1.
Larry Hogan
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Lawrence Joseph Larry Hogan Jr. is an American politician who currently serves as the 62nd Governor of Maryland, in office since January 2015. He is only the second Republican governor in Maryland in nearly 50 years, and he previously served as Secretary of Appointments in the administration of Governor Bob Ehrlich from 2003 to 2007. In 2011, Hogan founded the grassroots organization Change Maryland, Hogan was born in 1956 in Washington, D. C. and grew up in Landover, Maryland, attending Saint Ambrose Catholic School and DeMatha Catholic High School. He moved to Florida with his mother after his parents divorced in 1972, Hogans father, Lawrence Hogan, Sr. served as a U. S. Congressman from Marylands 5th Congressional District from 1969 to 1975 and as Prince Georges County Executive from 1978 to 1982, Hogan attended Florida State University from 1974 to 1978 and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in government and political science. While in college, Hogan worked in the Florida State Legislature and upon graduation, Hogan helped his father run a successful campaign in 1978 for Prince Georges County Executive and later worked for his father as a low-paid intergovernmental liaison. Hogan founded his real business, Hogan Companies, in 1985. He would spend the next eighteen years in the private sector, as the son of a U. S. Congressman, Hogan was exposed to politics at a young age and worked in many aspects of politics including political campaigns and citizen referendums. Hogan served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in the seventies and eighties, a 24-year-old Hogan first ran for office in the 1981 special election to fill the vacancy in Marylands 5th Congressional District left by Gladys Noon Spellman. Spellman had succeeded Hogans father in the congressional seat, Hogan finished second out of twelve candidates in the Republican primary with 22. 38% of the votes to Audrey Scotts 63. 26%. In the 1992 election cycle, Hogan was the Republican nominee for Marylands 5th Congressional District, the race was the closest in Hoyers tenure, with Hogan winning four out of the districts five counties and taking 45% of the vote to Hoyers 55%. No other challenger has come as close to unseating Hoyer since, Hogan took a temporary leave of absence from his business to serve as Secretary of Appointments in the Bob Ehrlich Administration from 2003 to 2007. In this capacity, Hogan appointed over 7,000 individuals to positions at every level of government, in 2011, Hogan founded Change Maryland, a not-for-profit limited liability company that opposed the administration of Governor Martin OMalley. Hogan was chair of the group, the anti-tax organization was a frequent critic of tax increases in Maryland during OMalleys tenure, and helped fuel Hogans gubernatorial campaign. Hogan formally announced his campaign for Governor of Maryland on January 21,2014, on January 29,2014, Hogan announced his running mate, former Maryland Secretary of General Services Boyd Rutherford. On June 24,2014, Hogan and Rutherford won the Republican primary and they faced and defeated the Democratic nominee, Lt. Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014, in the early months of his administration, Governor Hogan earned a reputation as a centrist and pragmatist. In an editorial after Hogans first four months as governor, the Baltimore Sun said, but the one thing thats certain is that hes no ideologue
2.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
3.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president
4.
Head of government
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The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election
5.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
6.
Government House (Maryland)
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Government House is the official residence of the Governor of Maryland and is located at State Circle in Annapolis, Maryland. It has been the home of the governor since 1870 and it was designed by Baltimore architect R. Snowden Andrews. Jennings House was the residence of the Governors of Maryland from 1777 until 1870
7.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
8.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
9.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
10.
Maryland Constitution of 1776
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The Maryland Constitution of 1776 was the first of four constitutions under which the U. S. state of Maryland has been governed. It was that states basic law from its adoption in 1776 until the Maryland Constitution of 1851 took effect on July 4 of that year. In the months before the beginning of the American Revolutionary War and this group made preparations to form a new government for Maryland and sent representatives to participate in the Continental Congress. of the people only. On August 1, all freemen with property elected delegates for the Maryland Constitutional Convention of 1776 and they began meeting on August 14, drafted the constitution, and adjourned on November 11. The document was not submitted to the people for ratification, the Assembly of Freemen would not meet again, as it was replaced by the new state government established by the 1776 constitution. Thomas Johnson became the states first elected governor, the document included a Declaration of Rights. This, among other things, ended the position of the Church of England as the state-supported religion, free blacks who met the property qualifications continued to be eligible to vote. The declaration was more than a bill of rights, which certain rights which are reserved to the people. The declaration stated that all power emanated from the people and that the governors were accountable to the people, the 1776 constitution defined the Maryland General Assembly, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Maryland House of Delegates and Maryland State Senate. It acknowledged the power of county governments in administering their own affairs, the constitution stipulated that new amendments could be passed by two consecutive sessions of the house of delegates. Despite the declaration that all power emanates from the people, the document kept political power in the hands of the citizens who met a minimum property requirement. When adopted, the 1776 constitution allowed 20,000 of the 300, slaves and women could not vote, nor did they have equal rights to men. Only Christians could hold office until 1826, when legislation was adopted allowing Jews to hold office and have equal rights and they directly elected delegates to the Maryland General Assembly and indirectly elected State Senators. Voters would elect Senatorial Electors every five years and these men would then meet together to elect a fifteen-member Senate, nine members from the Western Shore and six members from the Eastern Shore. If a Senate vacancy occurred between elections, then the Senate itself selected a replacement, the Governor was elected by the joint legislature, not by the people directly. And most local offices were appointed by the Governor, with the concurrence of his Executive Council, the 1776 constitution was amended 66 times, most notably in 1837, to, among other things, provide for a popularly elected governor, instead of one chosen by the legislature. The constitution was initially about 8,800 words long, the several amendments added to it between 1792 and 1846 brought its total length to about 15,200 words. Black men who met the property requirement could vote until 1810, from Revolution to Revolution, Eighteenth-Century Maryland
11.
