1.
Planetarium
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A planetarium is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation. Whatever technologies are used, the objective is normally to link together to provide an accurate relative motion of the sky. Typical systems can be set to display the sky at any point in time, past or present, planetaria range in size from the Hayden Planetariums 21-meter dome seating 423 people, to three-meter inflatable portable domes where children sit on the floor. Such portable planetaria serve education programs outside of the permanent installations of museums, the term planetarium is sometimes used generically to describe other devices which illustrate the solar system, such as a computer simulation or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to an application that renders a three-dimensional image of the sky onto a two-dimensional computer screen. The term planetarian is used to describe a member of the staff of a planetarium. The ancient Greek polymath Archimedes is attributed with creating a primitive device that could predict the movements of the Sun and the Moon. The discovery of the Antikythera mechanism proved that such devices already existed during antiquity, campanus of Novara described a planetary equatorium in his Theorica Planetarum, and included instructions on how to build one. The Globe of Gottorf built around 1650 had constellations painted on the inside and these devices would today usually be referred to as orreries. In fact, many planetaria today have what are called projection orreries, the small size of typical 18th century orreries limited their impact, and towards the end of that century a number of educators attempted some larger scale simulations of the heavens. The efforts of Adam Walker and his sons are noteworthy in their attempts to fuse theatrical illusions with educational aspirations, walkers Eidouranion was the heart of his public lectures or theatrical presentations. Every Planet and Satellite seems suspended in space, without any support and these devices most probably sacrificed astronomical accuracy for crowd-pleasing spectacle and sensational and awe-provoking imagery. The oldest, still working planetarium can be found in the Dutch town Franeker and it was built by Eise Eisinga in the living room of his house. It took Eisinga seven years to build his planetarium, which was completed in 1781 and this was displayed at the Deutsches Museum in 1924, construction work having been interrupted by the war. The planets travelled along overhead rails, powered by electric motors,180 stars were projected onto the wall by electric bulbs. Atwoods work at the Chicago Academy of Sciences and by the ideas of Walther Bauersfeld, in August 1923, the first Zeiss planetarium projected images of the night sky onto the white plaster lining of a 16 m hemispherical concrete dome, erected on the roof of the Zeiss works. The first official public showing was at the Deutsches Museum in Munich on October 21,1923, when Germany was divided into East and West Germany after the war, the Zeiss firm was also split. Part remained in its headquarters at Jena, in East Germany
2.
Frank Lloyd Wright
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Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment and this philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home and his creative period spanned more than 70 years. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and he often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a lecturer in the United States. His colorful personal life made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time, Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was an orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, William Wright met and married Anna Lloyd Jones, a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States, both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings and she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition. In 1870 the family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts, where William ministered to a small congregation, in 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where she saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum, Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which young Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions, the Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society, although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated, Anna had been unhappy for some time with Williams inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection, William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time he changed his name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mothers family
3.
Sugarloaf Mountain (Maryland)
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Sugarloaf Mountain is a small mountain and park about 10 miles south of Frederick, Maryland, USA. The closest village is Barnesville, located just over one mile from the foot of the mountain, the peak of this relatively low mountain is approximately 800 feet higher than the surrounding farmland. It is visible from parts of northern Montgomery County and southern Frederick County. Because of its geological and natural history interest, it was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1969 and it is a notable example of an admission-free, privately owned scenic park. The Union force was able to escape, but it was caught by Confederate cavalry at Urbana. In the early 20th century Chicago businessman Gordon Strong bought substantial land holdings on, in 1925, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright, on commission from Strong, proposed an automobile objective development for the top of the mountain, but that was never carried out. Strong set up a trust fund in 1947 that maintains a trail system, the mountain and its immediate environs continue to be open to the public, but they are privately owned by Stronghold, Incorporated. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example of a monadnock — an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land. It appears to be either an outlier to the east of the mass of Catoctin Mountain. The bedrock is the Lower Cambrian Sugarloaf Mountain Quartzite, a massive white quartzite interbedded with softer sericitic quartzite, slate, the formation is divided into upper, middle, and lower members. Sugarloaf Mountain is an area tourist attraction, free of an admission charge, activities include hiking, rock climbing, picnicking, and sightseeing. The mountain is known to locals for its scenic views, official website Page by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club Trail map Brief overview of climbing areas Sugar Loaf Mountain. Scotford, David M. Structure of the Sugarloaf Mountain Area, Maryland, As a Key to Piedmont Stratigraphy
