1.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
2.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president
3.
Head of government
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The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election
4.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
5.
North Dakota Governor's Residence
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The North Dakota Governors Residence is the home of the Governor of North Dakota. The current residence is located on the southwest corner of the North Dakota State Capitol grounds in Bismarck, the original governors mansion was built in 1884 as a private home for Bismarck businessman Asa Fisher. Fisher homesteaded in Edwinton in 1872 and made his fortune in banking, real estate, in 1893, the house was sold to the state for $5000. The house was used as the residence from 1893–1960 and was the home of twenty North Dakota governors. In 1975, the State Legislature passed House Bill 1315 which transferred ownership to the State Historical Society of North Dakota, the house was renovated to look as it did in 1893 and opened to the public as a North Dakota State Historic Site in 1983. In 1955, the North Dakota legislature approved House Bill 761 providing $200,000 for a new residence to be built because the current mansion was in a state of disrepair. Construction started in 1959 and was completed in 1960, Governor John Davis was the last governor to live in the old mansion and the first to live in the new residence. In 2000, a remodeling of most of the home was done. The residence now in use was found to have structural and safety issues. Instead, the legislature determined that new construction of a home, along with a facility for hosting events. Governor Jack Dalrymple signed SB2304 on April 29,2015, construction is scheduled to begin on the new residence in 2017. Information about the current ND Governors Residence Information about the historic ND Governors Mansion
6.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
7.
John Miller (North Dakota politician)
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John Miller was a bonanza farmer, business man and American Republican politician in North Dakota. He served as the first Governor of North Dakota from 1889 to 1891, born in the Finger Lakes region of New York state, Miller had moved to the Dakota Territory in 1878. With a partner he bought thousands of acres of land for what was called bonanza farming, the Northern Pacific Railroad connected such farms to the populous eastern markets. He became a partner or owner of three major agricultural companies, the last also provided milling and other services. Miller was born in Dryden, New York, in 1843 in the Finger Lakes region, so many came from the Northern Tier of states that they established a political and social culture similar to that in New York, the Upper Midwest and New England. In 1878, he moved to the Dakota Territory with Jeremy W. Dwight, as bonanza farmers, the two men established the Dwight Farm and Land Company, selling some land as speculators. They became quite wealthy from cultivation of wheat as a commodity crop, Miller married Addie S. Tucker on February 22,1882. In 1888 Miller was elected to the Dakota Territory Council, the territorial legislature, in 1889 Miller participated in the constitutional convention that resulted in North Dakota statehood. In 1889 he was the Republican nominee for Governor of North Dakota, persuaded that if he did not run the Republicans would lose, Miller agreed to become a candidate. He won by vote in the General Election in 1889. In 1890, the state had a white population of 190,983. During Millers two-year tenure, the government was formed. After serving his term, Miller declined to run again for re-election or other political office and he returned to his bonanza farm business, raising wheat and grain on an industrial scale. He organized the John Miller Land Company in 1896, in 1906 Miller became president of the newly incorporated Chaffee-Miller Milling Company. His partner Herbert F. Chaffee and he arranged for milling flour, the company had offices in North Dakota and Duluth, Minnesota. Chaffee and his wife were among the passengers on the maiden voyage in April 1912 of the R. M. S. Titanic, he died but she survived, Miller died in Duluth, Minnesota in 1908. His family accompanied his body as it was returned to his birthplace of Dryden and he was buried in Green Hills Cemetery
8.
Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota
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The Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is a political office in North Dakota. The Lieutenant Governors duty is to preside as President of the Senate, and is responsible for legislative relations, in the event the office of the Governor becomes vacant, the Lieutenant Governor assumes that office and appoints a replacement lieutenant. The current Lieutenant Governor is Brent Sanford, having been elected with Governor Doug Burgum, before 1974, the Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota was elected separately from the Governor. List of Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota Biography of the North Dakota Lieutenant Governor
9.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
10.
