1.
Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
2.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
3.
Thomas Chittenden
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During his first term after his return to office, Vermont was admitted to the Union as the 14th state. Chittenden was born in East Guilford in the Colony of Connecticut on January 6,1730 and he married Elizabeth Meigs on October 4,1749, in Salisbury, Connecticut. The couple had four sons and six daughters while they were living in Connecticut, all the children survived to adulthood. He was justice of the peace in Salisbury and a member of the Colonial Assembly from 1765 to 1769 and he served in Connecticuts 14th Regiment from 1767 to 1773, rising to the rank of Colonel. He was descended from Thomas Chittenden, who was born in Cranbrook, Kent, England, Chittenden moved to the New Hampshire Grants, now Vermont, in 1774, where he was the first settler in the town of Williston. In 1777, a convention was held in Windsor, which drafted Vermonts first constitution, during the American Revolution, Chittenden was a member of a committee empowered to negotiate with the Continental Congress to allow Vermont to join the Union. The Congress deferred the matter in order to not antagonize the states of New York and New Hampshire, after Vermont entered the federal Union in 1791 as the fourteenth state, Chittenden continued to serve as governor until 1797. Chittenden died in Williston on August 25,1797 and is interred at Thomas Chittenden Cemetery, Williston, Chittenden County, citing Vermonts tumultuous founding, his epitaph reads Out of storm and manifold perils rose an enduring state, the home of freedom and unity. An engraved portrait of Chittenden can be found just outside the entrance to the Executive Chamber, a bronze sculpture of Chittenden can also be found on the grounds of the Vermont State House near the buildings west entrance. In the 1990s a statue of him was erected in front of the Williston Central School and his son Martin was Governor and several sons were active in Vermont politics and the state militia. His great-grandson, Lucius E. Chittenden, served as Register of the Treasury in the Lincoln administration, the town of Chittenden in Rutland County is named for him
4.
Constitution of Vermont
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The Constitution of the State of Vermont is the fundamental body of law of the U. S. State of Vermont. At 8,295 words, it is the shortest U. S. state constitution, from 1777 to 1791, Vermont was an independent country, often referred to in the present day as the Vermont Republic. During that time it was called the State of Vermont. Its first constitution, drafted in 1777, was among the most far-reaching in guaranteeing personal freedoms, in particular, it banned adult slavery, saying male slaves become free at the age of 21 and females at 18. The 1777 constitutions Declaration of Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont anticipated the United States Bill of Rights by a dozen years. The first chapter, a Declaration of Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont, is followed by a Plan or Frame of Government outlining the structure of governance. In 1786, the Constitution was extensively revised to establish a far greater separation of powers than what had prevailed under the 1777 Constitution. It also provided that the legislature could no longer function as a court of appeals nor otherwise intervene in cases before the courts, as it had often done. The 1786 Constitution continued in effect when, in 1791, Vermont made the transition from independence to the status of one of the states of the Union. In particular, the governor, the members of the governors council, the 1793 Constitution was adopted two years after Vermonts admission to the Union and continues in effect, with various later amendments, to this day. It eliminated all mention of grievances against King George III and against the State of New York, in order that the freedom of this Commonwealth may be preserved inviolate the 1777 constitution established a Council of Censors. This body consisted of thirteen elected members, chosen every seven years and they were to check that the legislative and executive branches of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people. They also had the power to call a convention, if needed and this council had been based on a similar element of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. In 1786, the constitution was amended with language proposed by the 1785 Council of Censors, their first meeting, the section on the Council of Censors remained generally unchanged, with only an added clarification of scope. In 1793, the constitution was amended with language proposed by the 1792 Council of Censors, the Council now had the power to send for persons, papers, and records. In 1870, the constitution was amended with language proposed by the 1869 Council of Censors, their last meeting, the Council of Censors was abolished and replaced by a new procedure to amend the constitution. The Vermont Constitution, Chapter 2, Section 72 establishes the procedure for amending the constitution, the Vermont General Assembly, the states bi-cameral legislature, has the sole power to propose amendments to the Constitution of Vermont. The process must be initiated by a Senate that has been elected in an off-year, that is, an amendment must originate in the Senate and be approved by a two-thirds vote
5.
The Pavilion (Vermont)
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The Pavilion is the principal workplace of the Governor of Vermont, located at 109 State Street in Montpelier, capital of the U. S. state of Vermont. The building is built in the French Second Empire style, and houses the offices, reception room, press briefing room. The five story building is a 1971 reconstruction of an 1876 hotel, the first hotel on the site was a three-story building built in 1807–1808 by Thomas Davis. Shortly after construction Davis sold the hotel to Mahlon Cottrill who greatly enlarged the building, rebuilding it in the Greek Revival style, Cottrill established the name The Pavilion, and added piazzas on the south and west sides as in the present building. In 1874 Theron O. Bailey acquired the hotel, razed the building and erected a new ninety-guestroom Pavilion. Steam powered elevators carried guests from the ground to fifth floor, two new ball rooms, dining rooms, and lounges were added – all lit by gas jet. A large two-story Italianate style piazza was added on the side facing State Street. Baileys grand new hotel cost $100,000, and opened in time for the 1876 Centennial of American Independence, for three-quarters of a century the Pavilion remained the grand hotel of Montpelier. An increase in legislators willing to commute, by car, from home to the state house, the hotel ceased operation in October 1966. The state of Vermont acquired the property in 1969, the west and south exterior façades are academic copies of the original building, faithful except for the missing chimneys and cast-iron cresting along the mansard roof. A large two-story piazza wraps around the south and west sides as in the 1876 building. A modernist addition, in the form of a contemporary steel and this wing is to the northwest, directly north of the state library and Vermont Supreme Court. The working office of the governor was moved to wing, providing the office with a dramatic view of the State House dome to the northwest. A ceremonial office for the governor is provided in the State House, the state of Vermont previously maintained an official residence for Vermonts governors called the Chester Wright House at 159 State Street, a large late Georgian style house built in 1809. The Greek Revival portico and terrace was added later in the nineteenth century, the family of Governor Joseph B. Johnson were the last regular residents, leaving the house at the end of his term in 1959. The house was used sporadically until the mid-1960s when the house was due to lack of use. A residential apartment for the governor was built in the northwest portion of the building during the administration of Madeleine M. Kunin. These rooms are used infrequently by recent governors but can be useful to Vermonts governor during emergencies or the legislative session when work is sometimes conducted late into the night, the Vermont Political Tradition and Those Who Helped Make It
6.
