1.
Republic
–
It is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. Both modern and ancient republics vary widely in their ideology, composition, in the classical and medieval period of Europe, many states were fashioned on the Roman Republic, which referred to the governance of the city of Rome, between it having kings and emperors. The Italian medieval and Renaissance political tradition, today referred to as humanism, is sometimes considered to derive directly from Roman republicans such as Sallust. Republics were not equated with classical democracies such as Athens, but had a democratic aspect, Republics became more common in the Western world starting in the late 18th century, eventually displacing absolute monarchy as the most common form of government in Europe. In modern republics, the executive is legitimized both by a constitution and by popular suffrage, for instance, Article IV of the United States Constitution guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government. The term originates as the Latin translation of Greek word politeia, cicero, among other Latin writers, translated politeia as res publica and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as republic. The term politeia can be translated as form of government, polity, or regime, and is therefore not always a word for a specific type of regime as the modern word republic is. And also amongst classical Latin, the term republic can be used in a way to refer to any regime. In medieval Northern Italy, a number of city states had commune or signoria based governments, in the late Middle Ages, writers, such as Giovanni Villani, began writing about the nature of these states and the differences from other types of regime. They used terms such as libertas populi, a free people, the terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of Ancient Rome caused writers to prefer using classical terminology. To describe non-monarchical states writers, most importantly Leonardo Bruni, adopted the Latin phrase res publica. While Bruni and Machiavelli used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term can quite literally be translated as public matter. It was most often used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, in subsequent centuries, the English word commonwealth came to be used as a translation of res publica, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term res publica. Notably, during The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell the word commonwealth was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, likewise, in Polish, the term was translated as rzeczpospolita, although the translation is now only used with respect to Poland. Presently, the term republic commonly means a system of government which derives its power from the rather than from another basis. After the classical period, during the Middle Ages, many cities developed again. The modern type of itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world. Nevertheless, there are a number of states of the era that are today still called republics
2.
Separation of powers
–
The separation of powers, often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and it can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislature are unified. Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches to any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks, aristotle first mentioned the idea of a mixed government or hybrid government in his work Politics where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece. In the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate, Consuls and the Assemblies showed an example of a government according to Polybius. John Calvin favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy, Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracy, stating, It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates. In this way, Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism, Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people. In 1620, a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans founded Plymouth Colony in North America, enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. Massachusetts Bay Colony, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, books like William Bradfords History of Plymoth Plantation were widely read in England. So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country, the term tripartite system is ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu described the separation of power among a legislature, an executive. Montesquieus approach was to present and defend a form of government which was not excessively centralized in all its powers to a monarch or similar ruler. He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic, Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power. In the British constitutional system, Montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch, Parliament, Montesquieu did actually specify that the independence of the judiciary has to be real, and not apparent merely. The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of powers, independent and unchecked, typically this was accomplished through a system of checks and balances, the origin of which, like separation of powers itself, is specifically credited to Montesquieu. Constitutions with a degree of separation of powers are found worldwide. The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers, a number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government. Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada, Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice, although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government
3.
Georgia General Assembly
–
The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. State of Georgia. It is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, each of the General Assemblys 236 members serve two-year terms and are directly elected by constituents of their district. The Georgia State Constitution vests all legislative power with the General Assembly, both houses have similar powers, though each has unique duties as well. For example, the origination of appropriations bills only occurs in the House, the General Assembly meets in the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia. The General Assembly, which is the branch of the states government, was created in 1777 during the American Revolution—it is older than the U. S. Congress. During its existence the Assembly has moved four different times when the state changed its location. The first location the Assembly served in was Savannah, then Augusta and Louisville, moving there to Milledgeville. By January 1777 Savannah had become the capital of Georgia—when the former colony declared independence from Britain, the legislature, then a unicameral body, met there in 1777–78—retreating to Augusta when the British captured the city. They were not in Augusta long before it was captured by the British in 1779, Augusta changed hands three times during the war, finally returning to American possession in July 1781. They stayed in Augusta until the British left Savannah in May 1782, as the population dispersed—shifting the geographic center, it was determined that the states capital needed to move as well. A commission was appointed by the legislature in 1786 to find a location that was central to the new demography. The commission recommended Louisville, which would become Georgias first planned capital, due to the fact that the capital would have to be built from the ground up, and because of numerous construction delays, it took a decade to build the city. The name Louisville was chosen by the General Assembly in honor of King Louis XVI for Frances aid during the Revolutionary War, the new state house, a two-story 18th century Gregorian building of red brick, was completed in 1796. The Legislature designated Louisville the permanent seat of Georgias government, yet, further western expansion created the need for another new state capital. The capitol building was purchased by Jefferson County and used as a courthouse, a plaque marks the location of the old Capitol. In 1804, the government decided that yet another capital. Subsequently, an act was passed authorizing construction of a new city on 3,240 acres in the area currently known as Baldwin County. The city was named Milledgeville in honor of Governor John Milledge, the new Capitol took two years to complete and was a brick construction in the Gothic Revival style
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
Atlanta, Georgia
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
6.