Commander-in-chief
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A commander-in-chief is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nations military forces or significant elements of those forces. In the latter case, the element is those forces within a particular region. Often, a given countrys commander-in-chief need not be or have been an officer or even a veteran. This follows the principle of civilian control of the military, the role of commander-in-chief derives from the Latin, imperator. Imperatores of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire possessed imperium powers, in its modern use, the term first applied to King Charles I of England in 1639. It continued to be used during the English Civil War, a nations head of state usually holds the nominal position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government. Governors-general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander-in-chief of the forces within their territory. A commander-in-chief is sometimes referred to as commander, which is sometimes used as a specific term. The term is used for military officers who hold such power and authority, not always through dictatorship. The term is used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch. According to the Constitution of Albania, The President of the Republic of Albania is the Commander-in-chief of Albanian Armed Forces, the incumbent Commander-in-chief is President Bujar Nishani. The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the President in the management of the armed forces, the Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation. The Constitution states, in Article 80, that the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Armed Forces. e, the cabinet under the chairmanship of the Federal Chancellor, as defined in Article 69. The commander-in-chief is the president, although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister and he retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the President of Bangladesh. Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the command of the President of the Republic. The Sultan of Brunei is the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, the powers of command-in-chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch, and are delegated to the Governor General of Canada, who also uses the title Commander-in-Chief. In this capacity, the general is entitled to the uniform of a general/flag officer, with the crest of the office. According to the National Defence Act, the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to parliament for all related to national defence
11.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
12.
North Dakota gubernatorial election, 2016
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The primaries took place on June 14. Incumbent Republican Governor Jack Dalrymple announced that he would not run for re-election to a full term in office. Doug Burgum defeated Marvin Nelson in the General Election to become the new Governor of North Dakota, in December 2010, Republican Governor John Hoeven resigned after being elected to the U. S. Senate. Jack Dalrymple, the Lieutenant Governor, was sworn in as Governor and was elected to a term in 2012. In August 2015, Dalrymple announced that he not run for re-election to a second full term in office. The North Dakota Republican Party will endorse a candidate at their state convention April 1–3, but ballot access is actually controlled by North Dakotas primary election held Tuesday, June 14. S. S
13.
North Dakota Legislative Assembly
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The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of North Dakota. The Legislative Assembly consists of two chambers, the lower North Dakota House of Representatives, with 94 representatives, and the upper North Dakota Senate, the state is divided into 47 constituent districts, with two representatives and one senator elected from each district. Members of both houses are elected without term limits, the Legislative Assembly convenes in the west chamber of the 19-story Art Deco state capitol building in Bismarck. According to Article IV, Section 1 of the North Dakota Constitution, the Senate must be composed of no fewer than 40 senators, similarly, the House of Representatives must be composed of no fewer than 80 and no more than 108 representatives. Section 2 states that the Legislative Assembly can divide the state into as many districts of compact. A senator and at least two representatives must be apportioned to each district and be elected at large or from subdistricts from those districts. Originally, the North Dakota Constitution limited members of the North Dakota House of Representatives to two-year terms, in 1996, the voters approved a constitutional amendment that changed the term for representatives to four-years with staggered terms. The amendment went into effect July 1,1997, and was first applied in the 1998 elections, all statutes passed by the Legislative Assembly and signed by the governor become part of the North Dakota Century Code. Due to the nature of the legislature, legislation, research, committee reports. Legislative Management consists of 17 legislators, including the majority and minority leaders of both houses and the Speaker of the House, the Speaker appoints six other representatives, three from the majority party and three from the minority party as recommended by the majority and minority leaders, respectively. During the fire, Secretary of State Robert Byrne saved the original copy of the state constitution, in the interim period without a capitol, the Legislative Assembly convened in both the War Memorial Building and the City Auditorium in Bismarck. Under the approval of Governor George F. Shafer, the current Art Deco capitol was built as a replacement between 1931 and 1934 in the midst of the Great Depression. org
14.