Montpelier, Vermont
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Montpelier /mɒntˈpiːliər/ is the capital city of the U. S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. As the site of Vermonts state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States, the population was 7,855 at the 2010 census. However, the population swells to about 21,000. The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality and it was named for Montpellier, in southern France. The first permanent settlement began in May 1787, when Colonel Jacob Davis and General Parley Davis arrived from Charlton, General Davis surveyed the land, while Colonel Davis cleared forest and erected a large log house on the west side of the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter, Colonel Davis selected the name Montpelier after the French city of Montpellier. There was an enthusiasm for things French as a result of the countrys aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117, in 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of America,50 years after the Revolutionary War. The town developed into a center for manufacturing, especially after the Central Vermont Railway opened in Montpelier on June 20, falls on the Winooski River provided water power for mills. Ten thousand people turned out to greet Major General Philip Sheridan when he visited to address the annual meeting of Vermont former Union officers. He particularly thanked Vermont veterans of the Civil War for their performance at the Battle of Cedar Creek, the town had the first municipal water driven hydro system in Vermont in 1884. Water pressure generated sufficient electricity for streetlights, the state proclaimed October 12,1899, as Dewey Day to honor native son George Dewey, the hero of Battle of Manila Bay and the Spanish–American War. Thousands turned out from the state to his hometown of Montpelier for the celebration, Montpelier is located at 44°15′N 72°34′W in the north-central area of Vermont. The city center is a flat zone, surrounded by hills. Towne Hill runs in a 2-mile ridge along the edge of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.3 square miles. The Winooski River flows west along the edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier is subject to flooding in the flat city center
7.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
8.
Government of Vermont
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The government of Vermont is a republican form of government modeled after the Government of the United States. The Constitution of Vermont is the law of the state. This is roughly analogous to the Federal United States Constitution, United States Code and Code of Federal Regulations respectively, provision is made for the following frame of government under the Constitution of the State of Vermont, the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. All members of the executive and legislative branch serve two-year terms including the governor, there are no term limits for any office. The Vermont state capital is Montpelier, in 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the fourteenth state. An in-depth evaluation of government in 2008 ranked Vermont high compared to other states and it ranked highest in small discrete issues and huge global ones. It performed poorly in the issues in-between and planning for the future, the Vermont Constitution guarantees broad rights for its citizens. Adopted in 1793, it contains in its first article a far-reaching bill of rights, the Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of The State of Vermont is believed to have been a model for Frances Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen later. Vermonts state legislature is the Vermont General Assembly, a body composed of the Vermont House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 30 state senators, while the House of Representatives has 150 members, State legislators are paid $536 per week while the legislature is in session plus $87 per diem. With the current estimated population of Vermont from the last U. S. Census, the Executive Branch consists of the Governor of Vermont, and state agencies. The executive branch enacts and enforces the laws of the state, the Governor is the supreme executive. The current Governor is Phil Scott, a Republican, the offices of the Governor are located at The Pavilion in Montpelier, the state capital. The governor is paid a salary of $150,051 annually, Vermonters elect a state governor and lieutenant governor on separate tickets. For example, when Republican Governor Richard Snelling died in office in 1991, the executive branch had about 8,000 employees in 2005, making it the largest employer in the state. This high number is due, in part, to Vermont practice of assuming the functions, in 2008, there were 8262 people working for the government. The average salary of an employee was $50,014 in 2008. In 2010, state employees agreed to take a 3% cut in salary, there are three levels of bureaucracy, at the highest are secretaries and agencies, the next level are commissions, the third are departments and offices
9.
New Hampshire
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New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont. It has no sales tax, nor is personal income taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U. S. presidential election cycle and its license plates carry the state motto, Live Free or Die. The states nickname, The Granite State, refers to its extensive granite formations, the state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire is part of the New England region and it is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshires major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U. S. coastal state, New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Major rivers include the 110-mile Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south and ends up in Newburyport and its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshires Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, only one town – Pittsburg – shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut also define the Canada–U. S, the Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the states only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine, the U. S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however, the largest of New Hampshires lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles, is a distant second, Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. It is the state with the highest percentage of area in the country. New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests
10.
Vermont General Assembly
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The Vermont General Assembly is the legislative body of the state of Vermont, in the United States. The Legislature is formally known as the General Assembly, but the style of Legislature is commonly used, the General Assembly is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the 150-member Vermont House of Representatives and the 30-member Vermont Senate. Members of the House are elected by single and two-member districts,58 districts choose one member, and 46 choose two, with the term of service being two years. The Senate includes 30 Senators, elected by 13 multi-member districts and it is the only state legislative body in the United States in which a third-party has had continuous representation and been consecutively elected alongside Democrats and Republicans. The Vermont General Assembly meets at the Vermont State House in the capital of Montpelier. Biennial terms commence on the first Wednesday following the first Monday in January, legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year. Representatives and Senators serve two-year terms, one must be a resident of the state for the two years, and of the legislative district for the one year, immediately preceding the election in order to qualify for either house. The House is headed by the Speaker of the House, while the Senate is headed by the States Lieutenant Governor as the Senate President, the Senate President has only a casting vote. More often, the Senate is presided over by the President Pro Tempore, the Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the Governors power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a majority in favor of overriding in each House. The Legislature has the power to propose amendments to the Constitution of Vermont. An amendment must originate in the Senate, where it must receive a two-thirds vote, after passing the Senate, it must also receive a majority vote in the House. Any amendment that passes both Houses must be repassed by majority votes, after an elected legislature is seated, again, first in the Senate. The proposed amendment must then be passed by a majority of the voters at a referendum. Only every other Senate session may initiate the amendment process, thus, Senates elected in off-year elections may initiate amendments, but not Senates elected during Presidential elections. Vermont had a legislature until 1836. It added a senate by constitutional amendment, prior to 1915, the legislature opened its session in the fall. In 1915 it began opening in January, the legislature takes a break the week of Town Meeting Day in March
11.
