, Livingstone worked for more than nine years in the Legislative branch on the staffs of both a Senator and two Congressmen. From 1989 to 1993, during the George H. W. Bush administration, prior to being nominated as the Under Secretary of the Navy, she had held the post of CEO of the Association of the United States Army and deputy chairman of its Council of Trustees. She also served as a president and a member of the Board of the Procurement Round Table, as well as a consultant on policy. Livingstone served as Under Secretary of the Navy from July 26,2001 to February 28,2003, as the Under Secretary of the Navy, Livingstone was cited by General Counsel of the United States Navy, Alberto J. Her views and mine coincided, and she provided great support, on January 15,2003, Rumsfeld suspended authority for the approved interrogation techniques
11.
James Loy
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Coast Guard from 1998 to 2002. Born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, Loy earned the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America as a youth and was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award as an adult, Loy entered the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1960. Subsequently, he earned degrees in history and government from Wesleyan University. Loy served as a officer in the U. S. Coast Guard, served in combat as commanding officer of a patrol boat in the Vietnam War. In May 1998, Loy became the twenty first Commandant of the Coast Guard, as the USCG Commandant, Loy reacted to the September 11 attacks of 2001. In the short term, he supervised the resumption of trade throughout the U. S. after the USCG had shut down most major ports after the attacks. The code came into effect in 2004, in May 2002, the Secretary of the U. S. Department of Transportation, Norman Mineta, appointed Loy to become the Deputy Undersecretary for the newly formed Transportation Security Administration. Loy led the agency through its creation and subsequent incorporation into the Department of Homeland Security. On October 23,2003, Loy was nominated as the U. S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security by U. S. President George W. Bush, and sworn in on December 4,2003. Following the departure of Tom Ridge, Loy filled in as Acting Secretary of Homeland Security from February 1,2005, until February 15,2005, joining the exodus of leadership, Loy resigned as Deputy Secretary, effective March 1,2005. On April 7,2005, the Cohen Group announced that Loy had joined the firm as a Senior Counselor, on August 5,2005, Loy joined the Board of Directors for Lockheed Martin. In the fall of 2006 it was announced that Loy was being honored as the first Chair of the Tyler Institute for Leadership at the U. S. Coast Guard Academy, as such Loy has played a significant role in speaking and drawing other distinguished visitors to the Academy. His first class was designed to teach a group of cadets about the international shipping industry. In March 2007, the Washington Post had a feature on Loy and his relation to the U. S. Coast Guards Deepwater contract, which was awarded to Lockheed Martin in summer of 2002. When asked by the Washington Post if he ever faced improper influence on Deepwater decisions while serving as the USCG Commandant, Loy said, I will pass on giving you any kind of answer. Admiral Loy is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award, Commandant of the United States Coast Guard List of Eagle Scouts James Loy at the Cohen Group James Loy at the U. S. Coast Guard Historians Office
12.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
13.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
14.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
15.
University of Maryland, College Park
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Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Marylands proximity to the nations capital has resulted in research partnerships with the Federal government. The operating budget of the University of Maryland during the 2009 fiscal year was projected to be approximately $1.531 billion, for the same fiscal year, the University of Maryland received a total of $518 million in research funding, surpassing its 2008 mark by $118 million. As of December 12,2012, the universitys Great Expectations campaign had exceeded $1 billion in private donations, on March 6,1856, the forerunner of todays University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert, a future U. S. Congressman, Calvert founded the school later that year. On October 5,1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College, the school became a land grant college in February 1864. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12,1864 as part of Jubal Earlys raid on Washington, D. C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres of land, for the next two years the campus was used as a boys preparatory school. Following the Civil War, in February 1866 the Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school, the college thus became in part a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students, in the next six years, enrollment grew and the schools debt was paid off. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, twenty years later, the federally funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. Morrill Hall was built the following year, on November 29,1912, a fire destroyed the barracks where the students were housed, all the schools records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. Students were housed by families in neighboring towns until housing could be rebuilt, a large brick and concrete compass inlaid in the ground designates the former center of campus as it existed in 1912. The state took control of the school in 1916, and the institution was renamed Maryland State College and that year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9,1920, the became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. Johns College. In the same year, the school on the College Park campus awarded its first PhD degrees. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities, by the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women
16.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
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Texas Christian University
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Texas Christian University is a private, coeducational university in Fort Worth, Texas established in 1873 by Addison & Randolph Clark as the AddRan Male & Female College. The campus is located on 272 acres about three miles from downtown Fort Worth, TCU is affiliated with, but not governed by, the Disciples of Christ. The university consists of 8 constituent colleges and schools and has a liberal arts curriculum. Its mascot is the frog, the state reptile of Texas. For most varsity sports TCU competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAAs Division I, the university enrolls around 10,394, with 8,892 being undergraduates. As of February 2016, TCUs total endowment was $1.514 billion, Texas Christian University was founded by East Texas brothers Addison & Randolph Clark, together with the support of their father Joseph A. Clark. The Clarks were scholar-preacher/teachers associated with the Restoration Movement and these early leaders of the Restoration Movement were the spiritual ancestors of the modern Disciples of Christ, as well as major proponents of education. Following their return from service in the Civil War, brothers Addison and this school, known as the Male & Female Seminary of Fort Worth, operated from 1869 to 1874. Both Clarks nourished a vision for an institution of education that would be Christian in character. They purchased five blocks of land in downtown Fort Worth in 1869 for that purpose, but from 1867–1872, the character of Fort Worth changed substantially due to the commercial influence of the Chisholm Trail, the principal route for moving Texas cattle to the Kansas rail heads. A huge influx of cattle, men, and money transformed the frontier village into a booming, brawling cowtown. Its rough and rowdy reputation had, by 1872, acquired it the nickname of Hells Half Acre, the Clarks feared that this negative environment undermined the fledgling universitys mission. In 1873 the Clark brothers moved South and founded AddRan Male & Female College, TCU recognizes 1873 as its founding year, as it continues to preserve the original college through the AddRan College of Liberal Arts. AddRan College was one of the first coeducational institutions of higher education west of the Mississippi River, and this was a progressive step at a time when only 15% of the national college enrollment was female and almost all were enrolled at womens colleges. At Thorp Spring the fledgling university expanded quickly, the inaugural enrollment in Fall 1873 was 13 students, though this number rose to 123 by the end of the first term. Shortly thereafter, annual enrollment ranged from 200 to 400, at one time more than 100 counties of Texas were represented in the student body. The Clark brothers also recruited prestigious professors from all over the South to join them at Thorp Spring, the standards of the school and the efficiency of its work came to be recognized throughout the United States, and many graduates were welcomed at universities throughout the country. In 1889 AddRan College formed a partnership with what would become the Christian Church
18.