Thomas Johnson (jurist)
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Thomas Johnson was an American jurist with a distinguished political career. He was the first Governor of Maryland, a delegate to the Continental Congress, Johnson was born in Calvert County, Maryland, on November 4,1732 to Thomas and Dorcas Sedgwick Johnson. His grandfather, also named Thomas, was a lawyer in London who had emigrated to Maryland sometime before 1700 and he was the fourth of ten children, some of whom also had large families. His niece, Louisa Johnson, married John Quincy Adams, the family, including Thomas, were educated at home. As a young man he was attracted to the law, studied it, by 1760, he had moved his practice to Frederick County, Maryland, and in 1761 he was elected to the provincial assembly for the first time. Johnson married Ann Jennings, the daughter of a judge from Annapolis on February 16,1766, the couple had eight children, Thomas Jennings, Ann Jennings, Rebecca, Elizabeth, Rebecca Jennings, James, Joshua, and Dorcas. In 1774 and 1775 the Maryland assembly sent him as a delegate to the Continental Congress, in the Congress he was firmly in the camp of those who favored separation from Great Britain. In November 1775, Congress created a Committee of Correspondence that was to foreign support for the war. Thomas Johnson, along with Benjamin Franklin, and Benjamin Harrison V were initially named to the committee and he then returned to Maryland and continued his work in the states Assembly when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. He also served as general in the Maryland militia. Thomas Johnson and his brothers supported the revolution by manufacturing ammunition and their former factory, Catoctin Furnace, is now part of a state park near Camp David, just north of Frederick, Maryland. The state legislature elected Johnson as the new states first Governor in 1777 and he served in that capacity until 1779. In the 1780s he held a number of posts in Maryland, as well as served in the assembly in 1780,1786. Johnson attended the Maryland Convention in 1788, where he urged the states ratification of the United States Constitution. In September 1789, President George Washington nominated Johnson to be the first federal judge for the District of Maryland, in 1790 and 1791, Johnson was the senior justice in the Maryland General Court system. In January 1791, President Washington appointed Johnson, with David Stuart and Daniel Carroll, in September 1791 the commissioners named the federal city The City of Washington and the federal district The Territory of Columbia. On August 5,1791, Johnson received an appointment from Washington to the seat on the U. S. Supreme Court that became available after John Rutledge resigned. Formally nominated on October 31,1791, Johnson was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 7,1791, though he received his commission that day, he was not sworn in until August 6,1792
12.
Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
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The Lieutenant Governor of Maryland is the second highest-ranking official in the executive branch of the state government of Maryland in the United States. He or she is elected on the ticket as the Governor of Maryland. The current Lieutenant Governor is Boyd Rutherford, the position was first created by the Maryland Constitution of 1864. Under that system of government, the lieutenant governor served as president of the Senate and would assume the office of governor if the incumbent should die, resign, be removed, the states present constitution, adopted in 1867, abolished the lieutenant governorship. However, the position was re-established by an amendment ratified on November 3,1970. Under the 1970 amendment, the Lieutenant Governor shall have only the duties delegated to him by the Governor, marylands lieutenant governorship is thus weaker than the office in several, but not all, other states that have one. In both of those states, as in others, the lieutenant governor is elected in his or her own right. If there is a vacancy in the office of the governor, a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship is filled by a person nominated by the governor and confirmed by a majority vote of the General Assembly voting in joint session. Parties Unionist Democratic Republican Constitution amended November 4,1970 to create Lt. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. lieutenant governors of Maryland who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Maryland was that of Blair Lee III, Governor of Maryland Government of Maryland Lieutenant Governor Maryland State Archives. Maryland Manual On-Line, A Guide to Maryland Government
13.
Government of Maryland
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The government of Maryland is conducted according to the Maryland Constitution. Administrative influence in Maryland is divided among three branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial, unlike most other states, significant autonomy is granted to many of Maryland’s counties. Most of the business of government is done in Annapolis, the state capital, the constitution establishes five principal executive branch officers, as described below. Four of them are elected statewide, the governor and lieutenant governor, the general. The fifth, the treasurer, is elected by a joint ballot of both houses of the General Assembly, as in all states, a popularly elected governor heads Marylands executive branch. The governors cabinet is known as the Executive Council, like most state chief executives, the Maryland governor is elected to serve a four-year term. He or she is limited to serve no more than two consecutive terms. The Governor is elected under the plurality system, the current governor is Larry Hogan. The state legislature can override a veto by a vote of the total number of members in each house. This is different from most states, which require a higher two-thirds vote to override a veto. The appointment powers of the governor are extensive, as he or she appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State subject to the advice and consent of the Senate. The Governor also commissions notaries public and appoints persons to fill vacancies in the offices of Attorney General and Comptroller, any officer appointed by the Governor is removable by him or her for cause. In times of emergency the Governor has certain emergency powers as defined by law. The Maryland Lieutenant Governor is elected on the ticket as the states Governor and is nominally the second highest-ranking official in the state. The position was first created by the short-lived Maryland Constitution of 1864 and functioned from 1865 to 1868 before being abolished by the present constitution. The position was re-established by Constitutional amendment in 1970, under which the Lieutenant Governor shall have only the duties delegated to him by the Governor, the Maryland Lieutenant Governor, currently Boyd Rutherford, is therefore weaker than the office in most other states which have one. In both of those states, as in others, the Lieutenant Governor is elected in his or her own right. If there is a vacancy in the office of the Governor, a vacancy in the Lieutenant Governorship is filled by a person nominated by the Governor and confirmed by a majority vote of the General Assembly voting in joint session
14.