4.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
5.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
6.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
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It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year. The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director and it adopted its current name after the death of its founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, in 1952. In 1959, the museum moved from rented space to its current building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical building, wider at the top than the bottom, was conceived as a temple of the spirit. Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long, the building underwent extensive expansion and renovations in 1992 and from 2005 to 2008. The museums collection has grown organically, over eight decades, and is founded several important private collections. The collection is shared with the museums sister museums in Bilbao, Spain, in 2013, nearly 1.2 million people visited the museum, and it hosted the most popular exhibition in New York City. Solomon R. Guggenheim, a member of a mining family, had been collecting works of the old masters since the 1890s. In 1926, he met artist Hilla von Rebay, who introduced him to European avant-garde art, in abstract art that she felt had a spiritual. Guggenheim completely changed his strategy, turning to the work of Wassily Kandinsky. He began to display his collection to the public at his apartment in the Plaza Hotel in New York City, as the collection grew, he established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, in 1937, to foster the appreciation of modern art. The foundations first venue for the display of art, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in 1939 under the direction of Rebay, in midtown Manhattan. By the early 1940s, the foundation had accumulated such a collection of avant-garde paintings that the need for a permanent museum building had become apparent. In 1943, Rebay and Guggenheim wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright asking him to design a structure to house, Wright accepted the opportunity to experiment with his organic style in an urban setting. It took him 15 years,700 sketches, and six sets of working drawings to create the museum, in 1948, the collection was greatly expanded through the purchase of art dealer Karl Nierendorfs estate of some 730 objects, notably German expressionist paintings. By that time, the collection included a broad spectrum of expressionist and surrealist works, including paintings by Paul Klee, Oskar Kokoschka. Nevertheless, she left a portion of her collection to the foundation in her will, including works by Kandinsky, Klee, Alexander Calder, Albert Gleizes, Mondrian. The museum was renamed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1952, Rebay conceived of the space as a temple of the spirit that would facilitate a new way of looking at the modern pieces in the collection. She wrote to Wright that each of these great masterpieces should be organized into space, would test the possibilities to do so
7.
V. C. Morris Gift Shop
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The V. C. Morris Gift Shop is located at 140 Maiden Lane in downtown San Francisco, California, USA, and was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1948. The store was used by Wright as a prototype, or proof of concept for the circular ramp at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. All of the furniture is constructed out of black walnut, is original to the renovation, and was designed by Manuel Sandoval. Xanadu Gallery, which closed in August 2015, spent a significant sum to restore the building to Wrights vision, the building was reportedly sold to a high-end designer fashion boutique as of July 2015 by the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. The building was occupied – for at least at few weeks in 2016 – by Gwyneth Paltrows goop MRKT, the companys San Francisco store webpage reports, We partnered with San Francisco interior designer and arts patron Steven Volpe on a re-imagining of this iconic Frank Lloyd Wright space. A consummate historian, Steven sourced original details to bring back to life as the backdrop to our goop MRKT collaboration. At the same time, though, the same page indicates stores period of operation is with dates and times and this operation appeared to have a very restricted term of occupancy, often referred to as a pop up shop. In February 2017, a temporary façade with an advertisement for Isaia appeared on the building, the V. C. Morris Gift Shop was listed in 2007 at numb er 126 on the American Institute of Architects list of the 150 favorite buildings in America. The building is one of seventeen American buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright that the AIA has designated to be retained as an example of his contribution to American culture. V. C. Morris Store,140 Maiden Lane, San Francisco, San Francisco County, Frank Lloyd Wright, S. Kliczkowski, Rockport Publishers, ISBN1610596684,9781610596688, p50 &ff
8.