Businessman
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An entrepreneur is an example of a businessperson. The term may mean someone who is involved in an upper-level management role in a corporation, company, enterprise, firm, organization. This can especially apply to the founder, an owner, a manager, since a businessman can mean anyone in industry or commerce, businessmen have existed as long as industry and commerce have existed. Commerce can simply mean trade, and trade has existed through all of recorded history, the first businessmen were traders, or merchants. Merchants emerged as a class in medieval Italy, between 1300 and 1500, modern accounting, the bill of exchange, and limited liability were invented, and thus the world saw the first true bankers, who are certainly businessmen. Around the same time, Europe saw the emergence of rich merchants and this rise of the merchant class came as Europe needed a middleman for the first time, and these burghers or bourgeois were the people who played this role. Europe became the dominant global power in the 16th century. In this period, Europe developed and used paper money, checks, developments in actuarial science led to insurance. Together, these new tools were used by a new kind of businessman and these people owned or financed businesses as bankers, but they were not merchants of goods. These capitalists were a force in the Industrial Revolution. The newest kind of businessperson is the manager, one of the first true managers was Robert Owen, an industrialist in Scotland. He studied the problems of productivity and motivation, and was followed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, after World War I, management became popular due to the example of Herbert Hoover and the Harvard Business School, which offered degrees in business administration. There are no prescribed educational qualifications, rules or guidelines which one may follow, a person owning a small gas station in a local market is as much as a businessperson as a person who owns and leads a large Silicon Valley technology giant. There are many paths to becoming a businessperson, hence, no rigid formal educational qualification requirements can be stated for becoming a businessperson. However, there are attributes that successful businessmen must possess, Tact financial and business savvy, courage, leadership, vision, creativity, imagination. Among these components include branding, advertising, and public relations, well-balanced consistency in their business approach. Interest in giving back to society through philanthropy or venture capitalism for future socioeconomic development, hence, a businessperson should have the ability to take prompt decisions. Determination, courage and perseverance, They must have strong power and determination
19.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
20.
Mount Saint Joseph High School
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The school colors are purple and cream. The mascot of the Mount is the Gael, the most success has come from the wrestling program, whose varsity team has over 20 conference championships and 9 national championships. The basketball team won the Baltimore Catholic League in 2012/13, there is also a chapter of the National Honor Society, as well as an ACE Mentoring program for aspiring engineers. The Drama Club partners up with the local Catholic all-girls school, james McFee Dorsey 1889 - Writer, Poet, Direct Descendant of Col. The two schools share their long history with each other
21.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
22.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
23.
Beta Gamma Sigma
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Beta Gamma Sigma or ΒΓΣ is an academic honor society. Founded in 1913 at the University of Wisconsin, it has over 800,000 members, the purpose of Beta Gamma Sigma is to encourage and honor academic achievement in the study of business and to foster personal and professional excellence among its members. A major emphasis of the society is to foster ethical business leadership and these chapters provide educational and networking opportunities for members. While membership is highly selective, Beta Gamma Sigma is the largest alumni group in the world for graduates of business programs, doctoral students are eligible for membership after completing all requirements for the doctoral degree. The organization is a member of the Association of College Honor Societies
24.