Nathan Deal
–
John Nathan Deal is an American politician who is the 82nd and current Governor of the U. S. state of Georgia since January 2011. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1992, on March 1,2010, Deal announced his resignation from Congress to run for governor of Georgia. The following day Handel declined to pursue a recount and conceded, on November 2, Democratic opponent Roy Barnes called to concede the race for governor of Georgia, making Deal the governor-elect to succeed term-limited Sonny Perdue in 2011. Deal won his campaign for governor in 2014. Deal was born in the town of Millen and grew up on a farm in Sandersville and his parents, Mary and Noah Jordan Deal, were teachers. He attended Mercer University in Macon, where he earned his bachelor, after he earned his Juris Doctor degree in 1966, he went into the United States Army, where he earned the rank of captain. Deal spent twenty-three years in law practice. He was also a criminal prosecutor, a Hall County juvenile court judge, in 1980, he was elected to the Georgia Senate as a Democrat. In November 1990, he was elected by his party to be the President Pro Tempore, Democrat Jane R. Hemmer replaced him, but was defeated by Republican Casey Cagle. Deal was first elected to Congress in November 1992 as a Democrat and he was re-elected as a Democrat in 1994. Years later, Gingrich said that Deal became a Republican because he liked what he saw in the Contract With America, Deal was handily re-elected in his first election as a Republican in the 1996 General Election, even though Jenkins endorsed his Democratic opponent, attorney McCracken Ken Poston. This was the first time his district had elected a Republican for a term since Reconstruction. Deal was unopposed for re-election in 1998,2002 and 2004 and his district was renumbered the 10th District in 2003, but became the 9th again after a mid-decade redistricting in 2006. In November 2006, Deal was re-elected 77%–23% and his Democratic opponent was John Bradbury, a former elementary school teacher turned truck driver. His district, already heavily Republican, became even more Republican after the mid-decade redistricting pushed it further into the Atlanta suburbs, Deals voting record was relatively moderate in his first term, getting ratings in the 60s from the American Conservative Union. He moved sharply to the right after his party switch and voted for all four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton, from 1996 onward, he garnered ratings of 90 or higher from the ACU. During his 17 years in Congress, Deal rose to chair the Health Subcommittee of Energy and Commerce, Nathan Deal introduced H. R.698, the Citizenship Reform Act, which would eliminate birthright citizenship for illegal aliens in the U. S. The 14th Amendment begins All persons born or naturalized in the United States, Deals argument is that illegal aliens are not subject to U. S. jurisdiction
7.
Casey Cagle
–
Casey Cagle is an American politician currently serving as the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. He is a member of the Republican Party, a conservative, in 2006, Cagle defeated political activist Ralph Reed in the Republican primary for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. He later defeated Democrat Jim Martin in the November 7,2006 general election, casey Cagle in Gainesville, Georgia and raised by his single mother. He is a seventh generation resident of Hall County, Georgia, according to his legislative biography, he attended eight different elementary schools by age six, but persevered to graduate from Hall Countys public schools. After graduating from Johnson High School, Cagle attended Gainesville State College, after an injury ended his dreams of playing college football, Cagle entered the business world, starting his first venture, a small tuxedo shop in Gainesville, when he was 20 years old. After returning to Gainesville in 1986, Cagle started what would turn into a tuxedo rental company. He expanded the business into multiple locations throughout North Georgia. He founded Southern Heritage Bank in 1999 and served as its chairman until it merged into Gainesville Bank & Trust in 2004, Cagle joined the board of directors of GB&T in 2005. According to filings, his net worth is $3 million. In 1994, at age 28, Cagle ran for the Georgia Senate in Senate District 49 that included Hall County and parts of Dawson County and he upset the Democratic incumbent, Jane Hemmer, and became the youngest member of the State Senate. He was re-elected five times and served from 1995 to 2006, in early 2005, Cagle declared his candidacy for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. He was opposed in the Republican primary by nationally known Christian conservative activist Ralph Reed, initially considered the underdog, Cagle emerged as a serious challenger to Reed. Reed accused Cagle of negative campaigning, blaming Cagle for unfavorable media attention arising from the investigation into the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal. On July 18,2006, Cagle defeated Reed in the Republican Party primary with Cagle taking 56% of the vote to Reeds 44%. He then went on to face former state representative Jim Martin in the general election and won with 54. 1% to Martins 42. 3%. According to Cagles official website, the time for small ideas, instead, we should recognize that our state’s economic future rests on our courage to make real reform. Into 2009, transportation continues to be a problem for Georgia. According to Forbes, Atlanta is the seventh-worst congestion traffic trap in the United States, in early 2015, Cagles position was called into question regarding his stance on Senate Bill 63, the Beer Jobs Bill
8.