Legislative session
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In each country the procedures for opening, ending, and in between sessions differs slightly. A session may last for the term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of prorogation. In either event, the effect of prorogation is generally the clearing of all outstanding matters before the legislature, historically, each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their constituencies. While a parliament is prorogued, between two sessions, the legislature is still constituted – i. e. no general election takes place. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills, motions, prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In the United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered and this break takes place so as to prevent the upper house from sitting during an election campaign and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays, governments today end sessions whenever it is most convenient, and often, a new session will begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session, each session begins with a speech from the throne, read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a viceroy or other representative. In the parliament of the United Kingdom, prorogation is immediately preceded by a speech to both chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. Instead, the speech is presented by the Lords Commissioners and read by the Leader of the House of Lords. Prior to 1977, it was common for the federal Parliament to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament went full term without prorogation, the practice of having multiple sessions in the same Parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all Parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had a single session. Since 1990, it has been the practice for the Parliament to be prorogued on the day that the House is dissolved so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period. However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the 44th Parliament, elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April. Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date, in the Parliament of Canada and its provinces, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne. It remains in recess until the monarch, governor general, or lieutenant governor summons parliamentarians again, historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home ridings. However, this reason has become less important with the advent of rapid transcontinental travel, similarly, the provincial legislature for Ontario in Canada was prorogued in October 2012 under similar circumstances, and is alleged to have happened to avoid scrutiny on a number of issues
12.
Vermont State House
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The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier, is the state capitol of Vermont, in the United States. It is the seat of the Vermont General Assembly, the current Greek Revival structure is the third building on the same site to be used as the State House. Designed by Thomas Silloway in 1857–1858, it was occupied in 1859, a careful restoration of the Vermont State House began in the early 1980s led by curator David Schütz and the Friends of the Vermont State House, a citizens advisory committee. The general style of the building is Neoclassical and Greek Revival and is furnished in American Empire, Renaissance Revival, some rooms have been restored to represent latter-19th-century styles including the Aesthetic Movement style. The Vermont State House is located on State Street on the edge of downtown Montpelier. Set against a hillside, the building and its distinctive gold leaf dome are easily visible while approaching Montpelier. The current structure was designed by architect Thomas Silloway amplifying the design of a structure designed by Ammi B. Young, later supervising architect of the U. S. Treasury, the first State House built in 1808 by Sylvanus Baldwin was replaced by the current Vermont Supreme Court Building completed in 1918. The prior edifice, known as the second State House, was constructed on the site between 1833–1838. Youngs structure was of a more reserved Greek Revival design based upon the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, gray Barre granite is used for the two-story cruciform design with a Doric portico and a low saucer dome echoing William Thorntons earliest design for the United States Capitol. Youngs structure was almost entirely destroyed by a fire in January 1857, Silloway was able to salvage the Doric portico, as well as portions of the granite walls. Silloway added a bay of windows on each side of the central portico. This may have been done to imitate the increased height of the new Capitol dome in Washington designed by Thomas U. Walter which was being constructed during the same time, the dome and roofs were originally painted a dark terracotta red to suggest Tuscan tile. The dome was not gilded until the early 20th century, when states did so as a part of the Colonial Revival style. The dome is topped by a statue named Agriculture, a representation of Ceres, the original statue was carved by Vermont artist Larkin Goldsmith Mead, who also carved the large bust of Lincoln in the Hall of Inscriptions on the State Houses ground floor. The current statue is a replacement, and something of a piece of folk art and it was carved in 1938 by then 87-year-old Dwight Dwinell, Sergeant-at-Arms. The Doric portico, the ceremonial entrance, houses a granite statue of Ethan Allen. Ethan Allen was a founder of Vermont and commander of the Green Mountain Boys, the statue was carved by Aristide Piccini in 1941, to replace the original marble version carved by Larkin Goldsmith Mead in 1858
13.
Fine (penalty)
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A fine or mulct is money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offence. The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, the most usual use of the term is for financial punishments for the commission of crimes, especially minor crimes, or as the settlement of a claim. A synonym, typically used in civil law actions, is mulct, one common example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. Currently in English common law, relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. For instance, fraud is often punished by very large fines since fraudsters are typically banned from the position or profession they abused to commit their crimes, fines can also be used as a form of tax. Money for bail may be applied toward a fine, a day-fine is a fine that, above a minimum, is based on personal income. Some fines are small, such as for loitering, for which range from about $25 to $100. In some areas of the United States, fines for petty crimes, in section 32 of that Act, the expression fine includes a pecuniary penalty but does not include a pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation. In sections 15 to 32 and 48 of the Criminal Law Act 1977, while technically not a fine, which, under the Bill of Rights 1689, may be levied only following a conviction, it serves the same purpose of punishment. Early examples of fines include the weregild or blood money payable under Anglo-Saxon common law for causing a death, the murderer would be expected to pay a sum of money or goods dependent on the social status of the victim. See also English criminal law#General power to impose a fine on indictment, the Dutch Criminal Code doesnt contain specific amounts for fines for every violation of the law. Instead of that the Criminal Code provides six fine categories, every penalty clause of the Criminal Code contains a fine category. The categories are, These sums are only an upper limit, however, the amount of the fine must be at least €3. The sums of catogories are always 1,10,20,50,200 and 2000 times the amount of the first catogory, in addition to the fine, the convict also does have to pay an administration fee of €9. The amounts are established by the government, via a royal order, when the judge convicts an individual to a fine, the judge must also set a term of substitute imprisonment. This substitute imprisonment will be executed in the case that the fine remains unpaid, the judge may count one day imprisonment for every unpaid €25, however normally judges reckon one day for every €50 which stays unpaid. Though, the substitute imprisonment must be at least one day, once a person is irrevocable convicted to a fine, its up to the public prosecutor to collect the fine. To do so, the cjib is established, first, the cjib will send the convict the fine
14.