Omicron Delta Kappa
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Omicron Delta Kappa, also known as The Circle and ODK, is a national leadership honor society in the United States, with chapters, known as circles, at more than three hundred college campuses. It was founded December 3,1914, at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, by fifteen student, some circles of ΟΔΚ are quasi-secret, in that newly selected members remain undisclosed for some time. Membership in the Omicron Delta Kappa Society is regarded as one of the highest collegiate honors that can be awarded, J. Carl Fisher first introduced the idea of creating such a society to a close friend, Rupert Latture. The two soon included mutual friend William Brown in the discussion, and thus these three are referred to as the founders of the society. Together with three faculty members, including the president of the University and the dean of Engineering, they gradually selected nine others to join them, the complete list of the fifteen founders is as follows. The founders intended that ΟΔΚ not be yet another society in which members would earn a societal Key. Members of ΟΔΚ would remain active as leaders, in upholding spiritual and moral values, the founders decided that The Circle would be kept a complete secret until keys could be designed and produced. The keys arrived shortly past the holiday, and each man first wore his key on the 15th of January in 1915. The student newspaper broke the news that day of a new society to be known as The Circle. Only men could become members of Omicron Delta Kappa in the first sixty years of its existence, at the 1970 and 1972 National Conventions, the University of Alabama Circle introduced an amendment to the National Constitution to admit women into the Society. In June 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 prohibited sex discrimination in federally assisted educational programs, Professional and honor fraternities were included in Title IX. The Special Committee on the Possible Role of Women met in January 1973, the National Convention convened in New Orleans and approved the initiation of women into the Society. On that date, the first women members were recognized by the Society, cheryl Hogle was elected as the first woman National President at the Convention in Knoxville, Tennessee on February 25,1998. After serving four terms as a Faculty Province Director and two terms as National Vice President for Extension, she was elected by vote of the Convention. On June 26,2010, the ODK National Leadership Summit and Convention elected Dr. Betsy Holloway as the 34th National President, on March 22,1992, the National Convention passed a resolution authorizing the incorporation of the Society. On July 1,1992, the Omicron Delta Kappa Society was merged into the corporation, The Omicron Delta Kappa Society, Inc. A similar honorary society, for exceptionally outstanding women leaders, known as Mortar Board, had been established just a few years after ODK, in 1918, with similar ideals. With the passage of Title IX in 1972, each of two societies was then required to accept candidates of either gender into its membership
25.
Eta Kappa Nu
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Eta Kappa Nu is the international electrical and computer engineering honor society of the IEEE, founded in October 1904 by Maurice L. Carr at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The organization currently has around 200 student chapters and several thousand members, membership in HKN thus became equivalent to an honor student member category of IEEE membership. Originally headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, as a result of the merger its headquarters are now located at the IEEE Operations Center in Piscataway, the Greek letters ΗΚΝ were chosen from the first, fourth, and last letter of the Greek word for amber or electron, ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝ. In 1927, the HKN Shield and coat-of-arms were adopted, the emblem of HKN is the Wheatstone bridge. HKN was originally established for electrical engineering students, but expanded to include engineering in 2000. Membership in the chapter is offered to the top 20% of sophomores, top 25% of juniors. Some colleges, such as the University of Texas at Arlington, since 1992 Eta Kappa Nu has celebrated the exemplary engineer Vladimir Karapetoff by dispensing the Vladimir Karapetoff Outstanding Technical Achievement Award to worthy engineers. In 2004, the organization received 501 non-profit status from the IRS, the Bridge, the official magazine of HKN, is published quarterly yearly and provides timely articles of interest covering ECE and HKN news to professional and student members. Steve Wozniak, Co-founder of Apple Computers Larry Page, Founder, eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman of Google. Henry Samueli, Founder and CEO of Broadcom, irwin and Paul Jacobs, Founders of Qualcomm. Amar Bose, Inventor, Founder, and Chairman of Bose, the Bridge, volume 100, number 1 / winter 2004 Official HKN site under the IEEE hkn. org — Official site Nancy Ostin, Director http, //www. ieee. org
26.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
27.
United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
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The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over all discretionary spending legislation in the Senate, the Senate Appropriations Committee is the largest committee in the U. S. Senate, with 30 members in the 114th Congress. The committee was first organized on March 6,1867, when power over appropriations was taken out of the hands of the Finance Committee. The chairman of the Appropriations Committee has enormous power to bring home special projects for his or her state as well as having the final say on other senators appropriation requests. For example, in fiscal year 2005 per capita spending in Alaska. Alaska has 11,772 special earmarked projects for a combined cost of $15,780,623,000 and this represents about four percent of the overall spending in the $388 billion Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 passed by Congress. The federal budget is divided into two categories, discretionary spending and mandatory spending. The committee also reviews supplemental spending bills, each appropriations bill must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president prior to the start of the federal fiscal year, October 1. These functions were handled by two separate Senate subcommittees. Archived from the original on October 13,2005, ^ Creation of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. Archived from the original on September 27,2005, call it Pork or Necessity, but Alaska Comes Out Far Above the Rest in Spending. ^ Senate, House Appropriations Set Subcommittee Plans for New Congress, archived from the original on January 31,2007. ^ Senate Appropriations Subcommittee Rosters Set, archived from the original on September 29,2007. Appropriations in Riddicks Senate Procedure, 150–213, the Cardinals of Capitol Hill, The Men and Women Who Control Government Spending. United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 1867–2008, the Congressional Appropriations Process, An Introduction
28.
Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
29.