Lieutenant Governor of Georgia
–
The Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is a constitutional officer of the state, elected to a 4-year term by popular vote. Unlike in some states, the Lieutenant Governor is elected on a ticket from the state Governor. Constitutionally, the Lieutenant Governors primary job is to serve as President of the Senate, in the case of incapacity of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor assumes the powers of the Governor. Should the Governor die or otherwise leave office, the Lieutenant Governor becomes Governor for the remainder of the term of office, the office of Lieutenant Governor was created by a state constitutional revision in 1945. Prior to that time, Georgia did not have such an office, elected in 1946 to be Georgias first Lieutenant Governor, Melvin Thompson became involved in the infamous Three Governors Controversy. The current Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is Casey Cagle, article V, Paragraph IV of the Georgia State Constitution details the qualifications for the office of Georgias Lieutenant Governor. In order to be eligible for the office a person must have lived in the United States for 15 years and in Georgia for six years, the Lieutenant Governor of Georgia has no restrictions on the number of times he or she can hold the office. He also began the custom of asking the Governors approval of these appointments, in November 2010, the Republican majority voted to change the senate rules, stripping the Lieutenant Governors ability to appoint the membership of senate committees. As President of the Senate the Lieutenant Governor presides over debate in the Senate, however, the Lieutenant Governor is barred from sponsoring legislation. Additionally, the President is a member of and appoints three members to the Committee on Administrative Affairs. Under the supervision of the State Senate, the President shall as a matter of course and without debate, parties Democratic Republican There are three former living U. S lieutenant governors of Georgia, the oldest U. S. lieutenant governor of Georgia being Zell Miller. Georgia Senate Georgia House of Representatives Georgia General Assembly Official Website of the Lieutenant Governor of Georgia
9.
Brian P. Kemp
–
Brian P. Kemp is the Republican Secretary of State of the U. S. State of Georgia. Kemp succeeded Karen Handel on January 8,2010, when she stepped down to run in the Georgia gubernatorial election,2010, Kemp previously had served as a Georgia State Senator from 2002 to 2006 after defeating the Democratic incumbent. Kemp won the 2010 election for a term as Georgia Secretary of State with 56. 4% to 39. 4% for his democratic opponent. On March 31st,2017, Kemp announced his run in the Georgia gubernatorial election,2018, brian Kemp is a lifelong resident of Athens who is married and has 3 children. He attended Clarke Central High School and the University of Georgia and he along with his family are also active members of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Athens. Brian Kemp is a small business owner today with companies involved in agribusiness, financial services
10.
Ralph Hudgens
–
Ralph Hudgens is the Commissioner of Insurance of the state of Georgia. Hudgens served in the Georgia House of Representatives as well as the Georgia Senate and he has been a delegate to numerous Republican Party events. Hudgens defeated his Democratic opponent in the 2010 election with 53. 8% of the vote, hugdens and his wife Suzanne have four children and twelve grandchildren. However, Hudgens later admitted I spoke to a Republican group in Rome, Ga. and I said I was going to be an obstructionist, I mean, I was talking to a Republican group and I was throwing them some red meat. He has since retracted his remarks and stated, Ive had family members and its not the persons fault they have a pre-existing condition. This led to some apparent discomfort, in spite of her already having had approval to record the public event, subsequently the police arrested Tisdale, with accusations currently being leveled both at the police as well as at Tisdale. At this time, the dispute has not been settled but video has surfaced of the event
11.
Gary Black (agriculture commissioner)
–
Gary Black is the Agriculture Commissioner of the state of Georgia. A Republican, Black was elected in the November 2010 elections, Black defeated his Democratic opponent with 56% of the vote compared to 40. 4%. Black succeeded the nations longest serving Commissioner of Agriculture, Tommy Irvin, gary Black is married to Lydia Black and they have two children
12.
Term of office
–
A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
13.
Budget
–
A budget is a quantitative expression of a financial plan for a defined period of time. It may include planned sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and it expresses strategic plans of business units, organizations, activities or events in measurable terms. A budget is the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose, a budget is a quantified financial plan for a forthcoming accounting period. A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an organizational plan stated in monetary terms and it also helps to co-ordinate the activities of the organization by compelling managers to examine relationships between their own operation and those of other departments. Other essentials of budget include, To control resources To communicate plans to various responsibility center managers, to motivate managers to strive to achieve budget goals. Tools enable the actual operation of the business to be measured against the forecast. Lastly, tools establish the cost constraint for a project, program, on the other hand, if the figures diverge wildly from the budget, this sends an out of control signal, and the share price could suffer. Campaign planners incur two types of cost in any campaign, the first is the cost of human resource necessary to plan, the second type of expense that campaign planners incur is the hard cost of the campaign itself. A budget is a tool for an event director to predict with a reasonable accuracy whether the event will result in a profit. A budget can also be used as a pricing tool, there are two basic approaches or philosophies, when it comes to budgeting. One approach is telling you on mathematical models, and the other on people, the first school of thought believes that financial models, if properly constructed, can be used to predict the future. The focus is on variables, inputs and outputs, drivers, investments of time and money are devoted to perfecting these models, which are typically held in some type of financial spreadsheet application. The other school of thought holds that it’s not about models, no matter how sophisticated models can get, the best information comes from the people in the business. The focus is therefore in engaging the managers in the more fully in the budget process. The companies that adhere to this approach have their managers develop their own budgets, while many companies would say that they do both, in reality the investment of time and money falls squarely in one approach or the other. The budget of a government is a summary or plan of the revenues and expenditures of that government. There are three types of government budget, the operating or current budget, the capital or investment budget, the budget is prepared by the Treasury team led by the Chancellor of the Exchequer and is presented to Parliament by the Chancellor of the Exchequer on Budget Day
14.