Edward E. Boynton House
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The Edward E. Boynton House was built in Rochester, New York in 1908. This two-story house is built in the elongated T plan, Frank Lloyd Wright won agreement from Boynton to not only design the house but also design the landscape and furnishings as well. Its the furthest east of Wrights Prairie houses, Edward Boynton was a successful lantern salesman and partner in the C. T. Boynton learned of Frank Lloyd Wright through a partner, Warren McArthur. Wright had built the Warren McArthur House in the Kenwood District of Chicago in 1892, in 1907, Wright came to Rochester to help Edward and his daughter Beulah select a site for their home. Boynton bought four city lots on East Blvd, the plans also called for 28 American elm trees on the property. Boyntons daughter helped him work with Wright on the design of the house as his wife had died years earlier, Wright and Beulah Boynton established a great architect-client relationship - not always the case for Wright with his clients. Wright incorporated many of her suggestions into the structure and design, Wright would frequently and unexpectedly show up at the site during construction and once there, never leave the house for 2 to 3 days - often sleeping in makeshift sheds set up by the workmen. The home is oriented sideways on the lot, the living room is extended west by a veranda which aims towards the street. The dining room is large and includes rows of leaded art glass windows on each floor, with separate designs for casements and clerestory windows. The veranda was enclosed and the same art glass added to it. The cost of the house and site was $55,000.00, the Boyntons lived in the house until 1918. I thought it was sited on a hilltop surrounded by an expanse of space. This home is still a private residence, the elms are gone, a casualty of Dutch elm disease in the 1960s. As a result of weather conditions in Rochester and problems with the original design, its upkeep has been a continual problem. An extensive restoration project was completed in 2012, the two and a half year restoration project was undertaken by the present owners of the house, Francis J. Cosentino and his wife Jane E. Parker, who purchased the house in 2009 for $830,000. The progress of the work was documented in a Rochester. Public Broadcasting Station channel WXXI program entitled, Frank Lloyd Wrights Boynton House, the Rochester, N. Y. based architecture firm, Bero Architecture PLLC, was the lead firm in the restoration of the house
9.
Walter V. Davidson House
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The Walter V. Davidson House, located at 57 Tillinghast Place in Buffalo, New York, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1908. It is an example of Wrights Prairie School architectural style, the house is a contributing property to the Parkside East Historic District, a neighborhood laid out by renowned American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. Wrights patron, Walter V. Davidson, had joined the Larkin Company in Buffalo as the manager in 1906. Davidson was introduced to Wright by fellow Larkin executive Darwin D. Martin, consequently, Wright was commissioned to build a house by Davidson, and in turn another Larkin employee William R. Heath. Davidson left both the house and the Larkin Company in 1913 to establish the Davidson Shoe Company, in a house built on a relatively modest budget, Wright emphasized space and light rather than ornament. This helped make the Davidson House notable in several respects, primarily as a Tall Living Room house, the living room is two stories high featuring a 2-story bay window on the east wall and 1 1⁄2-story-high clerestory windows on the north and south walls. These panes are oriented horizontally, rather than vertically, uncommon to the style of the day, each pane is offset a number of degrees, rather than laid flat on an even plane, increasing privacy due to light reflecting off the glass at different angles. The basic floor plan is cruciform, on the ground floor is the dining room, and at the opposite end a porch, with the Tall Living Room and the second story centered in the middle. The floor plan is almost identical to the Isabel Roberts House, built that year in River Forest, Illinois. This resulted in the room being oriented to the side of the house rather than the street front. This view was quickly lost, however, when the next door was built. Like the William R. Heath House the Davidson House has a basement containing the utilities, a laundry, pantry. Nearby are the kitchen and side entry on the ground floor, there are three bedrooms and bathroom on the second floor. In the 1930s the residence was remodeled, updating the kitchen, one of the original bedrooms was reduced in size and a closet eliminated to make way for a hallway leading to the new suite, which consisted of a dressing chamber, bathroom, and sleeping chamber. The addition incorporated the same casement windows of diamond-shaped leaded glass prevalent in the rest of the house
10.