D.C. Curtis
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Derwood C. Curtis is a vice admiral in the United States Navy. As of 2010, he is the Commander, Naval Surface Forces and concurrently Commander, Naval Surface Force, a native of Chicago, VADM Curtis graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1976 where he earned a bachelor’s degree in political science. Following commissioning, he attended the Surface Warfare Basic School in Newport, Rhode Island, Curtis served in a variety of sea and shore assignments. At sea, his assignments include USS Moinester, USS Thorn, USS Dahlgren and Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2/George Washington Battle Group. He also served as officer, USS Scott, chief of staff to Commander, 2nd Fleet/Commander, Striking Fleet Atlantic/Task Force 120. His command tours include USS Wainwright, USS Donald B, beary, Destroyer Squadron 14, Naval Surface Group 2 and Commander, Carrier Strike Group 11/Nimitz Strike Group. His shore assignments include the U. S. S, Naval Forces, Europe – 6th Fleet. Curtis’ personal decorations include the Legion of Merit, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, Navy Commendation Medal, Navy Achievement Medal and other awards. He holds a Master of Science degree in administration from Central Michigan University and is a graduate of the National Defense University and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Navy
30.
Honeywell
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The company operates three business units, known as Strategic Business Units – Honeywell Aerospace, Honeywell Automation and Control Solutions, and Honeywell Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is a Fortune 100 company, in 2016, Honeywell ranked 75th in the Fortune 500. Honeywell has a workforce of approximately 130,000, of whom approximately 58,000 are employed in the United States. The company is headquartered in Morris Plains, New Jersey and its current chief executive officer is Darius Adamczyk. The company and its predecessors were part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index from December 7,1925 until February 9,2008. The companys current name, Honeywell International Inc. is the product of a merger in which Honeywell Inc. was acquired by the much larger AlliedSignal in 1999. The company headquarters were consolidated with AlliedSignals headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey, in 2015, the headquarters were moved to Morris Plains. Honeywell has many brands that commercial and retail consumers may recognize, including its line of home thermostats, the following year he founded the Butz Thermo-Electric Regulator Company. As the years passed, CTCC struggled with growing debts, in 1906, Mark Honeywell founded the Honeywell Heating Specialty Company in Wabash, Indiana to manufacture and market his invention, the mercury seal generator. As Honeywell’s company grew it began to clash with the renamed Minneapolis Heat Regulator Company and this led to the merging of the two companies into the publicly held Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company in 1927. Honeywell named its first president, W. R. Sweatt as its first chairman, W. R. Sweatt and his son Harold provided 75 years of uninterrupted leadership for the company. W. R. Sweatt survived rough spots and turned an innovative idea – thermostatic heating control – into a thriving business. Harold, who took over in 1934, led Honeywell through a period of growth, the merger into the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company proved to be a saving grace for the corporation. This expansion into international markets continued in 1936, with their first distributorship in London, by 1937, ten years after the merger, Minneapolis-Honeywell had over 3,000 employees, with $16 million in annual revenue. Having survived the Depression, Minneapolis-Honeywell was approached by the US military for engineering and manufacturing projects, in 1941, Minneapolis-Honeywell developed a superior tank periscope and camera stabilizers, as well as the C-1 autopilot. The C-1 revolutionized precision bombing in the war effort, and was used on the two B-29 bombers that dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945, Honeywell also helped develop and manufacture the RUR-5 ASROC for the US Navy. Technologically, this effort had parallels to contemporary efforts in missile guidance, Honeywell also developed the Wagtail missile with the USAF. From the 1950s until the mid-1970s, Honeywell was the United States importer of Pentax cameras, through most of the 1960s, Honeywell was one of the Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs of computing
31.
Project Gemini
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Project Gemini was NASAs second human spaceflight program. Conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, Gemini started in 1961 and concluded in 1966, the Gemini spacecraft carried a two-astronaut crew. Ten Gemini crews flew low Earth orbit missions between 1965 and 1966 putting the United States in the lead during the Cold War Space Race against the Soviet Union, geminis objective was the development of space travel techniques to support the Apollo mission to land astronauts on the Moon. With these new techniques proven by Gemini, Apollo could pursue its mission without doing these fundamental exploratory operations. All Gemini flights were launched from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida and their launch vehicle was the Gemini–Titan II, a modified Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. Gemini was the first program to use the newly built Mission Control Center at the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center for flight control, the astronaut corps that supported Project Gemini included the Mercury Seven, The New Nine, and the 1963 astronaut class. During the program, three died in air crashes during training, including the prime crew for Gemini 9. This mission was performed by the crew, the only time that had happened in NASAs history to date. Gemini was robust enough that the United States Air Force planned to use it for the Manned Orbital Laboratory program, geminis chief designer, Jim Chamberlin, also made detailed plans for cislunar and lunar landing missions in late 1961. He believed Gemini could perform lunar operations before Project Apollo, NASAs administration did not approve those plans. In 1969, McDonnell-Douglas proposed a Big Gemini that could have used to shuttle up to 12 astronauts to the planned space stations in the Apollo Applications Project. The only AAP project funded was Skylab – which used existing spacecraft and he presented two initial versions of Gemini at a NASA retreat at Wallops Island in March 1961. Scale models of Mercury Mark II were shown in July 1961 at McDonnell Aircraft Corporations offices in St. Louis, NASA approved Project Gemini on December 7,1961. The McDonnell corporation was contracted to build it on December 22,1961, when it was publicly announced on January 3,1962, it was formally re-christened Project Gemini. Gemini in Latin means twins or double, which reflected that the spacecraft would hold two astronauts, Gemini is also the name of the third constellation of the Zodiac and its twin stars, Castor and Pollux. He was previously the chief aerodynamicist on Avro Canadas Avro Arrow fighter interceptor program, Chamberlin joined NASA along with 25 senior Avro engineers after cancellation of the Arrow program, and became head of the U. S. Space Task Group’s engineering division in charge of Gemini, the prime contractor was McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, which was also the prime contractor for the Project Mercury capsule. Astronaut Gus Grissom was heavily involved in the development and design of the Gemini spacecraft, the Gemini program was managed by the Manned Spacecraft Center, located in Houston, Texas, under direction of the Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D. C
32.