Finance
–
Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty, Finance can also be defined as the science of money management. Finance aims to price assets based on their level and their expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories, public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. g, health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement. Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan, or debt obligations, net worth is a persons balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that persons control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the sources of income within a year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree, adequate protection, the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be divided into the following, liability, property, death, disability, health, some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance, business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a piece of the overall investment planning. Tax planning, typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household, managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as ones income grows, a marginal rate of tax must be paid. Understanding how to take advantage of the tax breaks when planning ones personal finances can make a significant impact in which it can later save you money in the long term. Investment and accumulation goals, planning how to accumulate enough money - for large purchases, major reasons to accumulate assets include, purchasing a house or car, starting a business, paying for education expenses, and saving for retirement. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds that will be necessary to be able to achieve these goals, a major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity
15.
Official
–
An official is someone who holds an office in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority. A government official or functionary is an official who is involved in administration or government, through either election, appointment, selection. A bureaucrat or civil servant is a member of the bureaucracy, an elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election. Officials may also be appointed ex officio, some official positions may be inherited. A person who holds an office is referred to as an incumbent. The word official as a noun has been recorded since the Middle English period and it comes from the Old French official, from the Latin officialis, the noun use of the original adjective officialis from officium. The meaning person in charge of public work or duty was first recorded in 1555. The adjective is first attested in English in 1533 via the Old French oficial, the informal term officialese, the jargon of officialdom, was first recorded in 1884. An officialis was the term for any member of the officium of a high dignitary such as a governor. The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the title Judicial Vicar, the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches uses only the title Judicial Vicar. The title of principal, together with that of vicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that of Diocesan chancellor of a diocese. The term officer is close to being a synonym, a functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organization, this again is quite a close synonym for official, as a noun, but with connotations closer to bureaucrat. Any such person acts in their capacity, in carrying out the duties of their office, they are also said to officiate. A public official is an official of central or local government, some examples, An official holiday is a public holiday, having national recognition. An official language is a recognised by a government, for its own use in administration. An official spokesperson is an individual empowered to speak for the government, or some part of it such as a ministry, on a range of issues and on the record for the media. An official statement is an issued by an organisation as an expression of its position or opinion. Official policy is policy publicly acknowledged and defended by an organisation, in these cases unofficial is an antonym, and variously may mean informal, unrecognised, personal or unacknowledged
16.
Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
17.
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
–
The Georgia Bureau of Investigation is the U. S. state of Georgias state bureau of investigation. Its headquarters is located in unincorporated DeKalb County, near Decatur, the agency is divided into several parts, Division of Forensic Sciences - Established in 1952 and furnishes scientific support to the Criminal Justice System of Georgia. Georgia Crime Information Center - Established in 1973 providing round-the-clock access to needed information, drug investigations can be initiated without request. Medical Examiners Office - Provides forensic pathology services to 153 of 159 Georgia counties in deaths which qualify as coroner cases under the Georgia Death Investigation Act. The Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Georgia oversees the GBIs medical examiner program and also establishes policies and guidelines for all Georgia coroners, crisis Intervention Team - Assists with people with mental illness and other brain disorders. Fleet and Asset Section manages the GBI’s fleet of more than 500 vehicles, any crime committed on state property or on state highways came under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Safety. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation was also authorized to assist in investigations when requested to do so by local law enforcement officials or agencies. In 1972 then Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter proposed extensive changes in the structure of the branch of state government that led to the introduction of the Executive Reorganization Act. As a result of passage of this Act and later amendments, on February 28,1974, State Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation Official website
18.