Commander-in-chief
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A commander-in-chief is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nations military forces or significant elements of those forces. In the latter case, the element is those forces within a particular region. Often, a given countrys commander-in-chief need not be or have been an officer or even a veteran. This follows the principle of civilian control of the military, the role of commander-in-chief derives from the Latin, imperator. Imperatores of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire possessed imperium powers, in its modern use, the term first applied to King Charles I of England in 1639. It continued to be used during the English Civil War, a nations head of state usually holds the nominal position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government. Governors-general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander-in-chief of the forces within their territory. A commander-in-chief is sometimes referred to as commander, which is sometimes used as a specific term. The term is used for military officers who hold such power and authority, not always through dictatorship. The term is used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch. According to the Constitution of Albania, The President of the Republic of Albania is the Commander-in-chief of Albanian Armed Forces, the incumbent Commander-in-chief is President Bujar Nishani. The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the President in the management of the armed forces, the Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation. The Constitution states, in Article 80, that the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Armed Forces. e, the cabinet under the chairmanship of the Federal Chancellor, as defined in Article 69. The commander-in-chief is the president, although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister and he retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the President of Bangladesh. Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the command of the President of the Republic. The Sultan of Brunei is the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, the powers of command-in-chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch, and are delegated to the Governor General of Canada, who also uses the title Commander-in-Chief. In this capacity, the general is entitled to the uniform of a general/flag officer, with the crest of the office. According to the National Defence Act, the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to parliament for all related to national defence
15.
Anthony G. Brown
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Anthony Gregory Brown is the U. S. Representative for Marylands 4th congressional district and he previously served as the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, from 2007 to 2015. He was elected as Lieutenant Governor in 2006 on a ticket with Governor Martin O’Malley, in 2014 he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Maryland. Brown previously served two terms in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Prince Georges County. He is currently a Colonel in the United States Army Reserve, while lieutenant governor, Brown was one of the two highest-ranking elected officials in the nation to have served a tour of duty in Iraq. Brown was born in 1961 in Huntington, New York, to immigrant parents. His father, Roy Hershel Brown, a physician, was born in Cayo Mambi, Cuba, was raised in Kingston, Jamaica, Roy received his medical degree in Zurich, Switzerland, where he met his future wife, Lilly I. The couple raised Anthony, his sister and three brothers in New York, Anthony attended public school on Long Island, graduating from Huntington High School in 1979. In his senior year, Brown became the first African American ever elected president of Huntington High School. After high school, Brown spent the summer at the United States Military Academy at West Point before switching to Harvard College, at Harvard, Brown served on the Student Advisory Committee at the Kennedy School of Governments Institute of Politics. Since Harvard did not offer ROTC at the time, in his year, Brown enrolled in the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps program at MIT. In 1984, Brown graduated with an A. B. cum laude, upon graduation, Brown received a commission as a Second Lieutenant in the U. S. Army. He graduated first in his class at Fort Rucker, Alabama. During his time on duty, Brown served as a helicopter pilot with the Aviation Brigade. After completing his active duty service, Brown continued his service as a Judge Advocate General in the United States Army Reserve. Prior to his tenure with the 153rd LSO, Brown was the Staff Judge Advocate for the 353rd Civil Affairs Command headquartered at Fort Wadsworth, New York. Brown began his service as a JAG with the 10th LSO in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, currently, Brown is a Colonel in the U. S. Army Reserve. In 2004, Brown, a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, was deployed to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom
16.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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Maryland General Assembly
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The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis. It is a body, the upper chamber, the Maryland State Senate, has 47 representatives and the lower chamber. Members of both houses serve four-year terms, the 2016 Legislative Session, the General Assemblys 436th session, convened January 13 - April 11,2016. The General Assembly will reconvene Wednesday, January 11,2017 at 12,00 p. m. for its 437th session, the forerunner of the Maryland General Assembly was the colonial institution, an assembly of free Marylanders, which bore the same name. Marylands foundational charter created a state ruled by the Palatine lord, Lord Baltimore, in addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he desired. In some ways the General Assembly was an improvement upon the institutions of the mother country, during the American Revolution the colonial Assembly ceased to exist, and was replaced by its modern successor. Each senator or delegate must be a citizen of Maryland and a resident of the state for at least one year preceding his or her election, a prospective legislator must have resided for the six months prior to election in the legislative district the candidate seeks to represent. A senator must be at least twenty-five years of age at the time of election, persons elected to or holding a civil or military office other than as a member of a reserve component under the federal or State government are not eligible for election to the General Assembly. However, members of the General Assembly are not term limited, a Constitutional amendment, the plan created 47 legislative districts, many of which cross county boundaries to delineate districts relatively equal in population. Each legislative district elects one senator and three delegates, in most districts, the three delegates are elected at large from the whole district via block voting. The Senate is led by a President and the House by a Speaker whose respective duties and prerogatives enable them to influence the process significantly. The President and Speaker preside over the sessions of their respective chambers, maintaining decorum. As legislation is introduced, they assign it to a committee for consideration. The president pro tempore appoints majority and minority whips and leaders, a bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law. A House Bill is one introduced in the House of Delegates, bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, HB16 refers to the bill introduced in the House of Delegates. The numbering starts afresh each session, the names of the sponsor, the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title. They are listed with the title of a legislator rather than the Governor due to requirements in the Maryland Constitution