Litton Industries
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Named after inventor Charles Litton, Sr. Litton Industries was a large defense contractor in the United States, bought by the Northrop Grumman Corporation in 2001. Litton started in 1953 as a company building navigation, communications. They diversified and became a bigger business, with major shipyards. In the early 1990s, Litton Industries split into separate military, the US$2 billion commercial business, which included Littons oilfield services, business and automated assembly line operations, was named Western Atlas, Inc. The early li logo was designed by Robert Miles Runyan, but was modified in 1986 by designer Gregory Thomas after a comprehensive study. For much of the early 1980s and 90s, li SWEDA and li COLE were commonly found on product goods but it was modified to bring emphasis to the parent company, in 1998, Litton Industries bought TASC, Inc. In 2000, TASC sold three stand-alone commercial operations, Adesso Software, WSI Corporation and Emerge, in 2001, Northrop Grumman bought Litton Industries. Official website Northrop Grumman LITTON Industries Alumni - LITTON Industries Alumni group on LinkedIn
33.
Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
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The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather, carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning aircraft. The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D, which first flew in 2007, the E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for its role, as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe, such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry. Variants of the Hawkeye have been in production since 1960. The E-2 also received the nickname Super Fudd because it replaced the E-1 Tracer Willy Fudd, in recent decades, the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the Hummer because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines, quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines. In addition to U. S. Navy service, smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the forces of Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Singapore. Continual improvements in airborne radars through 1956 led to the construction of AEW airplanes by several different countries, the functions of command and control and sea & air surveillance were also added. The first carrier-based aircraft to perform missions for the U. S. Its design, initially designated W2F-1, but later redesignated the E-2A Hawkeye, was the first carrier plane that had been designed from its wheels up as an AEW and command and control airplane. These ‘smaller’ carriers were built during World War II and later modified to allow them to operate jet aircraft, consequently, various height, weight and length restrictions had to be factored into the E-2A design, resulting in some handling characteristics which were less than ideal. The E-2A actually never operated from the modified Essex class carriers, the first prototype, acting as an aerodynamic testbed only, flew on 21 October 1960. The first fully equipped aircraft followed it on 19 April 1961, by 1965 the major development problems delaying the E-2A Hawkeye got so bad that the aircraft was actually cancelled after 59 aircraft had already been built. Particular difficulties were being experienced due to cooling in the closely packed avionics compartment. Early computer and complex avionics systems generated considerable heat, without proper ventilation this would lead to system failures and these failures continued long after the aircraft entered service and at one point reliability was so bad the entire fleet of aircraft was grounded. The airframe was also prone to corrosion, a problem in a carrier based aircraft. The unreliable rotary drum computer was replaced by a Litton L-304 digital computer, in total,49 of the 59 E-2As were upgraded to E-2B standard. These aircraft replaced the E-1B Tracers in the various US Navy AEW squadrons, although the upgraded E-2B was a vast improvement on the unreliable E-2A, it was an interim measure. The US Navy knew the design had much greater capability and had yet to achieve the performance, in April 1968 a reliability improvement program was instigated. In addition, now that the capabilities of the aircraft were starting to be realized, improvements in the new and upgraded aircraft were concentrated in the radar and computer performance
34.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
35.
General Dynamics
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General Dynamics Corporation is an American aerospace and defense multinational corporation. Formed by mergers and divestitures, it is the worlds fifth-largest defense contractor based on 2012 revenues, General Dynamics is headquartered in West Falls Church, Fairfax County, Virginia. The company has changed markedly in the post–Cold War era of defense consolidation and it has four main business segments, Marine Systems, Combat Systems, Information Systems Technology, and Aerospace. General Dynamics former Fort Worth Division manufactured one of the Western worlds most-produced jet fighters, the F-16 Fighting Falcon—until 1993, in 1999, the company re-entered the airframe business with its purchase of Gulfstream Aerospace. General Dynamics traces its ancestry to John Philip Hollands Holland Torpedo Boat Company and this company was responsible for developing the U. S. Navys first submarines built at Lewis Nixons Crescent Shipyard, located in Elizabethport, New Jersey. The revolutionary submarine boat Holland VI was built there, its keel being laid down in 1896, crescents superintendent and naval architect, Arthur Leopold Busch, supervised the construction of this submarine. After being launched on 17 May 1897, it was purchased by the Navy. The Holland was officially commissioned on 12 October 1900 and became the United States Navys first submarine, the Navy placed an order for more submarines, which were developed in rapid succession and were assembled at two different locations on both coasts. These submarines were known as the A-Class or Adder Class, Holland effectively lost control of the company and found himself earning a salary of $90 a week as chief engineer, while the company that he founded was selling submarines for $300,000 each. Holland resigned from the company effective April 1904, rice became Electric Boats first President, remaining there from that time until 1915 when he stepped down just prior to his death on 2 November 1915. Electric Boat gained a reputation for unscrupulous arms dealing in 1904-05, when it sold submarines to Japans Imperial Japanese Navy and Russias Imperial Russian Navy, who were then at war. Holland submarines were sold to the British Royal Navy through the English armaments company Vickers. The new pioneering craft originally developed by the company was now legitimized as genuine naval weapons by the worlds most powerful navies. In the post-World War II wind-down, Electric Boat was cash-flush but lacking in work, hoping to diversify, president and chief executive officer John Jay Hopkins started looking for companies that would fit into Electric Boats market. Hopkins quickly found that Canadair, owned by the Canadian government, was suffering from similar post-war malaise and was up for sale, Hopkins bought the company for $10 million in 1946. Even by the Canadian governments calculations, the factory alone was more than $22 million. When Electric Boat purchased Canadair, its line and inventory systems were in disorder. Hopkins hired Canadian-born mass-production specialist H. Oliver West to take over the presidents role, as defense spending increased with the onset of the Cold War, Canadair went on to win many Canadian military contracts for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and became a major aerospace company
36.