Georgia Department of Corrections
–
The Georgia Department of Corrections is an agency of the U. S. state of Georgia operating state prisons. The agency is headquartered in Forsyth, in the campus of Tift College. The GDC has its offices in the State Offices South at Tift College in Forsyth, the corrections divisions has its offices in Gibson Hall. Until 2009, the Georgia Department of Corrections headquarters was in the James H. Sloppy Floyd Veterans Memorial Building in Atlanta, in 2006, Governor Sonny Perdue announced that the agency planned to move its headquarters to Tift College by 2009. The state estimated that the relocation would bring around 400 jobs to Forsyth, a 2007 employee survey indicated that 49% of the headquarters staff who responded to the survey planned to move with the agency and continue employment at the new headquarters. The agency planned to relocate to the former Tift College by 2010, the ordered relocation was to take place in September of that year. Five GDOC offices in Atlanta are merging into one facility in Tift, after the move was announced in 2006, many employees have moved south of Atlanta, and as of 2010 increasing numbers of employees who live on the south side of Atlanta were hired. Some employees left GDOC for other jobs after the move was announced, four years of planning and $45 million funded the move. The Georgia Corrections Academy moved to Tift in Fall 2009, in September 2010 the administration began to move into Tift. Employees will reverse commute to Forsyth instead of commuting with traffic into Downtown Atlanta, the 43 acres Tift College campus is visible from Interstate 75. Part of the Tift College property will be used as the GDC headquarters, the State of Georgia stated that the move will occur because the Atlanta location does not facilitate effective Command & Control. There are 92 GDC facilities in the vicinity of Macon/South, while there are 27 GDC facilities in the vicinity of Atlanta/North, there are 35 state prisons in the vicinity of Macon/South and there are five state prisons in the vicinity of Atlanta/North. The agency stated Elimination of regional offices accentuates need to be in central GA, in addition, five previous GDC Atlanta offices would be consolidated into one new location, according to GDC this will cause more efficient operations. The moving of the headquarters would cause 80,000 square feet of space to become available in the Twin Towers complex in Atlanta, the agency considered placing its headquarters on the property of the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison in unincorporated Butts County, near Jackson. Other potential headquarters sites included another site in Forsyth, Macon, areas around Macon, Centerville, the states death row for men is in the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison in Butts County, Georgia. The death row for women is located in the Arrendale State Prison, GDCP houses the states execution chamber. From 1735 until 1924, persons condemned to death were hanged by the sheriff of the county or judicial circuit where the crime occurred, over 500 of such hangings had occurred. The Georgia General Assembly passed a law on August 16,1924 that abolished hanging for all capital crimes, instead the condemned were to be electrocuted at the old Georgia State Prison at Milledgeville
19.
Georgia Department of Defense
–
The Georgia Department of Defense is a state agency charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the Georgia National Guard. The Georgia Department of Defense employs over 11,000 Army National Guard soldiers,2,800 Air National Guard airmen,760 State Defense Force members, and 563 state employees. It oversees the Georgia National Guard as part of the total force policy and trains its units to fight and to win on battlefields with modern technology and weaponry. The Georgia Army National Guard consists of more than 11,100 citizen-soldiers training in more than 79 hometown armories, georgia’s Army Guard is the 8th largest in the nation and includes combat, combat support and combat service support units. In 2009, the Georgia Army National Guard deployed more than 3,200 soldiers in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the Georgia Air National Guard is the air force militia of the state of Georgia. It is, along with the Georgia Army National Guard, an element of the Georgia National Guard and it is also considered a part of the United States Air Force. All units of the Georgia Air National Guard play an role in supporting Georgias homeland defense posture, providing airlift, engineering. Members of the Georgia State Defense Force serve alongside the Georgia Army National Guard, the GSDFs members help support and augment the Georgia National Guard, provide professional skills to the Georgia Department of Defense, and assist Georgia communities. Volunteers are trained to assist the National Guard, provide search and rescue, medical support and it is a primary mission of the Georgia National Guard to stand by to assist the state or nation in matters of homeland security or natural disasters. This includes anything from fighting fires, helping with oil spills, helping flood victims. The Guard has also been fighting drug violence throughout the state of Georgia, in 2009, the Counterdrug Task Force supported more than 450 missions, which resulted in seizures of illegal narcotics with a street value of more than $251.7 million. The Joint Staff, through the JFHQ, provides a response force that offers support in defense of the state, region. The Guards Quick Reaction Force provides force protection and security for WMD Civil Support Teams, the QRF comprises 132 personnel who are capable of responding within eight hours, and 500 personnel who can respond within 24 hours. The Georgia National Guard runs the state and federally funded Youth ChalleNGe Academy program, the stated purpose of the Youth ChalleNGe Academy is to provide at-risk youth with academic and life skills training aimed at improving employment potential and creating productive citizens. The Georgia Department of Defense orchestrates two campuses, one at Fort Gordon in the Brems Barracks on Fort Gordon, near Augusta and they service students from around the State of Georgia and accept applications year round. Classes begin four times each year, and are continuous for 5 1/2 months, following the residential phase of the program, the students must complete the 12 month post-residential phase in order to successfully complete the Youth ChalleNGe Program. The Fort Gordon Youth ChalleNGe Academy graduates approximately 425 students each year, the program exposes students and their teachers to real-world applications of math and science, through experiential learning, simulations and experiments in aviation and space-related fields. Georgias STARBASE serves approximately 800 fifth graders annually, with quantifiable improvement, before participation in the program, students averaged 53% on a standardized science, technology, and math test
20.