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Maryland Senate
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The Maryland Senate, sometimes referred to as the Maryland State Senate, is the upper house of the General Assembly, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Maryland. It evolved from the house of the colonial assembly created in 1650 when Maryland was a proprietary colony controlled by Cecilius Calvert. It consisted of the Governor and members of the Governors appointed council and this electoral college was abolished in 1838 and members began to be directly elected from each county and Baltimore City. In 1972, because of a Supreme Court decision, the number of districts was increased to 47, to serve in the Maryland Senate, a person must be a citizen of Maryland 25 years of age or older. Elections for the 47 Senate seats are held four years coincident with the federal election in which the President of the United States is not elected. Vacancies are filled through appointment by the Governor, the Senate meets for three months every year, the rest of the year the work of the Senate is light and most members hold another job during this time. It has been controlled by Democrats for a number of years, in the 2006 election, more than two-thirds of the Senate seats were won by Democrats. Senators elect a President to serve as presiding officer of the legislative body, the President appoints chairs and membership of six standing committees, four legislative committees as well as the Executive Nominations and Rules Committees. When compared to state legislatures in the United States, the Maryland Senate has one of the strongest presiding officers. Senators are also organized into caucuses, including party- and demographically-based caucuses and they are assisted in their work by paid staff of the non-partisan Department of Legislative Services and by partisan office staff. The origins of the Maryland Senate lie in the creation of an assembly during the days of the Maryland colony. This assembly first met in 1637, making it the longest continuously operating legislative body in the United States, originally, the assembly was unicameral, but in 1650, the Governor and his appointed council began serving as the upper house of a now bicameral legislature. These appointees had close political and economic ties to the proprietors of the Maryland colony, Cecilius Calvert and his descendants. Thus, the house in colonial times often disagreed with the lower house, which was elected, tended to be more populist. The upper house was abolished during the English Civil War, as Puritan governors attempted to consolidate control. It was again abolished by Governor Josias Fendall in 1660, who sought to create a government based on an elected unicameral legislature like that of the Virginia colony. The position of Governor was removed from the legislature in 1675, in 1776, following the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Maryland threw off proprietary control and established a new constitution. Under this new constitution, the house of the General Assembly first became known as the Maryland Senate
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Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
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Notary public
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Any such act is known as a notarization. The term notary public only refers to common-law notaries and should not be confused with civil-law notaries, Notaries are appointed by a government authority, such as a court or lieutenant governor, or by a regulating body often known as a society or faculty of notaries public. For lawyer notaries, an appointment may be for life, while lay notaries are usually commissioned for a briefer term, in most common law countries, appointments and their number for a given notarial district are highly regulated. To these documents a notary affixes a notarial certificate which attests to the execution of the document, usually by the person who appears before the notary, originals or secondary originals are then filed and stored in the notarys archives, or protocol. Notaries are generally required to undergo training in the performance of their duties. Some must also first serve as an apprentice before being commissioned or licensed to practice their profession, however, notaries public in the U. S. Notarial practice is universally considered to be distinct and separate from that of an attorney. In England and Wales, there is a course of study for notaries which is conducted under the auspices of the University of Cambridge and the Society of Notaries of England and Wales. In bi-juridical jurisdictions, such as South Africa or Louisiana, the office of notary public is a profession with educational requirements similar to those for attorneys. Many even have institutes of learning that offer degrees in notarial law. Therefore, despite their name, notaries public in these jurisdictions are in civil law notaries. Notaries public hold an office which can trace its origins back to the ancient Roman Republic, the history of notaries is set out in detail in Chapter 1 of Brookes Notary, The office of a public notary is a public office. It has a long and distinguished history, the office has its origin in the civil institutions of ancient Rome. A writer who adopted the new method was called a notarius, originally, a notary was one who took down statements in shorthand using these notes, and wrote them out in the form of memoranda or minutes. Later, the title notarius was applied almost exclusively to registrars attached to government officials, including provincial governors. Notwithstanding the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century AD, the separate development of the common law in England, free from most of the influences of Roman law, meant that notaries were not introduced into England until later in the 13th and 14th centuries. At first, notaries in England were appointed by the Papal Legate, in 1279 the Archbishop of Canterbury was authorized by the Pope to appoint notaries. Not surprisingly, in early days, many of the notaries were members of the clergy. The Reformation produced no change in the position and functions of notaries in England
21.
Comptroller of Maryland
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The Comptroller of Maryland, United States, currently Peter Franchot, is the states thirty-third chief financial officer, elected by the people to a four-year term. The Office was established by the second Maryland Constitution of 1851 due to concern about the potential for fraud, the Comptroller countersigns all checks drawn by the State Treasurer upon the deposits of the State. The Comptroller also prescribes the formalities for transfer of evidence of State debt. In addition, the Comptrollers Office audits taxpayers for compliance, handles delinquent tax collection, the agency publicizes forgotten bank accounts, insurance benefits and other unclaimed assets of taxpayers. Acting as Marylands chief accountant, the Comptroller pays the bills, maintains its books, prepares financial reports. List of Comptrollers of Maryland from the Maryland Archives Official website of the Comptroller of Maryland
22.