Lockheed Corporation
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The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace company. Lockheed was founded in 1912 and later merged with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin in 1995, the Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company was established in San Francisco in 1912 by the brothers Allan and Malcolm Loughead. Following the Model F-1, the company invested heavily in the design, however, the asking price of $2500 could not compete in a market that was saturated with post World War 1 $350 Curtiss JN-4s and De Haviland trainers. The Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company closed its doors in 1921, in 1926, Allan Loughead, Jack Northrop, and Kenneth Jay secured funding to form the Lockheed Aircraft Company in Hollywood. This new company utilized some of the technology originally developed for the Model S-1 to design the Vega Model. In March 1928, the relocated to Burbank, California. From 1926-28 the company produced over 80 aircraft and employed more than 300 workers who by April 1929 were building five aircraft per week, in July 1929, majority shareholder Fred Keeler sold 87% of the Lockheed Aircraft Company to Detroit Aircraft Corporation. In August 1929, Allan Lockheed resigned, the Great Depression ruined the aircraft market, and Detroit Aircraft went bankrupt. A group of headed by brothers Robert and Courtland Gross. The syndicate bought the company for a mere $40,000, ironically, Allan Lockheed himself had planned to bid for his own company, but had raised only $50,000, which he felt was too small a sum for a serious bid. In 1934, Robert E. Gross was named chairman of the new company, the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and his brother Courtlandt S. Gross was a co-founder and executive, succeeding Robert as Chairman following his death in 1961. The company was named the Lockheed Corporation in 1977, in the 1930s, Lockheed spent $139,400 to develop the Model 10 Electra, a small twin-engined transport. The company sold 40 in the first year of production, amelia Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, flew it in their failed attempt to circumnavigate the world in 1937. Subsequent designs, the Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior and the Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra expanded their market. The Lockheed Model 14 formed the basis for the Hudson bomber and its primary role was submarine hunting. The Model 14 Super Electra were sold abroad, and more than 100 were license-built in Japan for use by the Imperial Japanese Army, the P-38 was the only American fighter aircraft in production throughout American involvement in the war, from Pearl Harbor to Victory over Japan Day. It filled ground-attack, air-to-air, and even strategic bombing roles in all theaters of the war in which the United States operated, the Lockheed Vega factory was located next to Burbanks Union Airport which it had purchased in 1940. During the war, the area was camouflaged to fool enemy aerial reconnaissance
37.
United States Secretary of Defense
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The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S
38.
Donald Rumsfeld
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Donald Henry Don Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford and he is both the youngest and the second oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U. S, Congressman from Illinois, Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Counsellor to the President, the United States Permanent Representative to NATO, and White House Chief of Staff. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science, after serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. He was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act, called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, when Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993, Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. During his tenure he was one of the key responsible for the restructuring of the military in the new 21st century. Rumsfeld was crucial in planning the United States response to the September 11 attacks, Known in media circles for his outspokenness and candor, he gradually lost political support as the wars continued, and he resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography Known and Unknown, A Memoir as well as Rumsfelds Rules, Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life. He is involved with the Rumsfeld Foundations Fellowship program, which has advisors at dozens of universities across the United States, Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9,1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German-American family that had emigrated in the 1870s, Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational Church. From 1943–1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California while his father was stationed on a carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949, Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships and he graduated in 1954 with an A. B. in Political Science. During his time at Princeton, he was an amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team. His Princeton University senior thesis was titled The Steel Seizure Case of 1952, while at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci. Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27,1954 and they have three children, six grandchildren, and one great grandchild
39.