William Langer
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William Wild Bill Langer was a prominent US politician from North Dakota. Langer is one of the most colorful characters in North Dakota history, most famously bouncing back from a scandal forced him out of the governors office. He served as the 17th and 21st Governor of North Dakota from 1932 to 1934, Langer also served in the United States Senate from 1941 to 1959 when he died in office. Langer was born on September 30,1886 near Casselton, Dakota Territory, to Frank and his father, Frank Langer, was a member of the first legislature of the state of North Dakota. William was valedictorian of Casselton High School upon graduation in 1904 and he obtained a bachelor of laws from the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, but was too young upon graduation to practice law. He therefore continued his education at Columbia, where he graduated at the top of his class in 1910. Although he was offered a position at a prominent New York law firm, he elected to return to North Dakota, where he practiced law in the town of Mandan before starting his career in politics. He married Lydia Cady, the daughter of New York architect J. Cleaveland Cady, in 1918, and had four daughters, Emma, Lydia, Mary, and Cornelia. In 1914, Langer was appointed states attorney of Morton County and was one of a few non-farmers on the Nonpartisan League Republican 1916 state ticket. He was elected attorney general as the newly formed NPL party swept to victory in the 1916 election. By 1920, Langer was publicly accusing Townley of Bolshevism, Langers break with the NPL leadership was a reflection of the infighting that limited the partys eventual influence on North Dakota politics. Langer eventually mended his rift with the NPL and was elected governor of North Dakota in 1932, collecting this money was not prohibited by state law and was a common, traditional practice. Brought to trial in 1934, Langer and five co-conspirators were found guilty, the trial was presided over by Judge Andrew Miller and was prosecuted by U. S. District Attorney for North Dakota P. W. Lanier, two of Langers strongest political opponents in the state. The first trial was littered with procedural errors which made it invalid on appeal, including improper and rigged jury selection and heavily biased and opinionated jury instructions. Because of the conviction, the North Dakota Supreme Court ordered him removed from office, and on July 17,1934. Langer gathered with about ten friends, declared North Dakota independent, declared martial law, Langer eventually relented, and Olson served the remainder of Langers term as governor. In 1935 the convictions were overturned on appeal, the case against Langer was retried twice in 1935. Judge Miller, following a motion by Langer, refused to step down as judge in the first retrial
15.
Bismarck, North Dakota
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Bismarck is the capital of the U. S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County. It is the second-most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo, the citys population was 61,272 at the 2010 census, while its metropolitan population was 129,517. In 2015, Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest-growing small city in the United States, Bismarck was founded by European Americans in 1872 on the east bank of the Missouri River. It has been North Dakotas capital city since 1889, when the state was created from the Dakota Territory, Bismarck is located across the river from Mandan, named after a historic Native American tribe of the area. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area, the North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in central Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city, as a hub of retail and health care, Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota. For thousands of years, present-day central North Dakota was inhabited by indigenous peoples, the historic Mandan Native American tribe occupied the area long before Europeans arrived. The Hidatsa name of Bismarck is mirahacii arumaaguash, the Arikara name is ituhtaáwe and it had been an area of Mandan settlement. Later the new town was called Edwinton, after Edwin Ferry Johnson and its construction of railroads in the territory attracted workers and settlers. In 1873, the Northern Pacific Railway renamed the city as Bismarck, railroad officials hoped to attract German immigrant settlers to the area and German investment in the railroad. The discovery of gold in the nearby Black Hills of South Dakota the following year was an impetus for growth. Thousands of miners came to the area, encroaching on what the Lakota considered sacred territory, Bismarck became a freight-shipping center on the Custer Route from the Black Hills. In 1883 Bismarck was designated as the capital of the Dakota Territory, Bismarck is located at 46°48′48″N 100°46′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 31.23 square miles. The city has developed around downtown Bismarck, the center of historic development and it is distinctive because the citys major shopping center, Kirkwood Mall, is located in the center city rather than in the suburbs. Several other major stores are in the vicinity of Kirkwood Mall. The two Bismarck hospitals, St. Alexius Medical Center and Sanford Health are both downtown, the streets are lined with small stores and restaurants, providing numerous amenities. Much recent commercial and residential growth has taken place in the section of the city
16.