Cabinet (government)
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A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries, in some countries, the cabinet is called Council of Ministers or Government Council or lesser known names such as Federal Council, Inner Council or High Council. These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established, in some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system, the Cabinet collectively decides the governments direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In this way, the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions, instead, it is usually the Head of Government who holds all means of power in his hands and the Cabinet reports to him. In most governments, members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister, in a few governments, as in the case of Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and United States, the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members. In many countries, a Secretary is a member with an inferior rank to a minister. In some countries attorneys general also sit in the cabinet, while in others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government. The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers, researchers have found an inverse correlation between a countrys level of development and cabinet size, on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council, the term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or sofa government, under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, the cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential, in theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals. In some countries, the ministers are referred to as spokespersons. A prime ministerial government is a government where the minister is dominant in terms of the executive. As the prime minister is, by definition, a member of a cabinet – this form of government is often a development from cabinet government, in true cabinet government the prime minister is primus inter pares, where prime ministerial government necessitates the crossing of this boundary. An often cited example of ministerial government is the United Kingdom. Thatcher began using bilateral meetings with ministers to determine policy areas using cabinet to simply announce these decisions. Due to the extent of her success, and her control over cabinet positions, despite John Major moving back towards cabinet government, Tony Blair carried on Thatchers approach
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Boyd Rutherford
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Boyd Kevin Rutherford is an American Republican politician from Maryland who is the ninth and current Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, serving since January 21,2015. Although Rutherford had never run for elective office, he has experience in both state and federal government. Rutherford was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as Associate Administrator in the U. S, General Services Administration, serving from 2001 to 2003. Rutherford then joined the administration of Governor Bob Ehrlich, serving as the Secretary of General Services from 2003 to 2006. He was again appointed by President Bush to serve as Assistant Secretary for Administration to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Rutherford was born in Washington, D. C. and graduated from Archbishop Carroll High School. He holds a degree in economics and political science from Howard University. In 1990, Rutherford earned both a law degree and a degree in communications management from the University of Southern California. Rutherford is a member of the State Bars of California and Maryland and he has practiced law in Southern California, Washington, D. C. and Baltimore. He has been serving since January 21,2015, in addition to his public service, Rutherford has a broad career in law and business. At the time of his election in 2014, Rutherford served as an attorney with the firm of Benton Potter & Murdock, which has offices in Maryland, Virginia, Governor Rutherford, a successful attorney, served as Associate Administrator for the U. S. During his time there, he worked with businesses in government. Governor Rutherford served as the Secretary of the Maryland Department and he was responsible for over $900 million in annual contract administration, while finding creative ways to save the taxpayers of Maryland money and completing expansion of State buildings. Governor Rutherford was nominated by George W. Bush as Assistant Secretary for Administration for the U. S. Department of Agriculture and he has also worked in information technology sales, and small and minority business development. Rutherford previously served on the Baltimore City Brownfields Redevelopment Council and on the Board of the Corridor Transportation Corporation, Rutherford served on the Howard County Republican Central Committee from 1996 to 2002 and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 2000. From 2009 to 2011, Rutherford served as Chief Administrative Officer of the Republican National Committee, Rutherford is the third consecutive African American elected to the office of Lieutenant Governor in Maryland. While Governor Larry Hogan was going through treatment for lymphoma, Rutherford often acted as governor, in December 2015, he criticized fantasy football sites, voicing his opinion that they were gambling sites. Governor Rutherford was asked to run for office for lieutenant governor, Rutherford and his wife Monica have three adult children
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Maryland State Department of Education
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Maryland State Department of Education is a division of the state government of Maryland in the United States. The agency oversees public school districts, jack R. Smith served as interim Superintendent of the Department until resigning to accept appointment as Superintendent of the Montgomery County Public Schools in June,2016. Smith was appointed to as interim Superintendent by the State Board of Education following the resignation of Superintendent Lillian M. Lowery in September,2015, Lowery had served as Superintendent since July,2012. C. C. in 1868. Then polytechnical / schools for manual training founded that year of 1883. A second high school for Negroes was established in 1910 and no on the next decade, a new nationally popular lower form of secondary education with junior high schools for lower grades 7,8 and 9, were instituted in 1920. Supplementing the four academic city-wide single sex schools, then were neighborhood comprehensive co-educational high schools opened-1922, Baltimore County was second in the state with the first and only public high school in the newly-purchased old Franklin Academy in Reisterstown as Franklin High School in the 1850s. Followed by secondary schools in the county seat of Towson and this slow growth of public education was later joined by Montgomery and Counties as the Washington, D. C. suburban region began reaching out into surrounding Maryland following World War II. In 2009, the Maryland state public schools system was ranked #1 in the nation, overall, Education Week has ranked Maryland public education #1 in the nation for two years in a row, since 2008. Maryland placed at the top of the list in Education Week’s annual “Quality Counts” tally, the new report found that no other state has a more consistent record of excellence than Maryland. Results for the State were above average in all six of the broad grade categories, according to Newsweek magazine, Maryland public schools rank first in the nation in the percentage of high schools offering—and students taking—college-level courses. The College Board ranked Marylands public schools system, first in the nation amongst students earning a score of three or higher on national AP exams, the state budget for education was $5.5 billion in 2009. The Maryland School Assessment is a test of reading and math meeting NCLB requirements, grades 3-8 are tested in math and reading, and grades 5 and 8 are tested in science. However, Maryland is field testing the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College, Maryland plans to end usage of MSA and expand the PARCC Assessment the following year. Maryland State Department of Education Division of Rehabilitation Services Maryland Report Card - MSDE public schools performance and data