Georgia Department of Economic Development
–
The Georgia Department of Economic Development is a department of the State of Georgia. Originally named the Georgia Department of Commerce, the agency was established by law in 1949, Governor Herman Talmadge appointed the first five-member board under the Official Code of Georgia Annotated sections 50-7-1 through 50-7-41. Gaines served as the first commissioner, pat Wilson was appointed Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Economic Development by Governor Nathan Deal in November 2016. These seven divisions are supported by an Administration division and a Marketing, learn more about the department at Georgia. org. In FY2012, assistance from the Global Commerce division led to 403 announced projects, GDEcD has international representation in 11 markets including Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Israel and the United Kingdom. The Centers of Innovation is a designed to accelerate the growth of technology-based companies. The COI program is composed of six centers, agribusiness, aerospace, energy, life sciences, logistics, located in Atlanta, Augusta, Gainesville, Savannah, Tifton and Eastman. Formed in 1997 as a partnership between government and private corporations. The Georgia Department of Economic Development Tourism Division helps individual visitors and groups discover Georgias vacation options, through its network of regional and international representatives, it also assists the states communities and attractions in drawing potential travelers to their areas. The state’s tourism industry more than 400,000 people creating a total economic impact of more than $52 billion annually. Statewide resources and infrastructure information along with an extensive location library provide every assistance for companies both inside and outside Georgia. The office coordinates and supports the needs of companies with other state agencies. In FY2012, a $879.8 million total investment was placed into the Georgia entertainment industry creating a $3.1 billion economic impact, a 29% increase over the previous fiscal year. It is available to both traditional motion picture projects such as films, television series, commercials and music videos, as well as new industries such as game development. Throughout the years, the Film, Music & Digital Entertainment Division has helped secure Georgia as the location of choice for over 700 film and television productions. Some of the most notable films shot in Georgia include, The GDEcD Film, the current estimated economic impact of the music industry in Georgia is approaching $2 billion annually. The industry is responsible for maintaining 9,500 jobs and generating $54.3 million in tax revenues, currently, more than 30 video game businesses operate in the state. Georgia’s video game workforce is benefited by 15 of the colleges and universities offering video game development courses or curriculums
21.
Georgia Department of Public Safety
–
The Georgia Department of Public Safety is a state body that is responsible for statewide law enforcement and public safety within the U. S. state of Georgia. The current Commissioner of the department is Mark W. McDonough, on February 28,1974, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation was made an independent agency separate from the Georgia Department of Public Safety. The Georgia State Patrol is the highway patrol agency for the U. S. state of Georgia, GSP Troopers primarily operate on the long stretches of Interstate highway as well as providing SWAT team response to rural areas of the state. It also enforces laws and regulations that govern vehicle size and weight and it operates the 19 weigh stations in the state of Georgia and also performs roadside inspections on Commercial Motor Vehicles. Lastly the MCCD also enforces the High Occupancy Vehicle lanes through the city of Atlanta
22.
Georgia Department of Transportation
–
The Georgia Department of Transportation is the organization in charge of developing and maintaining all state and federal roadways in the U. S. state of Georgia. In addition to highways, the department also has a role in developing public transportation. GDOT is headquartered in downtown Atlanta and is part of the branch of state government. GDOT has broken up the state of Georgia into seven districts in order to facilitate regional development, each district is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of the state and federal highways in their region. The State Highway Department was created on August 16,1916 by an act of the Georgia General Assembly, finally, in 1972, it was followed by the creation of the Georgia Department of Transportation by former Governor Jimmy Carter. The Department also provides support to the State Road and Tollway Authority. A majority of the Departments resources are directed toward maintaining and improving the network of roads. Proceeds from the motor fuel taxes are constitutionally earmarked solely for use on Georgias roads. Non-road and bridge construction projects are supported by a combination of general funds, federal funds. The Department is responsible for waterways, including the intercoastal waterway, additionally, the department is responsible for rail transit. Jim L. Gillis, Sr. Thomas B, Moreland Hal Rives Wayne Shackleford J. Tom Coleman, Jr. Harold E. Linnenkohl Gena Abraham Evans Vance C. Smith, Jr. Keith Golden Russell R. McMurry The state of Georgia has 1,244 miles of Interstate highways within its state lines, Georgias major Interstate Highways are I-95, I-75, I-16, I-85, and I-20. Other important interstate highways are I-24 and I-59, I-285 is Atlantas perimeter route and I-575 connects with counties in north Georgia on I-75 and I-675 connects to I-285 on the south side of Atlanta. I-475 is a bypass of Macon, shortening the trip for through I-75 traffic. The Georgia Department of Transportation maintains only 16 percent of the roads in the state, the other 84 percent are the responsibility of the counties and cities,75 percent of those roads are county roads. The Freeing the Freeways program is a project involved widening some of the freeways in Atlanta. The project took 17 years to create, cost $1.5 billion, one freeway that was involved in the project was the I-75/I-85 Downtown Connector. Another project was the construction of the Tom Moreland Interchange, Georgia boasts one of the most extensive freight rail systems in the U. S. with some 5,000 miles of track that run through almost all of the state’s 159 counties
23.