Treason
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In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against ones nation or sovereign. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, Treason against the king was known as high treason and treason against a lesser superior was petty treason. A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor, orans Dictionary of the Law defines treason as a citizens actions to help a foreign government overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the. In many nations, it is often considered treason to attempt or conspire to overthrow the government. At times, the term traitor has been used as a political epithet, in a civil war or insurrection, the winners may deem the losers to be traitors. In certain cases, as with the Dolchstoßlegende, the accusation of treason towards a group of people can be a unifying political message. Treason is considered to be different and on occasions a separate charge from treasonable felony in many parts of the world. In English law, high treason was punishable by being hanged, drawn and quartered or burnt at the stake and those penalties were abolished in 1814,1790 and 1973 respectively. The penalty was used by later monarchs against people who could reasonably be called traitors, many of them would now just be considered dissidents. His treachery is considered so notorious that his name has long been synonymous with traitor, christian theology and political thinking until after the Enlightenment considered treason and blasphemy as synonymous, as it challenged both the state and the will of God. Kings were considered chosen by God, and to ones country was to do the work of Satan. Many nations laws mention various types of treason, Crimes Related to Insurrection is the internal treason, and may include a coup detat. Crimes Related to Foreign Aggression is the treason of cooperating with foreign aggression positively regardless of the national inside and outside, Crimes Related to inducement of Foreign Aggression is the crime of communicating with aliens secretly to cause foreign aggression or menace. Depending on a country, conspiracy is added to these, in Japan, the application of Crimes Related to Insurrection was considered about Aum Shinrikyo cult which caused religious terrorism. A person is not guilty of treason under paragraphs, or if their assistance or intended assistance is purely humanitarian in nature, the only permissible penalty for treason is life imprisonment. Section 24AA of the Crimes Act 1914 creates the offence of treachery. The Treason Act 1351, the Treason Act 1795 and the Treason Act 1817 form part of the law of New South Wales, Section 16 provides that nothing in Part 2 repeals or affects anything enacted by the Treason Act 1351. This section reproduces section 6 of the Treason Felony Act 1848, the offence of treason was created by section 9A of the Crimes Act 1958
15.
Impeachment
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Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of Government. Impeachment does not necessarily mean removal from office, it is only a statement of charges, akin to an indictment in criminal law. Once an individual is impeached, he or she must then face the possibility of conviction via legislative vote, in the United States, for example, impeachment at the Federal level is reserved for those who may have committed high crimes and misdemeanors. Several Federal officials, including two Presidents and several judges, have been impeached over the course of US history, US President Richard Nixon resigned before Watergate scandal impeachment proceedings could begin. The federal procedure in the United States involves a vote for impeachment in the House of Representatives on a document known as the Article of Impeachment, each separate grounds will be a separate Article. House members who support the impeachment then appoint managers who will act like prosecutors in the preparation for the Senate hearing, the defendant has the right to legal counsel, the right to cross-examine all witnesses and to testify in his or her defense. The senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they perform their duties honestly. The hearing cannot be conducted without a 50% plus one quorum, after the hearing the deliberations are held in private. Removal requires a majority of the Senate. Impeachment has its origins in English law but fell out of use in the 18th century and it exists under constitutional law in many nations around the world, including Brazil, the Republic of Ireland, Philippines, Russia, South Korea and the United States. The word impeachment derives from Latin root impedicare expressing the idea of becoming caught or entrapped, and has analogues in the modern French verb empêcher, medieval popular etymology also associated it with derivations from the Latin impetere. Impeachment was first used in the British political system, specifically, the process was first used by the English Good Parliament against Baron Latimer in the second half of the 14th century. In private organizations, a motion to impeach can be used to prefer charges, the Austrian Federal President can be impeached by the Federal Assembly before the Constitutional Court. The constitution also provides for the recall of the president by a referendum, neither of these courses has ever been taken. This is likely because while the President is vested with considerable powers on paper, he acts as a ceremonial figurehead in practice. The President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, state governors and municipal mayors may be impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, upon conviction, the officeholder has his political rights revoked for eight years--which has the effect of barring him from running for any office. On December 30,1992, Fernando Collor de Mello, the 32nd President of Brazil, the Senate nonetheless voted to convict Collor and bar him from holding any office for eight years, due to evidence of bribery and misappropriation. On April 17,2016, the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies approved the opening of the impeachment case against the president, Dilma Rousseff, the case was later revised by the Federal Senate which, on May 12, approved the suspension of the President
16.
Treasury
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A treasury is either A government department related to finance and taxation. A place or Schatzkammer where currency or precious items like gold, the head of a treasury is typically known as a treasurer. This position may not necessarily have the control over the actions of the treasury. The adjective for a treasury is normally treasurial, the adjective tresorial can also be used, but this normally means pertaining to a treasurer. As of the definition of a treasury from thêsaurus and in the context of the treasure obtained from war efforts the first recorded booty in history is a stele taken during 1160 BC. The sovereigns treasury within the palace in ancient Jerusalem, is considered to be similar in nature to the temple treasury, the temple treasury of the settlement had appointed officials and functioned akin to a bank. In fact, practically in every city there are banking places for the holy money, in excavations of Persopolis a text containing information pertaining to the activities of a temple treasury were discovered dated to the fifth century BC. In the United Kingdom, Her Majestys Treasury is overseen by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the traditional honorary title of First Lord of the Treasury is held by the Prime Minister. Her Majestys Revenue and Customs administers the taxation system, in the United States, the Treasurer reports to an executive-appointed Secretary of the Treasury. The IRS is the agency of the US Department of the Treasury. In many other countries, the treasury is called the ministry of finance, examples include Bangladesh, Belgium, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Ghana, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Japan, the Netherlands, and Pakistan, Zimbabwe. In some other countries, a Treasury will exist alongside a separate Ministry of Finance, the government of Poland includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury, as does the government of Ukraine. It was the same in Italy before the creation of the united Ministry of Economy, in the Australian federal government a treasurer and a finance minister co-exist. The Department of the Treasury is responsible for drafting the government budget, economic policy, some market regulation, the Finance Minister, who manages the Department of Finance and Deregulation, is responsible for budget management, government expenditure and market deregulation. In a text known as the bible, dated somewhat uncertainly to centuries about the 4th BC
17.
Economic sanctions
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An embargo is the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country or a group of countries. Embargoes are considered strong diplomatic measures imposed in an effort, by the imposing country, embargoes are similar to economic sanctions and are generally considered legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with blockades, which are often considered to be acts of war. In response to embargoes, an independent economy or autarky often develops in an area subjected to heavy embargo, effectiveness of embargoes is thus in proportion to the extent and degree of international participation. Companies must be aware of embargoes that apply to the export destination. Embargo check is difficult for both importers and exporters to follow, before exporting or importing to other countries, firstly, they must be aware of embargoes. Sometimes the situation even more complicated with the changing of politics of a country. If an embargo situation exists, the blocks the transaction for further processing. The Embargo of 1807 was a series of laws passed by the U. S. Congress 1806–1808, during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson. Britain and France were engaged in a war, the U. S. wanted to remain neutral. The American national-interest goal was to use the new laws to avoid war, one of the most comprehensive attempts at an embargo happened during the Napoleonic Wars. In an attempt to cripple the United Kingdom economically, the Continental System – which forbade European nations from trading with the UK – was created, in practice it was not completely enforceable and was as harmful if not more so to the nations involved than to the British. The United States imposed an embargo on Cuba on February 7,1962, referred to by Cuba as el bloqueo, the US embargo on Cuba remains one of the longest-standing embargoes. The embargo was embraced by few of the United States allies, in 1973–1974, Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. China, arms embargo, enacted in response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, enacted 1979, increased through the following years and reached its tightest point in 2010. North Korea, luxury goods, enacted 2006 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, consumer goods, Indonesia, live cattle because of cruel slaughter methods in Indonesia. Gaza Strip by Israel since 2001, under blockade since 2007 due to the large number of illicit arms traffic used to wage war. Syria, arms and imports of oil, EU, US, Australia, Canada and Norway since August 2014, beef, pork, fruit and vegetable produce, poultry, fish, cheese, milk and dairy. On August 13,2015, the embargo was expanded to Albania, Montenegro, Switzerland, Japan, Iceland, federal Republic of Yugoslavia North Vietnam and later Vietnam, trade embargo by the US Republic of Macedonia, complete trade embargo
18.
Commodity
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In economics, a commodity is a marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs. Economic commodities comprise goods and services, the word commodity came into use in English in the 15th century, from the French commodité, amenity, convenience. Going further back, the French word derives from the Latin commoditas, meaning suitability, convenience, the Latin word commodus meant variously appropriate, proper measure, time, or condition, and advantage, benefit. The term commodity is specifically used for a good or service when the demand for it has no qualitative differentiation across a market. In other words, a commodity good or service has full or partial but substantial fungibility, that is, the market treats its instances as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them. As the saying goes, From the taste of wheat, it is not possible to tell who produced it, a Russian serf, petroleum and copper are other examples of such commodities, their supply and demand being a part of one universal market. Items such as systems, on the other hand, have many aspects of product differentiation, such as the brand, the user interface. The demand for one type of stereo may be larger than demand for another. In contrast, one of the characteristics of a commodity good is that its price is determined as a function of its market as a whole, well-established physical commodities have actively traded spot and derivative markets. Generally, these are basic resources and agricultural products such as ore, sugar. Soft commodities are goods that are grown, while hard commodities are ones that are extracted through mining, there is another important class of energy commodities which includes electricity, gas, coal and oil. Electricity has the characteristic that it is usually uneconomical to store, hence. Commoditization occurs as a goods or services market loses differentiation across its supply base, as such, goods that formerly carried premium margins for market participants have become commodities, such as generic pharmaceuticals and DRAM chips. Following this trend, nanomaterials are emerging from carrying premium profit margins for market participants to a status of commodification, there is a spectrum of commoditization, rather than a binary distinction of commodity versus differentiable product. Many products degree of commoditization depends on the mentality and means. For example, milk, eggs, and notebook paper are not differentiated by many customers, for them, other customers take into consideration other factors besides price, such as environmental sustainability and animal welfare. This is a list of companies trading globally in commodities, descending by size as of October 28,2011, on a commodity exchange, it is the underlying standard stated in the contract that defines the commodity, not any quality inherent in a specific producers product. Commodities exchanges include, Bourse Africa Bursa Malaysia Derivatives Chicago Board of Trade Chicago Mercantile Exchange Dalian Commodity Exchange Euronext and these markets will quickly respond to changes in supply and demand to find an equilibrium price and quantity
19.
Commander-in-chief
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A commander-in-chief is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nations military forces or significant elements of those forces. In the latter case, the element is those forces within a particular region. Often, a given countrys commander-in-chief need not be or have been an officer or even a veteran. This follows the principle of civilian control of the military, the role of commander-in-chief derives from the Latin, imperator. Imperatores of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire possessed imperium powers, in its modern use, the term first applied to King Charles I of England in 1639. It continued to be used during the English Civil War, a nations head of state usually holds the nominal position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government. Governors-general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander-in-chief of the forces within their territory. A commander-in-chief is sometimes referred to as commander, which is sometimes used as a specific term. The term is used for military officers who hold such power and authority, not always through dictatorship. The term is used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch. According to the Constitution of Albania, The President of the Republic of Albania is the Commander-in-chief of Albanian Armed Forces, the incumbent Commander-in-chief is President Bujar Nishani. The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the President in the management of the armed forces, the Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation. The Constitution states, in Article 80, that the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Armed Forces. e, the cabinet under the chairmanship of the Federal Chancellor, as defined in Article 69. The commander-in-chief is the president, although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister and he retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the President of Bangladesh. Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the command of the President of the Republic. The Sultan of Brunei is the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, the powers of command-in-chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch, and are delegated to the Governor General of Canada, who also uses the title Commander-in-Chief. In this capacity, the general is entitled to the uniform of a general/flag officer, with the crest of the office. According to the National Defence Act, the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to parliament for all related to national defence
20.
Vermont State Guard
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The Vermont State Guard is the all-volunteer state defense force of the state of Vermont. The Vermont State Guard serves parallel to the Vermont National Guard, unlike the National Guard, the State Guard cannot be federalized or deployed outside the country. Rather, the VSG can only be called up by of the governor, the Vermont State Guard traces its roots in the American colonial times with local Vermont militias such as the Green Mountain Boys. During the American Revolution, the Green Mountain Boys took part in the campaign against British forces under General John Burgoyne, during the American Civil War, the Vermont Militia was expanded to include multiple units which served against the Confederates. Vermont regiments served in battles, including the Battle of Antietam, the First Battle of Bull Run, the Second Battle of Bull Run. During World War II, Vermonts first modern state defense force, during World War II, the Vermont State Guard raised a force of 1,278 men and 131 officers to stand in for the National Guard, and, as summarized by Vermont Governor William H. They have been on call for local emergencies such as forest fires. The modern incarnation of the Vermont State Guard was signed into law by Governor Richard A. Snelling on April 26,1982, membership in the Vermont State Guard is open to all citizens of Vermont aged 17 to 80. Prospective members must pass a background check conducted by the Vermont Criminal Investigation Center, membership is open to civilians with no prior military service. The Vermont State Guard is continually recruiting new members, as the VSG role has increased and become more critical as natural disasters and global conflicts have increased in scale and prevalence. The Vermont State Guard identifies the areas of focus of training and service as, Safe traffic. Support of the community including their families. Emergency response training to VSG members and other individuals in the community, the Vermont State Guard has also helped staff National Guard armories that would otherwise be closed while the National Guard has been deployed
21.
Vermont National Guard
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The Vermont National Guard is composed of the Vermont Army National Guard and the Vermont Air National Guard. Together, they are known as the Green Mountain Boys. Both units use the original Revolutionary War era Flag of the Green Mountain Boys as their banner and their strength in 2009 was 2,660. White settlers relied on the militia almost from the moment they began moving into Vermont in the mid-1700s, units were often formed as needed, and usually for brief periods of time. Since most Vermonters had obtained grants from New Hampshires governor. However, Vermonters were also willing to work with the British colonies when it suited them, on occasion, the elections by members were not ratified. Instead, they asked Allen and Warner to work through New Yorks Provincial Congress to facilitate the process, New York agreed and provided uniforms, equipment and pay, as well as authorizing officers commissions. When Allen was denied the command, he met with Major General Philip Schuyler and offered to serve in any capacity—with a commission or without, overcoming his previous misgivings about Allen, Schuyler accepted, and Allen was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army. When Schuyler gave up command temporarily because of illness he was succeeded by Richard Montgomery, Montgomery allowed Allen to attempt to raise troops for an invasion of Canada. Allen was captured at the Battle of Longue-Pointe and spent over two years as a prisoner of war, with the Green Mountain Boys called to active duty, Vermont reorganized its militia to defend the border with Canada and protect Vermont from invasion. After Allens release, he returned to Vermont and was appointed commander of the reorganized militia, after Vermont attained statehood, its militia was organized into several divisions. Noteworthy among the individuals who commanded divisions during this period was Martin Chittenden, Martin Chittenden served in the U. S. House from 1803 to 1813, and as Governor from 1813 to 1815. As one of the majority of Vermonters who opposed U. S, the commander in Plattsburgh, General Jacob Davis of Milton, positively refused, countering that once the militia was ordered into federal service, it was no longer subject to the governors orders. U. S. forces, including the Vermont Militia, remained encamped near Plattsburgh until they returned home in December, and Chittenden took no action against Davis. In the wake of the War of 1812, the government attempted to standardize training and laws governing call up. As a result, state governors were no longer in command with military rank. As with other states, Vermonts adjutant general was appointed by the governor. Subsequent changes to Vermont law conferred this appointment power on the state legislature, the Vermont adjutant generals office was marked in the 1820s and 1830s by efforts to reenergize the militia after interest started to lapse following the War of 1812
22.
Rebellion
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Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the resistance against the orders of an established authority. The term comes from the Latin verb rebellō, I renew war (from re- + bellō, the rebel is the individual that partakes in rebellion or rebellious activities, particularly when armed. Thus, the rebellion also refers to the ensemble of rebels in a state of revolt. A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation, Rebellion can be individual or collective, peaceful or violent In political terms, rebellion and revolt are often distinguished by their different aims. If rebellion generally seeks to evade an oppressive power, a revolt seeks to overthrow and destroy that power, the goal of rebellion is resistance while a revolt seeks a revolution. As power shifts relative to the adversary, or power shifts within a mixed coalition, or positions harden or soften on either side. The following theories broadly build on the Marxist interpretation of rebellion and they explore the causes of rebellion from a wide lens perspective. Marx writes about the structure of society that must be elucidated through an examination of the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers. The mismatch, between one mode of production, between the forces and the social ownership of the production, is at the origin of the revolution. The inner imbalance within these modes of production is derived from the modes of organization, such as capitalism within feudalism. The dynamics engineered by these class frictions help class consciousness root itself in the collective imaginary, for example, the development of the bourgeoisie class went from oppressed merchant class to urban independence, eventually gaining enough power to represent the state as a whole. Social movements, thus, are determined by a set of circumstances. The proletariat must also, according to Marx, go through the process of self-determination which can only be achieved by friction against the bourgeoisie. In Marxs theory revolutions are the locomotives of history, it is because rebellion has for ultimate goal to overthrow the ruling class and its antiquated mode of production. Later, rebellion attempts to replace it with a new system of political economy, one that is suited to the new ruling class. The cycle of rebellion, thus, replaces one mode of production by another through the constant class friction, in his book Why Men Rebel, Ted Gurr looks at the roots of political violence itself applied to a rebellion framework. He defines political violence as, all collective attacks within a political community against the political regime, the concept represents a set of events, a common property of which is the actual or threatened use of violence
23.
Vermont Senate
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The Vermont Senate is the upper house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of Vermont. The senate consists of 30 members, Senate districting divides the 30 members into three single-member districts, six two-member districts, three three-member districts, and one six-member district. Each senator represents at least 20,300 citizens, Senators are elected to two-year terms, and there is no limit to the number of terms that a senator may serve. As in other houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U. S. The Vermont Senate meets at the Vermont State House in the capital of Montpelier. Senators are elected from a total of 13 single and multi-member senate districts, the districts largely correspond to the boundaries of the states 14 counties with adjustments to ensure equality of representation. Two small counties are combined into one district, each district elects between 1 and 6 senators depending on population. In addition, Vermont is one of the 14 states where the house of its state legislature serves at a two-year cycle. The Lieutenant Governor of Vermont serves as the President of the Senate, in his or her absence, the President Pro Tempore presides over the senate. The President Pro Tempore is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the entire senate through a Senate Resolution, the President Pro Tempore is the chief leadership position in the senate. The other senate majority and minority leaders are elected by their party caucuses. Committee assignments are determined by the Committee on Committees and this group consists of the Lieutenant Governor, the Senate President Pro Tem and one member chosen by the full senate. For several years the member of the committee has been Richard Mazza. †Originally appointed The full senate meets Tuesday and Friday mornings only for the first seven weeks of the annual session, the Vermont Senate is aided by an administrative staff, including the Secretary of the Vermont Senate and several assistants. Since 2011, the Senate Secretary has been John H. Bloomer, previous secretaries include Ernest W. Gibson Jr. Murdock A. Campbell, and Franklin S. Billings Jr. Vermont had a legislature until 1836, most of the functions normally performed by an upper legislative house were the responsibility of the governor. The state abolished the council and added a senate by constitutional amendment. The longest-serving member of the Vermont Senate was William T. Doyle, he was elected in 1968, most individuals who have served as governor or lieutenant governor had experience in the Vermont legislature, many served in the State Senate
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
26.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
27.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
28.
Governor of Hawaii
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The Governor of Hawaii is the chief executive of the state of Hawaii and its various agencies and departments, as provided in the Hawaii State Constitution Article V, Sections 1 through 6. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enforcing laws passed by the Hawaii State Legislature, the role includes being commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Hawaii and having the power to use those forces to execute laws, suppress insurrection and violence and repel invasion. The Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii becomes acting governor upon the absence from the state or if the governor is unable to discharge the powers. Historically, the Governor of Hawaii has been either the Democratic Party of Hawaii or Hawaii Republican Party. The current Governor of Hawaii is Democrat David Ige, who assumed the position on December 1,2014, Hawaii was the first state to have an Asian American governor, George R. Ariyoshi served three terms between 1974–1986. Currently the state has had three Asian American governors, one Native Hawaiian governor, and four white governors, the Governor of Hawaii is limited to two four-year terms. Inauguration takes place on the first Monday in December following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends at noon four years later. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are the two elected statewide executive officers in Hawaii. All other statewide executives are appointed by either the governor or the state legislature, included within the governors sphere of jurisdiction is the power to appoint all judges of the various courts within the Hawaiian judicial system, subject to Senatorial approval. The state of Hawaii does not have fixed positions and departments. By law, the Governor of Hawaii has the power to create their cabinet and departments as needed as long as the department is composed of no more than twenty bodies. The Governor of Hawaii is also empowered to remove cabinet officers at will, with the exception of the Attorney General of Hawaii, who must be removed by an act of the Hawaii State Senate. The Governor of Hawaiis official residence is Washington Place, a mansion that was once a royal palace of Queen Liliʻuokalani and her husband. This new mansion, Hale Kia Aina was completed in 2002 and his successor, Governor Linda Lingle, became the first governor to begin a term in the new mansion. Despite the building of new mansion, Washington Place remains the official residence of the governor and is still used for state dinners. List of Governors of Hawaii Royal Governor of Hawaii Royal Governor of Maui Royal Governor of Oahu Royal Governor of Kauai Constitution of the State of Hawaii Office of the Governor of Hawaii
29.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
30.
Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
31.
Governor of Iowa
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The Governor of Iowa is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Iowa. The governor is the head of the branch of Iowas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Iowa State Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have been 41 governors of Iowa, the longest-serving governor is Terry Branstad, who served from 1983 to 1999, was elected again in 2010 and took office on January 14,2011. He is the governor in U. S. history. The shortest-serving governor was Robert D. Fulton, who served 16 days, for the period before Iowa Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Wisconsin Territory. Iowa Territory was formed on July 4,1838, from Wisconsin Territory and it had three governors appointed by the President of the United States. The first governor did not arrive for six weeks after the territory had created, in the interim. The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Iowa on December 3,1846, the first state constitution of 1846 created the office of governor, to have a four-year term, with no specific start date for the term. The original constitution of 1857 reduced this term to two years, but an amendment in 1972 increased this back to four years. The 1857 constitution set the start of the term to the second Monday in the January following the election, the office of lieutenant governor was created in the 1857 constitution, elected for the same term as the governor. An amendment in 1988 specified that the lieutenant governor would be elected on the ticket as the governor. If the office of governor becomes vacant, the office devolves upon the lieutenant governor for the remainder of the term or vacancy, prior to 1857, if the office of governor became vacant, the state secretary of state would act as governor. There is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Parties Democratic Whig Republican As of January 2017, there are four former U. S. governors of Iowa who are living at this time. The most recent U. S. governor of Iowa to die was Leo Hoegh, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Iowa to die was Harold Hughes, on October 23,1996. General Constitutions Specific List of Governors of Iowa at NNDB. com Governor of Iowa
32.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
33.
Governor of Maine
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The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine. Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820, Maine was part of Massachusetts, the current Governor of Maine is Paul LePage, a Republican, elected in the 2010 elections, and was re-elected in 2014. The next election is in 2018, the governor of Maine receives a salary of $70,000, which as of 2016 is the lowest by $20,000 of the 50 state governors. Under Article V, Section 4, a person must as of the commencement of the term in office, be 30 years old, for 15 years a citizen of the United States, a governor must retain residency in Maine throughout his or her term. Section 5 provides that a person shall not assume the office of Governor while holding any office under the United States, Maine. Governors are elected directly for four-years terms, with a limit of two elected terms. Thus, a governor can serve a number of terms. Elections are by popular vote, but if two people tie for first place, the Legislature meets in joint session to choose between them, the governor is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State, and of the militia except when under federal control. He or she also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves and this clemency power also includes juvenile offenses. The Governor oversees the executive branch, which includes Maines state agencies and his cabinet is often considered to be the states commissioners, which are generally nominated by the governor but legally chosen by the Maine Legislature. As of April 2014, the current cabinet is as follows, the Governors office initially said he might return in 2015, but later said that Rier officially retired on April 17,2015. LePage nominated Acting Commissioner William Beardsley as permanent commissioner, but pulled the nomination in the face of Democratic opposition and he announced on February 11,2016 that he would leave Beardsley in place as Deputy Commissioner once his Acting role expired and be the Commissioner himself. LePage said he did so out of a desire to not put Beardsley through being rejected by the Legislature and her first official act was to reappoint Beardsley as Deputy Commissioner and he remains the cabinet member for the department on the Cabinet website. In November 2016, LePage appointed Robert Hasson, an educator, as a new temporary deputy education commissioner. Beardsley resigned, citing personal reasons, on December 14,2016, Hasson was named Acting Commissioner of the department by Gov. LePage. Hasson was later nominated as permanent commissioner and confirmed by the Legislature on March 29,2017, under current law, if there is a vacancy in the office of governor, the president of the Maine Senate becomes governor. The current Senate president is Republican Michael Thibodeau as of December 3,2014, the Blaine House in Augusta is the official governor’s mansion, and is located across the street from the Maine State House. It became the residence in 1919, and is named for James G. Blaine
34.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
35.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
36.
Governor of Michigan
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The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Michigan. He is not eligible for a term under Michigans term limits. Governors of Michigan, as well as their lieutenant governors, must be United States citizens who have resided in Michigan for the four years preceding election, from statehood until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor assumes office the following January, from statehood until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was drafted in 1850 and took effect in 1851, as part of the process bringing the constitution into effect, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. Thereafter elections were held on even years, the constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governors term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, gubernatorial elections have been offset by two years from U. S, gubernatorial elections are held concurrently with state Senate elections. The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year following the election. In 1992, an amendment to the Michigan constitution imposed a term limit of two four-year terms for the office of governor. Prior to this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve, John Engler, Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002. He appoints the members of the boards of 10 of the states 13 public universities. Forty-eight people have been governor of the state, prior to statehood, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigans first governor, also served as a territorial governor and he was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history, jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1,2003, when she succeeded John Engler, she served for 8 years, until January 1,2011. Former Governor George Romney was born in Mexico, lieutenant Governor of Michigan List of Governors of Michigan
37.
Governor of Minnesota
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The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Minnesota, leading the states executive branch. Forty different people have been governor of Minnesota, though there were also three governors of Minnesota Territory. Alexander Ramsey, the first territorial governor, also served as state governor several years later, State governors are elected to office by popular vote, but territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president. The current governor of Minnesota is Mark Dayton of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, like the U. S. President, the governor has veto power over bills passed by the Minnesota State Legislature. The governor of Minnesota must be 25 years old upon assuming office, since a 1958 amendment to the Minnesota Constitution governors are elected to four-year terms. There is no limit for governor of the state. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of state departments
38.
Governor of Nebraska
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The governor of Nebraska holds the supreme executive power of the state of Nebraska as provided by the fourth article of the Nebraska Constitution. The current governor is Pete Ricketts, a Republican, who assumed office on January 8,2015, the current Lieutenant Governor is Mike Foley, who assumed office on January 8,2015. Governors of Nebraska must be at least 30 years old and have been citizens, before 1966, the governor was elected to a two-year term. The lieutenant governor is subject to the limitations and runs on a combined ticket with the governor. Governors are limited to two terms but there is no limit on the total number of terms one may serve. If the governor becomes incapacitated or is out of the state, the Lieutenant Governor acts as Governor, if there is a vacancy or permanent incapacitation, however, if both offices become vacant, the next person in the line of succession is the Speaker of the Nebraska Legislature. List of Governors of Nebraska List of Governors of Nebraska Territory Office of the Governor of Nebraska
Vermont statewide elected officials