The Washington Times
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The Washington Times is an American daily newspaper. It is published as a broadsheet at 3600 New York Avenue NE, Washington, the paper covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on American politics. One of the first broadsheets in the United States to adopt color photography, its edition is distributed throughout the District of Columbia and sections of Maryland. A weekly tabloid edition aimed at an audience is also published. A typical issue includes sections for world and national news, business, politics, editorials and opinion pieces, local news, sports, entertainment, and travel. Periodically, the paper publishes large, 30–40 page special sections devoted to specific topics that include reports. It is currently owned by diversified conglomerate Operations Holdings, which is an owned subsidiary of the church. Bo Hi Pak, the aide of church founder and leader Sun Myung Moon, was the founding president. Moon asked Richard L. Rubenstein, a rabbi and college professor who had written on the Holocaust, the newspapers first editor and publisher was James R. Whelan. At the time of founding of the Times Washington had only one major newspaper, massimo Introvigne, in his 2000 book The Unification Church, said that the Post had been the most anti-Unificationist paper in the United States. The Times was founded the year after the Washington Star, the second paper of D. C. went out of business. A large percentage of the came from the Washington Star. When the Times began, it was unusual among American broadsheets in publishing a full front page, along with full color front pages in all its sections. Although USA Today used color in the way, it took several years for the Washington Post, New York Times. It ran television commercials highlighting this fact, the Washington Times also used ink that it advertised as being less likely to come off on the readers hands than the Posts. This design and its editorial content attracted real influence in Washington, when the Times began it had 125 reporters,25 percent of them Unification Church members. In 1982 the Post criticized the Times for killing critic Scott Subletts negative review of the movie Inchon, which was also sponsored by the Unification Church. A former speechwriter for President George W. Bush, David Frum, in his 2000 book How We Got Here, The 70s, wrote that Moon had granted the Times editorial independence
40.
James G. Roche
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James Gerard Roche was the 20th Secretary of the Air Force, serving from January 20,2001 to January 20,2005. Prior to serving as secretary, Roche served in the United States Navy for 23 years, Roche was born in Brooklyn, New York. He served for 23 years in the United States Navy before retiring with the rank of Captain in 1983. He commanded USS Buchanan, a guided missile destroyer, and was awarded the Arleigh Burke Fleet Trophy for the Navys most improved unit in the Pacific in 1974. Prior to this appointment, Secretary Roche held several positions with Northrop Grumman Corp. including Corporate Vice President and President, Electronic Sensors. Prior to joining Northrop Grumman in 1984, he was Democratic Staff Director of the U. S. Senate Armed Services Committee. Secretary Roche served as a member of the Secretary of Defenses Policy Board and was a member of the Council of Foreign Relations, Roche was awarded various campaign ribbons and military medals. Roche was also cited for violations regarding the Air Forces decision to lease KC-767 tanker aircraft. Dr. Roche did so and replied to Ms. Cleveland telling her so and this was a DoD ethics violation. The investigation found that Roche had ‘misused his office for public gain’ and used government communications to do so, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld saw no reason to pursue the matter. 1960 Bachelor of Science degree in language, literature and philosophy, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 1966 Master of Science degree with distinction in operations research, 1984–1989, Vice President and Director, Analysis Center, Northrop Grumman Corp. 1989–1991, Vice President and Special Assistant to the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, los Angeles, California 1991–1992, Vice President of Advanced Development and Planning, Northrop Grumman Corp. Los Angeles, California 1992–1996, Chief Advanced Development, Planning, los Angeles, California 1996–2001, Corporate Vice President and President, Electronic Sensors & Systems Sector, Northrop Grumman Corp. Baltimore, Maryland 2001–2005, Secretary of the Air Force, Washington, Air Force Order of the Sword United States Government Departments and Offices United States Air Force biography at the Wayback Machine
41.
Thomas E. White
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In 1963 White graduated from Cass Technical High School in Detroit. He was a part of the JROTC program at Cass Tech, in 1967, White graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned in the United States Army. In 1974, he received a Master of Science degree in research from the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey. In 1984, he attended the United States Army War College, Carlisle, in July,1990 White retired from the Army with the rank of Brigadier General. In 1990 White entered the sector as Vice-Chairman of Enron Energy Services. White also served as a member of Enrons Executive Committee and was Chairman, White was a controversial choice for Government service despite his long military service due to his most recent position as an executive with the Enron Corporation. U. S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld however had decided to make corporate experience one of the key requirements in his appointees, White was immediately embroiled in controversy regarding his previous employment with Enron and what he may have known about some of Enrons questionable business practices. His retention of an amount of Enron stock fueled the perception of a conflict interest. In 2002, White became involved with a dispute with Donald Rumsfeld over the cancellation of the Armys Crusader artillery project. White supported the Army view that the Crusader was vital to the Armys future, however, Rumsfeld decided it was not suited for wars of the future and eventually canceled the program. White resigned on April 25,2003, Enron had been the only bidder for this deal after White had controversially used his government and military contacts to secure key concessions. Shortly after the calls were made, White unloaded 200,000 Enron shares for $12 million and my response in both cases was that I had suffered significant personal losses but that I would persevere. The New York Times reported that in late January 2002, Rep. Henry Waxman requested a meeting with White regarding the military contracts, stating “you are in a unique position because you are the person in government who has the most intimate knowledge of Enron”. This earned him a rebuke from Sens, carl Levin and John Warner of the Senate Armed Services Committee. He was also accused in the Washington Post of Misuse of Government Property, by using military jets for personal trips for himself. In July, following reports of the company’s involvement in the 2000-2001 California electricity crisis
42.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
43.