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Maryland State Police
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The Maryland State Police, officially the Department of Maryland State Police, is the official state police force of the U. S. state of Maryland. The Maryland State Police is headquartered at 1201 Reisterstown Road in the Pikesville CDP in unincorporated Baltimore County, all sworn members are organized into 1 of 4 bureaus or are assigned to the Office of the Superintendent. The Office of the Superintendent includes staff and units that support the administrative responsibilities of the Secretary. Those units and staff report to the Chief of Staff, some of the main functions of the Office of the Superintendent include, The Strategic Planning Command deals with all planning within the department. The command manages the Budget and Finance Division, Government Affairs Unit, Policing Division, Staff Inspections Section, within the Planning and Research Division is the Property Unit and the Accreditation Section. The Accreditation Section is responsible for authoring, review and issuance of all departmental directives, in addition, this section manages all aspects of the MSPs CALEA accreditation. The MSP received CALEAs coveted Tri-Arc award in November 2014 and is accredited in Law Enforcement, Training Academy, the section collects, analyzes, and coordinates the acquisition and dissemination of criminal intelligence information. The section has overall responsibility for the prosecution of all disciplinary cases. The Executive Protection Section provides security for the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Comptroller of the Treasury, and State Treasurer. The Legislative Security Section is charged with ensuring the safety and security of the President of the Senate, Speaker of the House, the section ensures thorough and objective investigations of allegations and complaints of misconduct against employees so that a proper defensive or appropriate disciplinary actions is processed. The legal advisor represents the Superintendent on legal issues and handles all matters referred by the Superintendent, the office is responsible for the daily dissemination of information to the media and public, and the facilitation of internal communication from the Office of the Superintendent. The Field Operations Bureau is the most visible part of the Maryland State Police since it includes all troopers who regularly interact with the public, within the Bureau are commands, the Northern Command and Southern Command which together encompass the 22 barracks. The Northern Command is divided into the Central, Northern, and Western troops and the Southern Command is divided into the Eastern, Southern, in addition to the traditional law enforcement services, each Barrack also provides additional services to assist the public. These services include salvage inspections and car seat safety checks, the Field Operations Bureau is currently commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Woodrow W. Jones, Chief. The program complements the MSPs extensive efforts to improve highway safety and it is funded by the Maryland Department of Transportations Highway Safety Office. In 2013,152 people were killed in alcohol related crashes, Maryland state troopers will continue to collaborate with law enforcement partners in an effort to reduce the number of alcohol related crashes in Maryland. The Criminal Investigation Bureau provides the functions for the Department in partnership with allied law enforcement agencies. It consists of the Criminal Investigation Command and the Drug Enforcement Command, the Criminal Investigation Command includes the Criminal Enforcement Division and the Forensic Sciences Division
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National Guard of the United States
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All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U. S. C. National Guard units are under the control of the state. The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member, local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, the various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title National Guard was used from 1824 by some New York State militia units, National Guard became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control from 1933. The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16,1565, appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World. The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World, Jamestown Colony and Plymouth Colony both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company, as a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792, in 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections, the law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, and Reserve Militia for all others. During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government. The National Guard of the states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States. C. Where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee, the governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. The National Guard may be called up for duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods. The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army, the National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. S. C. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard, today, ADTs bring an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan
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Maryland Defense Force
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The Maryland Defense Force is the state defense force for the state of Maryland. The MDDF is organized as a military organization organized parallel to the Maryland National Guard and is designed to augment the National Guard during stateside emergencies. However, as a defense force, the MDDF is solely under control of the State of Maryland. The history of the MDDF dates back to days in the 17th century, but it was formally established in 1917 with the mission to protect public buildings, water supplies. It was called the Maryland State Guard and it was disbanded in 1920 to make room for the National Guard to return to duties in the armories. The Maryland State Guard was reactivated in 1939 in response to World War II and it was then deactivated in 1947. As of 1983, the Maryland State Guard was reactivated and renamed the Maryland Defense Force, in 1994, the Maryland Defense Forces missions were expanded to search and rescue, armory staffing, and disaster relief. As of September 11,2001, the Maryland Defense Force was tasked with its current mission, in September 2007, the MDDF participated with the National Guard for Exercise Vigilant Guard, a major homeland security/terrorist response exercise held in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, DC. In June 2012, the MDDF provided food and water to residents of Baltimore during the heat emergency and this is only for Maryland State employees. Members of MDDF are also covered by Maryland workers compensation where actively deployed by the Maryland Governor, the Maryland Defense Force Band provides back up support for the 229th Army Band of the Maryland Army National Guard. The MDDF band plays in military ceremonies, concerts, and receptions organized by the Maryland Military Department, the band includes wind, brass, and percussion instruments. Cavalry Troop A, the cavalry unit of the Maryland Military Department, was established January 8,2004. The troop acts in a ceremonial and public role as a recruiting aid for both the MDDF and the Maryland National Guard. Training for Troop A includes mounted cavalry drill, equitation or skill-at-arms on horseback or dismounted drill and ceremony and basic military customs, the Chaplain Corps can be called upon to perform religious rites or sacraments when deployed. Chaplains are required be ordained ministers of their faith, in standing with their church. On top of certification requirements, chaplains must have passed MDDF Basic Training, the MDDF Cyber Security Unit was created in 2010 to supplement the cyber teams of the Maryland National Guard. In order to complete this mission, the MDDF Cyber Security Unit trains on a basis with the Maryland Army National Guard. In addition, they participate in joint training exercises with members of the Maryland Air National Guard