Georgia State Capitol
–
The Georgia State Capitol is an architecturally and historically significant building in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It has been named a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is the main office building of Georgias government. The offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, and secretary of state are on the second floor, the fourth floor houses visitors galleries overlooking the legislative chambers and a museum. The capitol site was occupied previously by the first Atlanta City Hall, to encourage the state government to relocate the capital city to rapidly growing and industrialized Atlanta from rural Milledgeville, the city donated the site. The first capitol in Louisville no longer stands, while in Augusta and Savannah the legislature met in makeshift facilities, the legislature also met at other places, including Macon, especially during and just after the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Like many U. S. state capitols, the Georgia State Capitol is designed to resemble the Classical architectural style of the United States Capitol, in Washington, D. C. Completed in 1889, the building was designed by architects Willoughby J. Edbrooke and Franklin Pierce Burnham, of Chicago, the building was constructed by Miles and Horne, of Toledo, Ohio. Sculptor George Crouch executed all the work on the building. The commission that oversaw the planning and construction of the building included former Confederate general Philip Cook, the Capitol faces west on Washington Street. The façade features a portico, with stone pediment, supported by six Corinthian columns set on large stone piers. Georgias coat of arms, with two figures on each side, is engraved on the pediment, the Capitols interior represents the 19th-century style of its time. It was among the earliest buildings to have elevators, centralized steam heat, Classical pilasters and oak paneling are used throughout the building. The floors of the interior are made of marble from Pickens County, the open central rotunda is flanked by two wings, each with a grand staircase and three-story atrium crowned by clerestory windows. The Capitol building has undergone frequent renovations to adapt to the growth, for this reason, legislative business is often referred to as what is happening under the gold dome by media across the state. The statue Miss Freedom has adorned the dome since the buildings opening, in 1997, the House and Senate chambers were restored to their 1889 appearance with replicated decoration and color schemes. This included the demolition of damaged plaster, the reinstallation of flat plaster at the dome, columns, and walls, the museum within the Capitol, in existence since 1889, houses extensive collections representing the natural and cultural history of Georgia. Native American artifacts, animals, rocks and minerals, and fossils illustrate the diversity of the collections, during restoration or renovation, most of the collection remains in storage. The portraits of governors, statues of famous Georgians, and historic flags from many wars are displayed throughout the Capitol, the Georgia Capitol Museum is a public education institution in the Office of the Secretary of State
24.
Legislature
–
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments, in the separation of model, they are often contrasted with the executive. Laws enacted by legislatures are known as legislation, legislatures observe and steer governing actions and usually have exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets involved in the process. The members of a legislature are called legislators, each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation. There must be a number of legislators present to carry out these activities. Some of the responsibilities of a legislature, such as giving first consideration to newly proposed legislation, are delegated to committees made up of small selections of the legislators. The members of a legislature usually represent different political parties, the members from each party generally meet as a caucus to organize their internal affairs, the internal organization of a legislature is also shaped by the informal norms that are shared by its members. Legislatures vary widely in the amount of power they wield, compared to other political players such as judiciaries, militaries. In 2009, political scientists M. Steven Fish and Matthew Kroenig constructed a Parliamentary Powers Index in an attempt to quantify the different degrees of power among national legislatures, such a system renders the legislature more powerful. Legislatures will sometime delegate their legislative power to administrative or executive agencies, legislatures are made up of individual members, known as legislators, who vote on proposed laws. For example, a legislature that has 100 seats has 100 members, by extension, an electoral district that elects a single legislator can also be described as a seat, as, for, example, in the phrases safe seat and marginal seat. In parliamentary systems of government, the executive is responsible to the legislature which may remove it with a vote of no confidence, names for national legislatures include parliament, congress, diet and assembly. A legislature which operates as a unit is unicameral, one divided into two chambers is bicameral, and one divided into three chambers is tricameral. In bicameral legislatures, one chamber is considered the upper house. In federations, the upper house typically represents the component states. This is a case with the legislature of the European Union. Tricameral legislatures are rare, the Massachusetts Governors Council still exists, tetracameral legislatures no longer exist, but they were previously used in Scandinavia. Legislatures vary widely in their size, among national legislatures, Chinas National Peoples Congress is the largest with 2987 members, while Vatican Citys Pontifical Commission is the smallest with 7
25.
Bicameralism
–
A bicameral legislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the national legislatures are bicameral. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country and this can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house, some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house only able to overrule the other under certain circumstances. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners as was the case in the Kingdom of England. Others, such as France under the Ancien Régime had a legislature known as the Estates General, which consisted of separate chambers for the clergymen, the nobility. The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature, the idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that, this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence, the Senate was created to be a stabilising force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what Madison saw as the fickleness. He noted further that the use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with system and with more wisdom. Madisons argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, the Senate was chosen by state legislators, and senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In fact, it was not until the year 1913 that the 17th Amendment was passed, as part of the Great Compromise, they invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate would have states represented equally, and the House would have them represented by population. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British three-tier model, nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived. An example of controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Canadian Senate or the election of the Senate of France. The relationship between the two chambers varies, in cases, they have equal power, while in others. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments, the latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. In the United States both houses of the U. S and this is due to their original location in the two-story building that was to house them. In Canada, the country as a whole is divided into a number of Senate Divisions, each with a different number of Senators, Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister
26.
Georgia State Senate
–
The Georgia State Senate is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly. According to the constitution of 1983, this body is to be composed of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 56 members, elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. Senators must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States, the highest position in the Senate is the President of the Senate, a position currently held by Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle. The second highest position is that of President Pro Tempore, currently held by Senator David Shafer, the presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. A President Pro Tempore, usually a member of the majority party. In case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the President or in the event of the succession of the President to the executive power, the Senate also has as an officer the Secretary of the Senate
27.
Georgia House of Representatives
–
The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly of the U. S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members, the Georgia House of Representatives was created in 1777 during the American Revolution, making it older than the U. S. Congress. During its existence, its place has moved multiple times, from Savannah to Augusta, to Louisville, to Milledgeville. In 1867, the governor of Georgia called for an assembly in Atlanta to discuss a constitutional convention. Atlanta officials moved to make the city Georgias new state capital, the constitutional convention agreed and the people voted to ratify the decision on April 20,1868. The Georgia General Assembly first presided in Atlanta on July 4,1868, on October 26,1884, construction began on a new state capitol and was first occupied on June 15,1889. The state legislature cannot grant incorporation to private persons but may establish laws governing the incorporation process and it is also prohibited from authorizing contracts or agreements that may have the effect of or the intent of lessening competition or encouraging a monopoly. Members of the Georgia House of Representatives maintain two privileges during their time in office, first, no member can be arrested during session or during committee meetings except in cases of treason, felony, or breach of the peace. Second, members are not liable for anything they say in session or committee meetings. According to the constitution of 1983, this body is to comprise no fewer than 180 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 180 members, elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. It is the third-largest lower house of the 50 United States, as of 2011, attorneys account for about 16. 1% of the membership of the Georgia House of Representatives, a relatively low figure. The House of Representatives elects its own Speaker as well as a Speaker Pro Tempore, the current speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives is David Ralston. The current Speaker Pro Tempore is Jan Jones, the Speaker Pro Tempore becomes Speaker in case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the Speaker. The Speaker Pro Tempore serves until a new Speaker is elected, in addition there is a clerk of the House, who is charged with overseeing the flow of legislation through the body. The current clerk is William L. Reilly
28.
District
–
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by local government. Across the world, areas known as districts vary greatly in size, spanning entire regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, in Afghanistan, a district is a subdivision of a province. There are almost 400 districts in the country, electoral districts are used in state elections. Districts were also used in several states as cadastral units for land titles, some were used as squatting districts. New South Wales had several different types of districts used in the 21st century, in Austria, a district is an administrative division normally encompassing several municipalities, roughly equivalent to the Landkreis in Germany. The administrative office of a district, the Bezirkshauptmannschaft, is headed by a Bezirkshauptmann, while there are matters of administrative law the municipalities themselves are in charge of, or where there are special bodies, the district is the basic unit of general administration in Austria. Officials on the level are not elected, but appointed by the state government. There are also independent cities in Austria and they are called Statutarstadt in Austrian administrative law. These urban districts do have the same tasks as a normal district, the State of Vienna, which is at the same time a municipality, is also subdivided in twenty-three districts, which, however, have a somewhat different function than in the rest of the country. Legally, the Magistratisches Bezirksamt is an office of the municipalitys administration. However, representatives on the level are elected, and they in turn elect the head of the district. Those representative bodies are supposed to serve as immediate contacts for the locals on the political, in practice, they have some power, e. g. concerning matters of traffic. Bangladeshi districts are administrative units. In all, there are 64 districts in Bangladesh, originally, there were 21 greater districts with several subdivisions in each district. In 1984, the government made all these subdivisions into districts, each district has several sub districts called Upazila in Bengali. In Belgian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on initiative of the local council, as such, only Antwerp, having over 460,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into nine districts. The Belgian arrondissements, a level between province and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well. Bhutanese districts are administrative units consisting of village blocks called gewog
29.
Area
–
Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the surface of a three-dimensional object. It is the analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size, in the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square metre, which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the area as three such squares. In mathematics, the square is defined to have area one. There are several formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles, for shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a motivation for the historical development of calculus. For a solid such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder. Formulas for the areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks. Area plays an important role in modern mathematics, in addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, in general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions. Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers and it can be proved that such a function exists. An approach to defining what is meant by area is through axioms, area can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties, For all S in M, a ≥0. If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, if S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a = a − a. If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M, every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a = hk, let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T
30.
Population growth
–
In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1. 1% per year, the global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, and estimates have put the population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030. Many nations with rapid growth have low standards of living. The growth of the started in the Western world during industrialization by the end of the 18th century. The reasons for the Modern Rise of Population were particularly investigated by the British health scientist Thomas McKeown, although the McKeown thesis has been heavily disputed, recent studies have confirmed the value of his ideas. His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health, McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Noble prize winners Robert W. Fogel and Angus Deaton. The latter considered McKeown as the founder of social medicine, the population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. A related measure is the net reproduction rate, most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. The Analytic Logistic Solution This is a differential equation that can be derived through integration. The analytic solution is useful in analyzing the behavior of population models, the equation is separable and to find the solution we integrate. ∫ d P P = ∫ k ⋅ d t Working on just the left side of the equation, the fraction in the denominator is eliminated by multiplying the variable K, and then the fraction is split in 2. 1 P ⋅ K K = K P K P =1 P +1 K − P The partial fraction is then integrated more easily. This is the equation that remains, | K − P P | = e − k t − C Get rid of the absolute value, in 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1. 1%. The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1. 86%,0. 78%, and 1. 08% respectively. The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then declined to 73.9 million in 2003. In 2009, the population increased by 74.6 million. In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates, in Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths
_counties_map.png)