Vern Clark
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Vernon E. Clark is a retired United States Navy admiral who served as the Chief of Naval Operations of the U. S. Navy. He retired 22 July 2005, making his tenure of five years the second-longest serving CNO behind Arleigh Burke and he currently sits on the board of directors of Raytheon and SRI International. In November 2009, he was selected along with former Secretary of Veterans Affairs Togo West by Defense Secretary Robert Gates to lead the investigation into the Fort Hood massacre. Clark was born in Sioux City, Iowa, and grew up in the U. S. states of Nebraska, Missouri, Clark graduated from Evangel College and earned a masters degree of Business Administration from the University of Arkansas. He attended Officer Candidate School and received his commission in August 1968, Clark served aboard the destroyers USS John W. Weeks and USS Gearing. As a Lieutenant, he commanded USS Grand Rapids and he subsequently commanded USS McCloy, USS Spruance, the Atlantic Fleets Anti-Submarine Warfare Training Center, Destroyer Squadron Seventeen, and Destroyer Squadron Five. After being selected for flag rank, Clark commanded Carl Vinson Battle Group/Cruiser Destroyer Group Three, Second Fleet, ashore, Clark first served as Special Assistant to the Director of the Systems Analysis Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. He later completed assignments as the Administrative Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations and he served as Head of the Cruiser-Destroyer Combat Systems Requirements Section and Force Anti-Submarine Warfare Officer for the Commander, Naval Surface Force, U. S. Atlantic Fleet, and he directed the Joint Staffs Crisis Action Team for Operation Desert Shield, clarks first flag assignment was at the United States Transportation Command where he was Director of Plans and Policy and Financial Management and Analysis. While commanding the Carl Vinson Battle Group, he deployed to the Persian Gulf and later served as the Deputy Commander, Clark has also served as the Deputy and Chief of Staff, United States Atlantic Fleet, the Director of Operations and subsequently Director, of the Joint Staff. Clark became the 27th Chief of Naval Operations on July 21,2000, in 2001, Clark was considered to be on the short list of choices for Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the eventual pick was Air Force General Richard Myers. Clark now serves on the Board of Directors of Raytheon Company, Rolls Royce North America, SRI International, Horizon Lines, the Armed Forces YMCA, in addition, he is currently a distinguished professor at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Clark teaches in the Robertson School of Government and the School of Business & Leadership and is a member of the Regents Board of Trustees and he is also a member of the Board of Visitors at Air University. Clark was elected to the board of directors of Raytheon in December 2005 and this article incorporates text in the public domain from the U. S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2006-10-30, Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Vern Clark, USN
44.
First Navy Jack
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The First Navy Jack is the current U. S. jack authorized by the United States Navy and is flown from the jackstaff of commissioned vessels of the U. S. Navy while moored pierside or at anchor. The design is regarded as that of the first U. S. naval jack flown in the earliest years of the republic. The exact design of flags is unknown. The ensign was likely to have been the Grand Union Flag, and the jack a simplified version of the ensign, a field of 13 horizontal red and white stripes. It is likely that the ships did not use the canton of the Grand Union Flag as their jack given its use as a jack by Royal Navy warships. Recent scholarship, however, has demonstrated that this inferred design never actually existed but was a 19th-century mistake based on an erroneous 1776 engraving. In 1778, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter to the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Sicily, thanking him for allowing entry of American ships into Sicilian ports. The letter describes the American flag according to the 1777 Flag Resolution, but also describes a flag of South Carolina, the rattlesnake had long been a symbol of resistance to the British in Colonial America. The rattlesnake is significant and symbolic to the American Revolution. The rattle has thirteen layers, signifying the original Thirteen Colonies, additionally, the snake does not strike until provoked, a quality echoed by the phrase Dont tread on me. For more on the origin of the emblem, see the Gadsden flag. Then the flag will be passed to the ship in line. At the time, the order disregarded the sailing frigate USS Constitution and this was based on a late 2001 post-9/11 suggestion from retired Captain Brayton Harris. Most vessels made the switch on September 11,2002, the first anniversary of the terrorist attacks and this directive only applied to commissioned vessels of the U. S. Navy, to include the previously excluded USS Constitution. Navys Military Sealift Command designated as United States Naval Ship would continue to fly the Jack of the United States from their jackstaffs while moored or at anchor. This First Navy Jack, along with the Serapis flag, is featured on the crest of the Arleigh Burke class guided missile destroyer USS John Paul Jones. For the NWU and ACU, the patch is worn on the opposite sleeve as the U. S. flag. Like other snake flags, unsanctioned use of the First Navy Jack has also used by individuals or individuals in the United States as a sign of protest or commemoration
45.
War on Terror
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The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is a metaphor of war referring to the international military campaign that started after the September 11th attacks on the United States. U. S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001 and it was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with Islamic terrorist organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, in 2017 Donald Trump assumed presidency of the United States and vowed that the fight against ISIL is his number one priority. Trump has also agreed to work together and carry joint operations with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the war on terror. The phrase War on Terror has been used to refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U. S. The conflict has also referred to by names other than the War on Terror. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e. g. of the Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again, on 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, Bush stated that ur war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, in April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller, in her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror. U. S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, in March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation. In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term, basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage. Administration officials also described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, the plant produced much of the regions antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban, next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport