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Province of Maryland
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Its first settlement and capital was St. Marys City, in the southern end of St. Marys County, which is a peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay and is also bordered by four tidal rivers. The province began as a colony of the English Lord Baltimore. In 1689, the following the Glorious Revolution, John Coode led a rebellion that removed Lord Baltimore from power in Maryland. Power in the colony was restored to the Baltimore family in 1715 when Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, insisted in public that he was a Protestant. Despite early competition with the colony of Virginia to its south, and the Dutch colony of New Netherland to its north, Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province. By 1776 the old order had been overthrown, as Maryland citizens signed the Declaration of Independence, the Catholic George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, former Secretary of State to His Majesty, King Charles I, wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the New World. Upon Baltimores death in 1632 the grant was transferred to his eldest son Cecil, on June 20,1632 Charles I of England granted the original charter for Maryland, a proprietary colony of about twelve million acres, to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Some historians view this grant as a form of compensation for Calverts fathers having been stripped of his title of Secretary of State upon announcing his Roman Catholicism in 1625. The charter offered no guidelines on religion, although it was assumed that Catholics would not be molested in the new colony. The charter had originally granted to Calverts father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. Whatever the reason for granting the colony specifically to Baltimore, however, the colony of New Netherland begun by Englands great imperial rival in this era, the United Provinces specifically claimed the Delaware River valley and was vague about its border with Virginia. Charles rejected all the Dutch claims on the Atlantic seaboard, but was anxious to bolster English claims by formally occupying the territory, the new colony was named after the devoutly Catholic Henrietta Maria of France, the Queen Consort. Colonial Maryland was considerably larger than the state of Maryland. The original charter granted the Calverts an imprecisely defined territory north of Virginia and south of the 40th parallel, like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony. The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with land grants. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as the headright system, settlers were given 50 acres of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler, indentured servant or slave. Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the ships Ark and Dove, Clements Island, off the northern shore of the Potomac River, upstream from its confluence with the Chesapeake Bay and Point Lookout. The new settlers were led by Lord Baltimores younger brother Leonard Calvert and he knew of white men from communication with native tribes to the South and West in Virginia and he was eager to gain technology, such as guns and gunpowder, from the Maryland settlers
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Baron Baltimore
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Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore Manor in County Longford, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1624 for George Calvert and became extinct on the death of the sixth Baron in 1771, the title was held by several members of the Calvert family who were proprietors of the palatinates Avalon in Newfoundland and Maryland. In the context of United States history, the name Lord Baltimore usually refers to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore after whom the city of Baltimore and his younger brother Leonard Calvert was the first Governor of Maryland. As members of the Irish peerage, the Lords Baltimore were able to sit in the British House of Commons. Irish peerages were often used as a way of creating peerages which did not grant a seat in the British House of Lords, as a consequence, many Irish peers had little or no connection to Ireland. Though the barony is extinct, the Barons Baltimore left a number of descendants, including, Leonard Calvert, phillip Calvert, proprietary/colonial Governor of Maryland during a brief period in 1660 or 1661. Captain Charles Calvert, provincial/colonial Governor of Maryland in 1720, at a time when the Calvert family had recently regained control of their proprietary colony and he was appointed Governor by his cousin Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore. Benedict Leonard Calvert, the proprietary/colonial Governor of Maryland from 1727 through 1731, appointed by his brother, Charles Calvert, Benedict Swingate Calvert, the illegitimate son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the third Proprietor/Colonial Governor of Maryland. Loyalist and Judge of the Land Office prior to the American Revolution, eleanor Calvert, daughter-in-law of Martha Dandridge Washington and the stepdaughter-in-law of the General of the Continental Army and first President of the United States, George Washington. Henry Harford, 5th and last Proprietor of Maryland and he was the illegitimate son of Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore. There are several locations in Maryland named after the Barons Baltimore, including Baltimore County, Calvert County, Cecil County, Charles County, Frederick County, Leonardtown, St. Leonard and Calvert Cliffs. There is also Charles Street and Calvert Street in Baltimore, wife of Cecilius Calvert, Anne Arundells namesake Queen survives in that of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. C. Harford County is named for Henry Harford, the son of Frederick Calvert. Leonardtown, Maryland, now county seat of St. Marys City, the Baltimore Road, which runs through the town of Bladensburg was made famous due to its role in the Battle of Bladensburg and the subsequent Burning of Washington during the War of 1812. On the Avalon Peninsula in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador of the northeastern Dominion of Canada, there is a settlement named Calvert, there are also several other towns and villages across North America in the several states with the name of Baltimore, New Baltimore or Old Baltimore. Before the American Revolution, a flag used by military units of the colonial militia of the Province of Maryland was known as the Calvert Arms Flag. This Union Jack canton in the corner of the banner over the black and gold chevrons depicted on the Calvert familys shield. Today, this historical flag is often displayed throughout the state, especially at historical, heritage
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Kingdom of England