North Dakota State Capitol
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The North Dakota State Capitol is the house of government of the U. S. state of North Dakota. The Capitol, a 21 story tower, is located in Bismarck at 600 East Boulevard Avenue, the capitol building itself and the surrounding office buildings house the states legislative and judicial branches, as well as many government agencies. The State Capitol is largely surrounded by government buildings. The numerous parks, walking trails, and monuments on the grounds give visitors information concerning the states history, six buildings currently exist on the grounds, all were built during various time periods as the government grew. Not all state agencies are housed on the grounds, however, plans for a massive expansion and improvement of the grounds were developed in 2000, but very little of the plan has been implemented as of 2012. The original North Dakota State Capitol building, built between 1883 and 1884, expanded in 1894 and 1903 and which burned to the ground the morning of December 28,1930. The fire was said to have started by oily rags in a janitors closet on the top floor of the main part of the building. The rags had been used to clean and varnish the legislators desks in preparation for the legislative session. North Dakota Secretary of State Robert Byrne was able to save the original copy of the states constitution, another state employee, Jennie Ulsrud, burned her hands when she attempted to save records in the North Dakota State Treasurers office. Governor George F. Shafer came back from his visit to St. Paul, upon arrival, he immediately assembled a team of state legislators and officials to discuss plans for coping with the loss of records and work space. The day after the fire, in an effort to save as many records as possible,40 state prison inmates went to trying to salvage materials from the ruins. The Legislature met temporarily in Bismarcks War Memorial Building and the City Auditorium, the disaster required the construction of a new building during the Great Depression. The tower and wing were built between 1931 and 1934, at a cost of US$2 million, ground was broken for the building by Governor George F. Shafer on August 13,1932. Workers on the building were paid only 30 cents an hour and, after multiple worker strikes, while the new 19-story Capitol building was expected to have plenty of space for years to come, the space quickly filled as the Government of the state expanded. The building originally housed the Bismarck Junior College, but the Legislature purchased it in 1959, the 1960s was a period of rapid development of the grounds. In 1960, the new North Dakota Governors Residence was built on the grounds to replace the old residence which was beginning to deteriorate and it is the last new building built as of 2007, although a Judicial Wing was added onto the base of the Capitol tower in 1977. While the space needed by state government has increased since the construction of the Capitol in the 1930s. Additionally, two parks, Myron Atkinson Park and the Capitol Park, are located on the campus
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Coat of arms of North Dakota
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The coat of arms of North Dakota was created for use by the state government and National Guard units. An image of the coat of arms is seen on the flag of the Governor of North Dakota, crest, On a wreath Or and azure, a sheaf of three arrows argent armed and flighted gules behind a stringed bow fessways Or with grip of the second. The Indian arrowhead forms the shield of the coat of arms, the three stars denote the trinity of government, legislative, executive, and judicial. The stars also allude to the history of the territory under three foreign flags. Three stars are borne upon the coat of arms of Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition and also on the coat of arms of Lord Selkirk, head of the first permanent settlement in this state. The fleur-de-lis alludes to La Vérendrye, a Canadian explorer who was the first known man to visit the territory of this state. The blue and gold wreath in the crest reflects the history of the territory as part of the Louisiana purchase. The crest which shall constitute the military crest of the state of North Dakota is a taken from the state seal
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Flag of North Dakota
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The design for the flag of the state of North Dakota is an almost exact copy of the unit banner carried by the states troop contingent in the Philippine–American War. It was adopted by the North Dakota Legislative Assembly on March 3,1911, legislation in 1943 brought the flag in line with the original troop banner, which is on display at the North Dakota Heritage Center in Bismarck. The flag also resembles the Great Seal of the United States, in 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U. S. state, U. S. territorial and Canadian provincial flags. NAVA members ranked North Dakotas flag 56th out of the 72, the flags official proportions are 33,26, significantly shorter than many other state flags, however, in practice, the flag is produced and sold in 5,3 ratios. Flags of the Governors of the U. S, States State of North Dakota Symbols of the state of North Dakota Great Seal of the State of North Dakota Information about flag - State of North Dakota official website
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North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner
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Responsibility for licensing alcoholic beverage retail businesses lies with the state Attorney General. The current commissioner is Ryan Rauschenberger, who was appointed by Governor Jack Dalrymple in 2013 after the resignation of Cory Fong. The office has used as a pathway to larger roles in North Dakota government, recent Tax Commissioners have run for Governor, Attorney General. Senators Byron Dorgan, Kent Conrad, and incumbent Heidi Heitkamp all served as Tax Commissioners, official Website Duties of the North Dakota Tax Commissioner
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North Dakota State Cabinet
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The North Dakota State Cabinet is part of the executive branch of the Government of the U. S. state of North Dakota, consisting of the appointed heads of the North Dakota state executive departments. The State Cabinet has evolved into a part of the State government. The North Dakota State Cabinet, under current Governor Jack Dalrymple, the departments goals are to better life for North Dakotans by creating new wealth and broadening the states economic base. The North Dakota Highway Patrol – Headed by the Superintendent, the Highway Patrol ensures safety on the states highways, the North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission – Headed by the Executive Director of Indian Affairs, the commission assists Indian individuals and groups in the state. In addition, the department licenses employment agencies operating in North Dakota, the North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department – Headed by the Director, the department oversees the states park and trail system, as well as recreational activities. The North Dakota National Guard – Headed by the Adjutant General, the National Guard provides ready units, individuals, the current North Dakota State Cabinet, serving under Governor of North Dakota Jack Dalrymple, is as follows, Government of North Dakota United States Cabinet
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North Dakota House of Representatives
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The North Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly and is larger than the North Dakota Senate. North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census, the 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts. As each district elects 2 Representatives to the House, there are currently 94 Representatives in the House, elections are staggered such that half the districts have elections every 2 years. Originally, the North Dakota Constitution limited members of the North Dakota House of Representatives to two-year terms and that practice continued until 1996, when the voters approved a constitutional amendment that changed the term for representatives to four-years with staggered terms. The amendment went into effect July 1,1997, and was first applied in the 1998 elections, the House Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota. org
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North Dakota Senate
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The North Dakota Senate is the upper house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly, smaller than the North Dakota House of Representatives. North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census, the 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts, with one senator elected from each district. Elections are staggered such that half the districts have elections every 2 years, the Senate Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota. org
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North Dakota Department of Transportation
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The North Dakota Department of Transportation is a part of the government of the U. S. state of North Dakota. NDDOT oversees the states transportation system and this includes planning both new construction and reconstruction projects on roads and highways throughout the state. NDDOT also is responsible for the issuance of drivers licenses. Despite the small size of the Department, North Dakota has more registered vehicles than there are residents of the state, the Director is Grant Levi, and the central office is located on the North Dakota State Capitol grounds in Bismarck. North Dakota Department of Transportation website
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Bank of North Dakota
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The Bank of North Dakota is a state-owned-run financial institution, based in Bismarck, North Dakota. Under state law, the bank is the State of North Dakota doing business as the Bank of North Dakota, the state and its agencies are required to place their funds in the bank, but local governments are not required to do so. Other entities may also open accounts at the Bank, however, BND offers fewer retail services than other institutions and these limit its competitiveness in consumer banking. Instead, BND has taken a role akin to a central bank, and has many functions, such as check clearing. BND also guarantees student loans, business development loans, and state, the Bank of North Dakota was established by legislative action in 1919 to promote agriculture, commerce and industry in North Dakota. The business-backed Independent Voters Association then pursued shutting down the bank politically, the recall of NPL Governor Lynn Frazier effectively ended the initial plan, with BND taking a more conservative central banking role in state finance. The Bank of North Dakota is the only state-owned facility of its type in the United States other than the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank
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