Fallingwater
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Fallingwater or the Kaufmann Residence is a house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania,43 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. The home was built partly over a waterfall on Bear Run in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in the Laurel Highlands of the Allegheny Mountains. The house was designed as a home for the family of Liliane Kaufmann and her husband, Edgar J. Kaufmann. Time cited it after its completion as Wrights most beautiful job and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. At age 67, Frank Lloyd Wright was given the opportunity to design, Edgar Kaufmann, Sr. was a Pittsburgh businessman and president of Kaufmanns Department Store. His son, Edgar Kaufmann, jr. studied architecture briefly under Wright, Edgar Sr. had been prevailed upon by his son and Wright to subsidize the cost of a 12-foot-square model of Wrights Broadacre City. The model was displayed at an Industrial Arts Exposition in the Forum at the Rockefeller Center starting on April 15,1935. After the New York exposition, Kaufmann Sr. arranged to have the model displayed in Pittsburgh at an exposition titled New Homes for Old, the exposition opened on June 18 on the 11th floor of Kaufmanns store. The Kaufmanns lived in “La Tourelle”, a French Norman estate designed by Pittsburgh architect Benno Janssen in the Fox Chapel suburb in 1923 for Edgar J. Kaufmann, the Kaufmanns owned property outside Pittsburgh with a waterfall and cabins they used as a rural retreat. When these cabins deteriorated, Mr. Kaufmann contacted Wright, on December 18,1934, Wright visited Bear Run and asked for a survey of the area around the waterfall. One was prepared by Fayette Engineering Company of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, including all the boulders, trees, and topography. As reported by Wrights apprentices at Taliesin, Kaufmann Sr and he could not wait to see Wrights plans. Wright had told Kaufmann in earlier communication that he had working on the plans. After breakfast that morning, amid a group of very nervous apprentices, Wright intended to build the home above the falls, rather than below them to afford a view of the cascades as he had expected. It is said that Kaufmann was initially upset that Wright had designed the house to sit atop the falls. He had wanted the house located on the bank of Bear Run. He had told Wright that was his favorite aspect of the Bear Run property, one problem of building was that the location of the north bank of Bear Run was not large enough to provide a foundation for a typically built Wright house. The Kaufmanns planned to entertain large groups of people, so the house would need to be larger than the plot allowed, also, Mr. and Mrs. Kaufmann requested separate bedrooms, as well as a bedroom for their adult son and an additional guest room
11.
Point Park Civic Center
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The Point Park Civic Center was a proposed civic center for downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, where the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers forms the Ohio River. Frank Lloyd Wright designed the structure on a commission from Edgar J. Kaufmann in the late 1940s, Wright initially envisioned a circular building more than 1,000 feet in diameter and 175 feet tall. The structure, containing a house, sports arena, three movie theaters, and a convention hall, was wrapped by a spiraling strip of road. The plan expressed Wrights insistence on bringing the automobile into the social setting and it did not find favor with Pittsburgh authorities. To make the more palatable to its audience, Wright developed a radically different proposal for a monolithic tower supporting bridges across the Allegheny. This too was unsuccessful, and none of Wrights work for the site was ever built, the site is now occupied by Point State Park. Elements of Wrights plan contain similarities to other Wright designs, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, in the 1930s and 1940s, Pittsburgh sought to revitalize its downtown Point area, at the tip of what is known as the Golden Triangle. The site offers what Richard Cleary describes as extraordinary views along three intersecting rivers, Neil Levine states that it is one of the most spectacular offered by any American city, during the citys early history, the Point became a hub for industry and transportation. By the 1930s it was occupied by warehouses and railroad yards, Wright commented in 1935 that the city had wasted the potential of its rivers and hilly landscape. By 1945 the situation was worse, during the Great Depression and World War II. The total assessed property value in the Golden Triangle was at a record low, at the point, rarely used railroad facilities included 15 acres of yards and half a mile of elevated train tracks. City leaders wanted to traffic congestion in the city. The Manchester Bridge and Point Bridge met at the point in a way that no room for the interchange required by the volume of traffic. The growth of the city had made parking a serious problem as well, Robert Moses, who had developed the traffic scheme for New York City, was brought in and published a traffic plan in 1939. He offered a circular park surrounded by roads connecting the bridges to the city. Although the site had problems, Robert Alberts observes that the condition. The Point had few property owners who needed to be out, few residents who would need relocation. Architects and planners could treat it as a tabula rasa, the Allegheny Conference on Community Development became a driving force for these changes