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In the early 11th century the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, united by Æthelstan, became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway. The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown, from the accession of James I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland. Under the Stuarts, the kingdom plunged into war, which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament and this concept became legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its state the United Kingdom. On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707, the Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Angelcynn, originally names of the Angles. They called their land Engla land, meaning land of the English, by Æthelweard Latinized Anglia, from an original Anglia vetus, the name Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle English period. The Latin name was Anglia or Anglorum terra, the Old French, by the 14th century, England was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain. The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum, Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first king to call himself King of England. In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with use of Rex Anglie. The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum, from the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie. In 1604 James VI and I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, the English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707. The kingdom of England emerged from the unification of the early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex. The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general, the English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927 CE. During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as Bretwalda, the decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful. It absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825, the kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. In 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, in 886, Alfred the Great retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that all of the English people not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred, asser added that Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the city of London splendidly
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Leonard Calvert
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Leonard Calvert was the First Proprietary Governor of Maryland. He was the son of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. His elder brother Cecil, who inherited the colony and the title upon the death of their father George, April 15,1632, Leonard was named after his grandfather, the father of George who was also Leonard Calvert of Yorkshire. In 1628 Leonard accompanied his father, to the new colony of Newfoundland, the colony ultimately failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. In 1632, he returned to England where he negotiated an additional patent for the colony of Maryland from King Charles I of England, however, before the papers could be executed, George died on the 15th of April,1632. On June 20,1632, Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore executed the charter for the colony of Maryland that his father had negotiated, Leonard Calvert was appointed the colonys first Governor. Two days later, on the 27th March, they returned further south down-river near the point where the Potomac meets the Bay at what is now St, in 1638, Calvert seized a trading post at Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne. In 1643 Governor Calvert went to England to discuss policies with his brother Cecil, Calvert returned to Maryland in 1644 with his new wife and children. That same year, Claiborne returned and led an uprising of Maryland Protestants against the Catholic Proprietor, Calvert was soon forced to flee southward to Virginia. He returned at the head of a force in 1646. Leonard Calvert died of an illness in the summer of 1647, before he died, he wrote a will naming Margaret Brent, as the executor of his estate. Calvert also named his friend and fellow passenger aboard the Ark, in 1890, the State of Maryland erected an obelisk monument to him and his wife at Historic St. Marys City which had a historical district created to commemorate the colonial origins of the colony. The location of Leonard Calverts grave has been lost to history, archeologists based in the Historic St. Marys City research complex believe that Leonard Calvert is buried somewhere in St. Inigoes, Maryland. The most likely spot has been narrowed down to somewhere on Webster Field, several archeological digs have been conducted but the grave has yet to be discovered. Members of the Calvert family in the settlement were known to be buried in lead coffins and it is not known if this is how Leonard Calvert was buried. His death, due to disease, happened suddenly and unexpectedly after a period of warfare had wracked the colony. List of colonial governors of Maryland Dictionary of American Biography Base Set, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Calvert Family Tree Images of Leonard Calvert on the State of Maryland online archives
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Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
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His title was Cecil Calvert, Second Baron Baltimore, First Lord Proprietary, Earl Palatine of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon in America. He received the proprietorship after the death of his father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, Cecil Calvert established and managed the Province of Maryland from his home, Kiplin Hall, in North Yorkshire, England. As an English Roman Catholic, he continued the legacy of his father by promoting religious tolerance in the colony, Maryland became a haven for Catholics in the New World, particularly important at a time of religious persecution in England. Calvert governed Maryland for forty-two years and he also continued to be Lord Proprietor and Governor of Newfoundland for the colony of Avalon. He died in England on 30 November 1675, aged 70 years and he is thought to be buried at St. Giles-in-the-Fields Church, London, UK. The exact location of his grave is unknown, but parish records state he is buried there, a plaque commemorating Cecil Calvert was placed in St. Giles in 1996 by the Governor of Maryland. However, genealogists for Kiplin Hall state, A number of the early Calverts were buried at St Giles in the Fields, Charing Cross Road and we cannot yet be certain whether Cecil is one of them. This is possibly due to record keeping of Catholic burials or numerous outbreaks of disease that overwhelmed burial staff. Cecil Calvert was born on 8 August 1605, in Kent, England to George Calvert and he was the first of several sons of the couple. At the time, his father was under pressure for conformity, Calvert entered Trinity College at the University of Oxford in 1621. His mother Anne Mynne died the following year and his father George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore converted to Roman Catholicism in 1625, and it is likely that his children followed him, at least his sons did. In 1628 Cecil accompanied his father, along with most of his siblings and his stepmother, the colony failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. On 8 August 1633, Calvert was admitted to Grays Inn as a barrister, Calvert received a Charter from King Charles I for the new colony of Maryland, to be named for the Queen Consort Henrietta Maria. This was shortly after the death of his father, the First Baron Baltimore, the original grant would have included the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay as far south as the Potomac River and the entirety of the eastern shore. Once that alteration was made, the charter was confirmed on 20 June 1632. This charter would be contested by Calverts heirs and the Penn family in the Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute. In questions of interpretation of rights, the Charter would be interpreted in favour of the proprietor, Supporters in England of the Virginia colony opposed the Charter, as they had little interest in having a competing colony to the north. Rather than going to the colony himself, Baltimore stayed behind in England to deal with the political threat, while the expedition was being prepared, Baltimore was busy in England defending the 1632 Charter from former members of the Virginia Company
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